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Greenspan, R. J., 2004 Fly Pushing: The Theory and Practice of Drosophila Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Gummalla, M., R. K. Maeda, J. J. Castro Alvarez, H. Gyurkovics, S. Singari et al., 2012 abd-A regulation by the iab-8 noncoding RNA. PLoS Genet. 8: e1002720. Harrison, A. B., M. Oswald, and S. T. Sweeney, 2011 Teaching report: the use of Drosophila melanogaster larval thermosensitive escape behaviour as a model system to demonstrate sensory function. Invert. Neurosci. 11: 109–112. Keller, E. F., 1996 Drosophila embryos as transitional objects: the work of Donald Poulson and Christiane Nusslein-Volhard. Hist. Stud. Phys. Biol. Sci. 26: 313–346. Kohler, R. E., 1994 Lords of the Fly. Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. Kühnlein, R. P., 2011 The contribution of the Drosophila model to lipid droplet research. Prog. Lipid Res. 50: 348–356. Lawrence, P., 1992 The Making of a Fly: The Genetics of Animal Design. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Lee, L. A., and T. L. Orr-Weaver, 2003 Regulation of cell cycles in Drosophila development: intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Annu. Rev. Genet. 37: 545–578. Lindsley, D. L., and G. G. Zimm, 1992 The Genome of Drosophila melanogaster, Academic Press, San Diego. Lyko, F., C. Beisel, J. Marhold, and R. Paro, 2006 Epigenetic regulation in Drosophila. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 310: 23–44. Martinez Arias, A., 2008 Drosophila melanogaster and the development of biology in the 20th century, pp. 1–25 in Drosophila. Methods and Protocols, edited by C. Dahmann. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. Nishihara, S., 2010 Glycosyltransferases and transporters that contribute to proteoglycan synthesis in Drosophila: identification and functional analyses using the heritable and inducible RNAi system. Methods Enzymol. 480: 323–351. Pulver, S. R., P. Cognigni, B. Denholm, C. Fabre, W. X. Gu et al., 2011 Why flies? Inexpensive public engagement exercises to explain the value of basic biomedical research on Drosophila melanogaster. Adv. Physiol. Educ. 35: 384–392. Sánchez-Soriano, N., G. Tear, P. Whitington, and A. Prokop, 2007 Drosophila as a genetic and cellular model for studies on axonal growth. Neural Dev. 2: 9. Spieler, R. A., 1963 Genic control of chromosome loss and non-disjunction in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 48: 73–90. Venken, K. J., and H. J. Bellen, 2005 Emerging technologies for gene manipulation in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat. Rev. Genet. 6: 167–178. Weiner, J., 1999 Time, Love, Memory: A Great Biologist and His Quest for the Origins of Behavior. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Communicating editor: R. S. Hawley 358 | J. Roote and A. Prokop
A. Prokop - A rough guide to Drosophila mating schemes 1 A rough guide to Drosophila mating schemes (version 1.2) 1 1. Why work with the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster? More than a century ago the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster was introduced as the invertebrate model organism that founded the field of classical genetics. It has been argued that Drosophila, as an omnipresent follower of human culture, was easy to obtain and maintain in laboratories, and that it was kept in many laboratories as a cheap model for student projects suitable in times of neo- Darwinism (the study of Darwinian evolution with Mendelian genetics) [1]. Several laboratories started using the fly for their main research, but it was the serendipitous discovery of the white mutation and recognition of its linkage to the X chromosome in 1910 by T.H. Morgan which kickstarted the systematic use of the fly for genetic research, essentially fuelled by Morgan's graduate students Sturtevant and Bridges [1,7] 2 . Building on the sophisticated fly genetics gained during the early decades, research during the second half of the 20 th century gradually turned flies into a powerful "boundary object" linking genetics to other biological disciplines [10]. Thus, fly genetics was systematically applied to the study of development, physiology and behaviour, generating new understanding of the principal genetic and molecular mechanisms underpinning biology, many being conserved with higher animals and humans [7,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Notably, it has been estimated that “...about 75% of known human disease genes have a recognisable match in the genome of fruit flies” [17]. Therefore, besides remaining a powerhouse for unravelling concepts and fundamental understanding of basic biology, Drosophila is nowadays often used as a “test tube” to screen for genetic components of disease-relevant processes or pathways, or to unravel their cellular and molecular mechanisms, covering a wide range of disease mechanisms including neurodegeneration and even neurotoxicology [18,19,20,21] 3 . It is therefore not surprising that Drosophila is the insect behind six Nobel laureates (Box 1). Box 1. Nobel prizes for work on Drosophila (www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/) 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan - the role played by chromosomes in heredity 1946 Hermann Joseph Muller - the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation 1995 Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus - the genetic control of early embryonic development 2011 Jules A. Hoffmann - the activation of innate immunity Drosophila's enormous success originates from the numerous practical advantages this tiny insect and the community of fly researchers have to offer to the experimenter. The most important advantages are briefly listed below: 1 Updated versions of this document can be downloaded @ dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.106631 2 Dan Lindley (2008) Drosophila genetics - The first 25 years @ hstalks.com/?t=BL0341788 3 Informative lay descriptions of fly research can be found on the Wellcome Trust Blog: The portrait of a fly (Part 1) - wellcometrust.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/feature-the-portrait-of-a-fly-part-1/ The portrait of a fly (Part 2) - wellcometrust.wordpress.com/2012/11/23/the-portrait-of-a-fly-part-2-fly-on-the-wall/
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Drosophila genetics training - Cros
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