Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology

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Arnab Bhattacharya, Animesh K. Datta (India) Uraria picta: An Overview (pp 1-4) ABSTRACT Mini-Review: Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. (Family Leguminosae, Papilionoidae) is an important plant species in Ayurvedic medicine and one of the most important constituents of the 10-herb formulation called ‘Dashmula’. The ayurvedic name of the species is Prishni parni while the trade name is Dabra. The species is endangered, hence requires special attention and an overview was conducted involving the various aspects of U. picta to provide necessary information and to induce interest among researchers for its conservation and utilization in traditional as well as modern systems of medicine. Evrim Taşkın, Ergün Taşkın, Mehmet Öztürk (Turkey), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan) Natural Compounds with Bioactive Properties from Marine Algae (pp 5-9) ABSTRACT Invited Mini-Review: Algae, mainly of marine origin, are producers of many economically important compounds. These compounds are bioactive compounds since they have different biological activities and have been used in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for many years. Recent trends in drug research from natural sources and several screening and clinical studies have led to the discovery and elucidation of a number of new and active compounds from macroalgae. This review covers those algae from which bioactive substances have been identified and/or synthesized with a potential impact on health and medicine. S. Dutta Gupta (India) Cosmetic Attributes of Aloe vera L. Gel (pp 10-18) ABSTRACT Review: Aloe vera L. (syn. A. barbadensis Miller.) is a perennial succulent plant belonging to the Liliaceae family. The plant is known traditionally as the “healing plant” and is claimed to possess wound-healing, burn-healing, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, and UV protective properties. Due to these therapeutic properties A. vera is being used in a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic product formulations. Most of its biological potential has been attributed to the polysaccharides present in its gel. Many attempts have been made to describe the biological potential of Aloe gel. This review focuses on the recently explored cosmetic potential of aloe gel in relation to wound healing, anti-oxidant and UV-opacity. M. Chandrika, V. Ravishankar Rai (India) RAPD Markers for Genetic Analysis in Micropropagated Plants of Dictyospermum ovalifolium, a Rare Plant of Western Ghats, India (pp 19-23) ABSTRACT Original Research Paper: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to assess the genetic fidelity of tissue-cultured Dictyospermum ovalifolium plants in relation to their mother plant. Thirty eight RAPD primers were screened, out of which 33 generated a total of 216 clear and reproducible bands. Of these, 202 were monomorphic and showed 93.5% clonal fidelity while 14 bands showed 6.45% polymorphism. The amplification products were monomorphic across all micropropagated plants with a low level of variation. A total of 4752 bands were generated showing uniform banding patterns. The genetic coefficient based on UPGMA showed 97% similarity between mother plant and micropropagated plants. The results confirmed the clonal fidelity of tissue-cultured plantlets and the fact that axillary shoot multiplication is the one of the safest modes for multiplication of true-to-type plants. P. E. Rajasekharan, S. Ganeshan, Sunitha Bhaskaran (India) In Vitro Regeneration and Conservation of Three Coleus Species (pp 24-27) ABSTRACT Original Research Paper: Three species of the genus Coleus (Lamiaceae), Coleus forskohlii Briq. (syn. C. barbatus Benth.), Coleus parviflorus Benth., and Coleus zeylanicus Benth. L.H. Crammer were cultured in vitro on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8.87 µM BAP in combination with 0.54 µM NAA. Direct regeneration was encouraged to avoid a callus phase and to maintain true-to-type cultures. Concomitant rooting in multiplication media enabled successful establishment ex vitro with 85% survival. Similar rooted cultures were conserved in vitro at 10°C for a minimum period of 6
months, without any subculture and at standard culture conditions in MS or ½MS basal medium devoid of plant growth regulators, growth retardants or osmoticum to avoid somaclonal variation. Mahmoud Saker, Souad El Gengaihi, Ayman Kamel, Mai Farid (Egypt) Influence of Differentiation State, Salt Stress and Methyl Jasmonate on in Vitro Production of Cucurbitacins from Tissue Cultures of Ecballium elaterium and Cucumis prophetarum Endemic to Egypt (pp 28-32) ABSTRACT Original Research Paper: The best medium for callus proliferation from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of aseptically grown seedlings of two Egyptian landraces of rare wild plants, Ecballium elaterium and Cucumis prophetarum was found to be Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1-0.5 mg/l NAA in combination with BA at 2 mg/l. On the other hand, MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA, 60 mg/l adenine sulfate and 170 mg/l KH 2PO 4 was the best medium for shoot proliferation after a phase of callus formation. The content of cucurbitacins in suspension cultures was elicited by application of different concentrations of NaCl (salt stress) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The highest yield of cucurbitacins (0.1898%) was reached after three days of culture in liquid medium containing 200 µM MeJA. Shiwali Sharma, Anwar Shahzad, Mohammad Anis (India) In Vitro Shoot Organogenesis and Regeneration of Plantlets from Nodal Explants of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae), a Multipurpose Aromatic Medicinal Plant (pp 33-36) ABSTRACT Original Research Paper: A protocol for high frequency shoot organogenesis and plantlet establishment has been developed through nodal explants of Murraya koenigii. The response of horizontally or vertically placed explants on culture media was also evaluated. Among 2 orientations of nodal explants, vertical placement was more responsive for shoot induction and multiplication than horizontal placement. Between 2 cytokinins, 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN) tested, BA (5.0 µM) induced a maximum of 6.60 ± 0.40 shoots/explant. The supplementation of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with BA did not improve regeneration efficiency. Growth in the regenerating tissue was improved significantly within the same incubation period at an optimal concentration of BA (5.0 µM). An improvement in shoot multiplication was noticed in subsequent passage of subculturing up to the 3 rd subculture passage with a maximum of 15.20 ± 0.37 shoots/explant recorded. In vitro rooting in microshoots was best obtained on half-strength MS medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (1.0 µM) on which 90% of cultured microshoots produced healthy roots. Plantlets that developed were hardened and 95% of plants established in natural soil showed normal morphological characteristics. Danan Wang, Yonghui Feng, Jun Liu, Jianzhong Yan, Meiru Wang (China), Jin-ichi Sasaki (Japan), Changlong Lu (China) Black Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts Enhance the Immune System (pp 37-40) ABSTRACT Original Research Paper: Black garlic (Allium sativum) was created from ordinary fresh garlic by processing (aging) it in a temperature (65-80°C)- and humidity (70-80%)-controlled room for a month. The heat-extracts of black garlic were rich in S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) and enforced anti-tumor activity with a 50% cure rate of BALB/c mouse fibrosarcoma; however, its mechanism still remains unsolved until now. Experiments were carried out to clarify anti-tumor mechanisms using spleen cells culture system obtained from black garlic extracts-treated mice. The black garlic extracts enhanced the cellular immunity by raising the activity of NK (natural killer) cells which was thought to play a critical role in eradication of tumor cells in vivo. Further cytokines of NO (nitric oxide), IFN-γ (interferon-γ), IL-2 (interleukin-2), and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) were preferentially generated from the extracts-treated mouse spleen cells; however, the amount of IL-4 (interleukin-4), which is considered to be associated with the humoral immunity (antibody production such as IgG and IgE), decreased in the culture supernatants of spleen cells. Elsayed Ali Aboutabl, Aisha Hussein Abou Zeid, Amany Ameen Sleem, Hanaa Mohamed El Rafie (Egypt) Secondary Metabolites and Certain Bioactivities of Pterocladia capillacea (S. Gmelin) Bornet and Dictyopteris membranacea (Stackhouse) Batters (pp 41-48) ABSTRACT Original Research Paper: Twelve secondary metabolites of the red alga Pterocladia capillacea (S.Gmelin) Bornet and the
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