PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY PHONEME AND ALLOPHONE ...

Exercise 1. a)
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
PHONEME AND ALLOPHONE
SOLUTION
1 /daza/ is not possible because [z] is an allophone of /d/ in
intervocalic position so the correct phonemic transcription
would be /dada/.
2 [dama] is not possible because in this phonetic transcription
requires the nasalisation on the first vowel [ ma]
3 [bada] should be [baza] because [z] is the allophone of /d/
when it occurs intervocalically.
4 bi/ should be /mabi/ because nasalised vowels are
allophones but also /a/ would not be nasalised here because
only vowels preceding nasals are nasalised.
5 /saʃi/ should be /sasi/ because the [ʃ] is an allophone of /s/
and therefore not required in the phonemic transcription.
6 [ʃasa] – [ʃ] does not occur in this environment because it is
an allophone that only precedes [i].
Exercise 1. b)
/b/ and /m/ are contrastive units in this language ie different
phonemes, but [s] does not contrast with [ʃ] as they are
allophones of the same phoneme.
Exercise 2.
1. The two shortest words are /i/ and /a/.
2. The longest word has the structure `CCVCCVCCV

3. Examples of two syllable words
V`V /ia/ [i'a]
V`V /ai/ [a' i]
V`CV /ipa/ [i'pa]
CV`V /pia/ [fi'a]
V`CCV /ipni/ [i'pni]
`CCVV /pnai/ ['pnai]
CV`CV /pani/ [fa'ni]
`CCVCV /pnani/ ['pnani]
CV`CCV /nipna/ [ni'pna]
`CCVCCV /pnipna/ ['pnifma]
iii. You could use the fact that there are no minimal pairs and
that these sounds only occur in complementary distribution.
You could ask a speaker of the language to write down a word
that contains a /f/ and if the writing system of the language is
based on phonemic principles they would probably use a “p” for
such sounds.
You could demonstrate that speakers of this language have
difficulty differentiating between the two sounds in minimal pairs
e.g. cheap/chief.
Exercise 3.
/meli kalikimaka/
i. There are no consonant clusters in this language so vowels
will be inserted between adjacent consonants. As syllables
always end in vowels there will be no word that ends in a
consonant so again a vowel will be inserted.
Vowels and consonants that are not present in the language will
be substituted with those that are most similar eg /r/ -> /l/, /s/ ->
/k/ from the phonemic inventory of the language.
ii. Hawaiian /p/ is used for English /p, b, f/

iii. Consonant clusters are either simplified to a single
consonant eg “story” -> /kole/ or a vowel is inserted between the
two elements.
iv. /pal/ = /fl/, /ao/ = / {O/, /a/ = schwa
v. / fo:ls/ -> /polaki/, /fli:t/ -> /paliki
Exercise 4.
/s/ occurs after [- voice] except sibilants and affricates
/z/ occurs after [+voice] except sibilants and affricates
/əz/ occurs after sibilants and affricates
Exercise 5.
/lɑr/ occurs when the stem contains a [+back] vowel
/ler/ occurs when the stem contains a [-back] vowel