Panel Disdussion

3rd International Congress of Nuclear Medicine & 15th Iranian Annual 

Congress of Nuclear Medicine 

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 19-21 May 2011






Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 19-21 May 2011 

3rd International Congress of 

Nuclear Medicine 

& 

15th Iranian Annual Meeting of 

Nuclear Medicine 

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical 

Sciences 

19-21 May 

2011






Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 19-21 May 2011 

Content 

Congress Overview and Executive Secretary’s Message....7 

Welcome Message of Congress President........................9 

Welcome Message of President of Iranian Society of 

Nuclear Medicine........................................................10 

Message of Scientific Secretary....................................11 

Welcome Message of Scientific Secretary of Seminar of 

Nuclear Medicine Technology.......................................13 

Outline Scientific Program...........................................14 

Committees..............................................................17 

Awards.....................................................................20 

Continuing Medical Education, panels & Workshops........21 

CME Lectures............................................................34 

Oral Presentations.....................................................48 

Poster Presentations.................................................119 

Index.....................................................................193




3rd International Congress of of Nuclear Medicine & & 15th 15th Iranian Annual Annual Congress of 


Shahid Beheshti Shahid Beheshti University University of Medical of Medical Sciences Sciences 19-21 19-21 May May 2011 

Congress Overview and Executive Secretary’s 

Message 

It is of a great honor that only after 6 months since the 

last congress of nuclear medicine which was held in 

Mashhad, we are to be host of the 3rd International 

Congress of Nuclear Medicine and the 15th Iranian 

Annual Meeting of Nuclear Medicine in Shahid Beheshti 

University of Medical Sciences. The scientific committee 

has organized the most worthy and useful plans for this 

event, which includes the major of the main and 

practical topics of this field. It is hoped that it become 

satisfactory and pleasant for you, dearest participants. 

In the 3rd International Congress of Nuclear Medicine 

and the 15th Iranian Annual Meeting of Nuclear 

Medicine some efforts has been done to put the 

practical subjects in the form of general CMEs and 

Panels with the participation of local and foreign 

prominent professors and researchers with different 

expertise, that can be included to the conference to 

foster scientific richness and to consolidate the 

scientific communication of the various medical 

specialty groups. Also in the scientific plan of the 

congress several workshops will be run. 

In the other hand, to be more familiar with the 

application of related Basic Sciences, 

radiopharmaceutical meeting among all the other 

meetings such as imaging equipments and radiation 

protection and radiobiology while separated, will take 

place at the same time. 

Also independent retraining courses for the experts and 

employed technicians in nuclear medicine centers as “ 

two-day seminar of nuclear medicine technology” is 

provided at the same time of the congress. 

It is to say that all the programs and plans of this 

congress were confirmed by EANM (European 

Association of Nuclear Medicine) and this Forum has 

even dedicated its logo to the secretariat. 

7

3rd International Congress 3rd International of Nuclear Congress Medicine of Nuclear & 15th Medicine Iranian Annual & 15th Congress Iranian Annual of 

Nuclear Congress Medicine of Nuclear Medicine 

Shahid Beheshti Shahid Beheshti University of University Medical Sciences of Medical 19-21 Sciences May 201119-21 May 2011 

Due to this important fact that the success of each 

congress depends on its articles and research 

achievements ,all dear colleagues including members of 

the board ,researchers, experts , assistants and 

students are invited to provide their valuable articles to 

this congress and make this an effective step in 

flourishing the medical knowledge and promoting the 

health of our beloved homeland. Your active presence 

and participation will be our pride and joy. 

We welcome you in the 15 th Congress of Nuclear 

Medicine to be held in Shahid Beheshti University of 

Medical Sciences. 

Mojtaba Ansari, M.D. 

Executive Secretary 

8

3rd International Congress of Nuclear Medicine & & 15th 15th Iranian Annual Annual Congress of 


Shahid Beheshti Shahid University Beheshti University of Medical of Medical Sciences Sciences 19-21 19-21 May May 2011 

Welcome Message of Congress President 

Nuclear Medicine Department of Shahid Beheshti 

University of Medical Sciences is honored to host the 

"3 rd International Nuclear Medicine Congress 

accompanied with 15 th Annual Meeting of Iranian 

Society of Nuclear Meeting" on 19 th -21 st may 2011. 

I give my best praise to all nuclear physicians, 

physicists, radiopharmacists, technologists and other 

scientist colleagues in this international meeting. 

This meeting is under cooperation AEOI, Tehran 

municipality, NMRC, AOFNMB, EANM and Shahid 

Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 

In this congress we will be informed and will discuss 

about any new development in all fields of nuclear 

medicine and technology. 

We are honored to provide a friendly scientific 

environment for sharing the research findings and 

nuclear medicine progressions with others. 

I attract you for your scientific contribution and 

abstracts in this international meeting. 

Isa Neshandar Asli, M.D. 

Congress President 

9

3rd International Congress 3rd International of Nuclear Congress Medicine of Nuclear & 15th Medicine Iranian Annual & 15th Iranian Congress Annual of 


Shahid Beheshti Shahid Beheshti University University of Medical Sciences of Medical 19-21 Sciences May 201119-21 May 2011 

Welcome Message of President of Iranian Society 

of Nuclear Medicine 

In God we Trust 

Endless praise and thanks to God for providing us the 

success of holding the 15 th annual conference of 

nuclear medicine .Fortunately ,after three decades of 

revolution , despite the problems and many ups and 

downs , nuclear medicine in the country has enjoyed 

significant growth. The result is one hundred people 

trained professionals and established the same number 

of nuclear medicine centers and teaching hundreds of 

students in grade Associate, Bachelor, Master and PhD 

degrees and other medical assistance, a parallel service 

to millions of our compatriots and outstanding research 

work that has been symbolized in the Iranian Journal of 

nuclear medicine which quarterly is published in 

English. 

From other successes ranked first in the 10 th World 

Congress of Nuclear Medicine in the Year 2010 in the 

number of articles and being selected as the Host of the 

10 th Asia Oceania Congress of Nuclear Medicine and 

Biology in 2012. The arrangements of holding such 

congress have been provided and we expect that our 

venerable colleagues cooperate and assist us in this 

event. 

At the end I wanted to thank Dr. Amouei the scientific 

secretary and Dr. Mojtaba Ansari the executive 

secretary for their unsparing efforts in holding this 

conference magnificently. 

Mohsen Saghari, M.D. 

President of Iranian Society of Nuclear Medicine 

10




Message of Scientific Secretary 

In the name of GOD 

It is my great pleasure and honor to inform that the 3 rd 

International congress of nuclear medicine and 15th 

Annual meeting of nuclear meeting will be held under 

auspices of EANM and AOFNM in 29-31 th of Ordibehesht 

1390 (19-21 th of May 2011) in Shahid Beheshti 

University of Medical Sciences. 

In addition to multiple CMEs and research articles, 8 

panel discussions, 8 workshops and one seminar are 

proposed for ICNM program in assistance with 10 

invited lecturers and local experts. It would be 

appreciated Dr. Zakavi and his colleagues in Mashad 

Nuclear Medicine Research Center for great efforts in 

programming and executing the congress. 

Basic science section will be held accompanied with 

clinical nuclear medicine section as a new policy in 

assistance with Drs. Shahhossani, Dr. Jalilian, Dr. 

Monfared, Dr. Ay, and Dr. Tabaei and experts in 

radiopharmacy, instrumentation/software and radiation 

protection/radiobiology. 

Two-day precongress course of PET/CT is conducted in 

25-26 th Ordibehesht (15-16 th of May) by Dr. Bijan 

(USA) in executive support of Dr. Baharfar, Dr. 

Pirayesh and Dr. Shafiei. It includes cross-sectional CT 

and clinical applications of PET/CT. 

Two-day seminar of nuclear medicine technology will be 

held under auspices of ICNM for radiation workers in 

nuclear medicine departments. I thank Dr. Amiri as 

scientific secretary and Dr. Raziei as executive 

secretary of the seminar. 

You will find some interesting and helpful information 

about nuclear medicine in Iran in the Congress 

newspaper, published for the first time by help of my 

young colleagues in support of Mrs. Rezaian. 

11




We are waiting for effective presence of our colleagues 

to update knowledge, share invaluable experiences and 

improve our speciality. 

Mahasti Amoui, M.D. 

Scientific Secretary 

12




Welcome Message of Scientific Secretary of 

“Seminar of Nuclear Medicine Technology” 

Nuclear Medicine has developed and progressed very 

rapidly in recent years. Higher sensitivity for detecting 

normal as well as pathologic tissues, quantitative 

analysis of diagnostic data and lower doses of ionizing 

radiation has made it as one of the most important 

imaging modalities in the medicine. Improvement of 

image quality, fast imaging techniques and early 

detection of diseases are unique criteria of nuclear 

imaging. The higher the technology, the more need to 

update the knowledge and skills. Fortunately, nuclear 

medicine technology has established as an academic 

course in some universities in Iran in recent years. 

Providing a two days seminar for nuclear medicine 

technology parallel with international congress of 

nuclear medicine is an excellent opportunity to 

promotion of knowledge and practice of nuclear 

medicine technologist. I hope our technologist 

colleagues find the seminar helpful and fruitful. 

M. Amiri, M.D. 

Seminar Scientific Secretary 

13

3rd International Congress 3rd International of Nuclear Congress Medicine of Nuclear & 15th Iranian Medicine Annual & 15th Congress Iranian Annual of 


Shahid Beheshti Shahid University Beheshti of University Medical Sciences of Medical 19-21 Sciences May 201119-21 May 2011 

Thursday, May 19, 2011 

Outline Scientific Program 

Hall SA’DI Hall 4 Hall 1 

8:00 

Opening Ceremony 

9:00 

10:00 

CME 1 

Molecular Imaging & Nuclear Oncology 

break 

11:00 

Panel 1 

Management of Breast 

Cancer 

12:00 

CME 2 

Sentinel Lymph Node 

Biopsy 

CME 4 

Radiopharmacy 

Development 1 

13:00 

14:00 Oral 

Presentation 

Molecular Imaging & 

Nuclear Oncology 

15:00 

16:00 

17:00 

CME 3 

Nuclear Genitourinary 


Hydronephrosis 

Pray & Lunch 

CME 5 

Instrumentation & 

Imaging 1 

Oral 

Presentation 

Workshop 1 

SNLB in Breast Cancer 

Seminar 

Clinical applications of 

PET in today oncologic 

practice 

CME 6 

Radiation Protection & 

Radiobiology 1 

Workshop 2 

Quantitative Renal 

Scan 

14

3rd International Congress of of Nuclear Medicine & 15th & 15th Iranian Iranian Annual Annual Congress of 

Congress of Nuclear Medicine Medicine 

Shahid Beheshti Shahid Beheshti University University of Medical of Medical Sciences 19-21 May 2011 

Friday, May 20, 2011 


Hall SA’DI Hall 4 Hall 1 Hall 5 

8:00 

9:00 

10:00 

CME 7 

Nuclear 

Endocrinology 


Management of 

DTC 

CME 9 

Instrumentation & 

Imaging 2 

Oral 

Presentation 

break 

Opening 

Ceremony 

Lectures 

11:00 Oral 

Presentation 

Nuclear 

Endocrinology 

12:00 

CME 8 

Nuclear Cardiology 

13:00 

CME 10 

Radiation 

Protection & 

Radiobiology 2 

Oral 

Presentation 

Lunch & Pray 

Workshop4 

Bone 

Densitometry 

Workshop5 

QC of Gamma 

Camera 

14:00 

15:00 


Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine 

16:00 

CME 8 



Coronary Artery 

Disease 

Oral 

Presentation 

CME 11 

Radiopharmacy 

Development 2 

Lectures 

17:00 Oral 

Presentation 


Oral 

Presentation 

Workshop3 

Gated SPECT 

15

3rd International Congress 3rd International of Nuclear Congress Medicine of & Nuclear 15th Iranian Medicine Annual & 15th Congress Iranian Annual of 

Nuclear Congress Medicineof Nuclear Medicine 

Shahid Beheshti Shahid University Beheshti of Medical University Sciences of Medical 19-21 May Sciences 2011 19-21 May 2011 

Saturday, May 21, 2011 


Hall SA’DI Hall 4 Hall 1 Hall 5 

8:00 

9:00 

10:00 

Nuclear 

Medicine in 

Practice 

Forensic & Ethics 

CME 12 

Nuclear Neurology 


Radiation Protection 

CME 13 

Disimetry & Radiation 

Protection 

Oral 

Presentation 

break 

Workshop7 

QC of 

Raiopharmaceuticals 

Lectures 

11:00 

12:00 

CME 12 





Radiopharmacy in 

Iran 

CME 14 

Radiopharmaceuticals 

& Radioprotection 

Lectures 

Workshop8 

Dosimeters / 

Decontamination 

13:00 

Lunch & Pray 

14:00 

15:00 

16:00 

Oral 

Presentation 


Oral 

Presentation 

Miscellaneous 

CME 15 

Physics/Cyclotron 

Oral 

Presentation 

Workshop6 

Brain Scan 

Interpretation 

Lectures 

17:00 

Awards & Ending Ceremony 

16




Committees 

Planning Committee 

I. Neshandar (President) 

M. Amiri 

M. Amoui 

M. Ansari 

M.R. Ay 

A.R. Jalilian 

Gh. Razi’ei 

A. Shabestani Monfared 

S. Shah’hosseini 

R. Zakavi 

Executive Committee 

Chair: 

M. Ansari 

Members: 

M. Akbari 

M. Amoui 

A. Ansari 

N. Baharfar 

M.B. Ghalibaf 

A. Hooman 

M. S. Malekzadeh 

E. Pirayesh 

Gh. Razi’ei 

S. Shah’hoseini 

B. Shaf’iei 

F. Tabe’ie 

A.R. Zakani 

M. Bagherzadeh 

S. Sedaghat 

Executive Managers 

N. Baharfar 

E. Pirayesh 

17




Scientific Committee 

Chair: 

M. Amoui 

Members: 

F. Abbasi 

K. Abbasi 

A.H. Abedi’yekta 

M. Agha’miri 

M.E. Akbari 

Sh. Akhlaghpoor 

F. Akhzari 

A. Alavi 

M. Alavi 

M. Amiri 

A. Amirpoor 

M. Ansari 

A. Arjmand Shabestari 

K. Aryana 

M. Assadi 

M.R. Ay 

P. Azadeh 

H. Azarnik 

F. Azizi 

M.H. Baba’ee 

G. Bakhshanehpour 

M. Beheshti 

D. Beyki 

B. Bijan 

E. Bombardieri 

V.R. Dabbagh Kakhki 

Sh. Dabiri 

S. Dadparvar 

Y. Davari 

B. Davarpanah 

S. Derakhshan 

M. Eftekhari 

M. Erfani 

D. Fahimi 

J. Farahati 

B. Fallahi 

A. Fard 

M. Farsad 

H. Firrozabadi 

F. Fotouhi 

M. Ghannadi Maragheh 

H. Ghadiri 

Ch. Giannopoulou 

R. Hashemi 

S. Hekmat 

A. Hooman 

S.J Hosseini 

R. Hosseini 

J. Hosseinimehr 

H. Jadvar 

M. Jalili 

A.R. Jalilian 

H.R. Javadi 

M.R. Kardan 

D. Kamal’hedayat 

M. Khosh’niyat 

H. Khosravi 

V. Langesteger 

M. Lesan’pezeshki 

B. Mahmoodian 

H. Malek 

H. Mandegar 

B. Mansouri 

H.R. Mirza’ee 

K.P. Mishra 

M.M. Modarresi 

M. Momen’nejhad 

A. Moosavizadeh 

18




M. Movahed 

H. Mozdarani 

M. Mozzafar 

R. Najafi 

A.R. Nasrollahi 

I. Neshandar Asli 

M. Noroozian 

M.A. Oghabian 

H.R. Pouraliakbar 

A. Rahmim 

H. Rajabi 

A. Rakhsha 

B. Rashidi 

M. Raygani 

M.R. Razzaghi 

S. Saber 

R. Sadeghi 

M. Safavi 

M. Saghari 

N. Salehi 

Sh. Samangou’ee 

F. Sami’ee 

H.R. San’ti 

F. Sarvghadi 

F. Sedaghat 

Sh. Seifollahi 

Gh.A. Shabani 

A. Monfared 

B. Shafi’ei 


N. Simforoosh 

B. Singh 

K. Soltani 

P.S. Soni 

H. Tabataba’ee 

F. Tabe’ie 

M. Taghavi 

A. Takavar 

A. Vakili 

N. Yaghoobi 

S.R. Zakavi 

Technologist Programme Committee 

Chair: 

M. Amiri 

Members: 

M.R. Ay 

V.R. Dabbagh 

S. Derakhshan 

H. Ghadiri 

A.R. Gholami 

M. Jalili 

A.R. Jalilian 

M. Khorrami 

H. Khosravi 


H. Mozdarani 

R. Sadeghi 

A. Monfared 

B. Shafi’ei 

F. Tabe’ie 

R. Zakavi 

19




Awards 

As in the past years, Dr. Shahram Dabiri is offering 

awards to authors of good quality abstracts accepted 

for presentation at the congress. The purpose of these 

awards is to encourage nuclear medicine investigators 

and to highlight scientific excellence. 

Six selected papers submitted to the congress are 

bestowed with valuable prize money: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Best Presented Paper by Young Resercher 

Best Clinical Nuclear Medicine Paper 

Best Scientific Paper in Radiation Protection and 

Radiobiology 

Best Scientific paper in Instrumentation and 

Software 

Best Scientific paper in Radiopharmacy 

Best Presented Poster 

In addition, 3 invaluable prizes will be awarded to the 

best accepted papers in Seminar of Nuclear 

Medicine Technology by the seminar scientific 

secretary to promote the exchange and expansion of 

knowledge among technicians who have demonstrated 

an interest and involvement in research experience in 

nuclear medicine and related fields. 

20




Continuing Medical Education, Panels & 

Workshops 

Continuing medical education sessions as well as 

multiple panels and workshops will span all 3 days of 

the Congress of Nuclear Medicine and dive attention on 

the newest practical developments. In order to provide 

the CME program with a thematic focus and clinical 

input while maintaining a board spectrum of education, 

there will be multiple categorized CME sessions in 

Diagnostic, Therapy, Radiopharmacy Development, 

Physics, Instrumentation, and Radiation Protection 

topics. 

CME 1: Molecular Imaging & Nuclear Oncology 

The Achievement and Future of Molecular 

Iimaging in Oncology, E. Bombardieri (Italy) 

Era of Hybrid Imaging, B. Bijan (USA) 

Quantitative PET Imaging, A. Rahmim (USA) 

Non-FDG PET Tracers, M. Farsad (Italy) 

Thursday, May 19, 2011, 9:00-10:30, Hall Sa’di & 4 

CME 2: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy 

Accuracy of SLNB in Breast Cancer after 

Incisional Biopsy, R. Sadeghi (Iran) 

SLNB in Cervical Cancer, E. Bombardieri 

(Italy) 

Review of SLNB in Prostate Cancer, R. Sadeghi 

(Iran) 

Thursday, May 19, 2011, 12:00-13:00, Hall Sa’di 

21




CME 3: Genitiurinary 

Renal Transplant Rejection, A. Nasrollahi 

(Iran) 

Renal Transplant Rejection and Nuclear 

Medicine, M. Movahed (Iran) 

Diagnosis & Management of UTI, 

N. Rahimzadeh (Iran) 

Patterns of Infection in Renal Scan, 

S. Hekmat (Iran) 


CME 4: Radiopharmacy Development 1 

Development of Non FDG PET Tracers in Iran, 

A.R. Jalilian (Iran) 

Production Problems Concerning Anti-CD20 

Radiopharmaceuticals, M.H. Babaei (Iran) 

Cancer Therapy by Alpha-emitters Labeled 

Peptides, F. Johari Daha (Iran) 

Radiopharmaceuticals for Bone Pain Palliation, 

D. Beiki (Iran) 

Peptide Based Radiopharmaceuticals for 

Diagnosis & Therapy, M. Erfani (Iran) 

Thursday, May 19, 2011, 11:00-13:00, Hall 4 

CME 5: Instrumentation & Imaging 1 

Recent Advances and Technological 

Innovations in Nuclear Medicine 

Instrumentations, P.S. Soni (India) 

State of the Art Image Reconstruction 

Algorithms in Emission Computed 

Tomography, A. Rahmim (USA) 

Preclinical Imaging & Imaging Technologies, 

M.R. Ay (Iran) 


22




CME 6: Radiation Protection & Radiobiology 1 

Approach to Protection Against Low Doses of 

Ionizing Radiation, K.P. Mishra (India) 

New Concepts in Radiation Biolog, 

H. Mozdarani (Iran) 

Low Dose Medical Exposure and Its Health 

Impacts, B. Singh (India) 


CME 7: Endocrinology 

Neuroendocine Tumors, M. Malekzadeh (Iran) 

SPECT & PET in Neuroendocine Tumors, 

M. Farsad (Italy) 

Radionuclide Therapy in Neuroendocine 

Tumors, E. Bombardieri (Italy) 

Updates in Follow-up of Differentiated Thyroid 

Carcinoma, M. Eftekhari (Iran) 

Friday, May 20, 2011, 8:00-9:30, Hall Sa’di 

CME 8: Cardiology 

Where We Need to Study Viability, 

N. Salehi (Iran) 

Myocardial Viability and Case Selection for 

CABG, K. Abbasi (Iran) 

Nuclear Medicine in Myocardial Viability 

Assessment, Ch. Giannopoulou (Greece) 

Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion Scan & 

Prognosis of CAD, R. Zakavi (Iran) 

Friday, May 20, 2011, 12:00-13:00 & 15:30-16:00, 

Hall Sa’di 

23




CME 9: Instrumentation & Imaging 2 

PET/CT Instrumentation and QC, 

P.S. Soni (India) 

Direct 4D Parametric Imaging in PET, 

A. Rahmim (USA) 

Role of Physicist in NM/PET Departments, 

P.S. Soni (India) / A. Rahmim (USA) 

Friday, May 20, 2011, 8:00-9:40, Hall 4 

CME 10: Radiation Protection & Radiobiology 2 

Radio-Iodine Therapy (Discharge Criteria), 

F. Tabe’ie (Iran) 

Personnel Dosimetry in Nuclear Medicine, 

H. Moosavi (Iran) 

Radiophobia, Is Radiation All Bad?, 

A. Shabestani Monfared (Iran) 


CME 11: Radiopharmacy Development 2 

Is cyclotron produced 99m Tc a realistic 

alternative during 99 Mo shortage? 

D. Beiki (Iran) 

Radiopharmaceuticals for Synovectomy, 


Non Peptide Radiopharmaceuticals for Tumor 

Imaging, M.H. Babaei (Iran) 


24




CME 12: Neurology 

Dopamine Terminal Function in Central 

Movement Disorder, F. Sedaghat (Greece) 

Clinical Aspects of MCI & Dementia, 

M. Nouroozian (Iran) 

Applications of Emmision Tomography in 

Dementia, F. Sedaghat (Greece) 

Saturday, May 21, 2011, 10:00-10:30 & 

11:00-12:00, Hall Sa’di 

CME 13: Disimetry & Radiation Protection 

Dose Estimation and RP in Multi-modality 

Imaging, F. Bouzarjomehri (Iran) 

Internal Dosimetry, H. Rajabi (Iran) 

Radiation Protection in Special Cases, 

R. Mahdavi (Iran) 

Saturday, May 21, 2011, 9:00-10:00, Hall 4 

CME 14: Radiopharmaceuticals & Radioprotection 

Radiopharmaceuticals for Infection Diagnosis 

in Iran, M. Erfani (Iran) 

The Importance of Natural Products as 

Radioprotective Agents in Nuclear Medicine, J. 

Hosseinimehr (Iran) 


CME 15: Physics/Cyclotron 

Medical Cyclotron: Physics & Instrumentation, 

M.R. Ay (Iran) 

Operational Aspects of Medical Cyclotron 

Facility, P.S. Soni (India) 


25




Panel 1: Management of Breast cancer 


Moderator: R. Sadeghi (Iran) 

Members: E. Bombardieri 

M. Akbari 

F. Samiee 

F. Elahi 

A. Jangjoo 

B. Bijan 

M. Amoui 

Educational objectives: 

Interactive presentations of breast cancer patients 

referred to Nuclear Medicine Department for various 

reasons. The objectives of the panel are: 

To provide an overview of sentinel node biopsy 

applications in breast cancer patients with 

especial focus on the controversial issues in this 

regard. 

To provide an overview of radiotherapy and 

chemotherapy in breast cancer patients with 

special attention to nuclear physician 

involvement. 

To provide an overview of staging , follow-up 

and metastatic work-up in breast cancer patients 

To provide an overview of PET/CT applications in 

breast cancer patients. 

Summary: 

In this interactive panel, various aspects of 

conventional nuclear medicine applications in breast 

cancer patients are reviewed including bone 

scintigraphy, sentinel node biopsy, PET/CT, etc. 

Several controversial issues in sentinel node biopsy 

as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy will be 

discussed. 

Key words: Breast cancer, Bone scintigraphy, 

Lymphoscintigraphy, Sentinel lymph node biopsy, 

PET/CT 

26




Panel 2: Hydronephrosis 


Moderator: S. Hekmat (Iran) 

Members: M. Bagheri 

R. Hosseini 

R. Maghsoodi 

H. Salimi 

B. Shafiei 


General review on the neonatal hydronephrosis 

and medical management 

Adult hydronephrosis 

Surgical approach to neonatal hydronephrosis 

Radiologic imaging 

Indications and diagnostic value of nuclear 

medicine in hydronephrosis 

Summary: 

Hydronephrosis is a relatively common finding in 

the evaluation of patients, including those with 

symptoms related to the urinary tract, as an 

incidental finding during imaging of the abdomen 

and also in the routine prenatal sonographic studies 

Diagnosis of the underlying causes, medical 

treatment, defining the time and plan of surgical 

interventions, particularly during the neonatal 

period are considered vital issues. 

This session is directed toward a general review of 

the subject and the most recent diagnostic and 

therapeutic guidelines with more emphasis on the 

nuclear medicine values and beneficial findings. 

27




Panel 3: Management of Differentiated Thyroid 

carcinoma 


Moderator: A. Fard (Iran) 

Members: A. Hedayati 

E. Bombardieri 

M. Farsad 

M.R. Mohajeri 

F. Sarvghadi 

M. Alavi 

B. Shafi’ei 


Preoperative evaluation of DTC 

Surgical approaches and second surgery in DTC 

Management of hypocalcemia in DTC 

Value of Thyroglobulin in follow-up of DTC 

Value of exogenous TSH in follow-up of DTC 

Panel 4: Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine: 

Personnel Exposure, Medical Exposure, 

Low Dose Radiation 

Friday, May 20, 2011, 14:00-15:30, Hall Sa’di, 4 & 5 

Moderator: R. Zakavi (Iran) 

Members: M. Momen’nejhad 

A. Monfared 

K.P. Mishra 

M. Kardan 

H. Mozdarani 



Radiation to patients from CT scan in 

multimodality imaging to patients 

Radiation to patients from nuclear medicine 

procedures and comparison with other risks 

Radiation to staff in nuclear medicine procedures 

Recommendations and ways to protect staff 

Low dose radiation; hazards vs benefits 

28




Panel 5: Coronary Artery Disease 


Moderator: H. Malek (Iran) 

Members: Ch. Giannopoulou 

V.R. Dabbagh 

H.R. San’ati 

H.R. Pouraliakbar 



Provide a brief review on the approach to a 

patient with chest pain. 

Provide an overview on the assessment of CAD, 

using radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging, 

Coronary CT angiography and conventional 

angiography. 

Provide and overview on the risk assessment of 

hard cardiac events, using different diagnostic 

modalities. 

Provide and overview on the therapeutic 

strategies on the basis of the imaging techniques. 

Summery: 

This continuing education session is directed toward 

physicians, trainees and technologist interested in 

the practice of nuclear cardiology. It will cover 

state-of-the art protocols and technology of SPECT, 

Coronary CT Angiography, cardiac MR and 

conventional angiography in patients with ischemic 

heart disease (IHD). By providing an overview on 

relevant practical aspects of the different imaging 

modalities, this session will provide the audience 

the basis for approaching to patients with IHD and 

the application of different imaging modalities. 

Key Words: Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, SPECT, 

Coronary CT Angiography, Ischemic Heart Disease 

29




Panel 6: Minimal Cognetive Impairment & 

Alzheimer Disease 

Saturday, May 21, 2011, 12:00-13:00, Hall Sa’di 

Moderator: Sh. Seifollahi (Iran) 

Members: M. Nouroozian 

A. Shoja’ee 

M. Arbabi 

F. Sedaghat 

G. Bakhshandehpour 


Definition of MCI & dementia 

Diagnostic problems in MCI & dementia 

Psychiatric aspects of MCI & dementia 

Management & outcomes of MCI & dementia 

Role of structural imaging in diagnosis & 

management of dementias 

Role of neuronuclear imaging in diagnosis & 

management of MCI & dementia 

Quantitative aspect of neuronuclear imaging 

Summery: 

Minimal cognitive impairment (MCI) is a precursor 

of dementia proposed to proceed to Alzheimer's 

disease (AD) and its progression could be controlled 

by drugs producing in advanced promising 

researches. This panel discussion is held to 

overview different aspects of MCI from standpoint 

of neurologists, psychiatrists, radiologists, 

neurosurgeons & nuclear physicians for better 

diagnosis & management of MCI & dementia and 

impression of novel software to quantify regional 

cerebral blood flow & metabolism. 

30




Panel 7: Structure, Policies & Prospective of 

Radiation Protection 


Moderator: A. Shabestani Monfared (Iran) 

Members: H. Khosravi 

B. Singh 

K.P. Mishra 



A closer and feasible look to radiation protection 

guidelines in nuclear medicine in Iran 

Protection or over protection against ionizing 

radiation in nuclear medicine 

The radiation protection guidelines on the basis of 

other radiobiological models 

Panel 8: Radiopharmacy in Iran 


Moderator: A.R. Jalilian 

Members: R. Najafi 


D. Beiki 

M.H. Babaie 

J. Hoseinimehr 


PhD of radiopharmacy in Iran 

Current status of radiopharmaceuticals in Iran 

(production and quality control) 

Clinical studies of new radiopharmaceuticals 

New added radiopharmceuticals to the list of 

Ministry of health and Iranian Pharmacopeia 

The current status of research in radiopharmcy 

Role of Radiopharmacist as a member of Nuclear 

Medicine Department 

Summary 

This session will highlight and give an update of 

radiopharmacy in Iran, that have attracted lots of 

attention in recent years and have large potential 

31




for further development of new 

radiopharmaceuticals. It will cover a review of 

current status of radiopharmaceuticals in Iran as 

well as insights into the clinical studies of new 

radiopharmaceuticals. It will also discuss the 

limitations and problems with production and 

research in the field of radiopharmacy in Iran. 

Workshop 1: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in 

Breast Cancer 

Speaker: R. Sadeghi (Iran) 


Workshop 2: Quantitative Renal Scan 

Speakers: H. Rajabi (Iran) / B. Shafi’ei 

(Iran) 


Workshop 3: Gated SPECT 

Speaker: V.R. Dabbagh (Iran) 


Workshop 4: Bone Densitometry 

Speakers: H. Ghadiri / S. Derakhshan 

(Iran) 

Friday, May 20, 2011, 1100-1200, Hall 5 

32




Workshop 5: QC of γ Camera 

Speakers: M.R. Ay / F. Tabe’ie (Iran) 


Workshop 6: Interpretation of Brain Perfusion 

Scan 

Speaker: F. Sedaghat (Greece) 


Workshop 7: QC of Raiopharmaceuticals 

Speakers: A.R. Jalilian (Iran) 


Workshop 8: Dosimeters & Decontamination 

Speakers: H. Khosravi (Iran) & 

A. Monfared (Iran) 


33




CME Lectures 

34




NON-FDG PET TRACERS IN ONCOLOGY 

Mohsen Farsad (Italy) 

Nuclear Medicine Department, PET Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna 

Educational Objectives: 

To delineate the appropriate clinical indications 

To help the imaging specialists to interpret correctly the images, 

avoiding pitfalls 

To get an insight on current status and future perspectives of NON 

FDG PET tracers 

Summery: 

[(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is the most frequently used 

radiopharmaceutical for clinical positron emission tomography (PET). 

However, FDG cannot be used for all cancer types, either because the 

abnormal tissue does not concentrate it, or because the tissues under 

investigation demonstrate high physiological glucose uptake. 

Consequently, alternative PET tracers have been produced and 

introduced into clinical practice. The most important NON FDG 

compounds in routine practice are 11 C-choline and 18 F-choline, mainly 

for the evaluation of prostate cancer; 11 C-methionine and 18 F-FET for 

brain tumours; 

18 F-DOPA and 

68 Ga-DOTA-PEPTIDES for 

neuroendocrine tumours. The lecture will highlight the major clinical 

applications of the above mentioned PET tracers in Oncology. 

Key Words: 11 C-choline; 18 F-choline; 18 F-DOPA; 11 C-methionine; 

18 F-FET; 68 Ga-DOTA-NOC; 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC; PET-CT Imaging 

35




Diagnostic value of nuclear medicine in urinary trace infection 

Sepideh Hekmat (Iran) 

Hasheminejad Hospital 

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a general term for a group of 

conditions in which bacteria grow in the urinary tract. It could be 

symptomatic or asymptomatic and is classified as acute 

pyelonephritis (that is renal parenchymal involvement and its main 

symptom is fever) and acute cystitis. It is of major importance to 

differentiate these two conditions in order to define the treatment 

schedule and plan for long trm follow up of the patients. We will 

shortly review the diagnostic value of the imaging procedures and the 

best recommended protocols pertinent to this issue. 

Keywords: UTI, DMSA renal scan, SPECT, planar 

Production Problems Concerning Anti-CD20 

Radiopharmaceuticals 

Mohammadhossein Babaei (Iran) 

PadtanGostar Co., Zarandieh 

Cancer treatment using radioimmunotherapy has been focus of much 

research in the last two decades. In radioimmunotherapy, a 

radioisotope is coupled to a monoclonal antibody to form a tumorspecific 

target agent. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is new therapy for 

the treatment of B-Cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Iodine-131, 

Yetterium-90 and Lutetium-177 are frequently used nuclides in 

clinical RIT, but their usefulness had been limited by several 

problems in their production. 

There are many methods that could have been used to label the 

radionuclide to the monoclonal antibody. However, in antibody 

labeling the aim is to produce a stable complex in an easy, fast and 

inexpensive procedure while preserving the immunoreactivity of the 

antibody. It has been investigated many conditions such as pH, 

temperature, antibody/chelator ratio and labeling time to optimize 

the method. 

In this lecture, the labeling efficiency, immunoreactivity, in vitro and 

in vivo stability of the produced complexes were considered. 

36




Development of Non-FDG PET tracers in Iran 


Radiopharmaceutical Research & Development Laboratory (RRDL), Nuclear 

Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) 

Apart from FDG, which is the most widely used tracer in PET nuclear 

medicine, research has been continued for the creation and 

introduction of other PET radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals 

around the world as well as in our country. The development of first 

Iranian 68 Ge/ 68 Ga prototype generator, with great performance of 5- 

10 mCi per milking is a breakthrough in the development of 

radiopharmaceuticals in the country at NSTRI, which a progressive 

expanding program is underway for high scale production for 

upcoming country’s need. 

Production and preclinical studies of 

64 Cu-ATSM has also been 

recently performed at NSTRI and is ready for clinical studies in 

National Radiopharmaceutical Project having interesting 

PET/therapeutic properties yielding few hundred-millicurie amounts. 

Also great efforts are now being performed on the development of 

other molecular imaging probes such as 64 Cu-monoclonal antibodies 

and pepties such as trastuzumab, cetuximab and octreotide. In other 

research works 61 Cu, 89 Zr, 66 Ga and 82m Rb production have been 

performed while feasibility studies for high performance 62 Zn/ 62 Cu 

generator is finalized in collaboration with IAEA a CRP work on the 

production of 18 F-FLT, 18 F-FAZA and 18 F-Flumazenil is in process. 

37




APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING RADIOPROTECTORS AGAINST 

LOW DOSE IRRADIATION 

K.P. Mishra (India) 

Nehru Gram Bharati University, George Town, Allahabad 211 002 INDIA & 

Ex Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research 

Center, Mumbai 

Adverse effects of ionizing radiation became known soon after the 

discoveries of X ray and radioactivity at the end of 20 th century. With 

the increasing advances in radiation technology, growing concerns 

were expressed for likely exposure of humans to radiation with 

possible harmful effects. Radiation exposures could arise from 

planned, unplanned and natural environmental sources. The planned 

sources include diagnostic, therapeutic and industrial sources 

whereas unplanned exposures comprise of strategic explosions, 

reactor accidents, fall outs, dirty bombs and terrorist attacks. It is 

fairly well understood that ionizing radiations affect vital biological 

molecules through direct action or through indirect deposition of 

energy in abundant water generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). 

These ROS, in turn, react with critical biomolecules, namely, lipid, 

DNA and proteins leading to deleterious oxidative damage. To protect 

living organisms against high and low doses of radiation exposure it 

requires developing strategies depending upon the nature of radiation 

and severity of exposure. Over the years, a large chain of chemically 

synthesized compounds, vitamins, amino acids, nucleic acid 

derivatives were investigated for their radioprotective potential but 

these results were found not translatable into practical applications 

either due to poor efficacy or unacceptable associated toxicity. The 

available radioprotectors are either inefficient or unsafe for 

applications to humans. The effective radioprotector should be nontoxic, 

stable, prolonged activity, low cost and easy availability. 

Interestingly, past years have witnessed extensive screening of 

various plants for their radioprotective properties. Considering 

toxicity as the major constraint for the use of synthetic compounds, 

numerous plants have been screened for radioprotective efficacy 

against the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. Herbal 

compounds rich in antioxidants may be a potential radioprotector. 

Compounds with efficient abilities to neutralize ROS produced by 

radiation may form potentially useful radioprotectors for practical 

applications. Also, compounds or formulations that can stimulate 

immunological responses may be another approach to develop 

effective radioprotection. This talk will present a highlight of 

developing new approaches for developing radioprotectors against 

radiation exposures especially low doses of radiation exposures. 

38




Radiopharmaceuticals for bone pain palliation therapy 

Davood Beiki (Iran) 

Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 

The incidence of cancer in the United States is over a million new 

cases a year (excluding cancers of the skin), of which over 100,000, 

perhaps up to 150,000 patients a year, develop bone metastases. 

The frequently occurring tumors that spread to the bone are prostate, 

breast, and lung cancer. The prevalence of pain in all patients with 

metastatic bone cancer has been estimated at 60% to 90%. Besides 

analgesics, treatment options include external beam radiotherapy, 

bisphosphonates, chemotherapy, surgery and bone seeking 

radiopharmaceuticals. Particle-emitting bone-seeking 

radiopharmaceuticals have attracted the attention of the nuclear 

medicine community over the last three decades for the treatment of 

the pain of osteoblastic metastases. For the eight 

radiopharmaceuticals including 

188 Re(Sn)HEDP, 153 Sm-EDTMP, 90 Y- 

citrate, 186 Re(Sn)HEDP, 117m Sn-DTPA, 32 P-phosphate, 89 Sr-chloride 

and 85 Sr-chloride, there are published data on clinical trials in 

humans. Of these eight, only phosphorus-32 (P-32) as sodium 

phosphate, Sm-153 lexidronam (EDTMP), and Sr-89 chloride are 

commercially available in the United States, although rhenium-186 

(Re-186) etidronate (HEDP) is widely employed in Europe. This talk 

will discuss the role of bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals in pain 

control of these painful osseous metastases. 

39




Peptides based radiopharmaceuticals for Tumor Diagnosis and 

Therapy 

Mostafa Erfani (Iran) 

Nuclear Science Research School, Nuclear Science & Technology Research 

Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy Organization of Iran 

The specific binding of peptides to their receptors can be used to 

meet the key requirement in tumor targeting. Because of their small 

size, peptides exhibit faster blood clearance and higher target-tobackground 

ratios compared to macromolecular compounds. 

Although the use of an 111 In peptide was first explored for the use in 

nuclear medicine in 1981, it was not until a decade later that a 123 I 

labelled peptide was injected to tumor bearing animals. To date, 

radiolabelled receptor-binding peptides have emerged as a new class 

of radiopharmaceuticals. There is a tremendous amount of peptides 

that are potential candidates for being used as tumor imaging 

radiopharmaceuticals. For example octereotide, bombesin, gastrins, 

angiotansin, RGD, substance p, NPY are examples that are currently 

being tested, and many more have been suggested. 

There are several prerequisites for peptides used for scintigraphy or 

even radio-therapy. First of all, the corresponding receptors have to 

be expressed on the target in suitable amounts, over expression is 

desirable. There is no sense in developing a radioligand for a clinically 

important disease if the receptor is not concentrated in the target 

tissue in such an amount that an external image can be obtained. 

Natural peptide ligands exhibit high affinity to the receptor, usually in 

the nano molar range. It is crucial that the radiolabeled analog 

retains its high affinity. Because of the small size of peptides, the 

attachment of a bulky chelator and a radionuclide has a significant 

contribution the overall molecular weight, which may lead to 

conformational changes in the binding sequence. Thus, the 

attachment of the radiolabel should be made far from the receptor 

binding sequence, or a spacer should be introduced. Specificity is also 

a prerequisite. Whereas the natural ligand usually binds with similar 

affinities to receptor subtypes, chemically modified synthetic 

analogues often display pronounced subtype selectivity for only one 

or few receptor subtypes. Thus, receptor subtype expression on the 

targeted tumor tissue has to be considered. Receptor-agonists are 

preferred, since they usually exhibit receptor-mediated 

internalization. This results in accumulation of the radioligand in the 

target, providing an increased signal for scintigraphy. For therapeutic 

applications, internalization is an absolute precondition, as the 

cytotoxic moiety has to reach its target within the cell. A further 

prerequisite for radiopeptides is that the complexing of the chelatorpeptide 

with the radiometal is achieved in high yields. Last, but not 

least, a main concern of radiolabelled peptides is their stability under 

physiological conditions, i.e. peptide fragmentation by peptidases and 

the stability of the radiometal-chelator complex. 

40




Myocardial viability 

Role of myocardial viability in patient management 

N. Salehi (Iran) 

The role of Nuclear Medicine imaging in Myocardial Viability 

assessment 

Ch. Giannopoulou (Greece) 


Provide an overview on the proposed pathophysiological 

mechanisms underlying stunned and hibernating myocardium, such 

as adoptive downregulation and structural alterations, in patients 

with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. 

Provide an update on the use of radionuclide methods, both SPECT 

and PET, in the assessment of the presence and extent of 

hibernating myocardium, as well as on their prognostic and 

diagnostic value. 

Adopt knowledge on PET imaging principles, radiotracers’ 

mechanisms of uptake and imaging protocols in myocardial PET 

(perfusion/metabolism) and SPECT viability studies. 

Compare radionuclide techniques to other viability imaging 

modalities. 

Provide a brief overview of recent clinical trials on the utility of 

myocardial viability assessment in patient revascularization 

selection. 

Summary: 

This continuing education session is directed toward physicians, 

trainees and technologists interested in the practice of nuclear 

cardiology. It will cover the topic of cardiac radionuclide imaging 

techniques and their applications in ischaemic left ventricular 

dysfunction and especially in assessing myocardial viability. Evidence 

for the role of these techniques will be summarized with particular 

reference to current guidelines. Knowledge on PET technology and 

acquisition protocols, as well as the importance of these imaging 

techniques in the clinical decision-making process and their present 

limitations will be discussed. An overview of the combination of 

various tests, to make it possible to establish correlations between 

coronary anatomy and functional imaging, further improving the noninvasive 

assessment of patients with ischaemic heart failure will be 

presented. 

Key Words: Cardiac PET, SPECT, metabolism, myocardial perfusion, 

viability, hibernation, stunning, FDG 

41




Is cyclotron-produced Tc-99m a realistic alternative during 

Mo-99 shortage? 

Davood Beiki (Iran) 

Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 

The radioisotope Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) is the most commonly 

used radionuclide in nuclear medicine imaging and accounts for 

around 80% of all such imaging procedures 

being performed. In 2009 it is estimated that globally a total of 

almost 40 million procedures per year were performed in nuclear 

medicine and this equates to around 120,000 patient injections using 

99m Tc each day. The short supply in radiopharmaceuticals during the 

past three years is mainly caused by technical problems in research 

reactors producing medical radioisotopes on an industrial scale. On 

the other hand, the cyclotron technologies for manufacturing 

Molybdenum-99 or Technetium-99m have been described several 

times in the literature and a complete report on the topic was 

generated as early as 1999. Most of these publications extensively 

describe the technical feasibility of this approach at small scale, but 

never addressed the technical and economical impact associated with 

the scaling up. These issues including impurity profile control, 

regulatory constraints, pharmaceutical aspect, logistics and 

customers interest will be described here. Briefly, the conclusion 

leads that the cyclotron generated 99m Tc is not an economically viable 

alternative to the well-established 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator. Even from a 

technical point of view the development of a cyclotron for large scale 

production of 99m Tc will be difficult to concretize. Therefore, despite 

its huge initial investment, the best option from an economical point 

of view will definitely remain the reactor route. Also, the decision to 

set up an alternative method will be based not just on the technology 

or capacity criteria but on a full economic and comprehensive 

business evaluation. 

42




Radiopharmaceuticals for Synovectomy 

A.R Jalilian (Iran) 

Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development Lab (RRDL), Nuclear Science 

and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) 

As the aging of the human population around the world, the need for 

the management of elderly-diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and 

other joint problems has emerged. Also a majority of diseases can 

cause arthropathy leading to the pain, inflammation and also 

immobility of the patients such as spondylarthropathy, Lyme disease, 

Behcet´s disease, persistent synovial effusion, haemophilic arthritis, 

calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) arthritis, pigmented 

villonodular synovitis (PVNS), persistent effusion after joint 

prosthesis, undifferentiated arthritis, etc. among the most used 

radiopharmaceuticals used according to EANM protocols, three agents 

are of the great importance including, 

90 Y silicate/citrate, 

186 Re 

sulphide and 169 Er citrate. 

90 Y emits a beta particle with maximum energy 2.27 MeV with mean 

energy 0.935 MeV and average soft tissue range 3.6 mm and 

physical half life of 2.7 days suitable for the knee joint (5 – 6 mCi per 

joint). 

On the other hand, 186 Re emits a beta particle with maximum energy 

1.07 MeV, mean energy 0.349 MeV, average soft-tissue range 1.1 

mm and a 9% abundant gamma emission with a photopeak of 0.137 

MeV The physical half life is 3.7 days suitable for hip, shoulder, 

elbow, wrist, ankle and subtalar joints. 

Finally 169 Er emits a beta particle with maximum energy 0.34 MeV, 

mean energy 0.099 MeV and average soft tissue range 0.3 mm. and 

physical half life of 9.4 days used for metacarpophalangeal, 

metatarsophalangeal and digital interphalangeal joints. 

The production, quality control and clinical trials for above mentioned 

agents are in process by NSTRI and Iranian medical societies 

according to National Radiopharmaceutical Production Project started 

in Jan. 2010. 

43




Cancer therapy with alpha-emitters labeled peptides 

Fariba Johari Daha (Iran) 

School of Nuclear Science, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute 

(NSTRI) 

Alpha particles are of considerable interest for radioimmunotherapy 

applications. Due to their short range in tissue(a few cell diameters), 

and high linear- energy- transfer (LET),they are specially suited for 

targeting micrometastases and single tumor cells such as leukemia 

and other blood-borne diseases. Actively targeted α-particles offer 

specific tumor cell killing action with less collateral damage to 

surrounding normal tissues than β-emitters. During the last decade, 

radiolabeled peptides that bind to different receptors on the tumors 

have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents both in the 

preclinical and clinical settings. Advantages of radiolabeled peptides 

over antibodies include relatively straightforward chemical synthesis, 

versatility, easier radiolabeling, rapid clearance from the circulation, 

faster penetration and more uniform distribution into tissues, and less 

immunogenicity. Rapid internalization of the radiolabeled peptides 

with equally rapid re-expression of the cell surface target is a highly 

desirable property that enhances the total delivery of these 

radionuclides into malignant sites. 211 At(t 1/2 =7.2 h), 212 Bi(t 1/2 =60.6 

h), 213 Bi(t 1/2 =45.6 h), 233 Ra(t 1/2 =11d) are potential radionuclides for 

these applications. Peptides, such as octreotide, α-melanocytestimulating 

hormone analogues, arginine-glycine-aspartic acidcontaining 

peptides, bombesin derivatives, and others may all be 

feasible for use with α-emitters. The on-going preclinical work has 

primarily concentrated on octreotide and octreotate analogues 

labeled with Bismuth-213 and Astatine-211. 

44




Imaging of Dopamine-Terminal Function in Central Movement 

Disorders Using Emission Tomography 

F. Sedaghat (Greece) 

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 


The importance of dopamine transporters and receptors imaging 

using SPECT in early differential diagnosis of parkinsonism, 

Its potential as a screening tool for subjects at risk of developing 

PD, 

Issues around the assessment of disease progression, 

The importance of semiquantitative analysis of the images. 

Summery: 

Patients suffering from central movement disorders share the 

common clinical symptom of parkinsonism. Differentiating between 

these pathologies and essential tremor (ET) is a difficult and 

important task as they demand different therapeutic strategies and 

have different prognoses. Studies suggest that almost one third of 

patients are incorrectly diagnosed with PD by primary care physicians 

initially. Even among movement disorder specialists, the rate of 

misdiagnosis of PD is reported to be 10% to 12%. The development 

of PET and SPECT imaging in movement disorders has been 

accelerated by the early descriptions of the loss of dopamine neurons 

of substantia nigra. The application of emission tomography using 

dopamine-transporters and receptors radiopharmaceuticals in 

investigation of movement disorders will be discussed. 

Keywords: SPECT, DaT Scan, Parkinsonism, IBZM, Parkinson, 

Dopamine receptors, Presynaptic dopamine transporters 

45




The Application of Emission Tomography in Dementia 

F. Sedaghat (Greece) 

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 


The value of PET and SPECT in differential diagnosis of dementias, 

Their potential role as screening tools for cases with Mild Cognitive 

impairment and thus early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, 

Monitoring of disease progression and therapy. 

Summery: 

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive impairment of intellect, 

memory and personality with enormous impact on health care 

provision. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 

and positron emission tomography (ΡΕΤ) are imaging modalities 

which help the clinician to investigate the functional and 

neurochemical changes of the brain, in patients with dementia and in 

those at risk οf subsequent cognitive decline. AD with several 

pathophysiological characteristic features (amyloid plaques, 

neurofibrillary tangles, several neurotransmitter deficits) is a common 

cause of dementia in elderly. AD is characterized by biIateral 

posterior temporoparietal hypoperfusion on SPECΤ and 

hypometabolism on ΡΕΤ which may precede the onset of dementia, 

as similar perfusion changes can be demonstrated in prodromal stage 

of AD and in those who carry susceptibility genes. 

Multi-infarct dementia is associated with multiple asymmetric 

perfusion deficits. Fronto-temporaI dementia is characterized by both 

hypometabolism and hypoperfusion in fronto-temporal regions. In 

dementia with Lewy bodies temporoparietal and occipital perfusion 

deficits are seen together with a reduction in the striatal presynaptic 

dopamine transporter which can be visualized in 123 I-FP-CIT (DaT 

Scan). 

Several studies of therapy response in AD with cholinergic drugs, 

using specific ligands, have found changes in regional blood flow and 

nicotinic and muscarinic receptor function in the patients who 

respond to therapy. 

PET ligands are developed for demonstration of amyloid plaques. 

Emission tomography, with highly specific new ligands will have more 

increasing application in both, dementia research and patient 

management in the future. 

Disease-modifying therapies would be most important to initiate 

during the earliest phases of the disease, making it especially 

important to have an early clinical diagnosis of AD, when treatment 

could potentially delay the degenerative process at a time when 

damage to brain tissue is minimal. 

Key words: Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, SPECT, PET, MCI, 

Amyloid Plaque imaging, Lewy Body, DaT scan, Frontotemporal 

dementia, Vascular dementia. 

46




Radiopharmaceuticals for infection diagnosis in Iran 

Mostafa Erfani (Iran) 



Infectious diseases remain a major health problem and cause of 

death worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Nuclear 

medicine imaging, because of its sensitivity, offers an attractive 

option for diagnosis of focal. This needs a reliable 

radiopharmaceutical that can selectively concentrate in sites of 

infection. Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging infection have generally 

been divided into two types ‘specific’ and ‘non-specific’. The 

distinction between them relates to the mechanism of their action. 

‘Non-specific’ agents work solely by their ability to localize at the site 

of inflammation that is often accompanied with infection. ‘Specific’ 

agents, while also exhibiting some degree of non-specific localization 

show an additional interaction with either the host immune system or 

the agent causing the inflammation that increases the efficiency of 

delivery. Both ‘specific’ and ‘non-specific’ radiopharmaceuticals may, 

depending on the nature of the condition under study is equally 

effective. For example, a ‘non-specific’ agent, 111In-hIgG has shown 

high accuracy in diagnosis of number of infections by localizing in 

associated inflammations. However, in some cases, particularly with 

regard to identifying the cause of an inflammation, a ‘specific’ product 

may be more appropriate. 

The most well established ‘specific’ agent that is still regarded as the 

‘gold-standard’ for infection imaging is 111In labelled WBCs. In view 

of the cost, limited availability, and not so favorable nuclear 

properties for imaging of 111In, techniques for 99mTc labelling of 

WBCs have also been developed and used. However, both these 

products have a number of drawbacks, in particular: the need for 

labelling individual patient’s blood sample and reinjection; need for 

well-trained staff and suitable facilities; the risk of infection and 

cross-contamination; and the considerable cost of the materials 

required for cell labelling. Because of these, WBC labelling procedure 

has not become so extensively used commensurate with its potential 

and considerable efforts have gone towards developing convenient 

replacements. They include 99mTc labelled anti neutrophil antibodies, 

chemotactic peptides, and platelet factor. However, these 

radiopharmaceuticals retain many disadvantages related to either 

their cost and availability or their performance. To achieve a more 

desirable 99mTc radiopharmaceutical for infection imaging, one 

displaying a faster blood clearance, less non- target uptake and 

better concentration in infection sites, it will be necessary to exploit 

alternate biochemical pathways. Some of these pathways like binding 

of antimicrobial peptides for example ubiquicidine, have been 

recently explored with promising results. 

47




Oral Presentations 

48




Comparison of pediatric thyroid cancer with adult thyroid 

cancer in a single thyroid cancer clinic 

Seyed Rasoul Zakavi 1 , Zohre Mousavi 2 , Vahidreza Dabbagh Kakhki 1 , 

Ramin Sadeghi 1 

1 Mash’had University of Medical Science, Nuclear Medicine Research Center 

2 Mash’had University of Medical Science, Endocrinology and metabolism 

research Center 

Aim: To find differences in general characteristics of thyroid cancer in 

pediatric patients compared to adults. 

Methods and patients: All thyroid cancer files in the main thyroid 

cancer clinic in Khorasan were reviewed retrospectively. Different 

variables were compared between pediatric (age of ≤16 years at the 

time of diagnosis) and adult patients. 

Results: 785 patients with thyroid cancer referred for thyroid cancer 

clinic from 1995-2009. Thirty patients (20 female, 10 male) had 

age≤16 years old at the time of diagnosis with mean age of 13.08 

years. At the same period, 755 adult patients with mean age of 

42.5±15.7 years also recorded in the center. The sex ratio was not 

statistically significant comparing pediatric group with adult patients 

(p=0.2). 3% of adults and 0% of pediatric group had family history 

of thyroid cancer in first relatives (p=0.6) while 9.5% versus 5.9% 

had family history of other cancers respectively (P=0.5). Distant 

metastasis was the first presentation in 13.6% of pediatric and 9.4% 

of adult patients (P=0.6). No pediatric patient and 6.1% of adults had 

previous history of radiotherapy to head and neck region as a 

predisposing factor (P=0.2). Papillary carcinoma was seen in 93.3% 

of pediatric patients and 88.6% of adult patients (P=0.004). 

Extrathyroid invasion was seen in 39.3% of adult and 35.7% of 

pediatric group (P=0.8). Multifocal cancer was seen in 60.7% of 

pediatric group and 39% of adult patients (P=0.02) Distant 

metastasis was noted in 20% of pediatric and 8.9% of adult patients. 

T staging analysis showed that T1 was less prevalent and T4 was 

more prevalent in pediatric patients compared to adults(P=0.04). N 

staging analysis showed that 88.6% of pediatric and 52.7% of adults 

patients had N1(P=0.009).The mean number of involved lymph 

nodes was 6.06±3.8 in pediatrics and 3.52±3.4 in adults(0.005). 

There was no significant difference between adults and pediatrics in 

tumor size either in preoperative sonography or in pathology, mean 

first Tg level and mean first anti-Tg levels(P>0.2). 

Conclusion: 3.8% of all thyroid cancer patients in our center 

was




Keywords: Thyroid Cancer, Pediatrics 

50




The role of 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TATE(Octreotate) in the 

evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) 

Kamran Aryana 

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 

Introduction: Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) radiologically 

defined as a single lesion that is less than 3cm in diameter, surround 

by lung parenchyma and not associated with adenopathy or 

atelectasis. Those SPNs that do not meet specific benign criteria are 

considered indeterminate and need to further evaluation. Tc99m- 

Octreotate is a somatostatin analogue that binds with high affinity to 

somatostatin receptors. 

Objective: Initial experience to assess the usefulness of 99mTc- 

Octreotate in the differential diagnosis of incidentally discovered SPN 

and to determinate the cut off value that would discriminate between 

benign and malignant nodules. 

Methods: 15 pulmonary nodules, with sized 1.2-3cm, were 

evaluated in 14 patients (8 male and 6 female) aged 22-70yrs (mean 

47 yrs). An activity of 740MBq of the Tc99m-Octreotate was injected 

intravenously in each patient. Imaging was started 2 h post injection, 

a static image (500 counts) and a SPECT acquisition was obtained 

from the chest. 

Results: The SPECT was true positive in 7/8 malignant SPNs. 

Negative scintigraphic results were found in 4 Pt’s with benign SPN. 

Two Pt’s with positive scan have infectious process (false positive). 

Definitive diagnosis was obtained in all of patients by 

histopathologiocal result or clinical and CT follow up. 

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that Tc99m-Octreotate is a 

sensitive imaging modality with significant specificity and negative 

predictive value when compared with CT. We recommend this scan 

for the evaluation of SPNs, especially when PET is not available 

before biopsy. 

Keywords: Octreotate, Solitaire pulmonary nodule 

51




Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy for axillary staging of 

breast cancer patients undergone prior surgical biopsy: metaanalysis 

of the literature. 

Ramin Sadeghi 1 , Hassan Gholami 2 , Hadi Javan 3 , Azar Fani Pakdel 4 , 

Mehdi Asadi 5 


2 Mash’had University of Medical Science, Evidence Based Medicine Committee 

3 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 

4 Mash’had University of Medical Science, Cancer Research Center 

5 Mash’had University of Medical Science, Surgical Oncology Research Center 

Introduction: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the standard method of 

axillary staging in early stage breast cancer patients. An important 

issue is the eligibility of patients undergone prior surgical biopsy of 

the primary breast lesion. In this meta-analysis we comprehensively 

searched the literature regarding this issue and summarized the 

results accordingly. 

Materials and methods: We systematically searched Medline, 

SCOPUS, and Google Scholar for studies with head to head 

comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy method in patients with 

and without prior surgical biopsy. No language or date restriction was 

imposed. Studies with enough information to calculate detection rate 

as well as false negative rate for both groups were included. For 

pooling of the results random effects model was used (Der-Simonian 

and Laird method). Q statistics and I2 index were used for 

heterogeneity evaluation. 

Results: 68 studies for detection rate and 16 for false negative rate 

were located with the required information. Pooled detection rates for 

patients with and without history of prior surgical biopsy were 

91.33% [89.1-93%] and 92.7% [90.9-94.1%] respectively. OR of 

unsuccessful mapping was 1.14 [0.955-1.362] and risk difference 

was 0.00018 [-0.00844-0.00881] (Q value=104.730 p=0.001 and 

I2=38.89). Pooled false negative rates for patients with and without 

history of prior surgical biopsy were 13% [9.6%-17.4%] and 10% 

[7.6%-12.8%] respectively. OR of getting false negative results was 

1.418 [1.107-1.816] and risk difference was 2.2% [0.1%-4.3%] (Q 

value=14.12 p=0.516 and I2=0). 

Conclusion: Successful sentinel node mapping is not decreased by 

prior surgical biopsy of the primary breast lesion. However, the false 

negative rate in this group of patients is slightly higher compared to 

those without previous biopsy. Despite this fact, the difference is low 

(2.2%) and is not clinically relevant. In our opinion prior biopsy of 

the primary breast lesions should not be considered as a contraindication 

for sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure. 

Keywords: Sentinel breast cancer, meta-analysis, core-needlebiopsy, 

excisional-biopsy 

52




Sentinel node mapping in the prostate cancer: systematic 

review and meta-analysis of the literature 

Ramin Sadeghi 1 , Hassan Gholami 2 , Kamyar Tavakkoli Tabasi 3 , Asieh 

Sadat Fattahi Masoom 4 


2 Mash’had University of Medical Science, Education Management 

3 Mash’had University of Medical Science, Urology Department 

4 Mash’had University of Medical Science, General Surgery Department 

Aim: Sentinel node (SN) biopsy is becoming a standard procedure in 

the management of several malignancies. Several groups have 

evaluated the feasibility and value of this procedure in prostate 

cancer patients. In the current meta-analysis, we comprehensively 

and quantitatively summarized the results of these studies. 

Methods: Several databases including Medline, SCOPUS, Google 

Scholar, Ovid, Springer, and Science direct were systematically 

searched for the relevant studies regarding SL biopsy in the prostate 

cancer (prostate AND sentinel as search keywords). The outcomes of 

interest were sensitivity and detection rate of the procedure. 

Results: For detection rate and sensitivity 21 and 16 studies met the 

criteria of inclusion respectively. Pooled detection rate was 93.8% 

(95% CI 89-96.6%). Cochrane Q value was 216.077 (I2 = 89.81% 

and p < 0.001). Pooled sensitivity was 94% (95% CI 91-96%). 

Cochrane Q value was 14.12 (I2 = 0.0 and p = 0.516). 

Conclusion: SL biopsy can prevent unnecessary pelvic lymph node 

dissection in prostate cancer patients. This procedure is feasible with 

low false negative rate and high detection rate. 

Keywords: Prostate-cancer, sentinel, systematic-review, metaanalysis 

53




99mTc-MIBI INFUSION VERSUS NITROGLYCERIN 99mTc-MIBI 

ON DETECTION OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY 

Shahram Dabiri Oskoei 1 , Babak Mahmoudian 2 

1 Tabriz University of Medical Science, Department of Nuclear Medicine 

2 Tabriz Gamma Scan Nuclear Medicine Center 

Objectives: Several studies have suggested that, rest 99mTc-MIBI 

underestimates the extent of viable myocardium. This study aimed to 

test whether 99mTc-MIBI infusion could increment the capacity of 

99mTc-MIBI to detect myocardial viability and to compare it with 

sublingual administration of nitroglycerine (TNG) before 99mTc-MIBI 

injection in the same sample. 

Method: Twenty patients (14 men, 6 women, mean age 51.5 ± 9.5 

years) with previous myocardial infarction (mean evolution 6.5 ± 4 

months) were submitted to myocardial perfusion scan with 99mTc- 

MIBI gated SPECT for evaluation of myocardial viability. Rest 

imaging, TNG 99mTc-MIBI scan and infusion of 99mTc-MIBI during 

30 minutes were performed in all patients. Acquisition was started 60 

minutes after starting of radiotracer infusion or injection. The uptake 

more than 50% of maximum activity on each segment of bull’s eye 

images was considered as viable tissue. Increased uptake more than 

5% in comparison to rest study was considered significant. 

Results: A total of 660 myocardial segments were analyzed, of which 

112(17%) showed viability on rest images. Viable tissue was 

observed in 135 segments (20.4%) on rest TNG99mTc-MIBI scan 

with significant increased uptake in 16 (2.4%) other segments. After 

99mTc-MIBI infusion, viability was seen on 132 segments (20%) and 

significant increased uptake in 18 (2.7%) other segments. All above 

mentioned segments were hypokinetic. 

Conclusion: Resting 99mTc-MIBI infusion imaging, with improved 

tracer delivery, may overcome some of the inadequacies of standard 

stress/rest 99mTc-MIBI imaging for assessing myocardial viability. 

The implication of this observation is that resting 99mTc-MIBI 

infusion scintigraphy can provide useful information when evaluating 

patients for the presence of hibernating myocardium. A prospective 

comparison of resting 99mTc-MIBI infusion scintigraphy with other 

noninvasive techniques which are used to identify viable myocardium 

may thus be warranted. 

Keywords: Myocardium, Perfusion, SPECT, MIBI, Infusion, Viability 

54




Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: patient position effect 

Vahid Reza Dabbagh Kakhki 

Mash’had University of Medical Science, Nuclear Medicine Research Center 

Objectives: Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT has traditionally been 

performed with the patient in the supine position. Prone position 

imaging is used to rule out of diaphragmatic attenuation. The main of 

this study was evaluation of patient position effect on left ventricular 

end-diastolic & end-systolic volumes (EDV & ESV) as well as left 

ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) acquired on gated myocardial 

perfusion SPECT. 

Methods: Sixty patients (40 males and 20 females) with mean age: 

52.1±8.8 were studied. All patients underwent rest gated Tc99m- 

MIBI myocardial perfusion SPECT on both prone and supine positions. 

Gated images were analyzed by QGS software and EDV, ESV and 

LVEF were calculated for both supine and prone images. 

Results: EDV, ESV and stoke volume (SV) were significantly lower in 

prone positions, while no significant difference was noticed in LVEF 

between prone and supine positions. Heart rate (HR) was significantly 

lower on supine position as compared to the prone position (67.30 ± 

9.54 vs. 71.87 ± 9.56; P




The association of Rate-Pressure Product (RPP) and 

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) findings; a preliminary 

study 

Majid Assadi 1 , Hamid Javadi 2 , Mohammad Reza Pourbehi 1 , Maryam 

Rayzan 1 , Mehdi Mogharrabi 3 

1 The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center 

2 Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH) 

3 Golestan University of Medical Science, Department of Nuclear Medicine 

Introduction: The product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, 

termed as Rate-Pressure Product (RPP), is a very reliable indicator of 

myocardial oxygen demand and is widely used clinically .The study 

was aimed to evaluate the association of RPP results with scan 

findings which is scare in the literature. 

Materials and methods: In total from 1250 patients who suspected 

to coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent gated SPECT imaging 

with dipyridamole , exercise and dobutamine stress, 497 cases with 

satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in this study. 

The difference between the RPP max and the basal RPP is known as 

the RPP reserve. The semi-quantitave analysis of MPI using gated 

software, as well as the demographic, risk factors of CAD and pretest 

likelihood of CAD using nomogram were also obtained. 

Results: In total, 497 cases including 426 patients with dipyridamole 

stress, 59 with exercise stress and 12 with dobutamine stress 

underwent myocardial perfusion imaging. In patients undertaking 

dipyridamole , there was a significant difference between HR at rest 

and at maximum; between systolic BP in rest and maximum ; 

between diastolic BP and between EF at rest and maximum. There 

was a significant correlation between sum stress score(SSS) and 

reserved RPP (r= -0.12, p value =0.00) which in dipyridamole 

patients was r=-0.18, p value=0.00). In addition, there was a 

significant association between reserved RPP and risk of CAD (p 

value=0.00). In the patients with dipyridamole stress , the EF change 

(odds ratio =0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.98; p = 0.01), reserve RPP (odds 

ratio =1.00; 95% CI: 1.00-1.00; p = 0.04), risk of CAD (odds ratio 

=5.80; 95% CI: 3.21-10.50; p = 0.00) and age (odds ratio =0.94; 

95% CI: 0.89-0.98; p = 0.01) were associated significantly with MPI 

results by using multiple logistic regressions. Multivariate linear 

analyses adjusting for main clinical risk factors revealed that age, 

SSS, risk of CAD, and sex were the independent determinants for 

prediction of reserve RPP across different models in the patients. 

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that RPP might become an 

appropriate indicator for optimal analysis of the dipyridamole stress 

MPI and it can help to nuclear medicine physicians for a favorable 

interpretation. 

Keywords: RPP, MPI, CAD 

56




Silent myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients: screening, 

diagnosis and early anti-ischemic pharmacotherapy 

Mehrshad Abbasi 1 , Alireza Emami Ardakani 1 , Alireza Esteghamati 2 , 

Babak Falahi 1 , Mohamad Eftekhari 1 

1 Tehran University of Medical Science, Department of Nuclear Medicine 

2 Tehran University of Medical Science, Endocrine and Metabolism Research 

Center 

Diabetes is considered as myocardial infarction (MI) equivalent for 

the risk of subsequent MI and cardiac mortality; shouldn't diabetic 

patients undergo the workup of post-MI subjects? The cardiovascular 

mortality rate and complications are similar between diabetic subjects 

with asymptomatic and symptomatic ischemia underscoring the value 

of screening programs. The current recommendations suggest an 

individualized approach to the diagnosis and therapy for silent 

myocardial ischemia in diabetic subjects, based on patient’s specific 

characteristics. The objective of this review is to evaluate the 

evidence based data pertaining to the benefits and limitations of 

screening, diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic ischemia in 

diabetic subjects. The feasibility of discrimination between the high 

and low risk populations employing traditional and new risk factors, 

the role of exercise tolerance test and additional myocardial imaging 

or echocardiography, as well as alternative options including calcium 

score determination, and finally the decision to initiate early 

pharmacotherapy are discussed. 

Keywords: sillent ischemia, diabetes mellites, MPI 

57




Different aspects of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT 

Vahid Reza Dabbagh Kakhki 

Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 

Myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 

has been utilized as an important tool for optimal decision making in 

cardiology. Gated SPECT allows evaluation of myocardial perfusion 

imaging with subsequent analysis of regional wall motion and 

calculation of global & regional myocardial function. This integrated 

approach with simultaneous evaluation of myocardial perfusion and 

function, is clinically useful for the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up 

of coronary artery disease. Available software algorithms for 

computation of left ventricular functional indices are: Quantitative 

Gated SPET (QGS, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 

California, USA), Emory Cardiac Toolbox (ECTb, Emory University, 

Atlanta, Georgia, USA), 4D-MSPET (University of Michigan, Medical 

Center), layer of maximum counts (LMC), MultiDim (Sopha, Medical 

Vision International, Buc, France) and left ventricular global 

thickening fraction (LVGTF). Previous studies have compared these 

methods against cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI), 

echocardiography , gated blood pool SPET, contrast ventriculography 

,and simulated images. Each of the above methods has its own 

advantages and drawbacks in estimating the left ventricular volumes 

(LVV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) . It has also been 

reported that the calculated LVEF and LVV can be affected by 

different patient populations, imaging protocols, use of different 

isotopes, time to imaging after stress, differences in the image 

matrix, zoom, prereconstruction filtering, heart size, extent and 

severity of perfusion defects, etc. 

Keywords: Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT 

58




The effect of Methimazole on Thyroid gland uptake of 

technetium in hyperthyroid patients 

Farshid Gheisari, Alireza Mehdizadeh, Mehrosadat Alavi 

Shiraz University of Medical Science, Nuclear Medicine Department 

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 

Methimazole on Technetium-99mreabsorbing by thyroid gland, it may 

be possible to perform thyroid scan when the patients are on 

Methimazole, this can be time saving and decrease the adverse effect 

of discontinuing Methimazole. 

Patients and methods: Among all the patients with 

hyperthyroidism who referred to Nuclear medicine department of 

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 50 Patients were randomly 

selected, we asked the patients who were on Methimazole, to 

discontinue the usage of all other drugs and keep exact thyroid diet 

for one week, after that thyroid scan was performed again. Revealed 

data was analyzed under supervision of statistical specialist with 

descriptive method on SPSS. 

Results: 34 patients were male (86%) and other were female. Mean 

age of the patients was 53.5 years (39-75). Although the region of 

interest (ROI)of thyroid was increase4d in the patients who used 

Methimazole before scan 398.72(SD:191.73)than the patients who 

discontinued Methimazole one week before scan 380.15(SD:112.49), 

but the difference wasn’t statistically significant . The ROI of 

peripheral tissue of the thyroid was decreased in the patients who 

used Methimazole before scan 26.44(SD:5.57), but the difference 

wasn’t statistically significant . 

Discussion: we demonstrated that Methimazole pretreatment 

doesn’t interfere with either the efficacy of ROI and reabsorbing of 

Technetium-99m in thyroid gland and peripheral tissues. A possible 

limitation of this study is the number of patients in the sample. In 

conclusion, it may be possible to perform thyroid scan when the 

patients are on the Methimazole, this can be time saving and 

decrease the adverse effect of discontinuing Methimazole. 

Keywords: Methimazole , Technetium -99m, Hyperthyroidism 

59




Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction as a Complication of Iodine- 

131 Therapy in Patients with Thyroid Cancer 

Armaghan Fard-Esfahani, Saeed Farzanefar, Babak Fallahi, Davood 

Beiki, Mohammad Eftekhari, Mohsen Saghari, Alireza Emami 

Ardekani, Mina Majdi 

Tehran University of Medical Sciences 

Aim: 131I has been widely used in treatment of differentiated thyroid 

carcinoma for almost 70 years. During this period many 

complications such as sialadenitis and lacrimal gland dysfunction 

have been established. This study argues a new complication 

asymptomatic or asymptomatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. 

Materials and Methods: 81 patients (162 eyes) treated with more 

than 100 mCi 131I were categorized in 4 groups based on received 

cumulative dose and were evaluated in a historical cohort study. In 

addition 17 (34 eyes) age and sex matched persons were selected as 

control group. Using dacroscintigraphy, patients and control group 

were evaluated for partial or complete nasolacrimal duct obstruction. 

The data on different groups of patients were compared with the data 

of control group. Fishers exact and Mann-Whitney U tests were 

applied for analyses of categorical and numeric variables, 

respectively. The analyses were considered significant with p




Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of treatment with 

olanzapine on regional cerebral blood flow measured by 

SPECT in patients with schizophrenia; correlating with the 

response to treatment 

Babak Fallahi 1 , Davood Beiki 1 , Seyed Mohammad Assadi 2 , Homayoun 

Amini 2 , Armaghan Fard-Esfahani 1 , Mohammad Eftekhari 1 , Mohsen 

Saghari 1 , Farzaneh Pooyafard 2 

1 Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine 

2 Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center 

Background: Some studies investigated the relations between 

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), psychopathology, positive and 

negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Dopamine D2 blocking typical 

antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol, are known to change the 

cerebral perfusion patterns of schizophrenic patients. The aim of this 

study was to evaluate the rCBF of the schizophrenic patients treated 

with atypical antipsychotic, Olanzapine, in a within-subject design. 

Methods: Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia participated in the 

study. Each subject was scanned and assessed according to PANSS 

and CGI in a medication-free state and after 4 weeks of 15 mg/day 

fixed dose Olanzapine treatment. Also a group of 12 cases without 

any history of neurological or psychological disorder was enrolled as a 

control group for comparing of the SPECT data. The changes in 

pattern of regional perfusion were evaluated between control and 

patient subjects and also in the patients group before and after 

treatment. The correlation between clinical improvement and rCBF 

changes after treatment was also analyzed. 

Results: In different patients, hyperperfusion (mainly in the inferior 

prefrontal and temporal regions) as well as hypoperfused patterns 

(mainly in the cerebellar, parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal regions) 

were found. Most of the positive symptoms were correlated with 

hyperperfusion in frontal and temporal regions and several negative 

symptoms were correlated with hypoperfusion in these areas. A 

correlation was found between some symptom improvement and 

rCBF changes after treatment with Olanzapine. The magnitude of 

increased rCBF before treatment may be considered as a predictor of 

clinical improvement in positive symptoms after treatment. However 

such a result was not met for negative and psychopathological 

symptoms. 

Conclusion: Hyperperfusion in the frontal and temporal regions is 

mostly correlated with the magnitude of positive symptoms before 

treatment and also with the degree of improvement in such 

symptoms after Olanzapine treatment. SPECT data may be valuable 

to predict the patients response to treatment with Olanzapine. 

Keywords: Olanzapine, SPECT Brain Perfusion, Schizophrenia 

61




A novel scintigraphic agent, 99mTc-UBI 29-41, to detect 

osteomyelitis 

Majid Assadi 1 , Katayoun Vahdat 2 , Iraj Nabipour 3 , Mohammad Reza 

Sehhat 1 , Fahimeh Hadavand 2 , Hamid Javadi 4 , Alireza Tavakoli 5 , 

Jamshid Saberifard 1 , Mohammad Reza Kalantarhormozi 3 


2 Department of Infectious Diseases 

3 Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 


5 Department of Orthopedic Surgery 

Objective: The discrimination of bacterial infections from sterile 

inflammatory processes is of great importance in the management of 

inflammation. Currently available techniques cannot decisively 

address this issue. In this respect, antimicrobial peptide 99m Tcubiquicidin 

(UBI) 29-41 scans have been showing interesting results. 

The aim of this study was to determine 99m Tc-UBI scan accuracy in 

the detection of osteomyelitis and to compare it with 99m Tc-MDP 

scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 

Methods: Twenty patients (mean age=48.90 years) with suspected 

osteomyelitis were included in this study. After evaluation of each 

patient through history taking, physical examination, appropriate 

laboratory tests, and other processes including bone probing, wound 

culture, and plain film radiography (PFR), MRIs, 99m Tc-UBI scans, 

and 99m Tc-MDP scans were performed. For quantitative analysis, 

the mean count of abnormal to normal region (A/N) was calculated 

for images acquired at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 240 min to obtain 

the most favorable time for imaging. The final diagnosis of 

osteomyelitis was made clinically, laboratorically, and 

radiographically. 

Results: In total, osteomyelitis was detected in the 99m Tc-UBI 

scans of 17 patients indicating 100% accuracy, compared with an 

accuracy of 90% for osteomyelitis detected in 3-phase bone scans. 

The maximum mean A/N was observed at 15 min after intravenous 

injection [median 1.91, interquartile range (1.54-2.94)]. MRI was 

performed in 12 cases only, with 75% accuracy. In addition, the A/N 

ratios for the 99m Tc-UBI scans were not significantly different 

between patients with or without Staphylococcus aureus growth on 

wound cultures. 

Conclusions: For fast imaging with high accuracy, 99mTc-UBI 29-41 

is a suitable choice for the detection of osteomyelitis. 

Keywords: Osteomyelitis; UBI scan; MRI 

62




THE EFFECT OF BARIUM SULFATE IN REDUCTION OF SUB 

DIAPHRAGMATIC ACTIVITY IN MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION 

IMAGING 

Alireza Mehdizadeh, Farshid Gheisari, Mehrosadat Alavi 

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine Department 

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 

barium sulfate in reduction of sub-diaphragmatic activity in 

technetium 99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion scan. 

Methods: This study included 15 patients (6 male, 9 female) 

randomly selected from whom referred for 2 days rest-stress Tc-99m 

myocardial perfusion scan. All patients underwent stress phase of 

scan , after stress phase a planar static scan(for 5 min) from 

abdominal area of patients obtained, after that all patients were 

given 80 gr of barium sulfate , solved in 200 cc water , with 100 cc 

room temperature water and second planar static scan(for 5 min) 

obtained from them. The effect of barium sulfate on sub cardiac 

activity was evaluated both visually and quantitatively. After 

obtaining two planar static images, an area of about 1404 pixels 

(mean 1404.06 pixels) in left upper quadrant of abdomen, adjacent 

to inferior wall of heart in gastric area was selected in both images in 

same area of selection. 

Results: There was a significant reduction in the sub cardiac count 

per pixel in barium group compared to control group (p value < 

0.001). 

Conclusion: The findings indicate that filling of the stomach with 

barium sulfate, as a low price, safe and worldwide available oral 

contrast, resulted in an improvement in the image quality by 

decreasing the adjacent gut activity. 

Keywords: Myocardial perfusion, Barium sulfate, Sub-diaphragmatic 

63




TREATMENT OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA, 

CONTROVERSIES AND CHALLENGES 

M. Eftekhri 1 , S. Farzanefar 2 , B. Fallahi 1 , A. Fard Esfahani 1 , D. Beiki 1 , J. 

Esmaili 2 , A. Emami Ardekani 1 , S. Izadyar 2 M. Saghari 1 

1 Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University Of Medical Sciences 

2 Vali Asr Hospital, Tehran University Of Medical Sciences 

Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy. Despite long term 

experience concerning diagnosis and treatment of differentiated 

thyroid carcinoma especially more than 70 years experience with I- 

131 therapy, still controversies exist regarding appropriate diagnosis, 

treatment methods and follow up. Growing advances in technology 

including molecular imaging and introduction of new methods for 

tumor detection and dosimetry help the caring physicians for optimal 

individualized therapy. Type of surgical approach, staging methods, 

benefits of I-131 ablation depending on tumor size, ablation dosage, 

optimal method for replacement therapy and follow up by serological 

and/or different imaging modalities still remain controversial. Other 

issues such as low ablative dose of I-131, follow up according to 

thyroglobulin level, and radioiodine whole body scan, long term side 

effects and possibility of second malignancies need well controlled 

studies and clarification. In this presentation these issues and our 

own experience at research institute for nuclear medicine Tehran 

University of Medical Sciences specially concerns regarding response 

versus adverse effects of I-131 are discussed. 

Keywords: DTC, Treatment, Radoiodine, Thyroglobulin 

64




Radionuclide Cisternography In Diagnosis & Management of 

NPH 

Shahram Seifollahi Asl 

Arad Hospital 

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow & dynamic study using radionuclide 

cisternography has been used from 1964 to diagnosis a site of CSF 

leak to determine shunt patency & to diagnosis & management of 

communicating hydrocephalus & particularly normal pressure 

hydrocephalus (NPH). For the evaluation of the latter, CT & MRI 

primarily image anatomy & not CSF dynamic, although special 

sequences in MRI & gated MRI are being evaluated in assessing CSF 

flow. In current nuclear medicine practice, radionuclide 

cisternography is complementary to CT/MRI & can still play an 

important role because of the unique physiologic information it 

provides. 

This lecture will focus on normal physiologic finding of radionuclide 

cisternography & different patterns in some types of hydrocephalus 

particularly NPH & explain its role in diagnosis & management of the 

latter as a possible treatable type of dementia. 

65




Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and Dementia 

A. Shoja’ee 

NPH is a state of chronic hydrocephalus in which the CSF pressure is 

in physiologic range, but a slight pressure gradient persists between 

the ventricles and the brain. There is ventriculomegaly without a rise 

in intracranial pressure (ICT) as a result of insidious obstruction of 

the CSF circulation due to subarchnoid block. The NPH syndrome has 

continued to present many questions with regard to the most reliable 

diagnostic and prognostic factors. In addition the high rate of 

complications associated with shunting makes treatment highly 

controversial. 

In these topics the considered etiologic suggestions, the 

pathophysiologics points, the differential diagnosis, the new steps of 

clinical investigations, and method of managements are discussed. 

66




The role of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of infected joint 

prostheses 

K. Aryana 

Nuclear Medicine Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 

Some complications of joint replacement surgery are easily 

diagnosed; however, differentiating infection from aseptic loosening 

is difficult because these entities are remarkably similar at clinical 

and histopathologic examination. Clinical signs and symptoms, 

laboratory tests, radiography, and joint aspiration are insensitive, 

nonspecic, or both. Cross-sectional imaging modalities are 

hampered by artifacts produced by the prosthetic devices 

themselves. Radionuclide imaging is not affected by the presence of 

metallic hardware and is therefore useful for evaluating the painful 

prosthesis. Bone scintigraphy is useful as a screening test, despite an 

accuracy of only 50%–70%, because normal results essentially 

exclude a prosthetic complication. The addition of gallium-67, a 

nonspecic inammation-imaging agent, improves the accuracy of 

bone scintigraphy to 70%– 80%. The accuracy of combined 

leukocyte-marrow imaging, 90%, is the highest among available 

radionuclide studies. Its success is due to the fact that leukocyte 

imaging is most sensitive for detection of neutrophil-mediated 

inammation . The success of leukocyte-marrow imaging is tempered 

by the limitations of in vitro labeling. In vivo labeling has been 

investigated, and a murine monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody 

appears promising. Ubiquicidin (UBI) 29–41 is a small synthetic 

antimicrobial cationic peptide that binds preferentially to the anionic 

present on microbial cell membrane at the site of infection is highly 

sensitive and specific for differentiating of infected prosthesis from 

loosening. Tc99m-ciprofloxacin (Infecton) has recently been 

established as a new radiopharmaceutical for infection imaging. 

Infecton has a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 92%, and accuracy of 

88% in detecting orthopaedic infections compared with 78%, 100%, 

and 90% respectively for combined bone and gallium imaging. Some 

investigations have focused on uorodeoxyglucose imaging. Although 

this method is sensitive, specicity is a concern 

67




Imaging Informatics & Nuclear Medicine 

Mansoor Fatehi 

Iranian Society of Radiology 

In a trend toward film-less medical practice, digital management of 

nuclear medicine images is becoming a major concern while there are 

few exceptional characteristics for handling nuclear medicine images 

compared to radiological ones. Specially after availability of PET/CT 

with its inherent data-overload, PACS is becoming part of any nuclear 

medicine department. Multiplanar and 3D reformatted images are 

frequently used in the practice of nuclear medicine. Image fusion is 

also a main area of research in nuclear medicine which relies on 

digital format of the images. Recently computer-aided diagnosis has 

become available in nuclear medicine as well. Electronic reporting 

options including structured reporting and voice recognition are other 

important areas of concern in imaging informatics for nuclear 

medicine 

departments. 

The purpose of this presentation is to introduce potential applications 

of imaging informatics in the practice of nuclear medicine and 

emphasize on specific differences between digital management of 

nuclear medicne images compared to radiological information. 

68




Evidence Based Decision Making for Musculoskeletal Imaging: 

The Role of Scintigraphy 

Mansoor Fatehi 

Iranian Society of Radiology 

Currently, the most comprehensive resource for evidence-based 

imaging which means making the best decisions relying on sound 

research findings, are Appropriateness Criteria of American College of 

Radiology. Above 180 clinical conditions are defined where all 

potential imaging options are scored according to the literature by 

committees consisting of well-known experts of imaging and 

clinicians in that specific field. The scores are given from 1 to 9 where 

1 stands for always inappropriate and 9 stands for always appropriate 

imaging in each specific clinical condition. 

The purpose of this presentation is to overview selection criteria for 

imaging of musculoskeletal clinical conditions including scintigraphic 

studies. In this presentation we will explore where scintigraphic 

studies stand among other imaging options and the audience will be 

aware of the most appropriate imaging in each clinical condition if it 

is not a scintigraphic exam. 

69




Update of V/Q Scan in Diagnosis of Pulmonary 

Thromboembolism 

Elahe Pirayesh 

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Shohada e Tajrish Hospital, 

Nuclear Medicine Department 

Perfusion-ventilation (V/Q) scintigraphy was introduced in 1964 and 

for several decades it was the only widely available method in 

imaging patients with suspected PE. The development of helical CT in 

the early 1990s provides a new means of imaging. Advanced 

technology of multidetector CT angiography (MDCTA) improved the 

ability of CT to depict small and subsegmental emboli. In view of 

increasing competition of CTA with V/Q scan, modernization of the 

conventional V/Q lung scan seems essential. V/Q SPECT as a mature 

technique has been shown to be obviously superior to planar V/Q in 

diagnosis of PTE. It is also associated a lower number of inconclusive 

reports; without limitations of CTA, including high radiation dose, 

pregnancy, renal failure and contrast allergy. Comparing MDCTA and 

V/Q scan also show equal sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of two 

techniques. So, many authors believe the enormous increase in the 

number of MDCTA must be reversed; not only because of 

unacceptably high radiation exposure, but also because of erroneous 

belief that it is a superior diagnostic tool as compared with V/Q 

SPECT imaging. 

SPECT/CT combines the high sensitivity of SPECT with the high 

specificity of CTPA and improves the diagnostic accuracy. SPECT/CT 

image fusion may be useful in cases of inconclusive CTPA imaging. 

Probabilistic interpretation of V/Q SPECT is also should be replaced by 

a holistic interpretation strategy on the basis of all relevant 

information about the patient. 

Keyword: perfusion ventilation scan, PTE, SPECT 

70




Preliminary Imaging Studies of [61Cu] diacetyl-bis (N4- 

methylthiosemicarbazone) 

Amir Reza Jalilian, Hasan Yousefnia, Mohsen Kamali-dehghan, 

Sedigheh Moradkhani, Fatemeh Bolourinovin, Kamaleddin Shafaii, 

Gholamreza Aslani 

Nuclear science and technology research institute 

[61Cu] diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ([61Cu] ATSM) is 

a well-established hypoxia imaging tracer with simple production and 

significant specificity. In this work the accumulation of the tracer is 

studied in wild-type, necrotic and hypoxic fibrosarcoma tumors. 

[61Cu]ATSM was prepared using ATSM ligand and [61Cu]CuOAc 

followed by i.v. administration and imaging studies in wild-type rats 

and hypoxic fibrosarcoma-bearing mice.[61Cu]ATSM with high 

radiochemical purity (>99%, HPLC, RTLC) was injected to wild-type 

rats as well as hypoxic and necrotic fibrosarcoma-bearing mice 

followed by imaging up to 3 hours.[61Cu]ATSM was mainly 

accumulated in liver, as well as kidney and bladder and less but still 

significant in brain of wild-type rats. A significant and hypoxia-specific 

tumor/non tumor ratio in hypoxic models was observed by coincidence 

imaging 2 h post injection, while in necrotic and 12-week 

tumor-induced mice very slight tumor uptakes were detected. 

[61Cu]ATSM is a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for 

selective tumor hypoxia imaging from necrotic and proliferative 

tumors. 

Keywords: [61Cu] ATSM, Hypoxia, Co-incidence imaging, 

Fibrosarcoma 

71




Synthesis and Quality Control of 186Re-Sulphur Colloids as a 

Radiation Synovectomy Agent and its Biodistribution Studies 

in Rats 

M.R. Davarpanah, B.A. Kalantari, R. Nickzad, M. Ghannadi Maragheh, 

M. Erfani (Gandomkar), M. Mazidi, H. Mirfallah 

Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute 

Introduction: One therapeutic approach to rheumatoid arthritis 

besides surgical removal is radiation synovectomy using betaemitting 

radionuclide to destroy the inflamed synovial tissue. 

Recently, rhenium radioisotopes have been paid attention more. 

186Re sulfur colloid is used for ablation of small and medium 

inflamed joints. 

Purpose: Our goal is 186Re sulfur colloid synthesis, fulfilling 

qualification control tests and biodistribution studies of this colloid. 

Methods: After 186Re sulfur colloid synthesis using acidic reduction 

of sodium thiosulfate in presence of perrhenate, below qualification 

control testes were implemented: a) Radiochemical purity: this factor 

was calculated with TLC (solvent: acetone) and measuring one third 

TLC paper activity (RF=1/3). b) Particle size: using optical 

microscope equipped with Motic Images plus 2.0 software we 

obtained a good estimation of particle size range. c) Toxicity studies: 

with inoculating synthesized sample in microorganism growth 

medium and successive studies this study was performed. d) In vitro 

stability: up to 5 days radiochemical purity and particle size were 

measured. In addition, animal studies were implemented with 

measuring activity of organs of rats been knees injected and killed 

within 4 days. 

Results: Qualification control tests showed a) radiochemical purity 

more than 99%, b) more than 95% colloids particles lied in the range 

of 1-5ï m, c) no toxicity and d) colloid was stable to 5 days out of 

living tissue. In addition, more than 90% of colloid activity was 

adsorbed in knee joints to four days. 

Conclusion: Because of a) gamma rays emitting, b) suitable half-life 

and beta energy and c) preventing leakage to other organs by 

particle size controlling 186Re sulfur colloid is a good alternative as a 

radiosynovectomy agent for small and medium joints. 

Keywords: 186Re-Sulfur Colloids, Radiation Synovectomy 

72




Production and biodistribution studies of 64Cu-DOTAtrastuzumab 

as a diagnostic positron emitter 

radioimmunoconjugate for oncology molecular imaging 

Behrooz Alirezapour 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 2 , Mohammad Javad Rasaee 1 , 

Saeed Rajabifar 2 , Kamal Yavari 2 , Mohsen Kamalidehghan 2 , Fatemeh 

Bolourinovin 2 , Sedighe Moradkhani 2 , Hamid Zolata 2 

1 Tarbiat Modares University(TMU) 

2 Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) 

Introduction: Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies have shown great 

promise for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Trastuzumab (trade name; 

Herceptin) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against 

the extracellular domain of the Human Epidermal Growth Factor 

Receptor 2(HER2). HER 2 receptor is over expressed in 20-30% of 

the early-stage breast cancers and these patients may be candidates 

for Herceptin treatment. 64Cu (β= 17%, -β = 39%, EC = 43%) is an 

important emerging biomedical radionuclide that is suitable for 

labeling a wide range of radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging. Its 

intermediate half-life (12.7 h) permits PET evaluation of slow 

biochemical pathways, such as protein and peptide interactions with 

cellular targets, and distribution to satellite imaging and therapy 

centers. In the present study, copper-64 labeled trastuzumab was 

prepared followed by the biodistribution studies in normal mice. 

Methods: Herceptin was conjugated with DOTA-NHS-ester 

(Macrocyclics), purified by molecular filtration, the average number of 

DOTA conjugated per mAb was calculated and total concentration 

was determined by spectrophotometrically. DOTA-Trastuzumab was 

labeled with 64Cu then Radiochemical purity, integrity of protein after 

radiolabeling and stability of 64Cu-DOTA-Trastuzumab were 

determined. The biodistribution study was performed in normal mice 

(64Cu-DOTA-Trastuzumab i.v., 30 ± 5.5 µCi, 2h, 6h, 12h,18h). 

Result: The radioimmunoconjugate was prepared with a 

radiochemical purity of 84% (RTLC). The average chelate to antibody 

ratio (c/a) for the conjugate used in this study was 5.8:1. The final 

compound was stable in presence of PBS at 37ºC and room 

temperature. The sample were showed to have similar patterns of 

migration in the gel electrophoresis.The accumulation of the 

radiolabeled antibody in lungs, liver, spleen and other tissues 

demonstrates a similar pattern to the other radiolabeled anti-HER2 

immunoconjugates. 

Conclusion: 64Cu-DOTA-Trastuzumab is a potential compound for 

molecular imaging of PET for diagnosis and treatment studies and 

follows up of HER2 expression in oncology. 

Keywords: 64Cu DOTA Trastuzumab, Radioimmunoconjugate 

Imaging 

73




Production, quality control and biological evaluation of 177Lu- 

TTHMP as a possible bone palliation agent 

Hassan Yousefnia, Amir Reza Jalilian, Samaneh Zolghadri, Zohreh 

Naseri, Ali Bahrami-Samani, Mohammad Ghannadi Maragheh 


In this study, production, quality control and biodistribution studies of 

a newly developed therapeutic compound have been presented 

followed by imaging studies in wild-type rodents. In this study, 

177Lu-TTHMP complex was prepared successfully using synthesized 

TTHMP ligand and 177LuCl3. Lu-177 chloride was obtained by 

thermal neutron irradiation (4 x 1013 n.cm-2s-1) of natural Lu2O3 

samples. Radiochemical purity of 177Lu-TTHMP was checked by ITLC 

(>99%). Stability studies of the complex in the final preparation and 

in the presence of human serum were performed up to 72h. The 

biodistribution of 177Lu-TTHMP and 177LuCl3 in wild-type rats was 

checked in animal tissues up to 7 days. The produced 177Lu-TTHMP 

properties suggest a possible new bone palliative therapeutic to 

overcome the metastatic bone pains. 

Keywords: Lu-177, TTHMP, Radiopharmaceutical, Therapy, 

Biodistribution 

74




Synthesis and evaluation of 99mTc-carbonyl phenyl piperazin 

dithiocarbamate as a 5-HT receptor imaging 

Mostafa Erfani(Gandomkar) 1 , Leila Hassanzadeh 2 , Seyed Esmaeil 

Sadat Ebrahimi 2 , Reza Najafi 1 

1 Nuclear Science Research School 

2 Department of Medicinal Chemistry 

Introduction: serotonin receptors are associated with a variety of 

neuropsychiatric disorder such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, 

and Alzheimer disease. There is a considerable interest in developing 

new 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals for imaging central neural system 

receptors by using single photon emission computer tomography. The 

goal of this study was to develop a novel 5-HT receptor imaging 

agent. 

Method: Phenyl piperazin dithiocarbamate was synthesized in the 

presence of potassium hydroxide. The desired structure was 

confirmed by IR and NMR analysis. 99mTc tricarbonyl precursor was 

prepared and the labeling conditions were optimized in the aspect of 

pH, reaction temperature, reaction time and the amount of ligand. 

The final complex was obtained with high yield following the optimal 

labeling procedure. The radiochemical purity of intermediate and final 

complex were evaluated by ITLC and HPLC methods. Stability in 

human serum, octanol/water partition coefficient and in vivo 

biodistribution study of labeled compound in rat were carried out. 

Results: Synthesized compound was labeled with 99mTc-tricarbonyl 

core in high yield (>%90 by HPLC). The labeled compound was a 

lipophilic complex, which was confirmed by octanol/water partition 

coefficient (P = 2.50). In vivo biodistribution indicated that this 

complex had moderate brain uptake (0.47 %ID/g at 5 min and 0.42 

%ID/g at 30 min). The labeled compound was stable up to 6h in 

saline. 

Conclusion: This result indicates that labeled complex has brain 

uptake and also has binding to receptor. Improvement of this 

compound needs further ligand modification to obtain an ideal brain 

receptor imaging agent. 

Keywords: carbonyl, 5-HT, imaging agent 

75




Production and Labeling of Holmium-166 via DOTMP: A 

Promising Agent for Bone Marrow Ablation in Multiple 

Myeloma 

Reza Bagheri 1 , Ali Bahrami-Samani 2 , Mohammad Mazidi 2 , Amir Reza 

Jalilian 2 , Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 2 

1 Faculty of Nuclear Engineering and Physics 

2 Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development Lab (RRDL) 

Introduction: Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are radiolabeled 

molecules to deliver sufficient doses of ionizing radiation to specific 

disease sites such as bone metastases, brain and liver tumors and 

bone marrows in multiple myeloma. Among some therapeutic 

radiopharmaceuticals, 166Ho - 1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclo dodecane 

1,4,7,10 tetraethylene phosphonic acid (166Ho-DOTMP) is used for 

delivering high doses to bone marrow. 

Methods: In this research production, quality control, 

pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies of 166Ho-DOTMP with 

respect to its radiochemical and in-vivo biological characteristics have 

been presented. Holmium-166 was produced by irradiation of 

Holmium oxide (Ho2O3, purity > 99.8%) at a thermal neutron flux. 

This radionuclide was labeled at room temperature and 

Radiochemical purity of 166Ho-DOTMP was checked by ITLC. 

Results: 166Ho produced by irradiation of Holmium-165 oxide 

demonstrated high radionuclide purity. 166Ho-DOTMP complex was 

obtained in very high yields (radiochemical purity > 99%) under the 

reaction conditions employed. This complex exhibited excellent invitro 

stability at pH~7 when stored at room temperature and human 

serum. 

Conclusion: Wild tape rats were used for biodistribution and imaging 

studies of this agent. Biodistribution studies in rats showed favorable 

selective skeletal uptake with rapid clearance from blood along with 

insignificant accumulation of activity in any non-target organ or 

tissues. This warrants the detailed evaluation of the agent for bone 

marrow ablation in multiple myeloma by injection of high activity of 

radiopharmaceutical per kg of patient body. 

Keywords: 166Ho-DOTMP, Biodistribution, radiopharmaceutical, 

pharmacokinetics 

76




In vivo tracking of 111In-Oxine Labeled Mesenchymal Stem 

Cells Following Infusion in Patients with Advanced Cirrhosis 

Sahar Mirpour 1 , Ali Gholamrezanezhad 1 , Mohammad Bagheri 2 , Mehdi 

Mohamadnejad 2 , Kamran Alimoghadam 3 , Reza Malekzadeh 2 , Mohsen 

Saghari 1 , Nader Ahmadin 1 , Maryam Bashtar 3 

1 Tehran University of Medical Science, Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine 

2 Tehran University of Medical Science, Digestive Diseases Research Center 

3 Tehran University of Medical Science, Department of Hematology 

Background: So far progress from the use of both in-vitro and invivo 

regenerative medicine models already offers hope for the use of 

stem-cells as powerful new therapeutic option for different human 

diseases. We initiated a pilot study on human to evaluate stem-cell 

bio-distribution after peripheral infusion of mesenchymal stem-cells 

(MSCs) in patients with cirrhosis. 

Methods: After three passages of MSCs, the first patient (F,62y/o) 

received a total of 270x106cells and the second one(M,17y/o) was 

infused with 290x106cells. In both patients only 50% of cells were 

labeled with 111In-Oxine.A specific activity of 0.67MBq/106 cells and 

0.71MBq/106 cells were maintained for the injected labeled cells of 

the first and second patients, respectively. The labeling-efficiency 

was 36.2% for the cells injected to the first patient and 38.8% for the 

second patient. Planar whole body acquisitions(anterior/posterior 

projections)were acquired immediately following infusion as well as at 

2h,4h,6h,24h,48h, 7th and 10th days after stem-cell infusion. The 

SPECT images were obtained at 24th hour post-infusion. 

Results: Immediately after I.V. infusion, the radioactivity (labeled- 

MSCs) was first observed to accumulate in the lungs, and gradually 

shifted to the liver and spleen during the following hours to days. On 

SPECT images of the 24th hour, the activity distribution was rather 

homogenous throughout the livers and enlarged spleens. Region of 

Interest(ROI)analysis in the first patient showed that the percentage 

of the homing of the cells into the liver (following decay and 

background correction and geometric mean calculation) to be 2.8%, 

4.1%,4.1%,4.3%,4.7%,12% and13.5% at 2h,4h,6h,24h,48h,7th and 

10th days. The respective values for the second patient were 0%, 

3.6%, 3.6%, 3.9%, 4%, 11% and 13%. The residual 

activities(labeled MSCs) in the spleen of first patient were 

2%,3%,3%,4%,5%,21% and 30% in the previously-mentioned time 

points and were 2.5%, 4%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 14% and 42%, for the 

second one, respectively. 

Conclusion: The infusion of stem cell throughout a peripheral vein is 

a safe and feasible alternative route of administration for possible 

regenerative treatment of patients with cirrhosis. Also, cell labeling 

with 111In-Oxine is a suitable method for following-up of cell 

distribution after infusion. Regarding the previous studies in noncirrhotic 

patients, the bio-distribution of MSCs in patients with liver 

cirrhosis is altered significantly (with decreased hepatic and almost 

77




increased splenic homing) and hence, these alterations should be 

considered in predicting the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell infusion, 

when intravenous (systemic) route of administration is employed. 

Keywords: 111In-Oxine, Mesenchymal Stem Cell, Cirrhosis 

78




Freeze-Dried cold Kit for Preparation of 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin 

as an Infection Imaging Agent 

Seyedeh Fatemeh Mirshojaei, Mostafa Erfani (Gandomkar), Mostafa 

Goudarzi 

Atomic Energy Organization of Iran 

Introduction: Radiolabeled antibiotics are being used for the specific 

diagnosis of infection by exploiting their specific binding properties to 

the bacterial components, thereby making it possible to differentiate 

infection from sterile lesions.99mTc-ciprofloxacin is the most widely 

used infection imaging agent. The aim of this work was to prepare a 

kit of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin with stability and biological activity 

preserved, able to identify a septic focous (E-coli) in the experimental 

infection model in mice. 

Methods: In this paper, different factors were investigated to make 

the ciprofloxacin kit. Kits were stored at the temperature of 4ºC 

under vacuum and evaluated for stability by estimating the 

radiochemical purity using instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) 

following reconstitution with pertechnetate (99mTc) at regular 

intervals of time up to 75 days after their production date. The kit 

was reconstituted with 99mTc at room temperature and incubation 

time of 15 min. The kit stability and affinity to human serum was 

challenged for 24 hours and its in vitro binding to bacteria was 

assessed. Biodistribution and accumulation of labeled compound in 

staphylococcus aureus infected mice were studied using Scintigraphic 

methods and ex vivo counting. About 75% of the activity binds to the 

plasma proteins and the ratio of infected muscle to non-infected 

muscle is 3.2 and 1.8, 1h and 4 hours post injection. 

Results: Radiolabeling was performed in an easy way, and 

radiochemical purity was >90±4 %. The stability of radiolabeled 

antibiotic in human serum was 84.2% 1 h post incubation with 

human serum. In-vitro studies showed 75 % of radioactivity was 

bound to bacteria. After injection into mice with a bacterial infection, 

removing from the circulation occurred mainly by biliary-renal 

clearance and site of infection was rapidly detected within 30 min. 

Target to non-target muscle ratio was 3.23 ± 0.05 % at 30 min post 

injection. 

Conclusion: 99mTc-ciprofloxacin showed favorable radiochemical 

and biological characteristics which permitted detection of the 

infection with optimal visualization. 

Keywords: 99mTc-ciprofloxacin, infection imaging, kit preparation 

79




Radiolabeled Affibody molecules as novel class of tumor 

targeted peptides for imaging and therapy 

Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr 1 , Anna Orlova 2 , Vladimir Tolmachev 2 , 

1 Department of Radiopharmacy 

2 Division of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 

Affibody molecules are small, very stable, 58-amino acid residue 

proteins derived from one of the IgG-binding domains of 

staphylococcal protein A with the three-helix bundle structure. 

Affibody molecules with small size (7 kDa) have rapid tumor 

localization with fast clearance from nonspecific tissues. Affibody 

molecules can bind to HER2, IGF-1R and EGFR with high affinity. With 

these advantages, Affibody molecules are interesting as tumor 

targeted peptide for nuclear medicine. Another advantage of Affibody 

molecules is that they can be labeled with different radionuclides 

such as gamma- and beta- emitters for imaging and therapy. 

Recently, our research team prepared radiolabeled Affibody molecule 

for tumor imaging with 99mTc and 111In. These radiolabeled 

peptides showed excellent specific binding in vitro. Tumor bearing 

mice imaging showed a high contrast imaging with tumor localization. 

Affibody molecules can be labeled with beta emitters, such as 177Lu 

or 186Re, and used a therapeutic agents. Recently, we have evaluate 

a series of peptide-based chelators for 99mTc (and potentially for 

186/188 Re), which can be incorporated a C-orN-terminus of Affibody 

molecules. We have shown that modification of amino acids in such 

chelators enables modification of biodistribution of Affibody 

molecules. 

Keywords: Affibody, molecules imaging, 99mTc 

80




Synthesis and labeling of a new bombesin analogue with 67Ga 

for imaging of BBN receptors 

Seyed Pezhman Shirmardi, Mostafa Erfani (Gandomkar), Mohammad 

Ghannadi Maragheh 

Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy 

Organization of Iran 

Introduction: Bombesin (BBN) is a peptide showing high affinity for 

the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPr). Tumors such as 

prostate, small cell lung cancer, breast, gastric and colon cancer are 

known to over express receptors to bombesin (BBN) and gastrin 

releasing peptide (GRP). 

Methods: The goal of this study was to evaluate a new 67Ga 

radiolabeled BBN analogue based upon the bifunctional chelating 

ligand DOTA which could be used as a tool for diagnosis of GRP 

receptor-positive tumors. DOTA-GABA-Bombesin (7-14) NH2 was 

synthesized using a standard Fmoc strategy. Labeling with 67Ga was 

performed at 95°C for 30 min in ammonium acetate buffer (pH = 

4.8). The stability of radiopeptide was examined in the presence of 

human serum at 37 °C up to 24 h. The receptor bound internalization 

and externalization rates were studied in GRP receptor expressing 

PC-3 cells. Biodistribution of radiopeptide was studied in mice. 

Results: labeling yield of >90% was obtained corresponding to a 

specific activity of 2.6 MBq/nmol. The radioligand showed a good and 

specific internalization into PC-3 cells (16.13 ± 0.71% at 4 h). After 4 

h a considerable amount of activity (52.42 ± 1.86%) was 

externalized. In animal biodistribution studies, a receptor-specific 

uptake of radioactivity was observed in GRP-receptor-positive organs. 

After 4 h, the uptake in mouse tumor and pancreas was 1.30 ± 

0.18% ID/g and 1.21 ± 0.13% ID/g respectively. 

Conclusion: These data show that [67Ga]-DOTA-GABA-Bombesin 

(7-14) NH2 is a specific radioligand for gastrin-releasing peptide 

receptor positive tumors and is a suitable candidate for clinical 

studies. 

Keywords: 67Ga Bombesin, synthesis, labeling 

81




Production, Quality Control and Biological Evaluation of 

153Sm-TTHMP as a Possible Bone Palliation Agent 

Zohre Naseri 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 2 , Ali Nemati Kharat 1 

1 University of Tehran, School of Chemistry 


Radionuclides have been used to treat skeletal diseases for decades. 

At present an array of radionuclides have been proposed for treating 

bone pain due to cancer. The most promising among these 

radionuclides is 153Sm. This radionuclide has favourable radition 

characteristics t1/2= 1.93d, βmax= 0.81 Mev(20%), 0.71 Mev 

(49%), 0.64 Mev (30%) and γ=103 Kev (30%) emission which is 

suitable for imaging purposes during therapy. Various bone palliative 

therapeutic agents have been developed for bone metastasis such as 

153Sm-EDTMP, widely used in the world. (EDTMP) has been proved 

to be a good therapeutic agent for the treatment of pain due to 

skeletal metastases and is now commercialized. In this study, 

production, quality control and biodistribution studies of a newly 

developed therapeutic compound have been presented followed by 

imaging studies in wild-type rodents. 153Sm-TTHMP was prepared 

starting 153Sm-SmCl3, prepared by neutron activation of an enriched 

152Sm sample (purity >98%), and in-house synthesized TTHMP in 

1h at 25ºC followed by stability tests, partition coefficient 

determination and biodistribution studies of in wild-type rodents 

using scarification. The radiolabeled Sm complex was prepared in 

high radiochemical purity (>99%, ITLC) and specific activity of 278 

GBq/mmol and demonstrated significant stability at 4, 25 and 37ºC 

(in presence of human serum). Initial biodistribution data showed 

significant bone accumulation of the tracer in 48h. The produced 

153Sm-TTHMP properties suggest an efficiently new bone palliative 

therapeutic agent in the country in order to overcome the metastatic 

bone pains. 

Keywords: Sm-153, TTHMP, Radiopharmaceutical, Therapy, 

Biodistribution, Imaging 

82




Preparation and bio distribution of 99m Technetium-annexin V 

for in vivo detection of apoptosis 

Saeed Rajabifar, Hamidreza Zolata, Fateme Bolourinovin, Fariba 

Sadadi, Amir Reza Jalilian 

Nuclear Medicine group, Agricultural,Medicl and Industrial Research School, 

Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran. 

Introduction: Annexin V a human protein belongs to a class of Ca 2+ 

-dependent binding proteins and has a high affinity for 

phosphotydilserine and can be used in determination of apoptosis in 

cells. Annexin V and its conjugates may be used to detect apoptotic 

cells significantly earlier than DNA- based assays. Labeled Annexin V 

using 99m Technetium may be useful in detection of apoptosis in vivo 

as well as effects of the drugs used for the therapy. 

Methods and material: For radiolabeling of Annexin V with 

99m technetium succinic dihydrazide, propylene diamine tetra acetic 

acid, tricine, nicotinic acid and stannous chloride at their best 

concentrations in 0.1 M hydro chloric acid were added to phosphate 

buffer at PH=8.5 and then 110 MBq 99m technetium eluted by normal 

saline and Annexin V were added to this mixture and heated at 90 oc 

for 10 minutes using stirrer at 1400 rpm. The radiochemical purity of 

99m technetium was determined by ascending Instant Thin Layer 

Chromatography (ITLC) with silica gel fiber glass sheet. Two solvents 

such as physiologic saline and acidified 85% ethanol were used and 

compared. The radiopharmaceutical prepared was administered 

through tail vein to experimental animals (n=5) and under anesthesia 

sacrificed for bio distribution studies at 1 and 3 hrs. Liver, kidney, 

heart, muscle, spleen, stomach, and intestine. 

Results: The radio chemical purity was found to be not less than 

90% and the ethanol solvent showed better results as compare to the 

normal saline. The serum stability studies showed the product is 

stable at least up to 1 hr. The highest percentage of injected dose 

per gram of organ (%ID/g) with the mean value were observed in 

liver 2.56, kidney 1.36, heart 0.53, stomach 0.39, spleen 0.37 and 

muscle 0.12 . Appreciable radio activity could be detected in the liver 

and kidneys until 3 hrs post injection of 99m technetium- Annexin V 

indicating radiopharmaceutical primarily excretion by hepatic and 

renal pathway. Stomach uptake is commonly assumed as a control of 

99m technetium labeled compounds stability in vivo assays, this tissue 

actively uptakes free 99m technetium which is a good indicator of 

radiochemical purity. 

Conclusion: 99m technetium-Annexin V is successfully labeled and the 

highest uptake was observed in liver and kidney. Stomach uptake of 

99mTc labeled Annexin was negligible ,confirming no contamination 

of free 99m technetium in the preparation. 

Keywords:AnnexinV,Apoptosis, 99m technetium-AnnexinV, Labeling 

83




Estimation of Fan Beam Parameters by Parallel Beam 

Collimator in Wire Mesh Design 

Abdollah Khorshidi 1 , Mansour Ashoor 2 

1 Department of Physics 

2 Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute 

Introduction: Collimation of the low energy photons, allowing 

detection of only those photons propagating in the appropriate 

direction, plays a key role to obtain a suitable map in the Single 

Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging. 

Methods: In this study, for assessment of Fan Beam (FB) and 

Parallel Beam (PB) collimators responses various parameters have 

been compared based on the Geometric Efficiency (G), Geometric 

Resolution (Rc), Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) and Scatter and 

Penetration (S+P) components. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were 

used for estimate the response of cubic hole collimators. 

Results: Calculations demonstrated FB Geometry efficiency was 

raised when angle of slant hole increased. In FB collimator, while 

distance between point source and collimator surface (z) became 

larger for a special angle, the Rc increased. But when hole angles 

were enlarged for a special distance, the Rc reduced. Simulations in 

wire mesh design indicated FB had the better resolution rather than 

PB with cubic holes. Simulated point source responses are relatively 

close to ADAC Company data. Moreover, whereas z increased the 

S+P amounts decreased for both collimators. 

Conclusion: The FB had the highest S+P and PB specified the lowest 

amount with 1.04 ratio in air at 10 cm distance. The closeness of the 

FB collimator responses demonstrated the cubic holes approximation 

is applicable to the MC modeling of converging collimators. 

Keywords: Fan Beam, Cube, FWHM, Penetration, Phantom 

84




Paired organ internal dosimetry; should be treated jointly or 

separately? 

Ali Asghar Parach, Hossein Rajabi, Mohammad Ali Askari 

Tarbiat Modares University 

Purpose: The size, shape and the position of paired organs are 

different in abdomen. However, the counterpart organs are 

conventionally treated together for calculation of the SAF and S- 

values in radiation protection purposes. This study was performed to 

quantify the difference in treating paired organs separately or jointly 

together. 

Methods: Zubal phantom and GATE Monte Carlo package was used 

to calculate the SAF and S-value for the self-absorption and crossirradiation 

of the liverlung, kidney, adrenal glands (as paired organs) 

and liver, spleen stomach and pancreas (single organs). The activity 

was assumed uniformly distributed in the organs and simulation was 

performed for photons of 10-1000 keV and mono-energetic electrons 

of 350, 500, 690, 935, 1200 keV. 

Results: The results demonstrated that self-absorption of left and 

right organ is inversely dependent upon the mass of the organs. 

However, the cross-irradiations of counterpart organs are almost 

equal irrespective of the differences in the mass of the organs. The 

cross-irradiation from the left and right counterpart organs to other 

organs are different (4-24 times in Zubal phantom) depending on the 

photon energy and organs. The cross-irradiation from the single to 

paired organs is always different irrespective of activity 

concentration. 

Conclusion: The counterpart organs always receive different dose 

from single organs. Therefore, for protection and treatment planning 

purposes, these organs should be treated separately just like two 

separate organs. 

Keywords: Paired-Organ, Specific-Absorbed-Fraction, S-value, 

Zubal-phantom, GATE Monte-Carlo 

85




Assessment of Radioactive Waste per Patient in a Nuclear 

Medicine Center 

Ali Jomehzadeh 1 , Mohammad Bagher Tavakoli 2 , Zahra Jomehzadeh 3 

1 Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 

2 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 

3 Kerman University of Medical Sciences 

Introduction: During the last decades, radio-emitter materials have 

been rapidly used in nuclear medicine. Undoubtedly, several 

problems have been caused due to the application of unsealed radioemitter 

materials in nuclear medicine centers. Since, contamination 

to radio-drug in nuclear medicine centers causes health problems, 

and also, because of workers and patient's exposure reduction in 

nuclear medicine centers, informing of internal and external sources 

seems to be necessary. Therefore, in this study level of radioactive 

waste and radiation contamination per patient with respect to the 

contamination radiation sources in Isfahan Dey nuclear medicine 

center in Azar 1389 were measured. 

Materials & Methods: In this study, after initial studies of imaging 

devices, type and level of radio-drug and number of patients per day 

in Isfahan Dey nuclear medicine center, radiation contamination with 

respect to contamination sources has been investigated. To this end, 

all of radiation contamination sources (waste) including, injection 

siring, disposable glove, alcoholic cotton and vial have been 

determined and level of radiation contamination of each waste per 

patient, immediately after injection, has been measured using 

gamma counter (Dose Calibrator). 

Results: In this study, 38 and 15 patients have been checked up for 

heart and bone scans, respectively. Average radiation contamination 

of injection siring, alcoholic cotton, disposable glove and vial per 

patient were respectively 0.90±0.39, 0.02±0.03, 0.00 and 0.32±0.11 

millecurie for heart scan. Also, average radiation contamination of 

injection siring, alcoholic cotton, disposable glove and vial per patient 

were respectively 1.24±0.17, 0.03±0.05, 0.00 and 0.17±0.03 

millecurie for bone scan. 

Conclusion: According to the results, the average level of 

radioactive waste per patient for heart and bone scan was in the 

range of acceptable limitation and there are no necessary additional 

radiation protection criteria for wasting the radioactive wastes. 

Keywords: radioactive waste, nuclear medicine, heart scan, bone 

scan 

86




Direct Additional Acceleration of Relativistic Electron and 

Generation of Electron irradiation by intense Short Laser Pulse 

Ammar Alani 

Islamic Azad University, Gilane gharb Branch, Gilane gharb, IRAN 

Electron irradiation uses electrons accelerated in a velocity close to 

the speed of light to destroy microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, or 

insects that might be present in the food (Cold pasteurization), 

sprout inhibition, delay of ripening, and increase of juice yield. Also 

used on non-food items, such as Sterilization of medical hardware, 

shrink-foils for food packaging, etc. Electron irradiation does not 

become radioactive, but in some cases there may be subtle chemical 

changes. In this paper investigate increase energy of relativistic 

electrons in intraction, by femtosecond laser pulse. for this purpose 

an intense short laser pulse with intensity I0=4.19E+020 w/cm2 

,wavelength λ=0.8µm, laser spot size W0=100µm, laser pulse time 

duration tp=100fs in the doughnut mode TEM*(0,1) for Capture and 

Acceleration Scenario(CAS) in vacuum and initial electron velocity 

0.7c has been employed. In order to we investigate the intensity 

electromagnetic field of femtosecond laser pulse using threedimensional 

test particle simulation and numerical analysis via Fourth 

order runge kutta formula and utilize Ponderomotive potential 

model(PPM) as the theoretical model for description elestron 

acceleration .then we scrutinize transverse and longitudinal 

ponderomotive force, electrons trajectory, history of the electrons 

energy, scattering angles and other variety of graphs. we abserve 

that ponderomotive force traps the electrons near the central axis of 

laser pulse and increase time intraction and energy exchange 

between pulse and elctrons as access electron energy from 0.58Mev 

to 2.35Gev in Optimal status then scattered. Finally, the acceleration 

problem for a bunch of electrons with 500,000 electrons was 

investigated. In our simulation results electrons confined and 

accelerated by using the TEM*(0,1) mode laser . The transvers 

ponderomotive scattering of the electrons is suppressed by the 

potential well of the high mode laser . 

Keywords: Electron irradiation, intense Short Laser Pulse 

87




Is parentage error of bone Density determined by DEXA 

technique influenced by density? 

Azadeh Emami 1 , Hossein Ghadiri 1 , Mohammad Reza Ay 1 , Shahram 

Akhlaghpour 2 , Pardis Ghafarian 1 , Sima Taghizadeh 1 

1 Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine 

2 Departments of Interventional Radiology 

Introduction: accurate performance assessment of bone mineral 

densitometry is crucial due to the fact a high level of exact estimation 

of bone situation is needed for correct diagnosis of patient with bone 

disease. Variation of parameters like percentage error which highly 

affect the densitometry results may induce some level of uncertainty 

in diagnosis procedure. So, determination of this variation and 

designing an algorithm for correction is necessary to assure 

examiners about measurement results. 

Method: In this study several phantoms consisting of soft tissueand 

bone-equivalent material was devised to accurately test bone 

densitometry systems. A Plexiglas cylindrical phantom was designed 

and constructed as a spine phantom to assess different bone 

densities. This phantom consists of two male-female separated parts 

which each part consists of two cylindrical shape vertebras .Four 

inserts in spine phantom with precisely wide range of K2HPO4 

simulate trabecular bone, and provide the basis for the accurately 

check of bone densitometry systems. Torso phantom is made up of 

polyethylene and designed in such a way that imitates the torso 

contour of human body and a hole in the low-middle part of it for 

inserting the spine phantom in. 

Results: The designed phantoms were used for performance 

assessment of Bone Mineral Measurement DEXA Technique. Data 

represents percentage error variation in DEXA in different densities. 

It is clear that there is a declining trend of percentage error in 

measured density versus true density values in DEXA technique. 

There is a linear regression equation plot between measured density 

and percentage error. The correlation coefficient and slope resulting 

from the regression analysis of the measured density versus 

percentage error by DEXA is calculated (slope:-0.32, intercept: 0.44). 

Conclusion: As it is shown, sensitivity varies by mineral density of 

spine results in an uncertainty in measurement procedure. The need 

for standardization and evaluation in bone mineral measurements has 

been recognized. A spine phantom was designed and produced to 

evaluate the percentage error variation in bone densitometry 

measurements. These assessments cover wide range of mineral 

density that simulated to cover different stages of bone situation. In 

this research it is demonstrated that the percentage error can be 

affected by spine density that may cause uncertain results. 

Keywords: DEXA, BMD, Phantom, Percentage error 

88




Development of 

radioimmunotherapy 

153 Sm-DOTA-cetuximab for 

Kamal Yavari ٭‎1‎ , Mohammad Ghannadi Maragheh 1 , Reza Solhifam 

1 Radiobiomedical Laboratory (RBML), Nuclear Science and Technology Research 

Institute (NSTRI), 

2 Azad University, Chemistry department, Tabriz, Iran 

The monoclonal antibody cetuximab binds to EGFR and thus provides 

an opportunity to create both imaging and therapies that target this 

receptor. The potential of cetuximab as a radioimmunoconjugate was 

investigated and in vitro and in vivo quality control tests were 

performed as a first step in the production of a new 

radiopharmaceutical. Cetuximab solution first was dialyzed and 

concentrated by centrifugation using an Amicon Ultra-15 filter 

(Millipore, MWCO 30,000). Purified antibody was labeled with 153 Sm 

using the DOTA-NHS and radioimmunoconjugates were purified by 

using PD10 columns. Radiochemical purity and stability in buffer and 

human blood serum were determined using thin layer 

chromatography. Integrity of the radiolabeled complex was checked 

by SDS-PAGE. Preliminary biodistribution studies in normal mice 

model performed to determine radioimmunoconjugates distribution 

up to 72h. The radiochemical purity of the complex was 96±1.4%. 

The stabilities in phosphate buffer and in human blood serum at 96 h 

postpreparation were 94±2 % and 75±1%, respectively. All of the 

samples, controls and radiolabeled antibodies, showed a similar 

pattern of migration in the gel electrophoresis. Biodistribution of 

Lu 177 -cetuximab was evaluated in normal mice and the highest %ID/ 

g was observed in the blood (15.2±1.3 at 24 hr) and the liver 

12.1±2.8 at 24 hr). Cetuximab is readily modified with the 

bifunctional acyclic chelate, DOTA-NHS. When labeled with 153 Sm its 

immunoreactivity is retained. The studies detailed above demonstrate 

the flexibility of cetuximab as a potentially useful 

radioimmunoconjugate for both imaging and therapeutic applications 

for the treatment and management of a spectrum of cancers. 

Key Words: Cetuximab, radiopharmaceuticals, 153 Sm, DOTA 

89




Calculation of absorbed dose in human body produced by PET 

machine using MCNP code 

Masood Abdolahzade 1 , Atiyeh Moshayedi 2 , Hasan Yousefnia 3 , Yaser 

Kasesaz 3 , Davood Ghasemabadi 1 , Mohsen Shayeste 1 

1 Imam Hossein University 

2 Tehran Center Azad University 

3 Atomic Energy Organization of Iran 

In This paper the gamma absorbed dose in a simulated phantom of 

adult human body is calculated. The 0.5 MeV gamma rays are 

produced in positron annihilation process in PET device. A certain 

amount of F-FDG18 drag is injected in human body to positron 

emission by F-18 isotope and gamma production in organs ob body. 

The MCNP code is used for phantom and radiation simulation. The 

good results are obtained and compared with other works. 

Keywords: PET 

90




Evaluation of single dose 99m Tc-MIBI as a myocardial imaging 

agent in clinical test 

G.A. Shabani, H.R. Khosrounejad, M. Farahani, F. Hajhasan Abbasi, 

M. Goudarzi, M.H. Talebi, M. Mazidi 

Radioisotope research group, NSTRI, Atomic Energy org. of Iran 

Introduction: 99m Tc-sestamibi (MIBI) is widely used in evaluation of 

myocardial perfusion abnormalities. The radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc- 

MIBI is a monovalent cation in which 99mTc is surround by six 

isonitril ligands. 99m Tc-sestamibi is prepared from a kit and required 

boiling to effect labeling. 99m Tc-MIBI diffuses passively out of the blood 

and apparently localizes in mitochondria on the basis of their 

negative electrical potentials. 

Materials and methods: in new formulation of 99m Tc-MIBI as a 

single dose, for one patient, we changed the formulation and reduced 

the amount of MIBI. Finally, the kit lyophilized and checked QC, 

biodistribution in mice, shelf life, sterility and pyrogeuicity test. For 

checking in clinical test, we sent to some nuclear medicine centers. 

Results: Radiolabelling was performed by ITLC chromatography and 

it was more than 95 percent up to 30 mCi of 99m Tc. 

Conclusion: this study demonstrated that the new formulation of 

99m Tc-MIBI as a single dose is a useful method for myocardial imaging 

of one patient in nuclear medicine centers. 

Keywords: MIBI, myocardial, radiopharmaceutical, 99m Tc 

91




Assessment of the impact of applying attenuation correction 

on the accuracy activity recovery in Tc99m-ECD brain SPECT 

of healthy subject using Statistical Parametric Mapping 

Faeze Vedaei, Mohammadreza Ay 1 , Alireza Kamali Asl, Faraz Kalantari 

1 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 

Photon attenuation correction in tissues is the primary physical 

degrading factor limiting both visual qualitative interpretation and 

quantitative analysis capabilities of reconstructed Single Photon 

Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) images. The aim of this 

present study was to investigate the effect of attenuation correction 

(AC) on the detection of activation area following statistical analysis 

with SPM. The study population consisted of 19 normal subjects (11 

male, 8 female, and age 30-40 years). SPECT images were 

reconstructed using filter back projection and attenuation correction 

was done by the Chang method. The SPECT imaging was obtained 20 

min after intravenous injecting of 740-1110 MBq (20-30 mCi) of 

Tc99m-ECD and were acquired on 128*128 matrices with a 20% 

symmetric window at 140 keV.This data is related to the Society of 

Nuclear Medicine of Toronto Hospital and is available on 

http://brainscans.indd.org.The data was standardized with respect to 

the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) atlas with a 12 parameter 

affine transformations. Images were then smoothed by a Gaussian 

filter of 10 mm FWHM. Significance differences between SPECT 

images were estimated at every voxel using t-statistics and is 

detected by using a voxel threshold at 6.45.P-value of 0.05 was used 

to significant criteria. The contrast comparing NAC to AC images 

suggest that regional brain perfusion activity increase in the 

cerebrum, parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobule(T score=12.88) and 

frontal lobe (T score=10.84), superior frontal gyrus(T score=8.56) 

and temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus(T score=8.68) and 

decrease in the cerebrum, frontal lobe, sub-gyral(T score=16.18), 

frontal gyrus(T score=16.18), precentral gyrus(T score=7.69), 

parietal lobe, precuneus(T score=7.81), inferior parietal lobule(T 

score=7.81), angular gyrus(T score=9.82) and posterior lobe, 

declive, pyramis, uvula(T score=12.06) and occipital lobe,lingual 

gyrus, sub-gyal(T score=8.05) and limbic lobe, anterior cingulated(T 

score=9.72) and posterior cingulated (T score=7.91), 

parahippocampal gyrus(T score=7.91) before attenuation correction 

compare with attenuation correction. I have been concluded that 

applying attenuation correction in brain SPECT can effectively 

improve the accuracy of the detection of activation area. 

Keywords: SPM SPECT, attenuation correction, activation area 

92




The effect of 3D resolution recovery in myocardial perfusion 

SPECT 

Faraz Kalantari 1 , Hossein Rajabi 1 , Mohsen Saghari 2 , Alireza Emami 

Ardakani 2 

1 Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Medical Physics 


Introduction: Distance-dependent collimator-detector response 

(CDR) is one of the most important degrading factors in myocardial 

SPECT images. CDR is the main cause of resolution loss and partial 

volume effect in final reconstructed images. The primary assumption 

of conventional reconstruction algorithms is that projections are 

Radon transform of the object; however this model doesn’t consider 

the effect of non-ideal collimation. To correct for the effect of CDR 

accurately, CDR was modeled in iterative OSEM algorithm. 

Methods: Both simulated and real projections were used in this 

study. In simulation step, a point source of Tc-99m is modeled and 

placed in different distances from the face of collimator. SIMIND 

Monte Carlo simulator was used to create projections from this 

activity source. After finding suitable models, a digital torso phantom 

(NCAT) with a typical Tc99m-MIBI distribution and two small defects 

was used to validate the ability of the algorithm. In clinical step a 

point source of activity was prepared and used to find distance 

dependent CDRs. Projections of 10 patients (5 men and 5 women) 

who underwent myocardial SPECT were used to evaluate algorithm. 

Gaussian functions as function of distance were used to model CDR. 

The 3D collimator blurring was implemented into the forward and 

backprojection of OSEM (4 iterations, 8 subsets) to correct for its 

degrading effect. The FBP and iterative OSEM without compensation 

were also used in image reconstruction to compare our results with 

conventional methods. 

Results: Drastic improvements in both simulated and clinical image 

quality were found using the 3D OSEM and CDR model. In contrast to 

conventional OSEM, this algorithm is much more robust against noise 

when the number of iteration rises up. 

Conclusion: By using more suitable models for image formation it is 

possible to reconstruct images with much higher quantitative and 

qualitative accuracy which is essential in both diagnostic and image 

guided therapy procedures. 

Keywords: OSEM Resolution-recovery SPECT Modeling 

93




Weighting Coefficient Studies for Compton Scattering Effect 

Compensation in SPECT Imaging Using Monte-Carlo 

Simulation 

Firouz Payervand, Mansour Ashoor, Ali Ramezani Moghaddam 

Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute 

The aim of single photon emission computed tomography is to 

provide accurate images of the radionuclide distribution after 

injecting and to provide metabolic and physiologic functional data of 

some internal organs of the object being scanned. The inclusion of 

scatter radiation in the projections is one of the main sources of error 

in SPECT imaging.Tthe detection of scattered events affects the 

contrast, the signal to noise ratio and the resolution of the images. At 

the photon energies of interest in SPECT imaging, Compton scattering 

is the dominant mode of interaction. During Compton scattering, the 

photon is reduced in energy as well as deflected from its original 

path. Thus one can use energy loss and energy windowing to reduce 

the amount of scattered photons imaged. Several methods for the 

effects of scattered events have been proposed. The difference 

between methods is the way of estimating the scatter contribution. 

To modeling imaging systems or developing algorithms or evaluating 

and improving those methods, one can use Monte-Carlo simulation 

code. In this paper to evaluating and improving Energy Window 

Subtraction (EWS), MCNP code has been used and then scatter 

phenomena has been studied and the best weighting coefficient and 

the appropriate position and width of each energy window has been 

determined and quantitative parameters of image have been studied. 

Generally, with using the result of this paper and the mathematical 

modeling, one can eliminates scattering effects. Simulation results 

showed that by operating weighting coefficients we can improve 

quantitative parameters of image and provide suitable images with 

anatomical and physiological data of internal organs. 

Keywords: Compton scattering, Photo eak, SPECT, MCNP Code 

94




Validation of Gate Monte Carlo simulation for bremsstrahlung 

planar imaging and assessment the energy window 

Hadi Ahangari 1 , Hosein Rajabi 1 , Saeed Farzanefar 2 , Mohammad 

Eftekhari 3 

1 Tarbiat Modares University 

2 Vali Asr Hospital 


Introduction: Treatment in nuclear medicine base on beta emitter 

radioisotopes. Therapeutic radionuclides energy is outside the range 

of gamma camera imaging system sensitivity. Beta emitters interact 

with tissue and make bremsstrahlung ray that could contaminate the 

primary photon and hence could increase quantitative problem. In 

absence of gamma ray emission, bremsstrahlung ray could be used 

for imaging. GATE based on Geant4 is a general and very strong 

simulator. This simulator was used for nuclear medicine simulations. 

This package was already validated for several nuclear medicine 

studies. However, P-32 planar imaging has not validated with GATE 

yet. 

Materials & Methods: Imaging was performed with ADAC scanner 

equipped with VXGP collimators. A cylindrical shape bottle with 5 cm 

diameter and 20 cm height was filled with water (solution with 0.1 

mCi of phosphorus 32) as phantom at the center of the scanner. All 

the events were recorded. Also, this experiment simulated with GATE 

and given energy spectrum was validated. The simulation was 

repeated for this experiment without collimator. 

Results & Discussion: The simulation energy spectrums have a 

significant correlation with experiment energy spectrum. Detected 

counts in the image resultant of phantom and collimator 

bremsstrahlung ray. Thus, in the energy window, the spectrum of 

collimator bremsstrahlung should be considered. Collimator 

bremsstrahlung energy spectrum in the window below 100 keV is 

negligible. 

Keywords: GATE, Bremsstrahlung, Spectrum 

95




Design and fabrication of imaging detector for medical 

application 

Hossein Zamani Zeinali 1 , Maryam Nazari 2 , Anita Alipoor 1 

1 Dosimetry and Radiation Monitoring Research Group. Agricultural, Medical and 

Industrial Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 

AEOI, Karaj, Iran. 

2 Islamic Azad University of Tehran 

Introduction: An Imaging detector system, based on scintillation 

detectors, is designed. Fabricated and optimized for diagnostic 

radiology, industrial radiography, nuclear medicine and research 

application. 

Materials and methods: X radiation beam from a Siemens 

Stabilipan Orthovoltage unit, after passing through an object, which 

may be living sample or electronic device, produce a planar 

distribution of visible light on a GOS(Gd2O2S:Tb3+), that is the 

image of the object under examination. The image is displaced on a 

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) by a Charged Coupled Camera (CCD) 

camera and is recorded digital by a video capture device. The image 

quality parameters, including contrast and resolution were 

determined by Inpatient Quality Indicator (IQI) tests. Imaging 

practices were carried out for different X ray tube voltages (kV) and 

Focal-spot Surface Distances (FSD). The data corresponding imaging 

quality parameters were then analyzed and plotted by MATLAB and 

Origin software. 

Results and discussion: The results for image quality parameters 

(contrast and resolution) for different x-ray tube voltages are fairly 

close to each other. Thus the imaging system has the capability to be 

used for different x-ray energies and radionuclide with relatively 

desired results. The study is considered to be an initiative for 

fabricating industrial fluoroscopy and radiation surveillance system in 

the country. 

Keywords: QC, Dose calibrators, Nuclear Medicine 

96




An investigation of Iran's profile Nuclear Medicine centers in 

terms of Dose calibrator system 

Hossein Zamani Zeinali, Mostafa Ghafori, Anita Alipoor 

Dosimetry and Radiation Monitoring Research Group. Agricultural, Medical and 

Industrial Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 

AEOI, Karaj, Iran 

Introduction: To investigate the status of the Nuclear Medicine 

centers in Iran for the performance of the dose calibrators, 100 out of 

130 centers providing nuclear medicine services in Iran were selected 

and inspected during 2008-2010. 

Materials and Methods: The QC test were performed using 

standardized radionuclides of Cs-137 and Ba-133 and calibrated dose 

calibrators type PTW curimentor 2 in which the nuclear medicine dose 

calibrators were calibrated against it. Besides the Cs-137 and Ba-133 

standard sources the nuclear medicine dose calibrators were 

calibrated for most commonly used radionuclides i.e. Tc-99m, I-131, 

Ga-67 and Tl-201 in the form of vials. 

Results: According to the obtained results in the study, 10 centers 

were found to be in unacceptable situation. Following this study, all 

the concerned nuclear medicine centers were informed about the 

results, and at the same time the replacement of some of the dose 

calibrator were requested. 

Keywords: QC, Dose calibrator, Iran. 

97




Bone material decomposition by energy resolved CT: 

application in CT-based attenuation correction of PET data 

Hossien Ghadiri 1 , Mohammad Bagher Shiran 1 , Mohammad Reza Ay 1 , 

Habib Zaidi 2 , Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh 3 


2 Geneva Neuroscience Center 

3 CIPCE 

Introduction: Energy resolved CT (ERCT) could gain considerable 

improvements in its application, more likely in dual modality imaging 

systems like PET/CT, especially in terms of CT-based attenuation 

correction (AC). Utilizing ERCT would effectively improve 

determination of tissue types and consequently more accurate AC of 

PET data. The aim of this study was to develop a new approach in 

tissue determination by ERCT, especially bones, to improve PET 

image quality. 

Methods: The study was performed by using XCAT CT projector for 

simulation and patient images acquired from GE 64 slices scanner. X- 

ray spectrum divided to 5 bins: 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, 100- 

120 KeV and for each bin an image was reconstructed. A matrix of 

data included a vector of LAC values was made which its elements 

related to corresponding pixels of all images. For each vector, using 

cubic spline algorithm, a curve was fitted and by tri-diagonal matrix 

algorithm the values of polynomials coefficients (PC) were extracted. 

Using a simple thresholding in map of PCs, 3 types of bones (i.e. rib 

cortical, spine cortical and trabeculars) were segmented and by 

utilizing appropriate scaling factor for each bone type, energy 

mapping was performed. 

Results: Conversion curve of current PET/CT systems suggest a 

0.40±0.1 factor to scale bone which leads to (9.0±3.0)% and 

(7.0±3.3)% relative error for cortical rib and trabeculars respectively. 

In contrast, utilizing bone segmentation method which is proposed in 

this study, gains errors of (2.1±0.3)%, (2.8±0.7)% and (2.3±0.9)% 

for cortical rib, cortical spine and trabeculars respectively. The linear 

correlation between PCs and amount of high atomic number materials 

in hydroxyapatite solutions concentration has a slope of 0.09 and 1.0 

intercept. 

Conclusion: This study suggested that an accurate segmentation of 

bones utilizing an ERCT could decrease the CT-based AC error and 

improve the image quality of PET systems. 

Keywords: Energy Resolved CT, PET Attenuation Correction 

98




On The Protection Standards of Shielded Waste Containers in 

Five Nuclear Medicine Departments in Tehran 

Marzieh Goudarzi 1 , Shadi Davari 2 

1 Babol University of Medical Science 

2 Nuclear Medicine Department 

Since the shielded waste containers are a must for any facility that 

generates radioactive waste, all nuclear medicine departments need 

standard shielded waste containers to hold radioactive waste safely 

until disposal and to reduce radiation dose by appropriate designs to 

shield the personnel from the contents of the containers -even when 

their lids are open. 

Goal: We are attempting to discover whether the protection 

standards of shielded waste containers used in nuclear medicine 

departments of Tehran are within standard limits or not. 

Methods: Here, we present the quality assessment of shielded waste 

containers used in five nuclear medicine departments located in 

Tehran to evaluate the rate of protection standards applied for the 

mentioned containers by a Gayger Muller dose calibrator. 

Results: The study shows that shielded waste containers used in the 

5 mentioned departments are almost within standard limits but there 

can absolutely be some more ways to improve radiation protection 

procedures through developing shielded waste containers. 

Keywords: Shielded Waste Containers, Dose Calibrator, Radiation 

Protection 

99




Semi-automated kidney region of interest selection method 

using the threshold technique in renography images 

Marzieh Rahmatpour 1 , Hosein Rajabi 2 , Farshid Babapour 1 

1 Islamic azad university, science and research branch 

2 Tarbiat modares university 

Introduction: In study of performance of kidneys in diagnosing 

kidney disorders, using renography images of nuclear medicine is 

among the most common methods. Dynamic imaging is made in two 

stages of perfusion and function. The function images are provided to 

study the function of kidneys such as refining and evacuation. By 

collecting the initial ROI frames, the kidneys are determined by 

operator and by coping it on the other frames, the renogram curve is 

drawn separately for the right and left kidneys. The renogram curve 

indicates changes of the kidney counting in each frame based on the 

time. 

Goal: Drawing the favorite region around the kidneys is manual 

which may reduce reliability in accuracy of the curve of kidneys 

activity. This error is due to unevenness of the medium defined by 

operator in different times and or due to selecting several operators. 

Through semi-automatic methods we can minimize the dependence 

of drawing error of the kidneys favorite environment to the operators. 

Numerous studies in this regard have been performed by threshold 

method which the notified results based on the maximum of kidneys 

count. Despite noise of nuclear medicine images, our method could 

decrease error. 

Methods: To automize selection of ROI in this research, thresholding 

method was used. Study on the real images including 19 dynamic 

images of different patients. The clinical images were categorized in 

two groups of images with different imaging protocols. Studies on 

two separate and simultaneous groups after normalizing was made 

and the appropriate threshold relations were gained by counting 

average. 

Results: In the thresholding method, the most suitable mood of 

studying thresholding after applying coefficient is normalizing the 

images. The correlation coefficient of threshold relation with average 

count is 0.95. With relation 1.03xmean count for the right and we 

gained 1.08xmean count for the left kidneys. 

Conclusion: The relationship between thresholds with counting 

average reduces the counting of noise error and by automatizing 

selection of ROI, in addition to reducing the error related to operator 

we can use this method for other renography images in variable 

maximum count. 

Keywords: Renography, Region of interest, Thresholding 

100




Assessment two motion detection methods for patient 

motions in simulated and clinical renal dynamic imaging 

Mohamad Ali Tajik Mansoury 1 , Hossein Rajabi 1 , Ali Reza Emami 

Ardekani 3 , Saleh Salehi Zahabi 1 

1 Department of Medical Physics, Tarbiat Modares University 

2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science 

Introduction: Considering the importance of renography in 

evaluating kidney function especially in children and hydronephrosis 

disease, motion is one of the limiting factors in this diagnostic 

method, however this motion may be not identified visually in image 

but will affected in quantitative assessment of renographic data and 

can lead to errors in clinical interpretation of results. The aim of this 

paper is assessment of two methods, the center of gravity and crosscorrelation, 

for motion detection in variety kind of predictable patient 

motion in renal dynamic imaging. 

Methods: In this study 4D NCAT phantom was used to generate a 

typical human torso and the SimSET Monte Carlo nuclear medicine 

(NM) simulator was used to generate phantoms images. Dynamic 

images were adjusted to construct 180 phantoms that each 

representing a 10 second duration. Here, kidneys in two sizes and 

two levels of kidney-to-background counts ratio and 32 types of 

predictable motion in different directions were simulated. Motion 

detection algorithms, center of gravity and cross-correlation, (were 

implemented in Matlab 7.1 environment) were used for motion 

determination in renal imaging data. and finally algorithms used for 

motion detection in 30 clinical images. 

Results: Data obtained from motion detection algorithms shows that 

the precision of motion detection in rotational motions was 

significantly (p-value < 0.03) better than cross-correlation method. 

Dissociation: Results show that two methods of center of gravity 

and cross-correlation were suitable for motion detection and 

correction in simulated and clinical renographic images and center of 

gravity algorithm have more precision than cross correlation method. 

Keywords: Renal-Dynamic-Imaging, Motion-Detection, Center Of 

Gravity, Cross-Correlation 

101




Applying interpolated projections in cardiac SPECT and its 

effect on lesion detectability using Hotelling Trace 

Mohammad Ali Askari 1 , Hossein Rajabi 1 , Armaghan Fard Esfahani 2 



Introduction: Myocardial SPECT imaging is usually performed 

acquiring 32 views in 180 degree with equal steps of 5.625 degrees. 

Mathematically, increasing the number of projections can increase 

the image quality and decrease reconstruction artifacts. But acquiring 

more projections requires spending more time or injection of more 

activity to the patients. An idea to improve the quality of the 

reconstructed images without acquiring extra projections is applying 

interpolated data between adjacent projections. The aim of present 

study was using Hotelling Trace method to investigate the lesion 

detectability in reconstructed images with interpolated projections. 

Methods: Such investigation cannot be performed on real patient's 

data. Therefore, data were simulated using NCAT digital phantom and 

SimSET Monte Carlo code. The imaging was performed as usual, 

acquiring 32 views from right anterior oblique to left posterior 

oblique. The data were interpolated to construct 5 images between 

adjacent projections convert it into 187 projections. The simulation 

was performed again acquiring 187 images as the reference. The 

conventional, interpolated and reference data set were reconstructed 

and compared for improvement and degradation in quality of final 

images. Four methods of interpolation used, linear, cosine, cubic and 

hermit. The above procedure was repeated for phantoms 

representing different types of heart disease, different cardiac size 

and different count densities. Then short-axis cuts were used for 

Hotelling Trace analysis. Comparing Hotelling J-number would show 

the best method for interpolation. 

Results: The results showed that linear interpolation technique 

produces better lesion detectability comparing to other interpolation 

methods tested. Results also confirmed that streak artifacts 

decreases, signal to noise ratio and contrast increased due to 

increasing the number of samples. 

Conclusion: These results indicate that lesion detectability and the 

physical properties of reconstructed images improve significantly 

using interpolation. 

Keywords: Myocardial SPECT, Reconstruction, Interpolation, Image 

Hotelling 

102




Quantification of bremsstrahlung images with respect to postradioembolization 

liver dosimetry 

Mohammad Reza Teimoori Sichani 1 , Shahram Akhalghpoor 2 , 

Mohammad Reza Ay 3 , Faraz Kalantari 3 , Mahasti Amoui 4 

1 Islamic Azad University 

2 Novin radiation medicine institute 

3 Medical Physics department 

4 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical 

University 

Introduction: Evaluation of quantitative bremsstrahlung SPECT and 

planar images was done using phantom and patient study to calculate 

liver and tumor dose post radioembolization with colloidal 

Phosphorus-32. 

Material and methods: Bremsstrahlung SPECT and planar images 

from Jaszczak phantom and 10 patients under specific condition 

(MEGP collimator, Energy peak: 100keV±20%) were obtained. Due to 

low quality of bremsstrahlung images a method which used 

backscatter photons from external 99mTc sources was applied to 

determine body contour in SPECT images. Two small 99mTc sources 

on patient body were also used as landmarks. A computer program 

was written to calculate liver and tumor dose from raw SPECT data 

and CT images of patients. SPECT images were reconstructed using 

MLEM method. Registration of SPECT and CT images was done on a 

point-to-point basis using body contour and landmarks. Uniform and 

non-uniform attenuation maps were made from CT images. Then 

attenuation correction (AC) for SPECT images was done using 2 

different methods, conventional Chang’s method and during an 

iterative reconstruction method using expectation maximization (EM) 

algorithm. Evaluation of both AC methods was done using SIMIND 

MC simulation code. VOIs for each patient were defined by user and 

system calibration factor is calculated using a syringe containing 

known activity of 32P dissolved in water. Volume and activity within 

each VOI are calculated using attenuation corrected images and 

system calibration factor. Absorbed dose within each VOI is estimated 

using MIRD method. Also activity and dose within liver area were 

calculated from planar images using Conjugate View Method (CVM). 

Validation of suggested methods for bremsstrahlung planar and 

SPECT quantification was done by phantom study and delivered dose 

to tumor and liver of 10 patients were estimated. 

Results: Phantom study reveals the most accurate method for image 

quantification is using attenuation corrected SPECT images using EM 

method and according to patient study delivered dose to livers of 

80% of patients is below liver’s tolerance dose (40 Gy) while tumors 

receive great amount of dose. 

Conclusions: The study shows bremsstrahlung SPECT quantification 

is possible even without corrections for scatter and collimatordetector 

response and cumulated activity in each organ can be 

103




calculated with the precision of ±4% while activity determination 

from planar images can be done with higher degree of uncertainty. 

Keywords: Bremsstrahlung Imaging, SPECT quantitation, 

Radioembolization 

104




Dual isotope cardiac imaging using Tl-Tc cross-contamination 

correction by subtraction method 

Mohsen Kohanpour 1 , Hossein Rajabi 2 , Mohsen Beheshti 3 , Faraz 

Kalantari 2 , Majid Pouladian 1 



3 Paracelsus Medical University 

Introduction: Separate dual isotope, rest 201Tl-stress 99mTc, is a 

common protocol for heart imaging. Theoretically, this imaging 

protocol can perform simultaneously by defining different energy 

windows for each radionuclide. However, a potential limitation of 

simultaneous dual isotope SPECT imaging is contribution of scattered 

photons from technetium-99m and lead X-rays produced in the 

collimator into the thallium-201 energy window, referred to here as 

cross-contamination. The aim of this study is introducing a modified 

middle energy window method to compensate for this crosscontamination. 

Material and Methods: This investigation was performed in clinical 

study, that 30 men is gone for cardiac study. In simulation step, the 

most suitable functions by their ability to modeling crosscontamination 

were determined. To achieve this goal, Root Mean 

Square errors between our estimated and real cross-contamination 

for each view were used. SPECT images of patients who had 

angiographic data were acquired in different energy windows. In each 

step of this study, in addition to 201Tl and 99mTc windows centered 

at 77 keV and 140 keV respectively; a third window centered at 100 

keV is established. at each projection angle, the contaminant image 

to be subtracted from the image in the 201Tl window was estimated 

as a linear combination of a scatter-window (90-110 keV) image, 

convolved by a 2D modified exponential function, and the 99mTc 

photopeak image, convolved by a different Gaussian function. All of 

these images were compared by determining defect or left ventricle 

cavity to myocardium contrast. 

Results: Significant improvements in contrasts of simultaneous dual 

201Tl images were found in each step . Better results in comparison 

with other similar methods also were acquired by our suggested 

functions. 

Discussion and Conclusion: Our results showed contrast 

improvement, however many other parameters should be evaluated 

for clinical approaches. Simultaneous dual-isotope201Tl/99mTc 

myocardial imaging is seems feasible with 99mTc crosscontamination 

correction specific. There are many advantages by 

simultaneous dual isotope imaging. It halves imaging time and 

doubles patient throughput, improves scheduling flexibility, and 

reduces patient waiting time and discomfort. Identical rest/stress 

registration of images also makes motion or attenuation correction 

easy by physicist and image interpretation by physicians. 

105




Keywords: dual-isotope, cardiac SPECT, cross-contamination, 

Thallium, Technetium 

106




Synthesis and evaluation of [99mTc-HYNIC]-BOC-ATE as a 

new somatostatin analogue for receptor scintigraphy 

Mostafa Erfani(Gandomkar), Reza Najafi 

Nuclear Science Research School 

Introduction: Radiolabeled somatostatin analogues have been 

successfully used for targeted radiotherapy and imaging of 

somatostatin receptor (sstr) positive tumours. In an effort to make 

available radiolabeled analogues with a broader spectrum and able to 

target other sstr in addition to sstr2, [DOTA0, 1-Nal3]-octreotate has 

been recently developed. In this study the preclinical evaluation of 

Boc-Octreotate labeled with 99mTc using HYNIC chelator and 

ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (EDDA) as a coligands is 

described. 

Methods: Peptide was synthesized on a solid phase following typical 

Fmoc/Boc protection strategies. Labeling with 99mTc was performed 

at 100 °C for 10 min using SnCl2 as reducing agent. Radiochemical 

analysis involved ITLC and HPLC methods. The internalization rate 

was studied in sstr2 expressing AR4-2J. Biodistribution was studied in 

rats. 

Results: [99mTc-EDDA-HYNIC]-Boc-ATE was prepared in high 

radiochemical yield and purity (>95%). The radiopeptide showed a 

fast and specific internalization into AR4-2J cells (15.17% ± 0.81% at 

4 h). In animal biodistribution studies a receptor-specific uptake of 

radioactivity was observed in sstr-positive organs like pancrase (1.83 

± 0.33 %ID/g). 

Conclusions: These data show that radioligand have a potential to 

target tumours with sstr2 and sstr3 expression, either alone or 

concomitantly with other subtypes. [99mTc-EDDA-HYNIC]-Boc-ATE 

might prove to be useful in the diagnostic imaging of tumours 

expressing sstr2 or additional receptor subtypes. 

Keywords: Somatostatin, 99mTc, Tumour 

107




Assessment of the influence of crystal material and size on the 

performance of dual head small animal PET scanners 

Nafise Ghazanfari 1 , Mohammad Reza Ay 1 , Saeed Sarkar 1 , George 

Loudos 2 


2 Department of Medical Instrument Technology 

Introduction: Small animal imaging is a significant tool at the 

disposition of biological researchers to use in non-invasive study of 

preclinical animal models. In the last two decades, commercialization 

of these technologies has significantly increased due to the 

specifications and ability of them. However, several groups try to 

develop high-resolution and high-sensitivity dual head systems, 

which are cost benefits and can satisfy requirement of basic PET 

studies. It is well known system performance significantly depend on 

different crystal factors such as material, size, thickness. 

Methods: In this study pixilated dual head animal PET scanner using 

GATE MC package was modeled. In order to assess the influence of 

crystal dimension on system performance numerous pixel size, 

ranging between 0.5—0.5 to 3.0—3.0 mm by increment of 0.5 mm 

and crystal materials BGO, LSO, and GSO was considered. For all 

measurements a point source with the activity 1 MBq was placed at 

the center of FOV. 

Results: According to the achieved result, by increasing pixel size 

sensitivity will be increased from %1 to %7 and percentage of mispositioned 

events will be decreased between the range %76 to % 45 

and spatial resolution in different designs will be lost from 0.6 to 2.6 

mm. But by increment of crystal length from 10 mm to 15 mm, 

sensitivity enhance from %2 to %6, percentage of mis-positioned 

events increased from % 89 to % 59 and also spatial resolution 

changed from 0.6 to 3.5 mm. 

Conclusion: The simulation illustrated that BGO based scanners 

have higher sensitivity than equivalent size of LSO and GSO and also 

less registration of mis-position events. The results of the evaluation 

demonstrate to achieve proper dimension of crystal size, can be said, 

considering pixel size 2 mm, crystal thickness 10 mm could provide 

the best situation to get better system performance. 

Keywords: small animal PET, DHC, GATE 

108




STUDY ON NEW NON-RADIOACTIVE FDG-like MAGNETIC 

NANOMATERIALS FOR DIAGNOSIS, MARKING AND 

TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT TUMORS 

Nicolae Verga 1 , Jenica Neamtu 2 , Dariush Sardari 3 

1 Carol Davila Univ- Romania 

2 ICPE-CA - Romania 


Introduction: PET-CT imaging is a valuable method to detect 

malignant neoplasia of either primary or metastatic types. There are 

always the technical possibilities of implementing PET-CT but no MRI 

and CT scanners, which is why we have invented a nanogranular 

magnetic compound on whose surface was fixed 2-deoxy-D-glucose. 

After the diagnosis of malignancy it is necessary for tumor marking to 

track its evolution under treatment. There are currently implanted 

invasive fiduciary markers. Hyperthermia therapy is another method 

that increases efficiency in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Our 

compound nanogranular meets all these three qualities. 

Scope and aims: In this paper are presented some results regarding 

the effect of a colloidal solution of magnetite-saccharide nanosystem 

on both normal and tumor cells. For this purpose we chose a cell 

culture with high sensitivity to glucose. The cells have been grown in 

order to obtain two cell cultures with different response to the 

dynamics of glucose metabolism. We supposed that the tumor cells 

alike will absorb significant amount of magneto-saccharidic 

nanocomposite. 

Methods: Both cultures were exposed to the same colloidal solution 

of a magnetite-saccharide nanosystem. Sample of colloidal solution of 

magneto-saccharidic nanocomposite is ferromagnetic at room 

temperature behavior: saturation magnetization of 20 emu / g, the 

saturation magnetic field (SA) of 3500 Oe, coercivity (HC) of 100 Oe. 

We will also present the specific experimental device for modeling the 

arterial system and target tissue. Findings Results are analyzed 

before and after exposure to the solution of composite regarding the 

number of cells (toxicity), the ferromagnetic behavior culture medium 

of the two cell types, and magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic in 

T1 and T2 of both two cell culture. 

Results: Small quantity of magnetite-saccharide nanosystem has 

been produce and examined. Due to small amount of material, the 

results are not conclusive enough. We consider it necessary to 

produce a larger amount of magneto-saccharide nanocomposite. 

Complementary experiments are to carried out both to bi-cellular 

model and experimental animal with cancer. 

Keywords: Malignancy, Nanomgnetism, PET/CT Diagnostic 

109




Correction of contrast agent induced artifacts in CT-based 

attenuation correction of cardiac PET data using a semiautomated 

segmentation algorithm 

Pardis Ghafarian 1 , Mohammad Reza Ay 2 , Javad Hassani Bidgholi 2 

1 NRITLD 

2 Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine 

Introduction: With the advent of 64-slice CT subsystems combined 

with PET scanners, full clinical cardiac protocols are possible including 

CTA and calcium score imaging as an adjunct to myocardial viability 

and perfusion examination. The propagation of CT artifacts into PET 

images due to CT image contaminated with high density intravenous 

contrast agent during CTA is one of the main reasons that force the 

physicians to take two different CT for the purpose of CTA and CTAC. 

In this study, we developed a semi-automated algorithm for 

segmentation and classification of regions containing contrast 

medium to correct for artifacts in CTAC using the segmented contrast 

correction (SCC) algorithm in order to reduce patient dose during full 

cardiac assessment. 

Methods: The study was performed using 12 patients including CTA 

and perfusion/viability examinations acquired on the Biograph TP 64 

PET/CT scanners. After segmentation of contrast agent in myocardial 

wall and chamber the values replaced with correct value based on 

SCC algorithm and then the µ-map generated using both CTA and the 

CT images acquired for the purpose of CTAC. 

Results: After correction of CTA for all patients and generation of 

their Âµ-map based on CTAC method for both corrected CTA and 

ACCT it was showed that the percentage absolute relative difference 

between the generated µ-map from ACCT and CTA before and after 

correction was 8.8±3.9 and 1.3±1.2 for myocardium wall and 

15.5±4.7 and 0.3±0.2 for left ventricle chamber, respectively. 

However the percentage absolute relative differences between the CT 

numbers of the same regions were 340.7±193.8, 21.4±18.6, 

599.7±215.6 and 10.7±11.3, respectively. The preliminary results of 

this study showed that corrected CTA can be used for CTAC of cardiac 

PET data. 

Conclusion: This feasibility study suggested the potential to 

eliminate the ACCT scan that normally used for attenuation 

correction, thus allowing reduction of patient dose during full cardiac 

assessment. 

Keywords: CTAC, PET, Contrast Agent, CTA 

110




Estimation of Human Effective Absorbed Dose of 67Ga-DTPA- 

Gonadorelin Based On Biodistribution Rat Data 

Saeed Shanehsazzadeh, Afsaneh Lahooti 

Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 

Background: In this investigation, we estimated the effective 

absorbed dose to human organs, following i.v. administration of 

67Ga-labeled gonadorelin -one of the gonadotropin releasing 

hormone (GnRH) agonists- using biodistribution data from injected 

normal rats. 

Methods: Four rats were sacrificed at exact time intervals (0.25, 0.5, 

1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hour post injections) and the percentage of 

injected dose per gram of each organ was measured by direct 

counting from rat data. The Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) 

formulation was applied to extrapolate from rat to human and to 

project the absorbed radiation dose for various organs in the human. 

Results: From rat data we estimate that a 185-MBq injection of 

67Ga-cDTPA-GnRH into the human might resulted in an estimated 

absorbed dose of 5.26 mGy to the whole body and the highest 

effective absorbed dose was in lung with 2.73 mSv and the organs 

received the next highest doses were the bladder wall 1.59 mSv, liver 

0.80 mSv and Bone marrow 0.52 mSv. 

Conclusion: The biodistribution of 67Ga-cDTPA-GnRH in rats showed 

high breast uptake and low muscle and blood uptake. These results 

suggest that it should be possible to perform early imaging of the 

breast anomalies and GnRH receptors indicating potential malignant 

lesions. 

Keywords: Absorbed dose, GnRH, Biodistribution 

111




Patient and Staff Dose Optimization in Nuclear Medicine 

Diagnosis Methods 

Sajad Abedi 

The implementation of the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Directive 

96/29 on the protection of workers and general population against 

the danger arising from ionizing radiation [1] and the Directive 97/43 

on health protection of individuals against dangers of ionizing 

radiation in relation to medical exposure, known as the Medical 

Exposure Directive (MED) [2], they started in Poland some years ago 

with the Polish Atomic Law [3] and executive orders published by the 

Polish Government and Polish Health Minister [4]. Poland’s 

Government has applied for several years transitory period to 

complete implementation of the Directive 97/43/EURATOM because 

of the technical, organizing and economical problems related with this 

procedure. The most important task has arisen to prepare procedures 

according with the current state of knowledge in the area of Quality 

Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) of medical equipment using 

ionizing radiation in diagnosis. QA and QC in X-ray diagnosis 

equipment started to be introduced since several years ago and 

nowadays they are put in common practice in almost every X-ray 

laboratory in Poland. As result, the nuclear medicine departments 

must follow the new legislation which has imposed also obligatory 

necessity of regular Quality Assurance and Quality Control of 

equipment and procedures for preparing and using 

radiopharmaceuticals. In this paper the QA and QC procedure 

elaborated for the nuclear medicine department has been presented. 

Keywords: 97/43/EURATOM, Staff Dose Optimization, Diagnosis 

Methods 

112




Therapeutic applications and dosimetry of 

radiopharmaceuticals with the help of compartmental analysis 

Sajad Abedi 

The successful application of radiopharmaceuticals requires a patientspecific 

optimization of the activity to be administered, in order to 

deliver the desired therapeutic dose to the target organ while saving 

the healthy tissues. For a therapy specifically tailored on the 

characteristics of the patient, the correct knowledge of the 

morphology of the regions of interest, of the fractional uptake and of 

the related kinetics is necessary. Compartmental analysis is a 

modeling tool used to describe a system as a series of units 

(compartments), where the quantities of interests (variables of state, 

Qi) can be considered to behave in a uniform and homogeneous 

way.The examples presented have shown that compartmental 

models, although still excessively demanding for being used in the 

daily routine in nuclear medicine departments, can be a valuable tool 

in preliminary studies to provide better, individualized dosimeter for 

the patient, to improve and optimize the time schedule for data 

measurements, to improve and optimize the modality of drug 

administration and to improve the understanding of the underlying 

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 

Keywords: Compartmental analysis, Therapeutic compartments 

D120 

113




Development of Ho-166 chitosan for radiosynovectomy 

Samaneh Zolghadri, Amir Reza Jalilian, Hasan Yousefnia, Ali Bahrami- 

Samani, Simindokht Shirvani-Arani, Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 


Chitosan (CHITO), a natural and biodegradable polysaccharide with 

wide range applications in bio-pharmaceutics, agriculture and water 

treatment purposes, is an excellent molecule for intra-cavital therapy. 

In this research, 166Ho-CHITO complex production is described in 

details, followed by determination of complex radiochemical purity, 

stability and biodistribution (after intra-articular injection) in wildtype 

male rats. Finally a Ho-166 based chitosan kit for ultimate 

radiosynovectomy applications in the country was developed. 

Production of 166Ho was performed at the Tehran Research Reactor 

(TRR) using natHo (n, gamma)166Ho nuclear reaction. 166Ho- 

Holmium chitosan complex was prepared and Radiochemical purity 

was determined using ITLC. The stability of prepared 166Ho-holmium 

chitosan complex was checked up to 48 hours after preparation. The 

distribution of injected dose in rat organs up to 144 h after intraarticular 

injection of 166Ho-holmium chitosan complex (60 µCi/100ul) 

solution was determined for control studies. labeling yield increased 

with increasing chitosan concentration and reached above 98% when 

the concentration reached 35 mg/3 ml. The highest labeling yield was 

achieved at pH=2.8-3.2 while decreased beyond this range. The 

labeling yield of 99% was achieved after 30 minutes. The effect of 

absence and presence of ascorbic acid (at various concentrations) as 

a complex stabilizer were also studied. A kit formulation was 

developed for the in-situ preparation of the radiopharmaceutical in 

remote clinical centers. 

Keywords: chitosan, holmium, biodistribution, labeling 

114




Evaluation of hand dose and internal dose of workers in 

selected nuclear medicine centers of Iran 

Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Pooya 1 , Tahereh Orouji 2 , Jila Karimi Diba 3 , 

Mansour Jafarizadeh 3 

1 National Radiation Protection Department 

2 Radiation Application Research school, Nuclear Science & Technology Research 

Institute (NSTRI) 

3 Agriculture, Medicine and Industry Research school, Nuclear Science & 

Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) 

Abstract: The Annual hand dose of nuclear medicine personnel who 

directly deal with the injection of radionuclides to the patients have 

been measured using TLD finger dosimeters and statistically 

evaluated. This task related monitoring has been carried out in 8 

diagnostic nuclear medicine centers during the years 2006 to 2010 in 

Iran. The results show that the maximum equivalent hand dose is 

about 270 mSv and showing a decreasing trend by a factor of around 

5 to about 55 mSv value during 2006 to 2010. As well in spite of 

increased number of workers during 2006 to 2010, the average hand 

dose has been decreased from 17 mSv in 2006 to 8.46mSv in 2010. 

Also the internal dose due to the inhalation of 131I have been 

measured for workers in two volunteer therapeutic nuclear medicine 

centers (with high load of patients) and the results did not show any 

significant internal contamination for the majority of them. The 

maximum contamination has been measured to be 70 kBq which can 

make a maximum committed effective dose of 0.764 mSv. It can be 

concluded that by observing the radiation protection principles and 

using appropriate radiation protection equipments, the hand 

equivalent dose and committed effective dose extremities could be 

kept less than the annual limits of 500 mSv and 20 mSv respectively. 

Keywords: nuclear medicine, committed dose, internal 

contamination, finger dosimetry 

115




Radiolabeling of Cefepime and its evaluation as an infection 

imaging agent 

Seyedeh Fatemeh Mirshojaei, Mostafa Erfani (Gandomkar), 

Mohammad Hossein Talebi, Seyed Mohammad Mazidi 

AEOI 

Introduction: Contrary to conventional imaging techniques like CT 

and MRI, scintigraphic imaging is based on physiological and 

biochemical alterations resulting from inflammatory and infectious 

processes. A new proposal is based on the use of radiolabeled 

antibiotics. They are used as specific infection imaging because of 

their affinity to bind with bacteria. Antibiotics localize in the infectious 

focus, where they are frequently taken up and metabolized by 

microorganisms. The majority of the various antibiotics studied so far 

are those of the quinolones group. Recently, a new 

radiopharmaceutical, 99mTc-ciprofloxacin (Infecton), has been 

developed. Cefepime a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used 

to treat bacterial infections was investigated to label with 99mTc. 

Methods: labeling of Ceftazidime with 99mTc was performed by 

using sodium dithionite as reducing agent. Labeling was performed at 

100 ºC for 10 min and radiochemical analysis involved ITLC and HPLC 

methods. The stability of labeled antibiotic was checked in the 

presence of human serum at 37ºC up to 24 h. 

Results: This study aimed to investigate the labeling condition of 

cefepime, a third generation cephalosporin. The radiolabeling yield as 

measured by chromatographic method was 86.7Â±2%. The labeling 

of 99mTc-cefotaxime was optimal in the following reaction mixture: 

Cefepime (2.5 mg in 200 µl distilled water), 7.25 mg of Na2S2O4 in 

200 µl NaHCO3 0.5%, pH: 8.5-9, reaction time: 10 min and reaction 

temperature: 100ºC. 86.7±2%. Bacterial binding assay was 

performed with S. aureus and the in vivo distribution was studied in 

mice. Images showed minimal accumulation in non-target tissues, 

with an average target/non-target ratio of 1.88±0.28. 

Conclusion: Reaction was easygoing within a very short time which 

makes it a good radiopharmaceutical for clinical usage in nuclear 

medicine laboratories. The radiotracer demonstrated excellent 

radiochemical stability even up to 24 h post labeling. This antibiotic 

showed an improvement in excretion pathway from liver to kidney 

followed by an accumulation of radioactivity in infected areas. 

Keywords: Cefepime, Radiolabeling, Infection detection, 


116




Attenuation Correction in SPECT, using Inverse Monte Carlo 

Methodduring Image reconstruction, A Simulation Study 

Shahla Ahmadi 1 , Hossein Rajabi 2 , Farshid babapour 1 , Faraz Kalantari 2 

1 Department of Medical Radiation Engineering 


Material and Methods: List mode output of SIMIND Monte Carlo 

simulator was used to find the relation between activity distribution 

and pixel values in projections. MLEM iterative reconstruction method 

then was used to reconstruct activity distribution from projections. 

Attenuation free projections were also simulates. Reconstructed 

images from these projections were used as our reference image. Our 

suggested attenuation correction method was evaluated using three 

different phantom configurations: uniform activity and uniform 

attenuation phantom, non-uniform activity and non-uniform 

attenuation phantom and NCAT torso phantom. The mean pixel 

values and fit between profiles were used as quantitative parameters. 

Results: Images free from the attenuation related artifact were 

reconstructed by our suggested method. A significant increase in 

pixel values was found after attenuation correction. Better fit 

between profiles of our corrected images and our reference images 

were also found for all phantom configurations. 

Conclusion: Using Monte Carlo it is possible to find the most precise 

relation between activity distribution and its projections. Therefore it 

is possible to create mathematical projections with the effect of 

attenuation. This helps to have more realistic comparison between 

mathematical and real projections that is necessary step for image 

reconstruction using MLEM. This results in images with much better 

quantitative accuracy, at the cost of computation time and memory. 

Keywords: MLEM, Reconstruction, Attenuation correction, 

117




Production of colloidal radiopharmaceutical 90Y 

Hydroxyapatite for radiosynovectomy uses 

Sima Attar Nosrati, Mohamad Reza Davarpanah, Hoseinali 

Khoshhosn, Mohsen Harati 

NSTRI 

Introduction: Radiosynovectomy is a well-accepted therapeutic 

procedure in inflammatory joint diseases. There are several 

radionuclides available for this treatment, However, Yttrium-90 (90Y) 

is often believed to be among the most useful of the radionuclides 

that have been considered for therapeutic applications in large joints. 

90Y has a half-life of 64.1 h and emits beta rays of high energy 

(Eβmax=2.3 MeV), with no accompanying gamma-rays. 

Hydroxyapatite (HA) [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is the natural mineral 

constituent of bone matrix and can be synthesized in the desired 

particle size range. HA particles get converted to Ca2+ and PO43- 

ions by natural metabolic process and eliminated over a period of 6 

weeks. 

Purpose: The present study describes the production of 90Y-HA 

colloidal radiopharmaceutical and its characterization including the 

size distribution profile of the particles, radiochemical purity, 

radionuclidic purity, stability and biodistribution studies. 

Method: For the preparation of 90Y labeled HA particles, 40 mg of 

HA particles added to a 2ml conical vial, 0.8 ml of saline solution, the 

suspension was stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature. 100 μL of 

90YCl3 solution (~370 MBq of 90Y) was added and the mixture was 

shaken for 1 h at room temperature and the radiolabeled particles 

were then separated from free 90Y activity by centrifugation. The 

radiolabeled particles were resuspended in 2 ml saline, shaken for 

few minutes and centrifuged to determine the labeling efficiency. 

Results: The radiolabelling yield was 98% and the radiochemical 

purity of the labelled product was 97%. Particle size distribution of 

the product was 2-10 μm. Stability studies in vitro showed that 90Y- 

HA particles were stable in saline as well as at least 3 days). 

Biodistribution experiments in rats showed good localization of the 

particles in the synovium of the knee joint. 

Conclusion: HA particles labeled with 90Y can be prepared with high 

labeling efficiency for radiosynovectomy applications. The 90Y-HA 

particles prepared are stable and the method is convenient for 

routine production of this radiopharmaceutical. 

Keywords: Colloide, Radiopharmaceutical, Radiosynovectomy, 90Y- 

HA, Hydroxyapatite 

118




Poster Presentations 

119




Effect of Restricted Sea foods on 99m Technetium Thyroid 

Scintigraphy: A Neglectful Issue in Routine Practice 

Hamid Javadi 1 , Mehdi Mogharrabi 2 , Isa Neshandar Asli 3 , Sara 

Jalallat 1 , Iraj Nabipour 4 , Majid Assadi 5 


2 Golestan University of Medical Science, Department of Nuclear Medicine 

3 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Department of Nuclear Medicine 

4 The Persian Gulf Marine-Medicine Biotechnology Research Center 

5 The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research center 

Introduction: Although patients are recommended to avoid sea food 

and iodine-containing medications prior to I-131 scanning, the 

efficacy of this approach for Tc 99m-pertechnetate thyroid 

scintigraphy is not well addressed in the literature. We evaluated a 

self-managed, outpatient, restricted iodine diet (RID) designed to 

reduce total body iodine (TBI) in preparation for such scan. 

Methods: Thirty-nine subjects (30 females and 9 males; age: 14-54 

years) with poor visualization of thyroid gland on Tc99mpertechnetate 

thyroid scintigraphy were called to carry out the 

repeated scan after going on a RID for at least two weeks prior to the 

second scintigraphy. The semiquantitative analysis in 8 regions of 

interest (ROIs) was accomplished using Wilcoxon signed rank test. 

Results: Thirty-six subjects had better quality scintigraphy images in 

post RID thyroid scan, assessed by two nuclear medicine physicians 

with full agreement. There was a statistically significant difference in 

two regions of right and left thyroid lobes (ROI 5, 6) with increased 

count rates in the post RID projections (p




Statistical Evaluation of Pulmonary Embolism with Lung 

Ventilation-Perfusion Scan 

Esmael Gharepapagh¹, Arman Salarifar 2 

1 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine 

2 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common fatal disease, 

therefore, the accurate and prompt diagnosis is very important. The 

aim of this study is evaluation of lung perfusion-ventilation scan with 

relative radiodrugs including 99mTc-MAA and radioaerosols as a noninvasive 

and readily available methods with acceptable sensitivity and 

specificity in the diagnosis of PE. 

Materials and Methods: In this study 149 patients with respiratory 

problems, who had referred to the nuclear medicine department of 

Tabriz Imam Hospital, from October 2005 to November 2006, were 

studied. The perfusion scans performed after iv. injection of 99mTc- 

MAA,and the ventilation scans performed after inhalation of 99mTc- 

DTPA aerosol on the routine views of lungs. The resulting images 

were evaluated by nuclear medicine specilalist regarding the 

probabilities of PE. The relationship of sex, age, clinical presentations, 

risk factors, previous cardio-pulmonary disorders and chest X-Rays of 

the patients, with high and low probability of PE were also evaluated. 

This study’s subjects were consisting of 78 men and 71 women who 

were examined based on taking their medical history, studying their 

medical files and evaluating their related documents. 

Results: In the present study, it was discovered that the number of 

involved men with PE was higher than women (P < 0.005), as the 

patients get older, the incidence of PE becomes higher (P = 0.005), 

there was a direct connection between the probability of PE and 

having clinical presentations of their illness(P = 0.005).It was also 

apparent that the existence of cardio-pulmonary disorders, having an 

abnormal CXR and the lack of a risk factor, were all accompanied 

with low probability of PE, but the presence or absence of risk factors 

showed no meaningful difference for the high probability of PE (P = 

0.232). 

Conclusion: The lung perfusion-ventilation scan is recommended as 

an acceptable method in the early diagnosis of PE and also evaluation 

of prevalence and affecting factors of disease. 

Key words: Lung perfusion-ventilation scan, pulmonary embolism 

121




Brain SPECT in patients with history of unsuccessful suicide 

Fariba Saddadi, Reza Shokouhizadeh 

AIM: Brain scintigraphy is a helpful method to evaluate psychiatric 

patients and the aim of this study to assess depressive patients who 

attempted suicide to find any significant changes in their cerebral 

flow. 

Material and Methods: 14 patients who attempted unsuccessful 

suicide were enrolled and underwent brain SPECT study. The mean 

time of scan from suicide was 6 months. SPECT imaging was 

performed as standard protocol using Philips ADAC with LEAP 

collimator to find rCBF changes. 

Results: There is almost reduced rCBF in frontal cortex in all 14 

patients. Which 10/14 shows perfusion deficits in left frontal lobe and 

4/14 with sever depression show bilateral deficits throughout the 

frontal lobes, fronto-parietal and temporo-parietal cortex as well. 

Conclusions: We found that brain scintigraphy can helpful in 

management of depressive patients and via close monitoring of 

cerebral flow with doing periodically scans it can also help in 

prevention of suicide. 

Keywords: Brain SPECT, Suicide 

122




Hybride Imaging in Thyroid Cancer 

Mehrossadat Alavi, Farshid Gheisari 

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 

Whole-body scintigraphy (WBS) performed after radioiodine ablation 

or therapy has the ability to detect new or additional metastases in 

10-25% of cases, alter staging in 10%, and affect further 

management in 9-15% of patients. Radioiodine-avid metastases can 

be small and may occur in regions with distorted anatomy after 

surgery. SPECT/CT will improve the ability for their correct 

localization. On post-therapeutic WBS, the high activity contained in 

residual thyroid tissue often hampers cervical N-staging, a limitation 

that is overcome with SPECT/CT. SPECT/CT is expected to improve 

the diagnostic accuracy of WBS and therefore to have a significant 

effect on patient management. The majority of radioiodine-avid foci 

were correctly classified as benign or malignant by hybrid imaging. 

SPECT/CT was found to change the therapeutic procedure in 25% of 

patients. In There is currently no well-established role for 18Ffluorodeoxyglucose 

(FDG) PET/CT for routine diagnosis and follow-up 

of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 18F-FDG PET/CT is 

currently recommended for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer 

who have elevated thyroglobulin levels and negative radioiodine WBS 

post-therapy. 

Keywords: Hybrid imaging, Thyroid cancer, SPECT-CT 

123




Radiolabeling of ceftriaxone with 99mTc for detecting site of 

infection in mouse model 

Akram Fazli, Gholamreza Ahmadi, Mojtaba Salouti, Shahrzad 

Mirshojaei 

Introduction: Although our understanding of microorganisms has 

advanced significantly and antimicrobial therapy has become 

increasingly available, infection remains a major cause of patient 

morbidity and mortality. The use of radiopharmaceuticals for 

diagnosis of infection is increasing due to their ability to distinguish 

between septic and aseptic inflammation. 

Aims: The aim of this work was, labeling of ceftriaxone (a 

cephalosporin antibiotic) with 99mTc for Staphylococcus aureus 

infection diagnosis in nuclear medicine. 

Methods: Radiolabeling of ceftriaxone was carried out by adding 

99mTc to ceftriaxone (1.5 µCi to 1 mg) in the presence of 

SnCl2.2H2O at PH 5.5. The radiolabeling yield and radiochemical 

purity of product was evaluated with ITLC. The mice were induced 

infection intramusculary with Staphylococcus aureus and strile 

inflammations with turpentine oil. The biodistribiotion and 

scintigraphy imaging were performed at 1, 4 and 16h post injection. 

Results: Radiochemical yield of product was 94±5% with a good 

stability in room temperature and human serum. The biodistribution 

and scintigraphic imaging studies showed the specific localization of 

99mTc-ceftriaxone at the site of infection in relation to inflamated leg 

and other organs with high sensivity. 

Conclutions: One may consider 99mTc-ceftriaxone as a promissing 

candidate for Staphylococcus aureus infection diagnosis in nuclear 

medicine. 

Keywords: Radiolabeling, Infection, Biodistribution, Scintigraphy 

124




Correlation of circulating omentin-1 with bone mineral density 

in multiple sclerosis: the crosstalk between bone and adipose 

tissue 

Majid Assadi 1 , Hooman Salimipour 2 , Samad Akbarzadeh 3 , Zahra 

Samani 1 , Reza Nemati 2 , Seyed Mojtaba Jafari 4 , Mohammad 

Seyedabadi 1 , Iraj Nabipour 4 


2 Department of Neurology 

3 Department of Biochemistry 

4 Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 

Introduction: Adipose tissue-derived adipokines play important 

roles in inflammatory and autoimmunediseases. Although the 

relationship of adipokines with chondrocyte function and the skeleton 

have been investigated, the role of novel adipokines (e.g., omentin-1 

and vaspin) in osteoimmunology remains to be elucidated. Patients 

with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at increased risk of osteoporosis and 

fractures. 

Methods: In order to investigate circulating levels of these novel 

adipokines in relation to bone health in MS, 35 ambulatory MS 

patients with elapsingremitting courses were compared with 38 

healthy age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Bone mineral density 

(BMD) was determined for the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and the proximal 

femur using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Circulating omentin- 

1, vaspin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, the receptor 

activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and 

C-reactive protein were evaluated by highly specific enzyme-linked 

immunosorbent assay methods. 

Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups 

regarding bone-related cytokines, adipocytokines, and the BMD 

measurements of patients with MS and the healthy controls. 

However, age- and body mass index- adjusted circulating omentin-1 

levels were positively correlated with BMD at the femoral neck (r= 

0.44, p=0.017), total hip (r=0.41, p=0.027), osteopontin (r=0.44, 

p=0.031) and osteocalcin (r=0.47, p=0.012) in MS patients. No 

correlations were found between vaspin, biochemical, and BMD 

measures in both groups. 

Conclusion: Elevated omentin-1 serum levels are correlated with 

BMD at the femoral neck and the serum levels of osteocalcin and 

osteopontin in MS patients. Therefore, there is crosstalk between 

adipose tissue and bone in MS as an autoimmune disorder. 

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, Bone mineral density, Omentin-1 

125




Functional anatomical cardiac imaging: PET/CT molecular 

imaging 

Mehrshad Abbasi 1 , Alireza Emami 1 , Salam Heydarinejad 2 , Babak 

Falahi 1 , Mohammad Eftekhari 1 

1 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine 

3 Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center 

Comparable with the pure anatomical findings of the CT, the 

functional PET/CT imaging provides two additional advantages over 

the SPECT technique: attenuation correction and corresponding 

feasibility of absolute measurements. In cardiology, the absolute 

measures of myocardial blood flow and the myocardial flow reserve 

joint with the metabolic imaging can be used for noninvasive 

evaluation of sub-clinical as well as more advanced clinical 

abnormalities in the coronary function, tissue viability of the 

myocardium, left ventricular dysfunction and the response to 

therapy. The co-registration of PET/CT biological and morphological 

data with the higher accuracy for detection of trivial or balanced 

perfusion abnormalities and better assessment of the extent and 

severity of pathology would probably limit the number of superfluous 

invasive procedures in future. In this review the diversity of the usual 

tracers as well as endothelial and metabolic molecular markers 

(targeting apoptosis, inflammation, remodeling, and above all, 

reporter genes) with their current and possible forthcoming clinical 

applications are discussed. 

Keywords: PET, Molecular imaging, CAD 

126




Overview of the lymph edema caused by radiation 

Mohamadreza Chahkandi 1 , Sanaz Amirian 2 , Amene Yalodbardan 3 

1 Mash’had University of Medical Sciences 

2 Islamic Azad University-Young Research Club-Mashhad Brunch 

3 Emdad Hospital-Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 

Radiotherapy in the treatment of many diseases such as cancers is 

used. In the meantime problems such as arm swelling caused by 

swelling of lymph organs, which may in some cases after 

radiotherapy, especially radiotherapy due to breast cancer that is 

done is very common. In this review article The causes and 

treatment of this complication will. 

Intoduction & Conclusion: high-energy X-rays in breast cancer are 

used to destroy cancer cells. Side effects that may result from 

damage to tissues near the tumor, but usually they can be controlled. 

In external radiation, radiation to the tumor carefully shining and 

shining from the surrounding healthy tissue, can be avoided. In 

internal radiation therapy or brakyatrapy, radioactive material 

directly into the breast is placed. After a lumpectomy, breast 

irradiation under fully placed. After mastectomy, the chest may also 

be irradiated. In some cases, the lymph nodes that area are probably 

irradiated. Lymphedema or swelling of lymph hands and arms, and 

one of the most common complications of breast cancer is about 30 

percent of patients with this condition involves. This condition for 

protein-rich fluid in the subcutaneous tissue comes into existence. 

Patients following mastectomy, radiotherapy and axillary lymph 

glands discharge after surgery due to impaired lymphatic drain upper 

extremity on the affected side of 10 to 49 percent in the risk of 

lymphedema are. Effective methods for controlling edema lymph to 

mobilize fluid accumulated as a first step in treatment and to mobilize 

fluid lymph tissue, subcutaneous methods such as using Stynhay 

genocidal _ exercise because the exercise by moving fluid nodes of 

total it being a place prevents and reduces edema and improve organ 

function is affected Vlavh this exercise heart rate and blood flow can 

increase lymphatic flow Dhddr result is also higher. hack such a fluid 

pump using maneuvers performed by hand or pump pressure can 

also be useful. 

Keywords: Lymphedema, radioactive material, breast cancer, 

Radiotherapy 

127




Radiosynovectomy: A noble treatment for joint diseases 

Mohammad Qodsi Rad, Nasim Norouzbeigi 

Mashhad University of Medical Science, Imam Reza Hospital 

Introduction: Joint disorders are relatively common in any society 

and radiosynovectomy is an reliable and effective treatment for joints 

diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and hemophilic artheropathy. 

Aims: This study aims to review latest achievements in the field of 

radiosynovectomy. 

Methods: Two important data base PUBMED and SCOPUS as well as 

the Cochrane library was searched for latest articles about 

radiosynovectomy. 

Results: Three radionuclides are in current use: 90Y-silicate/citrate, 

186Re-sulfide, and 169Ercitrate. 90Y emits a beta particle with a 

maximum energy of 2.27 MeV, a mean energy of 0.935 MeV and an 

average soft tissue range of 3.6 mm. The physical half-life is 2.7 

days. 186Re emits a beta particle with a maximum energy of 1.07 

MeV, a mean energy of 0.349 MeV, an average soft tissue range of 

1.1 mm and the physical half-life is 3.7 days. 169Er emits a beta 

particle with a maximum energy of 0.34 MeV, a mean energy of 

0.099 MeV and an average soft tissue range of 0.3 mm. The physical 

half-life is 9.4 days. It is generally accepted that Y90 is an ideal 

radioisotope agent for treating knees. For medium sized joints as 

elbows, ankles or shoulders. Because of rational level of local energy 

capacity and limited tissue penetration, Re186 seems to be as an 

ideal isotope for medium-sized joints. 169Er citrate colloid is suitable 

for metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal and digital 

interphalangeal joints. The subjectively estimated success rates for 

the small, medium-sized, and large joints were 89% (215/242), 86% 

(112/130), and 79% (41/52), and for RA and OA 89% (280/313) and 

79% (88/111). The scintigraphically determined response rates for 

small and medium-sized joints were 81% (86/106) and 69% (35/51). 

Conclusion: Regarding cost and effectiveness it is highly 

recommended to use radiosynovectomy specially in hemophilic 

arthropathy (level 1b of recommendation) and hemophilic 

artheropathy (level 2a of recommendation). 

Keywords: radiosynovectomy, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilic 

artheropathy 

128




Rate Dependent Left Bundle Branch Block: The Pattern of 

Myocardial Perfusion SPECT 

Sahar Mirpour, Ali Gholamrezanezhad 

Tehran University of Medical Science, Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine 

Introduction: We report myocardial perfusion SPECT pattern in four 

subsequent patients with rate dependent left bundle branch block 

(LBBB). 

Methods: All patients were tested for baseline and serial heart rate, 

blood pressure, and electrocardiogram recordings. The exercise 

treadmill tests (ETT) tests were carried out under the strict 

supervision of a cardiologist, a nuclear medicine physician and close 

availability of an expert cardio-pulmonary resuscitation team and 

cardiac care unit within just few seconds. Maximal stress test (at 

least 85% of calculated heart rate, even following development of 

LBBB) was achieved in all three patients according to standard Bruce 

protocol. No adverse cardiac events were noted and all ETT stress 

protocols terminated completely and safely. 

Results: Three females and one male (aged 48, 63 and 67 years) 

were studied. None of the patients had history of typical chest pain 

and all were suffered from atypical chest pain or dyspnea on 

exertion. Myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging showed no evidence of 

reversible perfusion defects. The only patient with past history of 

exercise induced LBBB showed nonreversible perfusion defects in the 

septal and anteroseptal regions and mild LV cavity dilatation. 

Conclusion: The limited number of patients enrolled in our study 

does not allow us to draw a definite conclusion. Despite the presence 

of false positive defects in myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients 

with sustained LBBB, it seems that rate dependent or exercisedinduced 

LBBB has not shown such a pattern, unlike we expect. Maybe 

it can be possible to continue ETT as the stress protocol for those 

patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and 

developing rate dependent LBBB. 

Keywords: Rate Dependent LBBB 

129




How Ictal Brain Perfusion SPECT-CT help for determining 

treatment plan of patient? 

Seyed Mahdi Modarresi 1 , Kazem Shiroodi 2 

1 Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University 

2 Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital 

Introduction: It is well known that ictal brain perfusion SPECT can 

determine the seizure onset zone with high accuracy especially in 

temporal lobe. Unfortunately performing ictal SPECT needs a 

complicated logistics and few nuclear medicine departments have 

access to such facilities. 

Objects: For the first time in Iran we performed both interictal and 

ictal SPECT-CT in several patients at Khatam-al-Anbia hospital 

nuclear medicine department that is equipped with SPECT-CT (GE- 

Infinia- Hawkeye4). Our object was setting up this procedure and 

training the personnel and technicians of both nuclear medicine and 

epilepsy departments. 

Findings: In the following section we present two cases that ictal 

SPECT-CT can be helpful to determine treatment plan. In a male 22 

years old patient that had history of brain surgery for 

hypocampectomy without improving seizure attacks the brain 

perfusion study shows another onset zone at contralateral side. In 

another female 33 year old patient the study showed a definite 

seizure onset zone in left temporal lobe. 

Conclusion: Because ictal brain perfusion SPECT-CT can help for 

determining treatment plan of patient it should not be ignored and 

setting up this procedure is easy and practical. 

Keywords: Ictal, Interictal, SPECT-CT, ECD Radioisotope 

130




DETECTION OF PITUITARY ADENOMA BY 68Ga-DOTATATE 

PET/CT 

Sudabeh Sobhani, Ozlem Nuriye Kucuk, Elgin Ozkan, Erkan Ibis 

Ankara University, Turkey 

PURPOSE: 68Ga-Peptide PET/CT is a sensitive and specific imaging 

in diagnose of neuroendocrine tumors . In this case we performed 

68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scan for detecting pituitary adenoma. 

METHOD: In a 66 year-old man referred to the hospital for routine 

medical assessment, was detected increased T3,T4 and TSH levels. 

The sella MRI showed an 5x3mm adenoma in the left half of 

hypophyseal fossa. This patient was referred to nuclear medicine 

department for 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging and the scan 

detected focal 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake in the pituitary gland location. 

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pituitary adenomas are suspected if 

there are hyperthyroidism and/or galactorrhea symptoms and it’s 

usually used MRI for detection of this adenoma. According to 

guidelines, 68Ga-Peptide PET/CT can be helpful in the detection of 

pituitary adenomas, but there is no literature or case report about 

using this imaging to find the pituitary adenomas. In this case we 

reported intense 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake in the location of adenoma. 

According to this case we can use 68Ga-Peptide PET/CT to detect 

pituitary adenomas, also taking whole body scan beside the scan of 

interest region. 

Keywords: Pituitary adenoma, PET/CT, Sella MRI 

131




Evaluation of different pattern bone metastasis from breast, 

lung, prostate and gastrointestinal cancers in whole body 

bone scans 

Vahid Reza Dabbagh Kakhki, Kazem Anvari, Ramin Sadeghi, 

Anooshesadat Mahmoudian 

Mashhad University of Medical Science, Nuclear Medicine Research Center 

Introduction: Bone metastasis is one of the important and disabling 

side effects of cancers, so immediate diagnosis can improve the 

quantity and quality of patient's life and prevent from disabling 

factors. Metastatic patterns of different cancers may be helpful for 

physicians to follow up the existence of bone metastasis. These kinds 

of researches were done in different countries and races, therefore, 

we decided to evaluate bone metastasis of variable cancers in 

Nuclear Medical Center of Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad. 

Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study we 

assessed bone metastasis in lung. GI, prostate and breast cancers 

among patients referred to Imam Reza hospital to do bone scan. 

Bone scan procedure includes three steps: 1- Injection of 2mc TC99- 

MDP 2- Whole body bone scan (Ant and post view) 3- According to 

check list watch includes location, number intensity, bone metastasis 

is reported in both genders with different ages. 

Results: 160 patients were studied (113 male and 47 female) with a 

mean age of 55.66±14.08 years. The prevalence of breast, prostate, 

GI and lung cancers among these patients were 107, 32, 13 and 8, 

respectively. Metastasis was found in 58 patients. 

Conclusion: The most prevalent locations of metastasis are: ribs, 

lumbar vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, sternum and pelvis, 

respectively. High frequency of bone metastatic lesions is seen in ribs 

and lumbar vertebrae. 

Keywords: Bone Scan, Bone metastasis 

132




Recent developments in RPC Technology for PET Detector 

Akbar Anvari, Doman Arefan, Alireza Kamali-asl 

Department of Radiation Medicine 

Introduction: In this study, small animal positron emission 

tomography system based on the resistive plate chamber technology 

is briefly reviewed. RPC invented in 1980, experimental and 

theoretical studies of it are still under development. RPCs are 

gaseous parallel plate detectors with good spatial and time resolution 

and high efficiency. They operating at atmospheric pressure with 

non-flammable gases and they made with glass and metal electrodes 

that separated by precision spacers. 

Methods: The system is composed of two counting heads, able to 

measure the photon interaction point in two dimensions, the 

transaxial dimension and the Depth of Interaction. Each head 

composed of 16 single-gap RPC detectors capable of detecting the 

photon interaction point in the transaxial plane. 

Results: The yields of prototype RPC-PET reconstructed 22Na pointsource 

reported, spatial resolution of 0:6 mm FWHM without parallax 

error and time resolution below 50 ps σ with efficiencies 99% for 

minimum ionizing particles. 

Conclusions: RPC technology to be very appropriate for used in 

small animal PET systems, providing a very high spatial resolution 

and efficiency with accurate TOF at a low cost. 

Keywords: RPC, PET, TOF 

133




Biological studies of samarium-153 bleomycin complex in 

human breast cancer murine xenografts for therapeutic 

applications 

Ali Bahrami-Samani, Amir Reza Jalilian, Mohammad Mazidi, 

Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 

Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development Lab (RRDL) 

Introduction: Bleomycins are tumor seeking antibiotics that are 

widely used in cancer chemotherapy produced by the bacterium 

Streptomyces verticullus. Bleomycin as well as other compounds such 

as doxorubicin, methotrextate, dactinomycin, cisplatin is an 

important chemotherapeutic agent while possesses no bone marrow 

depression. It is believed that bleomycin antibiotics interfere with 

DNA as false nucleotides, assuming the dithiazole moiety acts like a 

purine base. 

Methods: In this work, a potential therapeutic DNA targeting agent, 

153Sm-bleomycin complex (153Sm-BLM), was developed and the 

tumor accumulation studies were performed using single photon 

emission computed tomography (SPECT) and scarification studies. 

153Sm-BLM was prepared at optimized conditions (room 

temperature, 4-8 h, 0.1 mg bleomycin for 740-3700 MBq 153SmCl3, 

radiochemical purity over 98%, HPLC, specific activity = 55 

TBq/mmol). 

Results: 153Sm-BLM was administered into human breast cancer 

murine xenografts and the biodistribution and imaging studies were 

performed up to 48h. 153Sm-BLM demonstrated superior tumor 

accumulation properties in contrast with the other radiolabeled 

bleomycins with tumor:blood ratios of 41, 72 and 182 at 4, 24 and 

48 h respectively and tumor:muscle ratios of 23, 33 and >1490 at 4, 

24 and 48 h respectively while administered intravenously. The 

SPECT images also demonstrated the obvious tumor uptake at the 

chest region of the breast-tumor bearing mice. 

Conclusion: These initial experiments demonstrate significant 

accumulation of 153Sm-BLM in tumor tissues. 153Sm-BLM is a 

potential therapeutic compound and our experiments on this 

compound have shown satisfactory quality, and stability suitable for 

future therapeutic studies. 

Keywords: Bleomycin, Sm-153, breast cancer-xenograft, 

Biodistribution, SPECT 

134




Development of radiogallium ethylenecysteamine cysteine 

complex as a possible renal imaging agent 

Amir Reza Jalilian, Hassan Yousefnia, Samaneh Zolghadri, 

Mohammad Khoshdel, Fatemeh Bolourinovin, Ali Rahiminejad 


The interesting physical properties and availability of gallium-67 

make it an interesting nuclide for radiopharmaceutical research. The 

mono-carboxylic derivative of EC, i.e., ECC has only been reported as 

99mTc complex [12] use in renal imaging. Since there was no report 

of any radiogallium radiolabeled ethylenecysteamine cysteine (ECC) 

in the literature, in this study we developed a new radiogallium-ECC 

complex demonstrating significant urinary excretion like that of the 

homolog Tc-99m compound (99mTc-ECC) for future 68Ga-homolog 

development.[67Ga]-ethylenecysteamine cysteine ([67Ga]ECC)was 

prepared using freshly prepared [67Ga]GaCl3 and 

ethylenecysteamine cysteine (ECC) for 30 min at 90C (radiochemical 

purity &97 ± 0.88% ITLC, specific activity: 210 ± 5 GBq/mM). 

Stability of the complex was checked in human serum for 24 h at 37 

C. Partition coefficient of the tracer in octanol:saline mixture was 

determined (log P; 0.8). The biodistribution of the radiolabeled 

compound in vital organs of wild-type rats were compared with that 

of free Ga3? cation up to 48 h. Initial biodistribution results showed 

significant kidney excretion of the tracer comparable to that of 

homologous 99mTc compound. 

Keywords: 7Ga-complexation, Ethylenecysteamine cysteine, 

Biodistribution, Renal agent 

135




Preparation, quality control and biodistribution studies of 

[61Cu]-oxinate for PET tumor imaging 

Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Samaneh Zolghadri 1 , Reza Faghihi 2 , Hassan 

Yousefnia 1 , Javad Garousi 1 , Kamaledin Shafaii 1 

1 Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute 

2 Shiraz University 

Targeting apoptosis is an interesting issue in molecular imaging and 

various modalities have been presented. However recent experiences 

in nuclear pharmacy demonstrated the application of small tracer 

molecules is more desired. This work was conducted for production of 

a radiolabeled copper complex, i.e. 61Cu-oxinate as a potential PET 

tracer for apoptosis imaging in oncology. Cu-61 was prepared from 

natural zinc target irradiation by 22 MeV protons (150 uA) via nuclear 

reaction with a yield of 3.33 mCi/µAh. In order to obtain the best 

labeling method optimization reactions were performed for pH, 

temperature and concentration followed by solid phase extraction. 

Biodistribution of the tracer was studied in wild-type and 

fibrosarcoma bearing mice. At the optimized conditions, radio-thinlayer 

chromatography (RTLC) and HPLC showed radiochemical 

purities of 99.99% and 97% respectively (with a minimum specific 

activity of 16 Ci/mM). Biodistribution of the tracer in fibrosarcoma 

bearing mice demonstrated significant tumor uptake after 3h. 

Tumor:blood and tumor:muscle ratios were 2.0 and 6.0 respectively 

at 3 h. 

Keywords: Cu-61, oxine, PET, Fibrosarcoma 

136




Evaluation of difference between pure positron emitter and 

non-pure positron emitter in three gamma PET imaging 

Amir Hakimi, Dariush Sardari 

Department of Nuclear Engineering 

Introduction and Purpose: PET is a technique for measuring the 

concentrations of positron-emitting radioisotopes within the body by 

registering the emitted annihilation radiation. At present, the basic 

process employed in PET is the annihilation of the emitted positron an 

electron that results in two almost co-linear gamma-photons 

travelling in opposite directions, each with 511 keV energy. Recently 

it has been shown, that extra information could also be obtained in 

PET by registering the annihilations into three photons. In spite of the 

relative rareness of positron annihilation into three photons, it may 

still be exploited to develop a new imaging modality. Although the 

rate of 3gamma decays is small, the positioning information 

conveyed by a single event is much larger than in the case of two 

gamma, so the total information gained from three gamma may be 

significant. 

Material and Methods: Three high resolution detectors arranged in 

a plane forming angels of about 120° with respect to each other to 

form a primitive 3-gamma scanner. Each detector generates pulse, 

which passes to a time pick-off units. Using non-pure positron emitter 

such as 22Na, cause increasing the probability of random coincidence 

while the level of background would be much lower for a pure 

positron emitter, e.g., 18F. 

Results: Three gamma imaging would provide information not only 

about the local concentration of radionuclide, but also, by virtue of 

chemical interactions of Positronium, the local chemical environment 

in tissue. Using pure positron emitter according to energy and time 

window will drop up the proportion of true 3gamma-counts. Random 

triple coincidences can also arise due to a single 2gamma-annihilation 

when one of the 5ll keV photons is Compton scattered from one 

detector into one of two others, the third one begin hit by the nuclear 

photon of non-pure positron emitter, partially detected. 

Keywords: Three gamma, PET, Random coincidence 

137




Preparation, quality control and biodistribution studies of 

[61Cu]-doxorubicin for PET tumor imaging 

Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Hassan Yousefnia 1 , Reza Faghihi 2 , Mehdi 

Akhlaghi 1 , Hassan Zandi 1 


2 Shiraz University 

This work was conducted for radiolabeling of an anticancer antibiotic, 

i.e. doxorubicin with Cu-61 for production of possible tracer used in 

PET oncology. Cu-61 was prepared from natural zinc target 

irradiation by 22 MeV protons (150 A) via nuclear reaction with a 

yield of 3.33 mCi/µAh. In order to obtain the best labeling method 

optimization reactions were performed for pH, temperature and 

concentration. Biodistribution of the tracer was studied in normal and 

fibrosarcoma bearing mice. At the optimized conditions, ITLC showed 

radiochemical purity more than 97% with a specific activity of 0.06 

Ci/mM. This was kept unchanged even with presence of human 

serum as well as room temperature for 5h. Biodistribution of the 

tracer in fibrosarcoma bearing mice demonstrated significant tumor 

uptake after 2h. This tracer can be used in the detection of various 

tumors responding to doxorubicin chemotherapy using PET scan 

and/or determination of tumor therapy response to doxorubicin 

chemotherapy. 

Keywords: Copper-61, Doxorubicin, Radiolabeling, Biodistribution 

138




Development of 153Sm-[Tris (1,10 Phenanthroline) Samarium 

(III)]trithiocyanate complex as a therapeutic agent 

Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Amir Hakimi 2 , Simindokht Shirvani-Arani 1 , 

Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 1 


2 Department of Nuclear Engineering 

In this work, 153Sm-[Tris(1,10-phenanthroline) Samarium(III)] 

trithiocyanate (153Sm-TPTTC) was developed for possible therapeutic 

properties. The cold compound, i.e. natSm-TPTTC was prepared and 

characterized by IR, UV and 1H NMR spectroscopy. 153Sm-TPTTC 

was prepared starting 153Sm-SmCl3, prepared by neutron activation 

of an enriched 152Sm sample (purity >98%), in 1h at 25ï‚°C. 

Stability tests, partition coefficient determination and biodistribution 

studies of the complex in wild-type rats were also determined. The 

radiolabeled complex was prepared in high radiochemical purity 

(>99% precipitation method) and specific activity of 278 GBq/mmol 

and demonstrated significant stability at 4, 25 and 37ï‚°C (in 

presence of human serum). Hepatotoxicity of the cold compound was 

also checked by serum enzyme measurements after rat 

administration. Initial biodistribution data showed significant bone 

accumulation of the tracer in 48h. The produced 153Sm- TPTTC 

properties suggest an efficiently new liver accumulating therapeutic 

agent in order to overcome possible liver malignancies with the 

lowest toxicity. 

Keywords: Therapy Biodistribution Phenanthroline Sm-153 

139




The development of radiogallium-acetylacetonate bis 

(thiosemicarbazone) complex for tumour imaging 

Amirreza jalilian, Hassan yousefnia, Javad Garousi, Aytak Novinrouz, 

Amir Rajamand, Kamaledin Shafaii 


Various radiometal complexes have been developed for tumor 

imaging, especially Ga-68 tracer. In this work, the development of a 

radiogallium bis (thiosemicarbazone) complex has been 

reported.[67Ga] acetylacetonate bis (thio-semicarbazone)complex 

([67Ga]AATS) was prepared starting with [67Ga]Gallium acetate and 

freshly prepared acetylacetonate bis (thiosemicarbazone) (AATS) for 

30 min at 90âˆžC. The partition co-efficient and stability of the tracer 

was determined in final solution (25C) and the presence of human 

serum (37C) for up to 24 hours. The biodistribution of the labeled 

compound in wild-type and fibrosarcoma-bearing rodents were 

determined for up to 72 hours. The radiolabelled Ga complex was 

prepared to a high radiochemical purity (> 97%, HPLC) followed by 

initial biodistribution data with the significant tumour accumulation of 

the tracer at two hours, which is far higher than free Ga-67 cation, 

while the compound wash-out is significantly faster. The abovementioned 

pharmacokinetic properties suggest an interesting 

radiogallium complex prepared by the PET Ga radioisotope, 68Ga, in 

accordance with the physical half life, for use in fibrosarcoma 

tumours and possibly in other malignancies. 

Keywords: Gallium-67, acetyl acetone bis (thiosemicarbazonate), 

biodistribution, fibrosarcoma 

140




Preparation, Quality control studies of [90Y]-DOTA-Cetuximab 

for radioimmunotherapy 

Ariandokht Vakili 1 , Simindokht Shirvani-Arani 2 , Dariush Sardari 1 , Ali 

Bahrami-Samani 2 , Mohamad Ghanadi-Maragheh 2 

1 Islamic Azad university 


Introduction: Yttrium-90 is a useful radionuclide for 

radioimmunotherapy (RIT), due to its energetic beta emissions 

(Emax=2.3 MeV), ready availability at moderate cost and absence of 

Î³ emissions, allowing outpatient RIT. Its half-life of 64 hr is 

comparable to the uptake and residence time of many antibodies on 

the tumor. The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) 

antibody Cetuximab is clinically approved for the treatment of EGFRexpressing 

metastatic colorectal cancer and advanced head and neck 

cancer. The overall goal of this study was to develop the 

radioimmunoconjugation of monoclonal anti-EGFR with 90Y as a 

potential tracer for radioimmunotherapy(RIT). 

Methods: Cetuximab was successively labeled with [90Y] chloride 

(185MBq) 5mCi after conjugation with macrocyclic bifunctional 

chelating agent , 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic 

acid mono-(N-hydroxysuccinimidyl) ester (DOTA-NHS). Conjugated 

Cetuximab was obtained by the addition of 1ml of Cetuximab 

pharmaceutical solution (2mg/1ml , in phosphate buffer pH=8) to a 

glass tube pre-coated with DOTA-NHS at 25°C with continuous mild 

stirring for 15h. Y-90 chloride was obtained by thermal neutron flux 

(4 — 1013 n.cm-2.s-1) of a natural Y2O3 sample, dissolved in acidic 

media. Radiolabeling was completed in 24 hours by the addition of 

DOTA-NHS-Cetuximab conjugate at 37°C. The stability of 

radiolabeled was studied in human serum. For biological evaluation 

we carried out the cell binding assay. 

Results: Radiochemical purity of 92% (using ITLC) was obtained for 

final radioimmunoconjugate (Specific activity = 440-480 MBq/mg). 

The final isotonic 90Y-Cetuximab complex was checked by gel 

electrophoresis for protein integrity retention. Stability of radiolabeled 

protein in presence of human serum was tested at 37Â°C for up to 

24h. A high binding affinity was determind for the 

radioimmunoconjugate (90Y-DOTA-NHS-Cetuximab) in comparison to 

radiolabeled bifunctional chelating agent(90Y-DOTA). 

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 90Y-DOTA-NHS- 

Cetuximab is a potential compound for the treatment of EGFRexpressing 

cancers. The experiments on animal models should be 

performed for this radioimmunoconjugate before human use. 

Keywords: Radiopharmaceutical, Yttrium-90, Cetuximab,Targetted 

Therapy 

141




Synthesis and biodistribution studies of 67Ga-DOTAtrastuzumab 

as a diagnostic radioimmunoconjugate for 

oncology imaging by SPECT 

Behrooz Alirezapour 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Mohammad javad Rasaee 2 , 

Saeed Rajabifar 1 , Kamal Yavari 1 , Javad Mohammadnejad 1 , 

Mohammad Reza Aboudzadeh 1 , Fatemeh Bolourinovin 1 , Sedigheh 

Moradkhani 1 , Mojtaba Fathi 2 


2 Tarbiat Modares University(TMU) 

Introduction: Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies have shown great 

promise for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Trastuzumab (trade name; 

Herceptin) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against 

the extracellular domain of the Human Epidermal Growth Factor 

Receptor 2(HER2). HER 2 receptor is over expressed in 20-30% of 

the early-stage breast cancers and these patients may be candidates 

for Herceptin treatment. we attempted to label trastuzumab with 

radioactive gallium(67Ga) 67Ga is cyclotron produced, decays by 

electron capture (EC) with t1/2 = 77.9h accompanied with γ-rays, 

mainly 93, 184 and 296 keV, and is suitable for SPECT imaging. In 

the present study, 67Ga labeled trastuzumab was prepared followed 

by the biodistribution studies in normal mice. 

Methods: Herceptin was conjugated with DOTA-NHS-ester 

(Macrocyclics), purified by molecular filtration, the average number of 

DOTA conjugated per mAb was calculated and total concentration 

was determined by spectrophotometrically. DOTA-Trastuzumab was 

labeled with 67Ga then Radiochemical purity, integrity of protein after 

radiolabeling and stability of 67Ga -DOTA-Trastuzumab were 

determined. The biodistribution studies was performed in normal rats 

(67Ga -DOTA-Trastuzumab i.v., 75 ± 5.5 µCi, 30min, 2h, 4h, 24h, 

48h, 72h). 

Result: The radioimmunoconjugate was prepared with a 

radiochemical purity of 88% (RTLC). The average chelate to antibody 

ratio(c/a) for the conjugate used in this study was 5.8:1. The final 

compound was stable in presence of PBS at 37ÂºC and room 

temperature.The sample were showed to have similar patterns of 

migration in the gel electrophoresis.The accumulation of the 

radiolabeled antibody in lungs, liver, spleen and other tissues 

demonstrates a similar pattern to the other radiolabeled anti-HER2 

immunoconjugates. 

Conclusion: 67Ga-DOTA-Trastuzumab is potentially good probe for 

diagnosis and treatment studies of HER2 expression in oncology by 

SPECT. 

Keywords: 67Ga DOTA, Radioimmunoconjugate, Trastuzumab, 

HER2 

142




Calculation of relative dose of human body produced by fusion 

neutrons using MCNP code 

Masoode Abdolahzade 1 , Masome Nonbede 2 , Yaser kasesaz 3 , Amir 

Moslehi 3 , Davoode Gasemabadi 1 , Mohsen Shayeste 1 

1 Imam Hossein University 

2 Tehran Center Azad University 

3 Atomic Energy Organization of Tehran 

In this paper a simulated phantom of adult human body using Monte 

Carlo method and MCNP code, is used for the neutron effective dose 

equivalent calculation. The plasma focus device emits neutrons with 

2.45 MeV energy in D-D fusion reactions. Effective dose equivalent is 

calculated in four geometry, AP, PA, LLAT, RLAT, for some organs by 

the weight coefficients of radiation and the tissue weight factor 

reported by ICRP. The results are compared by the occupational 

exposures effective dose equivalent recommended by ICRP. 

Keywords: Neutron emission, Dosimetery, Phantom, CodeMCNP 

Simulation 

143




Biological and Dosimetry Studies of Three Radiolabeled of 

Rituximab for Human Based on Distribution Data in Rats 

Edalat Radfar 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Ariandokht Vakili 2 , Ali Bahrami- 

Samani 1 , Hassan Yousefnia 1 , Simindokht Shirvani-Arani 1 , Mohammad 

Ghannadi-Maragheh 1 

1 Radiopharmaceutical Research & Development Laboratory (RRDL) 


Introduction: Rituximab binds with human B-lymphocate-restricted 

differentiation antigen: CD20. Many beta emitters such as I-131, Y- 

90, Sm-153 and Lu-177 were widely used in antibody labeling for 

radioimmunotherapy (RIT). 

Purpose: In the present article, preparation and biodistribution of 

177Lu, 153Sm and 90Y labeled rituximabs have been studied and 

followed by calculation of preliminary dosimetry for human based on 

distribution data in rats by acceptable approximations. 

Method: Radiolabeled compound was prepared according to the 

methods previously given in the literature and their QCs and stability 

testing was run completely. 177Lu-DOTA-rituximab, 90Y-DOTArituximab 

and 153Sm-DOTA-rituximab were administered to normal 

rats separately (10-15 rats). The animals were killed at the exact 

time and the specific activities of different organs were measured by 

using an HPGe detector (for 177Lu and 153Sm) and a beta scintillator 

detector (for 90Y). The following equation was used to extrapolate 

biodistribution data of radiolabeled from rats to humans: %ID/g 

human organ = %ID/g animal organ * k k= Body mass animal/ Body 

mass human Absorbed dose rate of each organ was calculated in 

determined time by MIRD method with linear approximation in 

measurement of activities. 

Result: Absorption and biodistribution of radiolabeled in organs of 

rats were determined by measuring %ID/g at different times. The 

uptakes were observed in limited organs such as liver, spleen and 

lungs and less in kidneys, bone and blood. 

Discussion: Dose rate estimate was calculated for 1.5 times more 

than effective half-life of each radiolabeled. The results showed that 

the high absorbed dose is in liver, lungs and spleen; and absorbed 

dose of other organs is low as acceptable level values. 

Keywords: Lu-177 Radiolabeled Rituximab, Biodistribution, 

Dosimetry, MIRD 

144




Comparative Assessment of Different Energy Mapping 

Methods in CT-Based Attenuation Correction in PET/CT 

Systems Using Whole Body XCAT Phantom 

Elham Soleimani, Mohammad Reza Ay, Majid Pouladian 

Introduction: This paper presents the result of assessing different 

attenuation correction methods for PET data according to CT data 

(CTAC). These methods are intended for use with a combined PET/CT 

scanner. We discuss five possible methods of energy mapping from 

the CT energies to the required 511keV. CT images are obtained 

using a computerized whole body phantom, 4DXCAT, which is 

simulation of physically and anatomically of human body. 

Materials and methods: The aim of this study is to compare 

different energy-mapping techniques: scaling, segmentation, hybrid, 

bilinear calibration curve and dual energy approach through 

attenuation map generated from CT data through XCAT phantom. 

The CT images acquired from XCAT phantom are applied to generate 

µ-maps in 511keV. Then these generated µ-maps are compared to 

the image acquired from XCAT phantom in 511keV as the gold 

standard image. For comparing methods we use three ways: 

Assessing different ROIs, correlation coefficients and difference 

images for comparing pixel by pixel. 

Results and Discussion: Nearly all energy-mapping methods shown 

similar results in soft tissues. A noticeable relative difference is seen 

in lung tissues in Segmentation method which refers to the variability 

in densities. Also a bias in bone in the same method, which is due to 

the extended borders of the segments. In Scaling results for different 

tissues are acceptable beside bone as it has a high photoelectric 

ratio. Hybrid and Bilinear are somehow good. Dual Energy reports the 

best results. 

Keywords: attenuation correction, PET/CT, XCAT Phantom 

145




Evaluation of 

153 Sm-EDTMP as a therapeutic 

radiopharmaceutical for bone pain palliation in clinical test 

G.A. Shabani, H.R. Khosrounejad, F. Hajhasan Abbasi, M. Farahani, 

M. Goudarzi, Y.H. Tavakoli, M.H. Talebi 

Radioisotope research group, NSTRI, Atomic Energy org. of Iran, 

Introduction: Owing to its favorable decay characteristic of 

153 Sm[t 12 =46.27h, Eβ (max) =810 KeV and Eγ=103KeV] and EDTMP 

(Ethylene diamine tetra methylene phosphonate as a ligands, is one 

of the most widely used as therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for bone 

pain palliation. Also it was approved by FDA in 1997. 

Methods: Enriched 152 Sm target was irradiated by thermal neutron 

flux in Tehran research reactor then dissolved in acidic media; EDTMP 

was dissolved in DDW. After labelling, the QC and RCP were done by 

ITLC chromatography. 

Results: Radiochemical purity of 153 Sm-EDTMP was more than 98 

percent at RT. Biodistribution in rat was the same the other 

references. 

Conclusion: More than 20 patients received our produced 153 Sm- 

EDTMP as a bone pain palliation. 

Keywords: 153 Sm, Bone Pain palliation, EDTMP 

146




Photon scatter and penetration in parallel hole collimator in 

preclinical Gamma Camera: A Monte Carlo study 

Farzaneh Adibpour 1 , Mohammad Reza Ay 1 , Saeed Sarkar 1 , George 

Loudos 2 


2 Department of Medical Instrument Technology 

Introduction: Parallel hole SPECT is rapidly obtaining popularity for 

preclinical imaging using gamma-emitting molecules. Scatter and 

septal penetration degrade contrast and quantitative accuracy in 

SPECT. The magnitude of penetrated and scattered photons depends 

on the photon’s energy, object under study and collimator design 

parameters. The main goal of this study is to quantify the effects of 

penetration and scatter as function of collimator thickness and septa 

with parallel hole collimator (made of lead). 

Methods: In this study, GATE was applied for accurate modeling of 

collimator. In order to separate the contribution of scatter and 

penetration components, we simulated Tc-99m and I-131 point 

sources in air,5cm away from the detector surface. To evaluate 

penetration and scatter in collimator, three different classes are 

considered in order to classify the registered events. In first category 

there are photons which were registered within the crystal under 

which the source has been located. This group is called true photons. 

In the second group, penetration occurs when the photon without any 

interaction with collimator, are detected in another crystal. Third 

category belongs to photons incident which experience one or more 

scatter interaction in collimator and finally were registered in another 

crystal. 

Result: Simulation results demonstrated that in case of Tc-99m point 

source with collimator thickness of 10mm only approximately 18% of 

the photons detected resulted from both penetration and scatter 

while this ratio will increase to 85% for I-131.By increasing collimator 

thickness fraction of photons undergo penetration and scattering 

decrease particularly for collimator thickness above 25mm(for 

140keV photons).The results also indicate, increasing collimator septa 

from 0.1 to 0.4 leads to 8% decrease in penetration and scatter in 

our desired energy window. 

Conclusion: The current assessment of septal penetration and septal 

scatter in parallel hole collimator not only provides a deeper 

understanding of their respective contributions but is also aimed to 

be utilized for optimization of collimator design in high resolution 

preclinical imaging. 

Keywords: septal penetration, septal scatter, parallel hole collimator 

147




Formulation and quality control of 

diagnostic of MCT and tumor agent 

99m Tc-DMSA(V) as a 

G.A. Shabani, H.R. Khosrounejad, M. Farahani, F. Hajhasan Abbasi, 

M. Goudarzi, M.H. Talebi, M.H. Mir Falah 

Radioisotope research group, NSTRI, Atomic Energy org. of Iran 

Introduction: 99m Tc-DMS(V) is a tumor seeking agent that is known 

for its ability to detect medullary Thyroid carcinoma (MTC), soft 

tissue tumors, lung cancer, metastatic disease and brain tumors. 

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare thyroid cancer secreting 

calcitonin which is the most sensitive and specific marker for MTC. 

This type of thyroid cancer is able to metastasize to different body 

areas including regional lymph nodes, lung, liver and bone. 

Materials and methods: in this study and new formulation for 

preparation of 99m Tc-DMS(V) complex, we changed the formulation in 

two steps. 

Results: radiochemical purity of 

99m Tc-DMS(V) complex was 

performed by ITLC chromatography at various amount of 

Pertechnetate up to 100 mCi and it was more than 95 percent. 

Conclusion: Our study showed that the new kit formulation was 

stable at Ref up to one year. 

Keywords: MTC, DMS(V), 99m Tc 

148




Preparation and quality control of lutetium-177 bleomycin as 

a possible therapeutic agent 

Hassan Yousefnia, Amir Reza Jalilian, Samaneh Zolghadri, Ali 

Bahrami-Samani, Simindokht Shirvani-Arani, Mohammad Ghannadi- 

Maragheh 


Bleomycins are tumor seeking antibiotics that are widely used in 

cancer chemotherapy .It is believed that bleomycin antibiotics 

interfere with DNA as false nucleotides, assuming the dithiazole 

moiety acts like a purine base .It has been shown that labeling of 

bleomycin with bi/trivalent radioisotopes can produce 

pharmacologically active compounds carrying a diagnostic and/or 

therapeutic radioisotope depending on the decay type.Due to 

interesting therapeutic properties of 177Lu and antineoblastic 

antibiotic, bleomycin (BLM), 177Lu-bleomycin (177Lu-BLM) was 

developed as a possible therapeutic compound. Lu-177 of 2.6-3 

GBq/mg specific activity was obtained by irradiation of a natural 

Lu2O3 sample with a thermal neutron flux of 4x1013 n.cm-2.s-1. The 

product was converted into chloride form which was further used for 

labeling of BLM. In optimized conditions a radiochemical purity of 

98% was obtained for 177Lu-BLM shown by instant thin-layer 

chromatography (ITLC) (specific activity, 740 GBq/mmole). 

Biodistribution studies of Lu-177 chloride and 177Lu-BLM were 

performed in wild-type rats. The accumulation of the radiolabeled 

compound in lungs, liver and spleen demonstrates a pattern similar 

to the other radiolabeled bleomycins. Lu-BLM is a possible 

therapeutic agent in human malignancies and the efficacy of the 

compound should be tested in various tumor-bearing models. 

Keywords: bleomycin, Lu-177, biodistribution, radiolabeling 

149




Preparation and quality control of 177Lu-[tris(1,10- 

phenanthroline) lutetium(III)] complex for therapy 


Bahrami-Samani, Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 


The 177Lu-[tris(1,10-phenanthroline)lutetium(III)]complex (177Lu- 

PQ3) was prepared successfully with high radiochemical purity 

(>99%). Lu-177 chloride was obtained by thermal neutron flux (4 

Ã— 1013 n.cm-2.s-1) of natural Lu2(NO3)3 sample, dissolved in 

acidic media. The radiochemical yield was checked by measuring of 

radiochemical purity of 177Lu-PQ complex by ITLC ( 10mM DTPA, 

pH.5, as mobile phase). The final complex solution was injected 

intravenously to wild-type male rats and biodistribution of the 

complex was checked up to 48 h. the dose limiting organs were 

shown to be reticuluendothelial system. The bidsitribution of the 

labeled compounds in tumor-bearing animals is under investigation. 

Keywords: Lutetium-177, 1,10-Phenanthroquinone, Biodistribution 

150




Development of 177Lu-phytate complex for radiosynovectomy 


Bahrami-Samani, Mohammad Mazidi, Mohammad Ghannadi 

Maragheh 


Lu-177 of 2.6-3 GBq/mg specific activity was obtained by irradiation 

of natural Lu2O3 sample with thermal neutron flux of 4—1013 n.cm- 

2.s-1. The product was converted into chloride form which was 

further used for labeling of 177Lu-phytate complex successfully with 

high radiochemical purity (>99.9 %, ITLC, MeOH: H2O: acetic acid, 

4: 4: 2, as mobile phase). The complex stability and viscosity were 

checked in the final solution up to 7 days. The prepared complex 

solution (100 µCi/100 µl) was injected intra-articularly to male rat 

knee joint. Leakage of radioactivity from injection site and its 

distribution in organs were investigated up to 7 days. Approximately, 

all injected dose has remained in injection site 7 days after injection. 

The complex was proved to be a feasible agent for cavital 

radiotherapy in oncology and rheumatology. 

Keywords: phytate, radiosynovectomy, lutetium-177, biodistribution 

151




Development of [177Lu]-Tetra phenyl porphyrin complexes as 

possible imaging agents 

Hassan Yousefnia 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Samaneh Zolghadri 1 , Yousef 

Fazaeli 2 , Ali Bahrami Samani 1 , Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 1 


2 Agriculture, Medicine and Industry Research School 

Due to interesting therapeutic properties of 177Lu and tumor avidity 

of tetraphenyl porphyrins (TPPs), 177Lu-tetraphenyl porphyrin 

(177Lu-TPP) was developed as a possible therapeutic compound. Lu- 

177 of 2.6-3 GBq/mg specific activity was obtained by irradiation of 

natural Lu2O3 sample with thermal neutron flux of 4—1013 n.cm- 

2.s-1. [17Lu]labeled tetraphenyl porphyrin ([177Lu]-TPP) was 

prepared using freshly prepared [177Lu]-LuCl3 and tetraphenyl 

porphyrin (TPPH2) for 30-60 min at 25°C (radiochemical purity: 

>97±1% ITLC, >98±0.5 % HPLC, specific activity: 13-14 

GBq/mmol). Stability of the complex was checked in final formulation 

and human serum for 24 h. The partition coefficient was calculated 

for the compound (log P. 1.89). The biodistribution of the labeled 

compound in vital organs of wild-type rats was studied using 

scarification studies and SPECT imaging up to 24 h. A detailed 

comparative pharmacokinetic study performed for 177Lu cation and 

[177Lu]-TPP. The complex is mostly washed out from the circulation 

through kidneys and can be an interesting tumor imaging/targeting 

agent due to low liver uptake and rapid excretion through the urinary 

tract. 

Keywords: 177Lu, tetra phenyl prophyrin, biodistribution 

152




Production, quality control and biological evaluation of 177Lu- 

1,2-propylene di-amino tetra(methy1enephosphonicAcid) as a 

possible bone palliation agent 

Hassan Yousefnia, Amir Reza Jalilian, Samaneh Zolghadri, Zohreh 

Naseri, Ali Bahrami-Samani, Mohammad Ghannadi Maragheh 


In this study, production, quality control and biodistribution studies of 

a newly developed therapeutic compound have been presented 

followed by imaging studies in wild-type rodents. In this study, 

177Lu-1,2-propylene di-amino tetra(methy1enephosphonicAcid) 

(PDTMP) complex was prepared successfully using synthesized 

PDTMP ligand and 177LuCl3. Lu-177 chloride was obtained by 

thermal neutron irradiation (4—1013 n.cm-2s-1) of natural Lu2O3 

samples. Radiochemical purity of 177Lu-PDTMP was checked by ITLC 

(>99%). Stability studies of the complex in the final preparation and 

in the presence of human serum were performed up to 72h. The 

biodistribution of 177Lu-PDTMP and 177LuCl3 in wild-type rats was 

checked in animal tissues up to 7 days. The produced 177Lu-PDTMP 



Keywords: Lu-177, PDTMP, Radiopharmaceutical, Therapy, 


153




Effect of usual lead apron in decreasing dose rate in nuclear 

medicine departments 

Hassan Gheshlaghi, Seid-mohammad Haeri, Karim Ghazikhanlou Sani 

Hamadan University of Medical Sciences 

Introduction: In a busy nuclear medicine department personnel 

exposure to radiation is inevitable during patient positioning and 

radiotracer preparation. There is controversy regarding usage of 

usual lead aprons with respect to penetrating gamma rays used in 

nuclear medicine departments as well as production of characteristic 

lead x-ray from aprons .This study tries to evaluate the effect of 0.5 

mm lead apron on dose reduction. 

Methods and materials: We used three point sources usual 

radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine departments (99mTc, 201Tl 

and 131I) and a single head LFOV gamma camera (SMV, DSX) was 

used for counting purposes. The count rate for each source was about 

20 Kcount/sec in air and in a brain water phantom. All point sources 

were placed at a distance of 3 meters, parallel to the center of the 

detector. The collimator was removed and imaging was performed for 

1 min with and without lead apron on the detector. Lead apron 

covered all field of view of the detector. Each imaging was repeated 3 

times and mean count was obtained for each radioisotope. 

Result: The measurement and comparison of count rates 

(count/min) for each source in different conditions (with and without 

apron source in air and in water phantom) showed that count rates 

were reduced in air about 77.3%, 84.2% and 40.8% for 99mTc, 

201Tl and 131I respectively. The reduction in count rates when 

sources placed in brain water phantom were 83.5%, 87% and 53.7% 

for the same isotope respectively. As the main source of radiation for 

personnel is from scattered photon and with respect to about 83% of 

count rate reduction using lead aprons for 99mTc, it is expected that 

wearing lead apron significantly decrease dose rate. 

Conclusion: Our study showed that lead aprons significantly 

decrease count rate and it is expected to reduce dose rate as well. 

We recommend wearing apron in NM departments especially at the 

time of injection and any times that need to be near the patient for 

long times. 

Keywords: Nuclear medicine, Dose, Radioisotope, Gamma camera 

154




Development of 177Lu-DOTA-Trastuzumab for 

radioimmunotherapy 


Bahrami-Samani, Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 


Trastuzumab was successively labeled with 177Lu-lutetium chloride. 

Lu-177 chloride was obtained by thermal neutron flux (4— 013 n.cm- 

2.s-1) of natural Lu2O3 sample with a specific activity of 2.6-3 

GBq/mg. The macrocyclic bifunctional chelating agent, N- 

succinimidyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic 

acid (DOTA-NHS) was prepared at 25°C using DOTA, N-hydroxy 

succinimide (NHS) in CH2Cl2. DOTA-Trastuzumab was obtained by 

the addition of 1 ml of a Trastuzumab pharmaceutical solution (5 

mg/ml, in phosphate buffer, pH=7.8) to a glass tube pre-coated with 

DOTA-NHS (0.01-0.1 mg) at 25°C with continuous mild stirring for 15 

h. Radiolabeling was performed at 37°C in 24h. Radio-thin layer 

chromatography showed an overall radiochemical purity of >98% at 

optimized conditions (specific activity=444 MBq/mg, labeling efficacy; 

82%). The final isotonic 177Lu-DOTA-Trastuzumab complex was 

checked by gel electrophoresis for structure integrity control. Radio- 

TLC was performed to ensure that only one species was present after 

filtration through a 0.22 µm filter. Preliminary biodistribution studies 

in normal rats were carried out to determine complex distribution of 

the radioimmunoconjugate up to 168h. The biodistribution data were 

in accordance with other antiCD20 radioimmunoconjugates already 

reported. 

Keywords: radioimmunotherapy, 177-Lu, trastuzumab 

155




Design and fabrication of imaging detector for medical 

application 

Hossein Zamani Zeinali 1 , Maryam Nazari 2 , Anita Alipoor 1 

1 Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research School, Nuclear Science and 

Technology Research Institute, AEOI, Karaj, Iran. 

2 Islamic Azad University of Tehran 

Introduction: An Imaging detector system, based on scintillation 

detectors, is designed. Fabricated and optimized for diagnostic 

radiology, industrial radiography, nuclear medicine and research 

application. 

Materials and methods: X radiation beam from a Siemens 

Stabilipan Orthovoltage unit, after passing through an object, which 

may be living sample or electronic device, produce a planar 

distribution of visible light on a GOS(Gd2O2S:Tb3+), that is the 

image of the object under examination. The image is displaced on a 

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) by a Charged Coupled Camera (CCD) 

camera and is recorded digital by a video capture device. The image 

quality parameters, including contrast and resolution were 

determined by Inpatient Quality Indicator (IQI) tests. Imaging 

practices were carried out for different X ray tube voltages (kV) and 

Focal-spot Surface Distances (FSD). The data corresponding imaging 

quality parameters were then analyzed and plotted by MATLAB and 

Origin software. 

Results and discussion: The results for image quality parameters 

(contrast and resolution) for different X ray tube voltages are fairly 

close to each other. Thus the imaging system has the capability to be 

used for different X ray energies and radionuclide with relatively 

desired results. The study is considered to be an initiative for 

fabricating industrial fluoroscopy and radiation surveillance system in 

the country. 

Keywords: QC, Dose calibrators, Nuclear Medicine 

156




Legal requirements in the operation of laboratory rays 

Jamal Salehizahaby 

lawyer 

Discussion: Performing any activity in connection with the 

construction, establishment, start-up, operation, knock-up and 

charging any unit in which the work is done with radiation, requires 

getting a profession license in the relevant unit and the employment 

license in the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. All those persons in 

terms of their job duties are in connection with the radiation sources, 

should notify the Atomic Energy Organization of any event, 

disruption, defect or changes related to radiation sources, which 

increases the possibility of potential radiation hazards to people and 

also radiation accidents and human suspicious radiation; Designating 

the persons to work, which as a result of medical experiments 

verified by the "Organization", working with the radiation is harmful 

for their health, is prohibited in these labs; also by comply with all 

the regulations, standards, by-laws and radiation protection 

guidelines, those labs should forecast, supply and implement all 

necessary protective measures and equipment in accordance with 

related regulations; and should avoid in unnecessary radiation; in the 

area of their occupational activities, they should provide the facilities 

for the supervision and inspection of the "Organization" and put the 

required information and documents in its option. Before and after 

the recruitment and periodically during employment or in emergency 

circumstances, the laboratory employees should be checked up by 

medical required tests and specialized examinations. Conclusion: 

Scientifically, there is no doubt about the losses caused by the 

radiation of medical diagnostic laboratories on the human; because of 

the losses caused by radiation, in the legal perspective, the radiation 

using is prohibited principally; unless in a case which medical need so 

appropriate, and in such cases the physician should compare the 

losses resulting from the operation of the radiation to losses from the 

disease; in cases which the interests of radiation operation prevail, he 

can exploit; otherwise he would not be allowed to use; also when 

using the radiation is necessary, he will suffice as much as necessary 

and no more. 

Keywords: Laboratory, human, ray, loss, law. 

157




Simulation of Msgc using two methods: Monte carlo and Finite 

difference method 

Kokab moosavi 


Micro Strip Gas Chambers (MSGCs) are suited for the application in 

modern experiments of high energy physics because of their good 

spatial resolution and their high rate capability. In this work msgc 

was simulated by using two methods: Monte Carlo and Finite 

Difference Method. The electric field variations versus different anode 

and cathode widths and cathode to anode distance studied and at 

least the number of particles entered on anode and the deposited 

energy in the region of electric field lines were calculated. This 

chamber could be useful in medical imaging systems because of 

excellent position resolution. 

Keywords: MSGC, simulation, electric field 

158




Development of an in vivo radionuclide generator by labeling 

Bleomycin with 191Os 

Leila Moghaddam-Banaem 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Mina Jamreh 2 , 

Nafiseh Salek 2 , Mojtaba Shamsaee 2 


2 Faculty of Nuclear Engineering and Physics-AmirKabir Technical University 

Bleomycin (BLM) has been labeled with various radioisotopes and 

widely used in therapy and diagnosis. 191Osmium is a parent 

radionuclide with 15.4d half-life and decays by beta emission to 

191mIridium which is a radionuclide with 4.96s half-life. It decays by 

isometric transition to stable 191Ir, emitting a 129-keV gamma 

photon. In this study BLM was labeled with 191Os-hexachloro-osmate 

and its distribution and stability in mice was determined. The 

complex was obtained at the pH=2 in normal saline at 90°C in 60 

minutes. Radio-TLC showed an overall radiochemical yield of 95-97% 

(radiochemical purity >97%). The biodistribution studies for 191Os 

and 191Os -BLM were carried out in mice up to 15d. Liver and spleen 

uptake increased 24-48 hours after administration of 191Os-BLM. 

Lung uptake increased after 48 hours. Twenty four hours after 

administration, the radioactivity of the bladder and kidney increased 

and remained constant. This research introduces 191Os-BLM in 

therapeutic studies as an in-vivo generator for therapy because of 

beta emissions and also for localization and dosimetry study in 

relevant organs by gamma emission of the daughter radio-nuclide. 

Keywords: 191Osmium-Bleomycin, Labeling, Biodistribution 

159




Production of Os191/Ir191m generator by Tehran Research 

Reactor 

Leila Moghaddam-Banaem 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Nafiseh Salek 2 , Mina 

Jamreh 2 , Mojtaba Shamsaee 2 


2 Faculty of Nuclear Engineering and Physics-AmirKabir Technical University 

In this research production of 191Os/191mIr generator was 

investigated. 191Osmium is a parent radionuclide with 15.4d half-life 

and 191mIridium is daughter radionuclide with 4.96s half-life. It 

decays by isometric transition to stable 191Ir, emitting a 129-keV 

gamma photon. In addition, iridium x-rays at about 65 keV are 

emitted, as a result of internal conversion, from the 129-keV excited 

state. The half-life of 191Os (15.4 days) is sufficiently long to 

facilitate transportation, generator construction, quality control, and 

clinical use. 191mIr is recently has been used as an angiography 

radionuclide. One major use of this technique is in the evaluation of 

children with congenital heart disease. The information obtained with 

radio-angiography is of importance in the diagnosis and management 

of these patients and, at times, can take the place of a cardiac 

catheterization. In this work, 191Os-hexachloro-osmate was obtained 

by thermal neutron flux (4—1013 n.cm-2.s-1) of natural osmium 

oxide sample followed by fusion with KOH and KNO3 in acidic media. 

One of the important radionuclide impurities is 192Ir that produced 

with 191Os in reactor. Separation this impurity from 191Os is 

developed by a new performance in this research and the total 

recovery yield of 191Os is about %99 and the total time required for 

completion the procedure is about 2h. This method improved the 

yield and the time of performance in comparison with the published 

literatures. Then 191Os is loaded on an anion-exchange column and 

191mIr eluted with normal saline. Each elution is 1 ml of 0.9% saline 

at pH 1. The yield of generator was assessed for two weeks. 191mIr 

yield is 8 to 11% and 191Os breakthrough is 0.001 to 0.005%. 

Keywords: Radiopharmaceutical, Gnerator 191Os/191Ir 

160




Preparation and evaluation of 166Ho-DTPA for medical 

applications 

H. Salehi, M. Gourani, H. Farahani, M. Zoghi, M. Mazidi, S. Shaybani 

Radioisotope research Group, Science & Technology Nuclear Center (NSTRI) 

Atomic Energy Organization of IRAN (AEOI) 

Introduction: Radiopharmaceuticals are now increasingly used for 

therapy of cancer, palliation of pain caused due to bone metastasis 

and for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 166Ho, with its 

favorable radiation characteristics of t1/2 26.8 h and β 1.85 and 1.75 

MeV is decayed to stable daughter. It also emits an 80.5 Kev 

gamma-ray (6.2%) and thus is imaginable by conventional 

techniques. 

Purposes: Irradiating 165Ho(n,γ)166Ho 2- Labeling 166HoCl3- 

DTPA(diethylentriaminepentaacetic acid). 

Investigation Methods: Holmium oxide (Ho2O3, purity >99.9%, 1- 

3 mg target mass) was irradiated in a thermal neutron flux 5—1013 

n.cm-2.s-1 in the TRR reactor. Irradiated target is dissolved in 20% 

HCl, evaporated to dryness. 166Ho should be labeled by DTPA kit as 

a complex (DTPA: 166HoCl3) with a same molecular weight (1:1) and 

pH~ 7-8 at room temperature in 30 min. 

Results: The purity of radionuclide was checked by a multichannel 

analyzer coupled with HPGe detector and measured in curimeter dose 

calibrator. The radiochemical purity of the DTPA:166HoCl3 was 

determined by paper chromatography and 0.9% saline as solvent. 

Radiochemical purity of the DTPA:166HoCl3 was 99 %. Gamma 

spectrometry of the 166Ho didn't show gamma peaks for any other 

radionuclide other than 166Ho. 

CONCLUTION: Results of this investigation indicate that 

166HoCl3:DTPA kit proposed as a suitable choice for the 

endovascular radionuclide therapy (EVRT) technique of liquid filled, 

low pressure balloon angioplasty. In a study using mice >85% of the 

injected dose was cleared into the urine within 30 min post-injection, 

with insignificant retention in any major tissues. The studies show 

that the 166Ho-DTPA complex could be an alternative to the more 

expensive and difficult to access 188Re based products for EVRT, and 

provide adequate uniform radiation dose for the arterial vessel wall 

under treatment. 

Keywords: ho-166 DTPA Irradiation angioplasty 

161




Radiolabeled annexin V imaging: a useful technique for 

determining apoptosis in multiple sclerosis 

Majid Assadi 1 , Reza Nemati 2 , Iraj Nabipour 1 , Hooman Salimipour 2 , 

Abdullatif Amini 1 


2 Department of Neurology 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central 

nervous system (CNS) that involves myelin, oligodendrocytes and 

axons and culminates in consecutive neuronal death and progressive 

neurologic disability. Based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 

neuroaxonal loss in MS results in brain atrophy and has a strong 

correlation with neurological disability. The newer MR imaging tools 

seem to be sensitive biomarkers for measuring the pathogenetic 

processes associated with disease activity and progression. However, 

it has been difficult to predict the prognosis of MS patients 

undergoing an exacerbation from the cross-sectional area of the 

contrast-enhanced lesions seen on MRI (or with FLARE MRI). The 

edema assocaited with MS lesions creates confusion between changes 

in extracellular fluid space and damage to the neuronal elements. 

Annexin V has a high affinity for phosphatidylserine (PS) that 

presents on the outer surface of the plasma membrane early on 

during the onset of apoptosis. Radiolabeled annexin V imaging may 

reveal the initiation and degree of neuronal apoptosis. It is our 

expectation that annexin will pass through the blood-brain-barrier at 

the site of new lesions and localize at the site of stressed or damaged 

neurons. The extent of localization should be proportional to the 

extent of damage to the cellular elements of the brain. Thus, we 

expect a much better correlation of annexin imaging to prognosis. 

Based on this model, it might be good to image as soon as possible 

after clinical presentation of an exacerbation to determine the extent 

of neuronal involvement and then to do a follow up study about 14 

days post treatment to determine response to therapeutic 

intervention. Such studies should provide specific information on 

severity and prognosis of the and on individual response to 

treatment. We hypothesize that radiolabeled annexin V imaging is a 

useful modality in the determination of apoptosis in MS and can 

assess and monitor the effectiveness of neuroprotective and 

immunomodulatory therapies on the clinical course of MS. It would 

be productive to study MS patients with Tc-99m annexin V imaging. 

Unfortunately, this cold kit is unavailable for human use in the world. 

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis , phosphatidylserine 

162




Comparison between Neutron Flux and Spectrum in North 

Beam Tubes of Tehran Research Reactor by MCNP4C Code for 

BNCT 

Majid Zamani, Hossein Khalafi, Yaser Kasesaz, Mohsen Shayesteh 

In order to investigate the possibility of using the T.R.R beam tubes 

in BNCT, it is necessary to select the best one from three north beam 

tubes. This beam tube should have more flux and better spectrum 

compare to others. So, after simulation of the last configuration of 

reactor’s core (NO.55) by MCNP4C code, the neutron flux and 

spectrum were calculated at the start, middle, and end of each three 

north beam tubes (B1, B2, B3). Because of the relation between 

these parameters and the state of core, this calculation has been 

done in three different situations of reactor’s core: BOC, MOC and 

EOC. The analyses of results showed that the neutron spectrum is 

almost the same in all of the beam tubes, but the neutron flux in 

northwest beam tube is better than the others .so, this beam tube is 

more proper to be used in BNCT. 

Keywords: BNCT, Reactor, MCNP4C, Tubeon Flux 

163




Successful implementation of Electronic Medical Records in 

research settings: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Surgery 

Mohammad Kia 

All aspects of modern medical practice are greatly influenced by 

technology advancements. New advancements for handling of 

Medical Records failed to get popular and still handling of medical 

data uses inefficient traditional paper based approach. Employing of 

new diagnostic and therapeutic technologies culminates in dramatic 

rising in diversity, quantity and quality of medical data which can not 

be handled in an old style. Different demanding disciplines (such as: 

National and local health policies, prerequisites of Scientific Bodies, 

Insurances, Consumer expectations etc.) and new requirements (e.g. 

Research needs, early diagnostic and therapeutic intervention etc.) 

call for qualified information and worsens the shortages of paper 

based works. Presuming computers can solve the riddle but good 

planning and proper insight should be considered. Implementation of 

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) at various levels (National registries, 

Medical Research Centers and clinics) aligned with national and local 

health systems' objectives can play a significant role on quality and 

quantity of services and researches. Implementation of EMR in Iran in 

both private and governmental sectors is not prioritized due to some 

systemic flaws such as: Lack of strategic planning for producing and 

consuming of medical data. Considering EMR as cost and not as an 

investment. Decision makers suffer from lack of EMR insight. 

Investing on scientific show offs instead of infrastructures. Caring 

about quantitative indices of processes instead of qualitative ones, 

etc. Unsuccessful EMR implementation is common due to the same 

managerial and workflow mistakes and role of employing well known 

methodologies and best practices on successful EMR implementation 

is inevitable. In this article we are going to elaborate learned 

experiences of implementing of Hakim Diabetes EMR and Nuclear 

Medicine EMR in different clinical and research settings across the 

Country. 

Keywords: Electronic Medical Record 

164




Dosimetry of a new 192Ir PDR brachytherapy source 

Mohammad Reza Javanshir 1 , Shahab Sheibani 1 , Behrooz Ghozati 2 , 

Hosein Poorbeygi 1 , Farzam kabiri 2 

1 AEOI Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute 

2 Shahid Beheshti University 

The PDR brachytherapy source, has got application in some cases of 

cancer treatment. According to the AAPM ,determining of the 

dosimetry parameters of a new source , should be done by a qualified 

group. In this research , we study the functions related to the 

dosimetry of Ir 192 brachytherapy source , which includes 3mm 

length and 140mci activity , using experiment measurements in 

water equivalent phantom. The value of dose were measured using 

TLD dosimeter (LiF-100) with putting in to holes which were 

embedded in a Plexiglas phantom .The result of anisotropy function, 

the radial dose function and the dose rate constant with less than 5% 

error indicate that the new Ir192 PDR source is applicable in 

radiotherapy. 

Keywords: Brachytherapy, PDR, anisotropy, radial dose 

165




A new bombesin kit labeled with 99mTc for breast cancer 

imaging 

Mostafa Erfani (Gandomkar), Seyed Pejman Shirmardi 

Nuclear Science Research School 

Introduction: Tumors such as prostate, small cell lung 

cancer,breast, gastric and colon cancer are known to over express 

receptors to bombesin (BBN). In this study, a new bombesin 

analogue was labeled with 99mTc via HYNIC and tricine/EDDA as 

coligands and investigated further. 

Methods: HYNIC-GABA-Bombesin (7-14) NH2 was synthesized using 

a standard Fmoc strategy. Labeling with 99mTc was performed at 

100 C for 10 min and radiochemical analysis involved ITLC and HPLC 

methods. The stability of radiopeptide was checked in the presence of 

humane serum at 37C up to 24 h. The receptor bound internalization 

and externalization rates were studied in GRP receptor expressing 

PC-3 cells. Biodistribution of radiopeptide was studied in mice. 

Results: Labeling yield of 98% was obtained corresponding to a 

specific activity of 2.6 MBq/nmol. Peptide conjugate showed good 

stability in the presence of human serum. The radioligand showed 

high and specific internalization into PC-3 cells (14.63±0.41% at 4 

h). In biodistribution studies, a receptor-specific uptake was observed 

in GRP-receptor-positive organs so that after 4 h the uptakes in 

mouse pancreas was 1.2±0.13% ID/g. 

Conclusion: The prepared conjugate showed high accumulation in 

pancreas as a positive GRP receptor targeted tissue followed by 

excretion via the kidney. These promising characteristics make our 

new designed labeled peptide conjugate as a very suitable candidate 

for diagnostic of malignant tumors. 

Keywords: Radiolabeling, Bombesin, 99mTc, Tumor 

166




Preparation and labeling of a Bombesin analogueWith 99mTc 

for imaging of GRP receptors 

Mostafa Erfani(Gandomkar), Seyed Pezhman Shirmardi, Mohammad 




Introduction: It has been shown that some primary human tumors 

and their metastases, including prostate and breast tumors, overexpress 

gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors. Bombesin is a 

neuropeptide with a high affinity for these GRP receptors. The 

purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate the characteristics 

of a new Bombesin analogue, [6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid 

(HYNIC)]-GABA-Bombesin (7-14) NH2 designed for the labeling with 

99mTc using tricine and EDDA as coligand. 

Methods: Synthesis was performed on a solid phase using a 

standard Fmoc strategy and HYNIC precursor coupled at the N- 

terminus. Purified peptide conjugate was labeled with 99mTc at 

100°C for 10 min. Radiochemical analysis involved ITLC and highperformance 

liquid chromatography methods. Peptide conjugate 

stability and affinity to human serum was challenged for 24 hours. 

The internalization rate was studied in GRP receptor expressing PC-3 

cells. Biodistribution of radiopeptide was studied in rats. 

Results: Radiolabeling was performed at high specific activities, and 

radiochemical purity was >98%. The stability of radiolabeled peptide 

in human serum was excellent. In vitro studies showed >14% of 

activity was specific internalized into PC-3 cells up to 4 h. After 

injection into rat biodistribution data showed a rapid blood clearance, 

with renal excretion and specific binding towards GRP receptorpositive 

tissues such as pancreas (1.15±0.19% ID/g after 4 h). 

Conclusion: [99mTc-HYNIC]-GABA-Bombesin (7-14) NH2 showed 

favorable radiochemical and biological characteristics which make our 

new designed labeled peptide conjugate as a very suitable candidate 

for diagnostic of malignant tumors. 

Keywords: 99mTc Bombesin, Synthesis, Labeling 

167




Isolation and labeling of a toxic fraction from Iranian 

Mesobuthus eupeus venom 

Mostafa Erfani(Gandomkar), Seyed Pezhman Shirmardi, Mohammad 




Introduction: In this study, Preparation, purification and evaluation 

of biological distribution for venom of Iranian Mesobuthus eupeus 

labeled with 99mTc has been performed. Its venom has different 

toxin same the other scorpions which affect on ion channels. 

Material and Methods: For studying of these toxins, the venom was 

purified during 3 stages gel chromatography, anion resin and cation 

resin respectively. The fractions were identified with UV spectroscopy 

and collected with Fraction collector. The fractions were injected to 2 

normal mice and the toxic fraction with killing effect was selected for 

next stage. For toxic fraction labeling with 99mTc has been done and 

biological distribution was obtained in normal mice. 

Results: High labeling yield (97%) was achieved using stannous 

chloride (SnCl2) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as reducing 

agents. In biodistribution study, excretion via kidney and liver were 

distinguished as a major excretion pathway. 

Conclusion: In this study, we have shown an approach toward 

preparation and purification of a toxic fraction from venom of 

Mesobuthus eupeus. The radiolabeling of its toxic fractions with 

99mTc could help to investigate the biological effects. 

Keywords: Mesobuthus venom purification labeling 

168




Preparation and evaluation of a neuropeptide Y analogue for 

diagnosis of breast tumors 

Mostafa Erfani(Gandomkar), Mohammad Mazidi, Mostafa Goudarzi, 



Introduction: Over expression of selected peptide receptors in 

human tumors has been shown to represent clinically relevant targets 

for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The aim of this work was to 

investigate Neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a new radiopharmaceutical for 

diagnosis of breast cancer. 

Methods: A neuropeptide Y analogues with Y1 receptor preference 

and agonistic properties was synthesized by solid phase method. 

After conjugation with HYNIC labeling with 99mTc was performed. 

For labeled peptide, yield of labeling, stability in human serum, 

receptor binding in cell surface with internalization in SK-N-MC cells, 

and biodistribution in normal rat were determined. 

Results: Peptide was synthesized and labeled with more than 95% 

purity. Radiolabeled peptide was stable in human serum and 

specifically binds and internalized in the cells with Y1 receptor (4h = 

22%). A rapid clearance from blood pool and urinary with 

hepatobiliary excretion were observed. 

Conclusion: Our results showed that this peptide can be considerate 

as a candidate for diagnosis of breast tumors. 

Keywords: Neuropeptide Y, HYNIC, 99mTc, Tumor 

169




Preparation and evaluation of 99mTc-cefotaxime for infection 

imaging 

Mostafa Erfani (Gandomkar), Fatameh Mirshojaei 



Introduction: A wide range of radiopharmaceuticals have been 

proposed to visualize infection and inflammation scintigraphically. 

The use of radiolabeled antibiotics is fast emerging as a promising 

diagnostic test for the detection of infective lesions. Second and third 

generation cephalosporines, including cefuroxime and ceftizoxime 

have been labeled with 99mTc. In this study we describe the 

optimum condition for radiolabeling of cefotaxime with the most 

widely used imaging radionuclide, 99mTc. 

Method: The radiolabeling was performed by the sodium dithionite 

as the reducing agent. The labeling yield and radiochemical purity 

were determined by thin layer chromatography. The affinity of the 

labeled antibiotic to human serum proteins was examined by mixing 

1 mL of labeled cefotaxime with activity between 5 and 20 mCi to 1 

mL of human serum in a vial. Binding of 99mTc-cefotaxime to 

bacteria was assessed in S. aureus suspention. Animal biodistribution 

was evaluated in mice with infectious thigh muscle. 

Result: The maximum radiolabeling yield was 92±2% and was stable 

for up to 12 h. This antibiotic showed an improvement in excretion 

pathway from the liver to the kidney followed by an accumulation of 

radioactivity in infected areas. Images showed minimal accumulation 

in non-target tissues, with an average target/non-target ration of 

2.89±0.58%. 

Conclusion: The promising characteristics make our new radiotracer 

a very suitable candidate for diagnostic of infectious foci in nuclear 

medicine 

Keywords: 99mTc, Cefotaxime, Infection imaging 

170




B10 distribution in adult rat’s brain 

Nasrin Baghban Khojasteh, Ali Pazirandeh, Behnam Jameie 

Islamic Azad University 

Background: Boron Neutron Capture Therapy is a tumor specific 

modality to treat some hard to cure cancers such glioblastoma 

multiform and melanoma. It is based on the reaction of 10B atoms 

absorbed in the tumor and thermal neutrons. The exact mechanism, 

absorption rate and distribution of boron in different areas of brain 

are still unknown. In order to find the distribution of 10B in different 

regions of brain the present study was done. 

Material and Methods: Adult Wistar female rats were used; animals 

were divided into two groups including control and trial. Trial group 

received two single intraperitoneal shots of 1 ml of neutral boron 

compound. Three hours later, the animals were sacrificed and the 

brains were removed and three coronal sections of 20μm thickness of 

forebrain, midbrain and brainstem were prepared by using freezing 

microtome. The sections were sandwiched between two pieces of 

polycarbonates and irradiated with thermal neutrons and then 

etched. Alpha tracks were detected and studied by optical 

microscopy. The plots of 10B distribution in three regions of brain 

were obtained, compared and analyzed statistically. 

Results: We found significant differences in 10B distribution among 

forebrain, midbrain and brainstem with the highest concentration in 

the midbrain. 

Conclusion: Based on our findings the concentration of 10B in 

midbrain may help therapists use more effective treatment planning, 

including neutron flux level and irradiation time. 

Keywords: BNCT, Rat brain, Boron distribution 

171




Research of exposure rate of urinary tract and gonads of 

nuclear medicine patients during kidney scan with Tc-99m-Ec 

with the use of TLD-100h and comparison with VMC method 

Navideh Aghaei Amirkhizi, Sepideh Hekmat, Elham Shahhoseini, 

Farhad Manouchehri, Mohaddeseh Naderi 

In kidney diseases that are reported widely in our country, in order to 

evaluation and diagnostic of physiological situation of kidney and 

bladder, nuclear medicine method is the first priority among other 

diagnostic methods. In this research, exposure rate of urinary tract 

and gonad of selected patients were measured in kidney scan with 

Tc-99m-Ec with the use of TLD-100h and skin surface doses were 

studied during imaging time. In general, skin surface doses were 

measured and the results were compared with Visual Mont 

Carlo(VMC) method. The final results show, skin and total dose have 

been lower than annual dose limits. 

Keywords: TLD, Urinary tract, VMC 

172




The calculation of absorbed dose due to 131I-Chlorotoxin in 

liver using monte carlo method 

Rohollah Adeli, Seyed Pezhman Shirmardi, Mostafa Erfani 

(Gandomkar), Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 

Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy 

Organization of Iran 

Introduction: Chlorotoxin is a peptide derived from the venom of 

the scorpion Leiurus Quinquestriatus. It can bind with mmp2 

receptors on glioma cells. In this research,we used Monte carlo 

method to calculate the absorbed dose in organ of interest.this 

method is a useful tool to transport of particles and absorbed dose 

calcululation. 

Methods: The peptide was synthesized by standard Fmoc solidphase 

synthesis on Rink amide MBHA resin with substitution of 0.69 

mmol/g. Labeling of product was performed by chloramine-T method. 

Peptide (40 µg) was dissolved in PBS buffer (50 µl, 0.25 M, pH=7.5) 

then was added to a solution of 200 µci Na131I (in 0.1 N NaOH), 

followed by 50 µl chloramine-T (4 mg/ml in PBS 0.05 M, pH=7.5). 

For ex vivo counting mice were sacrificed after 1, 4 and 24 h and 

various organs were dissected, weighed and counted for radioactivity. 

The obtained data from organs was used in Monte Carlo method 

(MCNP code) to calculate the tissues dose according to MIRD 

principles. 

Results: Our results suggest that, this labeled chlorotoxin derivative 

might be useful in determining tumor extent and also tumor therapy 

of gliomas or possibly other cancers. The overall radiolabeling 

efficiency was about 80% at a specific activity of 0.740 GBq/mol. The 

liver of mouse was assumed as target organ. The sum of gamma and 

beta particles dose emitted by 131I were used to calculate total 

absorbed dose to liver. The results show that the delivered dose to 

liver was very small and 98% of total dose is due to beta particles. 

Conclusion: In this study, we have shown a synthetic approach 

toward preparation of a chemically and metabolically stable 

chlorotoxin derivative. Iodine-131 radiolabeling of these novel 

conjugate was performed in order to assess the most optimum 

conditions for radiolabeling and potential usage in clinical 

applications. We calculated the absorbed dose in liver using Monte 

Carlo method (MCNP code). Liver as a target organ absorbed very 

small dose as mentioned above. 

Keywords: Chlorotoxin 131I, Monte Carlo, Dosimetry, MIRD 

173




Production and quality control of 99mTechnetium-IgG-hynic 

for infection imaging in experimental rats 

Saeed Rajabifar, Amir Reza Jalilian, Mahdie Ghafori, Sedighe 

Moradkhani, Fariba Sadadi 

Introduction: Over the last decades several radiopharmaceuticals 

have been developed for the detection of infection and inflammation 

some have found their way into clinical practice and routinely used 

for evaluation of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Human 

gamma globulin can be labelled by direct or indirect method of 

radiotracer incorporated in protein molecule. In this indirect method 

hydrazino nicotinic acid or hynic is used which saves the structure 

and biological activity of the protein. Infection is induced by 

inoculation of S.aureus in one thigh and inflammation by turpentine 

in another. 

Methods and material: Immuno globulin is mixed with s-hynic and 

IgG-hynic is developed using slide- A lyzer and stored at -20 oC 

which can be used at least for six months and then sn-tricine kit is 

prepared which is used for 99mTc labelling. Efficiency of 99mTc-IgGhynic 

labelling at pH 6.4 was very much dependent on ligand (hynic) 

and coligand (tricine) presence in the reaction mixture. Wistar rats 

(n=5) were used for bio distribution as well as imaging studies. 

Result: Radiochemical purity was found to be more than 90% in the 

kits prepared. Serum stability study showed no decomposition of 

99mTechnetium from the complex. The bio distribution studies 

showed the highest percentage ID/organ in Blood, Liver and Kidney 

respectively and the imaging studies revealed the site of infection in 

the thigh as compared to the inflamed thigh using turpentine. 

Conclusion: A human gamma globulin was successfully labelled 

through hynic to 99mTechnetium by indirect method with high 

radiochemical purity and differentiation in infected and inflamed thigh 

by imaging studies which is a good imaging property. 

Keywords: IgG-Hyni, Infection, Inflammation, 99mTechnetium 

174




Development of holmium-166 bleomycin as a possible 

therapeutic complex 

Samaneh Zolghadri, Amir Reza Jalilian, Hassan Yousefnia, Ali 

Bahrami-Samani, Simindokht Shirvani-Arani, Mohammad Ghannadi- 

Maragheh 


Due to interesting therapeutic properties of 166Ho and the 

antineoblastic antibiotic, bleomycin (BLM), 166Ho-bleomycin (166Ho- 

BLM) was developed as a possible therapeutic compound. Ho-166 

chloride was obtained by thermal neutron irradiation (1—1013 n.cm- 

2.s-1) of natural Ho2(NO3)3 samples (Specific activity = 3-5 

GBq/mg), dissolved in acidic media. At optimized conditions (room 

temperature, 12 h, 0.15-0.3 mg bleomycin for 74 MBq 166HoCl3) a 

radiochemical purity of 94-97% was obtained as shown by ITLC and 

HPLC (Specific activity, 700-740 GBq/mmol). Biodistribution studies 

of Ho-166 chloride and 166Ho-BLM were performed in wild-type rats. 

The accumulation of the radiolabeled compound in lungs, liver and 

spleen demonstrates a similar pattern to the other radiolabeled 

bleomycins. 

Keywords: Bleomycin, Ho-166, Biodistribution, Radiolabeling 

175




Production, quality control and biological evaluation of 166Ho- 

PDTMP as a possible bone palliation agent 

Samaneh Zolghadri, Amir Reza Jalilian, Hassan Yousefnia, Zohreh 

Naseri, Ali Bahrami-Samani, Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 


In this study, 166Ho-1,2-propylene di-amino tetra 

(methy1enephosphonic Acid) (166Ho-PDTMP) complex was prepared 

successfully using an in-house synthesized EDTMP ligand and 

166HoCl3. Ho-166 chloride was obtained by thermal neutron 

irradiation (1—1013 n.cm-2.s-1) of natural Ho(NO3)3 samples 

(Specific activity = 3-5 GBq/mg), dissolved in acidic media. 

Radiochemical purity of 166Ho-PDTMP was checked by ITLC (>99%). 

Stability studies of the complex in the final preparation and in the 

presence of human serum were performed up to 72h. The 

biodistribution of 166Ho-PDTMP and 166HoCl3 in wild-type rats was 

checked in animal tissues up to 48h. The produced 166Ho-PDTMP 



Keywords: 166Ho, PDTMP, Radiopharmaceutical, Therapy, 


176




Development of 166Ho-phytate complex for radiosynovectomy 

Samaneh Zolghadri, Akbar Anvari, Amir Reza Jalilian, Hasan 

Yousefnia, Ali Bahrami-Samani, Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 


66Ho-chloride was obtained by bombardment of natural Ho(NO3)3, 

dissolved in acidic media using thermal neutron flux (4-5 — 1013 

n.cm-2.s-1). 166Ho-holmium chloride (185 MBq) was used for 

preparation of 166Ho-phytate complex successfully with high 

radiochemical purity (>99.9 %, ITLC, MeOH: H2O: acetic acid, 4: 4: 

2, as mobile phase). The complex stability and viscosity were 

checked in the final solution up to 2 days. The prepared complex 

solution (60 µCi/100 µl) was injected intra-articularly to male rat 

knee joint. Leakage of radioactivity from injection site and its 

distribution in organs were investigated up to 2 days. Approximately, 

all injected dose has remained in injection site 2days after injection. 

The complex was proved to be a feasible agent for cavital 

radiotherapy in oncology and rheumatology. 

Keywords: phytate, radiosynovectomy, holmium-166, 

biodistribution, SPECT 

177




Synthesis and quality control of magnetic nanoparticles 

labeled 177Lu as a radiopharmaceutical agent for targeted 

cancer therapy 

Samira Rasaneh 1 , Hossein Rajabi 2 , Fariba Johari Daha 1 , Shahab 

Sheybani 1 


2 Tarbiat Modares University 

Introduction: Magnetic nanoparticles are good candidates used for 

the targeted drug delivery. They can be concentrated on a desired 

region, reducing collateral effects and improving the efficiency of 

therapy. In this paper we synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles as 

magnetic nanoparticles and labeled with 177Lutetium to produce a 

new radiopharmaceutical agent for targeted cancer therapy. 

Material and methods: Lutetium-177 was produced by bombarding 

176Lu2O3 at a flux of 2.6—1014 n.Cm-2.S-1 for 10 days. Iron oxide 

nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method. 177Luiron 

oxide nanoparticles was synthesized and all the quality control 

tests such as labeling yield, nanoparticle hydrodynamic and core size, 

stability up to 10 days, magnetization and cell toxicity was 

determined. 

Results: The good results of quality control tests indicated that 

177Lu-iron oxide nanoparticles could be used for further investigation 

as a radiopharmaceutical agent in mice bearing tumor. The mean 

hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles was 170±30 nm and the 

average core size was 120±25 nm. The Labeling yield was calculated 

61±2%. On the average 86±5% of 177lu-iron oxide nanoparticles 

were stable in up to 10 days and no meaning changes were seen in 

nanoparticles size. This conjugation showed very good cytotoxcicity 

on cancer cells. 

Conclusion: We can conclude that 177Lu-iron oxide nanoparticles 

may be considered for further evaluation as a new 

radiopharmaceutical agent for targeted cancer therapy that needs 

more investigations. 

Keywords: magneticnanoparticles, 177Lutetium, drugdelivery, 

targetedcancertherapy 

178




Biodistribution study of 177Lu- iron oxide nanoparticles in 

mice under an external magnetic field 

Samira Rasaneh 1 , Fariba Johari Daha 1 , Shahab Sheybani 1 , Shahram 

Akhlaghpoor 2 


2 Departments of Interventional Radiology 

Introduction: This study explored the possibility of utilizing iron 

oxide nanoparticles as a 177Lu delivery vehicle under an external 

magnetic field. In this study the biodistribution of 177Lu-iron oxide 

nanoparticles in mice with and without of an external magnetic field 

was considered. 

Material and methods: 177Lu-iron oxide nanoparticles were 

synthesized and all the quality control tests was performed. For the 

biodistribution study, female mice(n=24) were used. Before injection 

of 177Lu-iron oxide nanoparticles, an external magnetic field 

(magnetic flux density of 0.6 T) was positioned on the right feet of 

the mice, and it would persist in existence for 72 h. The mice were 

killed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-administration, tissues were removed 

and considered for 177Lu activities and iron concentration. This 

procedure was repeated without external magnetic field. 

Results: Comparison of the biodistribution results showed that 

177Lu-iron oxide nanoparticles accumulated in the right feet of the 

mice more than other organs under the external magnetic field. The 

results indicated that the distribution of 177Lu-iron oxide 

nanoparticles was different with and without using magnetic field. 

Conclusion: The good biodistribution results accented that 177Luiron 

oxide nanoparticles may be considered for further evaluation as 

a new radiopharmaceutical agent for targeted cancer therapy that 

needs more investigations. 

Keywords: ironoxidenanoparticles, 177Lutetium, biodistribution, 

drugdelivery, cancertargetedtherapy 

179




Evaluation and quality control of Radiolabeled Streptokinase 

for dignostic purposes 

Sayyede Fateme Mirazizi, Amir Reza Jalilian, Hossein Sadeghpour 

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of morbidity 

and mortality in developing and developed countries. Rapid diagnosis 

of the thrombosis can be an essential step in management of the 

stroke people. 

Methods: Streptokinase was successively labeled with gallium 

chloride using cyclic DTPA-dianhydrid. In this work a recently 

developed radiolabeled streptokinase tracer was evaluated in an 

animal thrombotic model using SPECT imaging and biodictribution 

studies. Produced [67Ga]-Streptokinase was checked by RTLC, HPLC 

and SDS-PAGE experiments to check the tracer integrity/purity. The 

biodistribution studies were performed in femoral vein thrombotic 

rats (up to 12h) using tissue counting and preliminary SPECT studies 

respectively (up to 3 h- 48 h). 

Results: [67Ga]-Streptokinase prepared with suitable radiochemical 

purity (HPLC >95%, RTLC >99%) was administered to FeCl3 induced 

thrombotic rats and the percentage of injected dose per gram of 

tissue (ID/g%) and SPECT images demonstrated the specific binding 

of the tracer in thrombotic clots located in heart and aortic 2-3 hours 

post injection. 

Conclusion: [67Ga]-DTPA-SPK can be a suitable probe for imaging 

of thrombosis in cardiovascular diseases .Further studies use of Ga- 

68 labeled SPK can result in a superior labeled compound due to 

positron emission properties for PET studies as well as appropriate 

physical half live. 

Keywords: Streptokinase, Gallium-67, Thrombosis, SPECT, 

biodistribution 

180




Radioprotective agents prevent genotoxicity induced by 

ionizing radiation in nuclear medicine practice 

Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr 

Department of Radiopharmacy 

Ionizing radiation passing through living tissues induces damage, 

these damage are caused directly or indirectly with producing free 

radicals and toxic agents. Interaction of free radicals with critical 

macromolecules such as DNA is leading to genotoxicity and then 

mutation and carcinogenesis. In nuclear medicine practice, personnel 

and patients expose to ionizing radiation through radiopharmaceutical 

preparation and administration. Although, gamma irradiation 

produced by radiopharmaceuticals is not high level, it can induce 

genotoxicity. There are several compounds were evaluated for 

protection against genotoxicity induced by external or internal 

irradiation on culture human lymphocytes in our laboratory. These 

compounds are mainly natural origin products. Radioprotective 

effects of Hawthorn, Zataria extracts and hesperidin were 

investigated against genotoxicity induced by external gamma 

irradiation in vitro cultured human lymphocytes, they have good 

radioprotection. In other study, we showed that hesperidin protected 

significantly, DNA damage induced by gamma irradiation produced by 

99mT-MIBI in lymphocytes. These results showed that natural 

products could be candidate as radioprotective agents in internal and 

external genotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation. 

Keywords: Radioprotective, natural product, gamma iradiation, 

genotoxicity 

181




Preparation and biodistribution study of a chlorotoxin 

derivative peptide labeled with 131-iodine for tumor therapy 

Seyed Pezhman Shirmardi, Mostafa Erfani (Gandomkar), Mohammad 


Nuclear Sciences and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran 

Introduction: Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the 

venom of the Leiurus quinquestriatus which blocks small-conductance 

chloride channels. Chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells that 

allow development of new methods for the treatment and diagnosis 

of several types of cancer. Due to this a chlorotoxin derivative was 

labeled with 131I and investigated further. 

Methods: A chlorotoxin derivative was synthesized on a solid phase 

using a standard Fmoc strategy. Labeling with iodine-131 was 

performed through chloramine-T method and radiochemical analysis 

involved sephadex G-25 and HPLC methods. The stability of 

radiopeptide was checked in the presence of PBS and human serum 

at 37°C up to 24 h. The biodistribution was studied in mice. Results: 

The chemical purity of synthesized peptide as assessed by analytical 

RP-HPLC was 95%. Labeling of peptide resulted in a radiochemical 

yield of 80% with radiochemical purity of > 95% with specific activity 

of 0.740 GBq/μmol. Results of In vitro studies demonstrated 

acceptable stability of compound in human serum and PBS solution. 

Biodistribution data showed moderate blood clearance, with 

concentration of radioactivity in the kidneys, liver, intestine and 

stomach. 

Keywords: cancer, peptide, 131I labeling, Chlorotoxin 

182




Synthesis, Radiolabeling and Biological Evaluation of [67Ga]- 

5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin complex as 

an imaging agent 

Seyed Yousef Fazaeli 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Mostafa M. Amini 2 , Abbas 

Majdabadi 1 , Ali Rahiminejad 1 , Fatemeh Bolourinovin 1 , Sedigheh 

Moradkhani 1 


2 Department of Chemistry 

INTRODUCTION: Porphyrins appeal large attention because of their 

impersonation in the human body, ability to accumulate in many 

kinds of cancer cells, as well as magnetic and optical properties. 

Radiolabeled porphyrins have been developed for the therapeutic 

purposes such as, 109Pd-protoporphyrins , 109Pd-porphyrins [1], 

and 188Re-porphyrin [2]. In continuation of our previous work [3] , 

we report, synthesis, radiolabeling, partition coefficient, quality 

control and biodistribution studies (using: SPECT and scarification) of 

67Ga-F20P in wild-type rats. METHODS [67Ga] labeled 5,10,15,20- 

tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin ([67Ga]-F20P) was prepared 

using freshly prepared [67Ga]GaCl3 and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis 

(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (F20PH2) for 50 min at 25°C 

(radiochemical purity: >97% ITLC, >98% HPLC, specific activity: 13- 

14 GBq/mmol). Stability of the complex was checked in final 

formulation and human serum for 24 h. The partition coefficient was 

calculated for the compound (log P=0.58). The biodistribution of the 

labeled compound in vital organs of wild-type and tumor bearing rats 

was studied using scarification studies and SPECT imaging up to 24 h. 

A detailed comparative pharmacokinetic study performed for 67Ga 

cation and [67Ga]-F20P. Results Total labeling and formulation of 

[67Ga]- F20P took about 30-60 min (RCP >97% ITLC, >98% HPLC, 

specific activity: 13-14 GBq/mmol). The complex was stable in final 

formulation and human serum at least for 24 h. At the pH.7, the logP 

was 0.58. The biodistribution of the labeled compound in vital organs 

of wild-type rats was studied using scarification studies and SPECT 

imaging up to 24 h. The complex is mostly washed out from the 

circulation through liver and kidneys and can be an interesting tumor 

imaging/targeting agent due to high tumor uptake and rapid 

excretion through the urinary tract. Conclusion It is suggested that 

67Ga-F20P could be a possible SPECT tracer, however considering 

the fast wash-out, the short half life gallium-68 can be a suitable 

candidate for tumor imaging applications and future 68Ga-PET 

studies and less imposed radiation doses to patients. 

References: 1. R.A. Fawwaz , F. Frye , W.D. Loughman, W. 

Hemphill, Survival of skin homografts in dogs injected with 109Pdprotoporphyrin. 

J Nucl Med 15 (1974) 997-1002. 2. H.D. Sarma, T. 

Das, S. Banerjee, M. Venkatesh, P.B. Vidyasagar, K.P. Mishra. 

Biologic evaluation of a novel 188Re-labeled porphyrin in mice tumor 

model. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 25 (2010) 47-54. 3.Yousef 

183




Fazaeli, Amir. R. Jalilian, Mostafa .M. Amini, J. Radioanal. Nucl. 

Chem, 288 (2011) ,17-24 

Keywords: [67Ga]- 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) 

porphyrin , imaging agent 

184




Production, quality control and imaging of 64Cu-ATSM in 

healthy rabbits for clinical applications 

Seyed Yousef Fazaeli, Amir Reza Jalilian, Mohsen Kamali-Dehghan, 

Fateme Bolourinovin, Sedigheh Moradkhani, Gholamreza Aslani, Ali 

Rahiminejad, Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 

Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) 

INTRODUCTION: [64Cu]diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) 

([64Cu]ATSM) is a well-established hypoxia imaging tracer with 

reproducible production and significant specifity. In this work the high 

yield production and quality control as well as imaging studies in 

healthy rabbits is reported. 

METHODS: Copper-64 produced via the 68Zn(p, n)64Cu nuclear 

reaction (30 MeV protons at 180 µA) was used for the preparation of 

[64Cu]diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)([64Cu]ATSM). 

Followed by quality control and administration to healthy rats as well 

as healthy rabbits for biodistribution and imaging studies respectively 

Results 64Cu2+ (500 mCi, separation yield> 95%, radionuclide 

purity>96%) was used for [64Cu]ATSM production (radiochemical 

purity>99%, specific activity of 300 Ci/mmol) followed by 

administration to healthy rabbits and coincidence imaging 

demonstrating uptake in liver, kidney and bowel as shown by other 

reports in various rodents and human. Conclusion Copper-64 in the 

form of 64Cu2+ (500 mCi, separation yield> 95%, radionuclide 

purity>96%) was used for [64Cu]ATSM production (radiochemical 

purity>99%, specific activity of 300 Ci/mmol) in 10 min. No other 

labeled by-products were observed upon RTLC/HPLC analysis of the 

final preparations after solid phase extraction (SPE) purification. The 

radio-labeled complex was stable in aqueous solutions for at least 12 

hours and no significant amount of other radioactive species were 

detected by RTLC 12 hours after labeling. The biodistribution of the 

tracer in normal rats up to 210 min demonstrated similar 

biodistribution to the other reports for [64Cu]ATSM. Intravenous 

administration of the tracer to healthy rabbits and coincidence 

imaging demonstrated uptake in liver, kidney and bowel as shown by 

other reports in various rodents and human. [64Cu]ATSM, is PET 

radiotracer with a long half life, and the high yield, large scale 

production and stability of this radiopharmaceutical make it a 

accessible diagnostic agent for clinical trial initiation in the country. 

Keywords: [64Cu]ATSM, Rabbits, biodistribution, coincidence 

imaging 

185




Synthesis, Radiolabeling and Biological Evaluation of [67Ga]- 

maltolate complex as an imaging agent 

Seyed Yousef Fazaeli 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Mostafa M. Amini 2 , Abbas 

Majdabadi 1 , Ali Rahiminejad 1 , Fatemeh Bolourinovin 1 , Mehraban 

Pouladi 1 


2 Department of Chemistry 

INTRODUCTION: The interesting physical properties and availability 

of gallium-67 make it an interesting nuclide for radiopharmaceutical 

research [1] recently. Studies of gallium maltolate as a potential 

treatment for liver cancer and gastrointestinal cancers has been done 

[2]. Gallium maltolate is stable in aqueous solutions between about 

pH 5 and 8, and it has significant solubility in both water and lipids.In 

this work we report, synthesis, radiolabeling, partition coefficient, 

quality control and biodistribution studies (using SPECT and 

scarification) of 67Ga-maltolate in Swiss mice.The time/activity 

diagrams for the labeled compound in vital organs have been plotted 

compared to gallium cation. METHODS [67Ga] labeled 3-hydroxy-2- 

methyl-4H-pyran-4-onate ([67Ga]- maltolate) was prepared using 

freshly prepared [67Ga]GaCl3 and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4- 

onate in a sodium salt form for 25 min at 40°C (radiochemical purity: 

>96% ITLC, >98% HPLC, specific activity: 13-17 GBq/mmol). 

Stability of the complex was checked in final formulation and human 

serum for 24 h. The partition coefficient was calculated for the 

compound (log P=0.40). The biodistribution of the labeled compound 

in vital organs of Swiss mice studied using scarification studies and 

SPECT imaging up to 24 h. A detailed comparative pharmacokinetic 

study performed for 67Ga cation and [67Ga]-maltolate. Results Total 

labeling and formulation of [67Ga]-maltolate took about 30 min. The 

complex was stable in final formulation and human serum at least for 

24 h. At the pH.7, the logP was 0.4. The biodistribution of the labeled 

compound in vital organs of Swiss mice was studied using 

scarification studies and SPECT imaging up to 24 h. Conclusion It is 

suggested that [67Ga]-maltolate could be a possible SPECT tracer, 

however considering the fast wash-out and the short half life gallium- 

68, [67Ga]-maltolate can be a suitable candidate for tumor imaging 

applications and future 68Ga-PET studies and less use and therefore 

less imposed radiation doses to patients. 

References: 1. R.B. Firestone, In: Table of isotopes. 8th edition, 

John Wiley and Sons, p.1447, New York, (1996). 2. C.R. Chitambar, 

"Development of Gallium Compounds for Treatment of Lymphoma: 

Gallium Maltolate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2007) 322. 

Keywords: ([67Ga]- maltolate), imaging agents, biodistribution 

186




Preparation and biological evaluation of radiogallium-labeled 

folate-embedded superparamagnetic nanoparticles in 

fibrosarcoma-bearing rat 

Seyydeh Leila Hosseini Salekdeh 1 , Amir Reza Jalilian 2 , Morteza 

Mahmoudi 3 , Hassan Yousefnia 2 , Majid Pouladian 1 

1 Nuclear Engineering Departmant 


3 Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 

The development of a large variety of colloidal dispersions of super 

paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) has added a 

supplementary function to nanomaterials, their magnetic properties, 

which led to a range of new biological and biomedical (diagnostic and 

treatment) applications. The interesting biological activity of folic acid 

as well as amphiphilic properties of this important hematopoietic 

vitamin was considered to be a multi-purposes functional additive to 

SPION core. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) 

embedded by folic acid (SPION-folate) were prepared by a modified 

co-precipitation method. The structure, size, morphology, magnetic 

property and relaxivity of the SPION-folate were characterized 

systematically by means of XRD, VSM, HRSEM and TEM and the 

interaction between folate and iron oxide (Fe3O4) was characterized 

by FT-IR. The particle size was shown to be ≈ 5-10 nm. Stability of 

67Ga-SPION-folate in final preparation was determined by storing the 

final solution at 25C for 4 days and performing frequent ITLC 

analysis to determine radiochemical purity. Biocompatibility of the 

compound was investigated using an MTT assay followed by stability 

tests and tumor accumulation studies in fibrosarcoma-bearing mice 

after subcutaneous (s.c.) application. [67Ga]-SPION-folate 

(radiochemical purity> 96%, RTLC method) was evaluated in 

fibrosarcoma-bearing rat after subcutaneous injection. All values 

were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) and the 

data were compared using student T test. Statistical significance was 

defined as P




Development of 165Dy-chitosan for radio-synovectomy 

Simindokht Shirvani-Arani, Ali Bahrami-Samani, Amir Reza Jalilian, 

Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh 

Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development Laboratory (RRDL) 

Introduction: Radioactive chitosan complexes are new internal 

radiation therapeutic agents; they exist in solution state in acidic pH 

and in gel state in pH of the human body. Therefore they do not leak 

from the lesion. In addition radioactive chitosan complex is a natural 

biocompatible and biodegradable product which can be excreted after 

decay. In this research the 165Dy-chitosan complex (165Dy-Chit) 

was prepared successfully with high radiochemical purity (>99%) in 

diluted acetic acid solution. 

Methods: 165Dy was produced by thermal neutron bombardment on 

natural Dy (NO3)3 at the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) for a period 

of 6 hours at a flux of 3-4—1013 neutrons/cm2.s. The preparation of 

165Dy-Chit was performed with regard to the optimized situation 

reported by shin et al in which complexation gradually increased with 

increase in ligand concentration and reached to almost 100% at a 

value of 35mg of chitosan in 4 ml acetic acid (pH. 3). Radiochemical 

purity was determined using ITLC. 

Results: The 165Dy-Chit complex was prepared with high 

radiochemical yield (>99 %) in the optimized condition; 35mg/3ml of 

chitosan concentration in diluted acetic acid solution (pH=3). The 

prepared complex was stable in the final solution at room 

temperature, 37ºC and presence of human serum, and can be used 

even 24 hours after preparation. The retention in the injected rabbit 

knee joint was observed after passing three half lives of radionuclide. 

Conclusion: The short half-life of 165Dy (2.3 h) suggests minimal 

exposure of non-target organs by reduction of leakage. Numerous 

reports have shown the efficacy and safety of 165Dy for the 

treatment of chronic synovitis. These studies indicate that 165Dy-Chit 

shows promising features and warrants further investigation for 

development as a cost-effective agent for radiosynovectomy. It is 

ready to be used for therapeutic applications in the country. 

Keywords: 165Dy Chitosan, radiosynovectomy 

188




Study of radioprotection effects of some bis- 

Thiosemicarbazone compounds 

Zahra Mehdipour, Amir Reza Jalilian 1 , Alireza Shirazi 

1 Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development Laboratory (RRDL) 

ATSM, PTSM and GTS are bis- thiosemicarbazone ligands used in the 

preparation of copper radiopharmaceuticals. According to the 

theoretical studies, these ligands possess radical scavenging 

properties due to the presence of NH, SH functional groups, leading 

to radioprotection effects. In this work, radiaprotective effect of the 

compounds at various doses (20, 40 and 80 μg) and two time 

intervals injections prior to Co-60 gamma radiation (40 min, 7.5 Gy) 

have been studied compared to control experiments. The survival of 

the animals was recorded in one month post irradiation. At the next 

step, the hepatotoxicity of the effective compounds at the exact 

protective doses (ATSM, 80 μg and GTS, 20 μg) were checked by the 

determination of ALT and AST enzyme concentrations in the rat sera 

7 days after injection. ATSM at the effective radioprotection doses 

demonstrate no significant increase in SGPT and SGOT serum levels 

demonstrating no hepatotoxicity compared to the control, while a 30- 

40% of increase in enzymes was observed for GTS even 7 days postinjection. 

Due to the similar moles of injections in both cases, ATSM 

is definitely a better candidate for future radioprotection studies. 

Keywords: ATSM, PTSM, GTS, radioprotection, ALT, AST 

189




The influence of misalignment between PET and CT images on 

the accuracy of CT-based attenuation correction in thorax 

imaging: a simulation study 

Zahra Anvari 1 , Mohammad Reza Ay 1 , Babak Fallahi 2 


2 Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine 

Purpose: The accuracy of activity recovery from PET images is 

affected by respiratory motion especially in lung imaging. Moreover, 

Misregistration between PET and CT images in PET/CT imaging 

significantly influences the quantification of PET images due to the 

CT-based attenuation correction process. The aim of this study was to 

evaluate the impact of misregistration between PET and CT images 

on the accuracy of CTAC. 

Methods: Using 4-dimensional extended Cardiac Torso (XCAT) 

phantom, 4 lesions with 10 mm diameter and specified activity were 

defined in different locations of lung. To investigate the impact of 

respiratory motion on CT-based attenuation correction of PET images, 

first static PET images were generated as reference. Then the 

average PET data was acquired in 10 phases of a respiratory cycle. 

Two CT image sets were generated. One, obtained at end expiration 

called EE-CT, and another was the average of one respiratory period 

called Ave-CT. As phantom images are ideal, first PET sinograms 

were attenuated with the corresponding CT images using STIR 

(Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction) code. Attenuation 

correction of PET sinograms was performed with EE-CT and Ave-CT. 

After adding poisson noise to sinograms, PET images were 

reconstructed using OSEM algorithm with 4 subsets and 24 

subiterations followed by a 4 mm Gaussian filter. The attenuation 

corrected PET images were compared with the static images. 

Results: For upper lesions with 11mm diaphragm motion amplitude, 

Standardized Uptake Values (SUVmax) underestimation was not 

significantly different between Ave-CTAC and EE-CTAC. However, for 

middle and lower lesions with 16 mm motion, errors were 25 % and 

61% respectively for Ave-CTAC rather than 62% and 73% for EE- 

CTAC. 

Conclusion: Respiratory motion complicates lung tumor 

quantification. Using Ave-CT for attenuation correction can yield 

smaller mismatch errors than EE-CT. Our study suggests that 

mismatched attenuation correction can be partly compensated by 

using Ave-CT for attenuation correction. 

Keywords: PET/CT, attenuation correction, respiratory, STIR, XCAT 

190




Determination of neutron flux of Esfahan ZPR in different level 

of energy by MCNP cod for investigate of BNCT 

Zahra Eslami 1 , Feridoun Payami 2 , Behzad Timuri 2 

1 Payamnoor university Tehran 

2 Nuclear science and technology research institute reactor and accelerator 

research and development school (Esfahan) 

Introduction: Relating to deaths caused by cancers, we have tried 

to investigate the type of the cancers, and common method used for 

their treatments. Then we have evaluated the advantage and 

disadvantage of different methods, in regarding with the type of 

cancers, aiming to proof, that BNCT (boron neutron capture therapy ) 

method can be the most appropriate methods for treatment of cancer 

in comparison with the other methods available. Now of days, 

advanced method of BNCT use a thermal (E n < 0.5 eV), or 

epithermal (0.5 eV < E n < 10 keV), neutron beam in conjunction 

with tumor- targeting boron compound for irradiation of glioblastoma 

and metastatic melanomas. 

Methods: In conjunction with, a systematic Mont carlo N-particle 

(MCNP) investigation of the different level of energy for neutron in 

ZPR (Zero Power Reactor) has been performed. 

Results: We did calculated with MCNP code, on neutron flux in ZPR, 

for different level of energies, and to complete the work, we 

compared the results with neutron flux requirements in BNCT cancer 

treatments. 

Conclusion: we believe that in future, BNCT can pursue its way as 

one of the safest, and fastest method of brain cancers treatment, and 

We hope that in the near future, an appropriate (bed) will be 

established, for research and development of this methods in our 

country, so that this method can become vastly available to those 

patients, who are hopelessly seeking, a safer methods of brain cancer 

treatment. 

Keywords: BNCT, neutron flux, cancer therapy 

191




192




Index 

A 

Abbasi K. 23 

Abbasi M. 57, 126 

Abdolahzade M. 90, 143 

Abedi S. 112, 113 

Aboudzadeh M.R. 142 

Adeli R. 173 

Adibpour F. 147 

Aghaei Amirkhizi N. 172 

Ahangari H. 95 

Ahmadi G.R. 124 

Ahmadi Sh. 117 

Ahmadin N. 77 

Akbari M. 26 

Akbarzadeh S. 125 

Akhlaghi M. 138 

Akhlaghpour Sh. 88, 103, 179 

Alani A. 87 

Alavi M. 28, 59, 63, 123 

Alipoor A. 96, 97, 156 

Alirezapour B. 73, 142 

Amini A. 162 

Amini H. 61 

Amini M.M. 183, 186 

Amirian S. 127 

Amoui M. 26, 103 

Anvari A. 133 

Anvari K. 132, 177 

Anvari Z. 190 

Arbabi M. 30 

Arefan D. 133 

Arjmand Shabestari A. 28, 29 

Aryana K. 51, 67 

Asadi M. 52 

Ashoor M. 84, 94 

Askari M.A. 85, 102 

Aslani G.R. 71, 185 

Assadi M. 56, 62, 120, 125, 162 

Assadi S.M. 61 

Attar Nosrati S. 118 

Ay M.R. 22, 25, 33, 88, 92, 98, 103, 108, 110, 

145, 147, 190 

B 

Babaei M.H. 22, 24, 31, 36 

Babapour F. 100, 117 

Baghban Khojasteh N. 171 

Bagheri M. 27 

Bagheri M. 77 

Bagheri R. 76 

Bahrami Samani A. 74, 76, 114, 134, 141, 144, 149, 150, 

151, 152, 153, 155, 175, 176, 177, 188 

Bakhshandepour G.R. 30 

193




Bashtar M. 77 

Beheshti M. 105 

Beyki D. 22, 24, 31, 39, 42, 60, 61, 64, 

Bijan B. 21, 26 

Bolourinovin F. 71, 73, 83, 135, 142, 183, 185, 186 

Bombardieri E. 21, 23, 26, 28 

Bouzarjomehri F. 25 

C 

Chahkandi M.R. 127 

D 

Dabbagh Kakhki V.R. 29, 32, 49, 55, 58, 132 

Dabiri Oskoei Sh. 54 

Davari Sh. 99 

Davarpanah M.R. 72, 118 

Derakhshan S. 32 

E 

Eftekhari M. 23, 57, 60, 61, 64, 95, 126 

Elahi F. 26 

Emami A. 88 

Emami Ardakani A.R. 57, 60, 64, 93, 101, 126 

Erfani(Gandomkar) M. 22, 25, 40, 47, 72, 75, 79, 81, 107, 

116, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 182 

Eslami Z. 191 

Esmaili J. 64 

Esteghamati A.R. 57 

F 

Faghihi R. 136, 138 

Fallahi B. 57, 60, 61, 64, 126, 190 

Fani Pakdel A. 52 

Farahani H. 161 

Farahani M. 91, 146, 148 

Fard Esfahani A. 28, 60, 61, 64, 102 

Farsad M. 21, 23, 28, 35 

Farzanefar S. 60, 64, 95 

Fatehi M. 68, 69 

Fathi M. 142 

Fattahi Masoom A.S. 53 

Fazaeli Y. 152, 183, 185, 186 

Fazli A. 124 

G 

Gannadi Maragheh M. 72, 74, 76, 81, 89, 114, 134, 139, 141, 

144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 

167, 168, 173, 175, 176, 177, 182, 

185, 188 

Garousi J. 136, 140 

Gasemabadi D. 143 

Ghadiri H. 32, 88, 98 

Ghadiri P. 88 

Ghafarian P. 110 

Ghafori M. 174 

Ghafori M. 97 

194




Gharepapagh E. 121 

Ghasemabadi D. 90 

Ghazanfari N. 108 

Ghazikhanlou Sani K. 154 

Gheisari F. 59, 63, 123 

Gheshlaghi H. 154 

Gholami H. 52, 53, 

Gholamrezanezhad A. 77, 129 

Ghozati B. 165 

Giannopoulou Ch. 23, 29, 41 

Goudarzi M. 99 

Goudarzi M. 79, 91, 146, 148, 169 

Gourani M. 161 

H 

Hadavand F. 62 

Haeri M. 154 

Hajhasan Abbasi F. 91, 146, 148 

Hakimi A. 137, 139 

Harati M. 118 

Hassani Bidgoli J. 110 

Hassanzadeh L. 75 

Hedayati A. 28 

Hekmat S. 22, 27, 36, 172 

Heydarinejad S. 126 

Hosseini R. 27 

Hosseini Pooya M. 115 

Hosseini Salekdeh L. 187 

Hosseinimehr J. 25, 31, 80, 181 

I 

Ibis E. 131 

Izadyar S. 64 

J 

Jafari M. 125 

Jafarizadeh M. 115 

Jalallat S. 120 

Jalilian A.R. 22, 24, 31, 33, 37, 43, 71, 73, 74, 76 , 

82, 83, 114, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 

140, 142, 144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 

153, 155, 159, 160, 174, 175, 176, 

177, 180, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 

Jameie B. 171 

Jamreh M. 159, 160 

Jangjoo A. 26 

Javadi H. 56, 62, 120 

Javan H. 52 

Javanshir M.R. 165 

Johari Daha F. 22, 44, 178, 179 

Jomehzadeh A. 86 

Jomehzadeh Z. 86 

K 

Kabiri F. 165 

Kalantarhormozi M.R. 62 

195




Kalantari B.A. 72 

Kalantari F. 92, 93, 103, 105, 117 

Kamali Asl A.R. 92, 133 

Kamali Dehghan M. 71, 73, 185 

Kardan M. 28 

Karimi Diba J. 115 

Kasesaz Y. 90, 143, 163 

Khalafi H. 163 

Khorshidi A. 84 

Khoshdel M. 135 

Khoshhosn H.A. 118 

Khosravi H. 31, 33 

Khosrounejad H.R. 91, 146, 148 

Kia M. 164 

Kohanpour M. 105 

Kucuk O.N. 131 

L 

Lahooti A. 111 

Loudos G. 108, 147 

M 

Mahdavi R. 25 

Mahmoudi M. 187 

Mahmoudian A. 132 

Mahmoudian B. 54 

Maghsoodi R. 27 

Majdabadi A. 

183, a86 

Majdi M. 60 

Malek H. 29 

Malekzadeh M. 23 

Malekzadeh R. 77 

Manouchehri F. 172 

Mazidi M. 72, 76, 91, 116, 134, 151, 161, 169 

Mehdipour Z. 189 

Mehdizadeh A.R. 59, 63 

Mifallah H. 72 

Mir Falah M.H. 148 

Mirazizi F. 180 

Mirpour S. 77, 129 

Mirshojaei F. 79, 116, 170 

Mirshojaei Sh. 124 

Mishra K.P. 23, 28, 31, 38 

Modarresi M. 130 

Moghaddam Banaem L. 159, 160 

Mogharrabi M. 56, 120 

Mohajeri M.R. 28 

Mohamadnejad J. 142 

Mohamadnejad M. 77 

Momen’nejhad M. 28, 31 

Moosavi H. 24 

Moosavi K. 158 

Moradkhani S. 71, 73, 142, 174, 183, 185 

Moshayedi A. 90 

Moslehi A. 143 

Mousavi Z. 49 

196




Movahed M. 22 

Mozdarani H. 23, 28 

N 

Nabipour I. 62, 120, 125, 162 

Naderi M. 172 

Najafi R. 31, 75, 107 

Naseri Z. 74, 82, 153, 176 

Nasrollahi A. 22 

Nazari M. 96, 156 

Neamtu J. 109 

Nemati Kharat A. 82 

Nemati R. 125, 162 

Neshandar Asli I. 120 

Nikzad R. 72 

Nonbede M. 143 

Norouzbeigi N. 128 

Novinrouz A. 140 

Nouroozian M. 25, 30 

O 

Orlova A. 80 

Orouji T. 115 

Ozdan E. 131 

P 

Parach A.S. 85 

Payami F. 191 

Payervand F. 94 

Pazirandeh A. 171 

Pirayesh E. 70 

Poorbeygi H. 165 

Pooyafard F. 61 

Pouladi M. 186 

Pouladian M. 105, 145, 187 

Pouraliakbar H.R. 29 

Pourbehi M.R. 56 

Q 

Qodsi Rad M. 128 

R 

Radfar E. 144 

Rahiminejad A. 135, 183, 185, 186 

Rahimzadeh N. 22 

Rahmatpour M. 100 

Rahmim A. 21, 22, 24 

Rajabi H. 25, 32, 85, 93, 95, 100, 101, 102, 105, 

117, 178 

Rajabifar S. 73, 83, 142, 174 

Rajamand A. 140 

Ramezani Moghaddam A. 94 

Rasaee M.J. 73, 142 

Rasaneh S. 178, 179 

Rayzan M. 56 

197




S 

Saberifard J. 62 

Sadadi F. 83, 122, 174 

Sadat Ebrahimi E. 75 

Sadeghi R. 21, 26, 32, 49, 52, 53, 132 

Sadeghpour H. 180 

Saghari M. 60, 61, 64, 77, 93 

Salarifar A. 121 

Salehi H. 161 

Salehi N. 23, 41 

Salehi Zahabi S. 101 

Salehizahaby J. 157 

Salek N. 159, 160 

Salimi H. 27 

Salimipour H. 125, 162 

Salouti M. 124 

Samani Z. 125 

Samiee F. 26 

San’ati H.R. 29 

Sardari D. 109, 137, 141 

Sarkar S. 108, 147 

Sarvghadi F. 28 

Sedaghat F. 25, 30, 33, 45, 46 

Sehhat M.R. 62 

Seifollahi Asl Sh. 30, 65 

Seyedabadi M. 125 

Shabani G.A. 91, 146, 148 

Shabestani Monfared A. 24, 28, 31, 33 

Shafaii K. 71, 136, 140 

Shafiei B. 27, 28, 32 

Shahhoseini E. 172 

Shahhoseini S. 31 

Shamsaee M. 159, 160 

Shanehsazzadeh S. 111 

Shaybani S. 161 

Shayeste M. 90, 143, 163 

Sheibani Sh. 165 

Sheybani Sh. 178, 179 

Shirazi A.R. 189 

Shirin M.B. 98 

Shirmardi P. 81, 166, 167, 168, 173, 182 

Shiroodi K. 130 

Shirvani-Arani S. 114, 139, 141, 144, 149, 175, 188 

Shojaee A. 30, 66 

Shokouhizadeh R. 122 

Singh B. 23, 31 

Sobhani S. 131 

Soleimani E. 145 

Solhifam R. 89 

Soltani-Zadeh H. 98 

Soni P.S. 22, 24, 25 

T 

Tabeie F. 24, 33 

Taghizadeh S. 88 

Tajik Mansouri M.A. 101 

198




Talebi M.H. 91, 116, 146, 148 

Tavakoli A.R. 62 

Tavakoli M.B. 86 

Tavakoli Tabasi K. 53 

Tavakoli Y.H. 146 

Teimoori Sichani M.R. 103 

Timuri B. 191 

Tolmachev V. 80 

V 

Vahdat K. 62 

Vakili A. 141, 144 

Vedaei F 92 

Verga N. 109 

Y 

Yalodbardan A. 127 

Yavari K. 73, 89, 142 

Yousefnia H. 71, 74, 90, 114, 135, 136, 138, 140, 

144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 

175, 176, 177, 187 

Z 

Zaidi H. 98 

Zakavi R. 23, 28, 49 

Zamani M. 163 

Zamani Zeinali H. 96, 97, 156 

Zandi H. 138 

Zoghi M. 161 

Zolata H. 73, 83 

Zolghadri S. 74, 114, 135, 136, 149, 150, 151, 152, 

153, 155, 175, 176, 177 

199




Note 

200

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