Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics

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Figure 3.2 ExtIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech (revised to 1997). Copyright 2002 by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association. Reprinted with permission. 42
and organ of articulation in the direction of the palate, to a more anterior articulation. Palatalization causes a typical change in the quality of the sound(s) in question. The diacritical mark for palatalization is a superscript j added to the right of the basic IPA symbol: [s�] = palatalized [s] [t�] = palatalized [t] Velarization. Velarization refers to the posterior movement of the tongue placement (in the direction of the velum) for palatal sounds. The diacritical mark for velarization is a superscript γ placed to the right of the IPA symbol. Thus [t�] is a velarized [t]. An exception is the so-called dark [l], which in General American English is usually heard in word-fi nal positions, for example in pull or shawl; also as a syllabic, such as in little or bottle; preceding a consonant, exemplifi ed by salt or build; and following high-back vowels [u] (loop) or [υ] (look) (Bronstein, 1960; Carrell and Tiffany, 1960; Small, 2005). The velarization in these The so-called dark and light l-sounds are discussed in more detail in Chapter 8. cases is often so prominent that even main phonetic characteristics of [l], the articulation of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge, are sometimes no longer present. In such a case, the velarization actually replaces the typical apicoalveolar l-articulation. The velarized production is an allophonic variation of [l]. Velarized [l]-productions are transcribed [�]: [fu�] = velarized [l]-sound Lateralization. [l] is the only lateral in General American English. It cannot be lateralized because it is a lateral already. If during any consonant production other than [l] air is released laterally, we speak of lateralization. Not too seldom, [s] becomes lateralized. Articula- PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION AND DIACRITICS 43 tions of [s] and [z] require a highly accurate placement of frontal parts of the tongue approximating the alveolar ridge. This precarious position must be maintained throughout the entire sound duration, a motorically diffi cult task, especially for young children. To make things easier, children sometimes establish direct contact between the organ and place of articulation. Under these circumstances, the airstream cannot, of course, escape centrally any longer. In an attempt to maintain the fricative effect of [s], the child now releases the air laterally into the cheeks. The result is a conspicuous [s] variation, a lateral lisp. Lateralization is considered a primary articulation; the resulting sound can be categorized as an apicoalveolar lateral fricative. According to the IPA, [�] is the voiceless apico-alveolar fricative, and [�] is its voiced counterpart. [sip] → [�ip] = a lateralized [s] [zip] → [�ip] = a lateralized [z] The extIPA symbols also provide symbols to distinguish between productions that demonstrate both lateral and central airfl ow (as opposed to just lateral). The symbols for those are [su] → [ls u] = a voiceless alveolar fricative with lateral and central airfl ow [zu] → [lz u] = a voiced alveolar fricative with lateral and central airfl ow CLINICAL COMMENTS Dentalized, palatalized, and lateralized [s] realizations are frequent distortions noted in children. In some children, the dentalized [s�] may co-occur with a “th” for “s” substitution ([s] → [θ]), as in the following production: “Santa Claus” [θ�n tə klɑs�] for [s�n tə klɑz] The too-fronted tongue position of the child’s [s]-productions may fl uctuate slightly, so that it is
Page 1 and 2: Phonetic Transcription and Diacriti
Page 3 and 4: Figure 3.1 The International Phonet
Page 5: (Shriberg and Lof, 1991), the posit
Page 9 and 10: Aspiration and Nonaspiration of Sto
Page 11 and 12: Chris, in contrast to Matt, unround
Page 13 and 14: total lack of nasal quality (having
Page 15 and 16: Bilabial Fricatives. The voiceless
Page 17 and 18: dial task. By fi ne-tuning transcri
Page 19 and 20: 1. What is the difference in produc

Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics

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