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HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONS IN THE 

MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN 

COMMUNITY 

EDUCATION AND TRAINING 

:1 

This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not 

necessarily represent the Commission's official position. 

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication 

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 

1985 

ISBN: 92-825-5856-8 

Catalogue number: CB-44-85-840-EN-C 

Articles and texts appearing in this document may be reproduced freely in 

whole or in part providing their source is mentioned. 

Printed in Belgium

u~ 

~ l . 

Commission of the European Communities 

• 

HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONS IN THE RENDER STATES OF THE 

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 

EDUCATION AND TRAINING 

Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Education 

Health and Safety Directorate 

Gerald H. France 

I 

Editor 

Director Scottish Health Service Centre 

Lesley J. Colquhoun 

Research Assistant, Scottish Health Service Centre 

Document

This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. 

necessarily represent the Commission's official position. 

It does not

.. 

Abbreviations ............................................... -.... 

Criteria 

Foreword 

........................................................ 

........................................................ 

Introduction • • • ••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 

4 

5 

6 

Ldst of Health Care Professions in the EEC ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 

!l'ext • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 

CoDJEDents 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••• 

112 

Education Supplement ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

116 

A Comparison of Training Requirements •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

References ...................................................... 

List of Members of the Sub-Committee on Community Coordination of the 

Hospital Committee of the European Economic Community ••••••••••••••• 

161 

172 

173 

Ldst of names and addresses of people who have helped or supplied 

information ..................................................... 

174

-4- 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED Ill 'DIE iEXT 

• 

approx 

B 

BA. 

BSc 

c 

cert 

cont 

D 

DK 

ECG 

EEC 

etc 

event 

exam 

F 

GB 

GR 

grad 

:rs~- 

Hons degree 

IRL 

I 

incl 

Jan 

L 

min 

mnths 

nat 

NL 

Nov 

Oct 

sco~ 

SCO'JEC 

SCOTVEC 

wks 

7 )_ 

yrs) 

approxima tel.y 

Belgium 

:Bachelor of .Arts 

:Bachelor of Science 

circa 

certificate 

continued 

Federal Republic of Germa.ny 

Denmark 

Electro-cardiograph 

European Economic Community 

etcetera 

eventual 

examination 

F.rance 

Great :Britain 

Greece 

graduate 

hou:r(s) 

Honours degree 

Republic of Ireland 

Italy 

including 

January 

:WXembourg 

minimum 

months 

national 

Netherlands 

November 

October 

Scottish Eusiness Education Council 

ScottiSh Technical Education Council 

Scottish Vocational Education Council 

weeks 

years 

Abbreviations referring to education terminology are explained in 

the Education Supplement.

• 

-5- 

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONS 

1 The selection does not include doctors, dentists, nurses and midwives, 

who are included in EEXj-Directives. Knowing that EEC already has Directives 

for general nurses a.nd midwives a.nd that EEC is considering Directives for 

other groups of nurses eg registered mental nurse and registered sick 

children's nurse 

i 

the selection does not include groups with post-basic qualifications 

which depend on one of the basic qualifications included in tbe 

EEC-Directive 

ii the selection does not include groups which can be described as 

qualified nurses, even if they are not covered by the EEC-Directive, 

but it does include other associated professions which observe the 

criteria. 

2 The selection includes professions for which there is a training recognised 

at national or at least at regional level {for example German "I.ILnder"), 

leading to a recognised diploma or certificate. As a consequence, 

professions that do exist at national or regional level, but for which 

there is no recognised diploma or certificate, are not incorporated. 

3 The selection includes professions where both the training and the function 

are specifically directed towards health care. Therefore, professions that 

are fotmd (or even common) in health care, but of which the training and 

function a.re not specifically directed towards health care, are not 

incorporated. 

4 The selection includes any profession that observes these criteria in at 

least one country. ..

-6- 

F 0 R E Y 0 R D 

The Ministers of Health of the Members States, meeting in Brussels 

on 29 November 1984 and in Venice 3 and 4 May 1985, acknowledged 

the need to reduce health care expenses and urged the Commission to 

look in depth at some related issues one of them being the 

planification of health care professions in the Community. 

The present report was prepared by the Hospital Committee of the 

European Community and it covers some of the major issues related 

to paramedical personnel in Member States. 

It is a useful and unique document which will be of interest to 

health planners and to health economists. 

Dr. E. BENNETT 

Director 

Health and Safety Directorate

-7- 

nlTROIXJCTION 

The Hospital Committee of the EEC is an association of the national hospital 

organisations of the .dlember states of the European Community. In accordance 

with the Treaty of Rome the Hospital Committee seeks to promote a uniformly high 

standard of hospital care throughout the EEC. Its objectives include the 

development ana maintenance of information about the planning and operation of 

hospital services within the EEC. 

Following these objectives the Hospital Committee of the EEC has previously 

published a Glossar.y of current hospital terminology in use in the countries of 

the BEC and, in association with Gyldendal of Denmark, a book entitled ''Hospi tala 

in the EEC - Organisation and Terminology". 

The European Commission has shown an interest in the harmonisation throughout 

the Community of professional qualifications and there are alrea~ EEC 

~rectives about the professional training and qualifications of doctors, 

dentists, nurses and midwives. 

The Bospi tal Committee has undertaken this study of other health ca.re 

. 

professions in order to produce information which will be useful to the EEC 

Commission for any future Directives, to the members of these professions in 

each country and to hospital managers. The study is supplementary to the 

previous work of the EEC Commission and to the previous publications by the 

Hospital Committee. 

Fbr the professions which satisfy the criteria adopted by the Hospital 

Committee for this study the report aims to show the countries in which each 

profession exists, pre-entr,y educational requirements, training requirements, 

level of professional education, arrangements for the award of diplomas and for 

professional registration and the functions undertaken by qualified personnel. 

The principal part of this report is the complete statement of the results of 

the study. The report also includes comment on the apparent differences 

revealed by the study in the' training arrangements for some of these professions. 

Differences can limit the free movement of staff within the EEC. Harmonisation 

of the qualifications for these professions will require attention to these 

differences in the current training arrangements.

-8- 

T.be Hospital Committee recognises that hospitals in various countries employ 

graduates or other professionally qualified employees who are not included in 

this report. The usual reason for omitting these categories of staff from 

this report is that they do not satisf.y the third of the criteria adopted by 

the Committee. Fbr example, in the United Kingdom staff with science degrees, 

for example Medical P~sicists, are employed in hospitals but their degrees 

are the same as scientists working in other areas and they have not taken an 

additional special qualification for-work in hospitals or Health Services. 

Another reason for excluding some categories of staff is that the Committee's 

criteria exclude qualified nurses. Functions which in some countries are 

undertaken by independent professions with separate training are undertaken 

in other countries by staff who have first qualified as nurses. The latter 

are excluded from the report. 

In the course of the stu~ the Hospital Committee has found the training 

arrangements are continuously under review in each countr.y and subject to 

change from time to time. Any publication on this subject can reflect only 

the position at one point in time and is liable to be inaccurate even by the 

date of publication or at least soon after publication. This report is based 

on the position as at 30 June 1984. If this report is to remain a useful 

reference document it will require revision in future to incorporate 

corrections and ne~ information and to take account of new member states 1o 

the EEC. 

R R W ST.EWART 

President/Chairman 

of Sub Committee an 

Communit,y Coordination 

1983/84

CORRIGENDUM : 

Instead of "Republic of Ireland", please read "Ireland"

N'OT.E 

Susgestions for amendments, corrections, deletions and 

insertions, and comments, which may be useful for future 

edi tiona, are invited, will be welcomed, and should be 

sent to the Editor 

Dr G H France 

Director 

Scottish Health Service Centre 

Crewe Road South 

Edinburgh EH4 2LF

Key 

X indicates countries for which information is tabled. 

indicates a profession for which there is no equivalent 

or which does not observe the criteria. 

It should be noted that professions 26, 35, 39 and 40 

a.re not subdivided in all countries and that the professions 

in the sub-divisions may exist but be categorised under the 

main heading.

LIST OF IIFAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'IRE EEC 

LISTE DES PROFESSIONS DE SANTE DANS LA CEE 

" LISTE UBER DIE HEILBERUFE IN DER EWG 

PROFESSION/BERUF B D DK F 

GB GR IRL I L NL 

1 

Ambulance Firs·t Aid Technicia.n/Ambulancema.n 

Ambulancier X X - X 

Rettungssanit!ter 

X X X - 

2 

Anaesthetics' Assistant 

Infirmier-anest~siste - - - - 

An!sthesist Assistant 

- - - X 

3 

Art Therapist/Creative Therapist 

Ergoth~rapeute Artistique - X - - 

Kunsttherapeut 

X - - X 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Assistant Medical Analytical Chemist 

Assistant de Laboratoire en Chimie 

idem 

- - - 

Technischer Assistant in der Medizin (Labor) 26 

Audiologist 

Audiologiste X - - - 

Audio loge 

Audiometrician/Audiology Technician 

Audiome'triste - - X - 

Audiometrist 

Auxiliary Child Care Worker /Nursery Nurse 

Auxiliaire de Pu~riculture - - - x· 

B1l~skindersohwester 

- - - X 

- X - X 

X X X - X 

X - - X

. • 

PBOFESSI01JjBF:Bm' B D liC T GB GR IRL I L 1JL 

8 Auxiliary Nurse/Hospital Assistant Nurse 

Aide-Soignante X X X X - - - X - 

Krankenpflegehelferin 

9 Cardiac Ca theterisa tion Technician 

Technician en Catheterisme Cardiaque - - - - - 

X 

- 

X 

Techniker fftr HerZkatheterisierung 

11 Child Psychotherapist 

Specialiste en Psychotherapie pour Enfants - X X - - - - - 

Kinder-Psychotherapeut 

12 Chiropodist 

Pedicure X - X X X X 

- 

X 

Fu.sspflegerin 

13 Cleaner/Disinfector 

Agent de nesinfection - X - - - - - - 

Desinfektor 

---- 

- 

14 Clinical Ps,ychologist 

Psycholo~e X X X X X X X X X--- X 

Klinische/Krankenhauspsychologe -- 

10 Child Care Worker idem idem 

Puericul teur X X - - X 

7 

- 7 

Kinderschwester 

15 Dental Auxiliary 

Assis~te Dentaire - X - - X - - 

X 

Zahnarzthelferin

~ 

PBOiESSION/BEDF B D DC 

,. OB OR IBL I L JJL 

16 Dental Hygienist 

Technician d~H7gi~ne Buccale - - X - X - - 

X 

Zabnhygieniker 

17 Dental Surgery Assistant 

Assistant de Chirurgie Dentaire - - - - X X 

- - 

Assistant :f'6r Zahnchirurgie 

18 Dental Technician 

Technicien Dentiste X X X - X X X X X X 

Zahntechniker 

19 Dietitian 

Diet~ticien X X X X X X X X X X 

Dilltassistent 

20 Doctor's Assistant 

MSdecin Assistant - X - - - - - 

X 

Arzthelferin 

. 

~ 

-- 

l 

21 Engineer for. Medical Technique/~fedical Engineering 

Specialist/Medical Technique Engineer/Engineer for 

Technical Hygiene - X X - - - X 

- - 

rngenieur Biomedical 

Medizintechnik Ingenieur 

22 .... Environmental Health Officer~neer for Environmental 

and Hygiene Protection/Sanitary Engineer/ 

Health Inspector - - - - 

Inspecteur d'Uygiene 

Sozialmedizinischer Assistant 

X X X X

PROmssiOJJ/JEBJJF B D DC J' QB QR IRL I L IL 

23 HosRi tal Chaplain 

Aumonier de 1 'HOpi tal X X - - - - - X 

Krankenhausseelsorger 

24 Medical ~ical Chemist 

Chimiste Medical 

- - - - - - X 

Arzt ffJ:r I.abormedizin oder ltl1nisoher Chemiker 

Vl 

25 Medical Artist 

Idem Idem 

Dessina teur en Ana tomie - 3 - - X - X - 3 

Kunsttherapeut

PJI)FESSIOB/BBJF B D DC 

,. QB OR IRL I L IL 

27 Medical Photographer 

Photographe Medical - - - - X - - X 

Medizinischer Fbtograf 

28 Medical ~sics Technician 

Technician de Physique ~dicale - - - - X - - - 

~sikologiscb-technischer Assistant 

- 

26 Medical Laboratory Scientific Officer/Medical Laboratory 

Technician/Medical Laboratory Technologist/Laboratory 

Technician 

X X X X X X X X X 

Technician Laboratoira/Adjoint Technique Laboratoire/ 

Ia.bora.ntin 

Medizinisch-tecbnischer Laboratoriumassistent 

- Biomedical Technician 

Assistant de Laboratoire en Biologie MSdicale/ 

Technician Biom,dical 

Biomedizinischer Techniker 

- Cytology Technician 

Assistant de Cytologie Cytologieassistent 

X - 

- Medical Technician 

Technician Medical Medizin-techniker 

X - 

- Medical Technical Assistant 

Assistant Technique M~dical Technischer Assistant in der Medizin (Labor) 

- 

- Pathology Laboratory Assistant 

Assistant de Laboratoire en Pathologie Assistant Laboratorium der Pathologie 

X 

- Medical Technical Surgical Assistant 

Instrumentiste unbekannt in der BRD 

- - 

X

PROFESSION/BERUF B D DK F G:B GR IRL I L NL 

29 Medical Secretary 

Secretaire Medicale X X X - X - - X 

Arztsekretl!rin 

30 Medical Social Worker/Psychiatric Social Worker 

Assistant.Social M~dical ou Psycbiatrique - X X - X X X X 

- 

X 

Sozialarbeiter/Sozialarbeiter (in der Psychiatrie) 

31 Music Therapist 

Therapeute Musical - X - - - - - 

X 

Musiktherapeut 

32 Non-Medical Health Practitioner/Non-Medical Practitioner 

Officier de Sante - X - - - - - - 

Heilpraktiker 

34 Occupational Therapist 

E:rgoth6rapeute X X X X X X X X X 

Beschlftigungs - und Arbeitstherapeut 

35 Optician 

Opticien X X X X X X X X X 

Optiker 

- Ophthalmic 

Specialise en Ophtbalmologie X X X 

Unterteilung nicht bekarmt in der BRD 

- Dis:pensiDg , ,. 

Opt1cien agree X X X 

33 Occupational Educationalist/Therapeutic Educationalist 

Educateur Sp6cialise/Ps,ychoreeducateur - X X X - - X 

34 

HeilpMagoge 

idem

PROFESSION/BERUF B D DC I' a :a OR IRL I L JJL 

36 Orthoptist 

Orthoptiste 

- X - X X X X - X 

Orthoptist 

37 Pharmaceutical Assistant/Technician 

Assistant de Pharmaoie X X X - - X - - X 

Pharmaceutischer Assistent/Apothekenhelfer 

38 Pharmaceutical !iological Teohnician 

Technician Biologiste de Pharmacie X X 

- - - - - - 

Pharmazeutisch-Technischer Assistant 

39 Pb1Biological Measurement Technician 

Technician " - - - - X X - X - X 

Techniker f'ur Audiologie 

- Audiology 

en Audiologie Audiologie 

X X 

- Ca:rdiology 

en Ca.rdiologie X X X 

- NeuropQy&iology 

en Neurophysiologie X X X 

Neurophysiologie 

- Respira torT 

en Fbnctions Respiratoires Lungentunktionsdiagnostik 

X X 

-00 

- pey&iology/

~ 

PBOH:SSIOli/BERDF :B D DC ~ G:B GR IRL I L lfL 

- Physiology 

en Pbysiologie X - 

Pbysiologie 

- Psychology 

Assistant en Psychologie - - 

Psychologie 

41 Post-Mortem Room Technician/Medical Assistant for 

Autopsy/Autopsy, Dissection and Pathology laboratory 

Technician - X X - X X 

- - 

ABent d'.Amphit~~tre 

MediziDischer Sektions - und Fr&parationsassistent 

42 Prosthetist/Orthotist 

Prosth,siste · X X - - 

X X - X 

Orthopldie-Mechaniker 

40 Physiotherapist 

Masseur-Kinesitherapeute/Pbysioth~rapeute X X X X X X X X X X 

Physiotherapeut 

-Masseur 

Masseur X X 

- 

Masseur 

- Masseur and Hydro-Therapist 

- 

Masseur-Hydrotherapeute X X Masseur und medizinischer Bademeister -\0 

t1-3 Psychotherapist Idem Idem 

Psychoth,rapeute 

X 

14 - - - - 

X 

14 

Mediztnischer Ps,ychotherapeut

L 

X X 

Idem 

40 

- 

X 

- 

- 

NL 

X 

- 

X 

X 

Ide 

2 

- 

N 

0 

PROFESSION/BERUF :B D ·DIC 

J' GB GR IBL I 

44 Radiographer 

Ma.nipula teur Radio - X X 

Medizinisch-technischer Radiologieassistent 

X X X X 

45 Remedial Gymnast 

Idem 

Kin~sitherapeute X 

40 - 

Krankengymna.st 

46 Social Therapist 

Socio-th'erapeute - - - 

Soziotherapeut 

47 Speec~ Therapist 

Logopede/Orthophoniste X X - 

Logoplde/Sprachtherapeut 

48 SUrgical Operation Assistant 

Assistant Technique 1·19dical de Chirurgie - - - 

Operationsassistent 

Idem 

40 

X - 

- - - 

X X X 

- X - 

49 T.russmaker 

Bandagiste X X - 

Bandagist 

- - -

I* indicates that the information provided refers to 

the province of Emilia Romagna.

Field of Activities 

Ambulance driver 

for public and 

private hospitals 

Life-saving serviceE· 

such as Red Cross, 

Fire Brigade, The 

Maltese Association 

"Johanniter-Bund" 

etc 

Hospital, Private 

enterprises 

Hospital, community 

N 

N 

HEA.L'lli CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSIONa AMIDLANCE FIRST AID TECHNICIAN/AMBULANCEMAN (013) 

1 

SECOURISTE/A~CIER (13 + L) 

RE'l'RJNGSSANI TATER (D) 

AMBULANCIER (F) 

AMIDLANCE DRIVER (IRL) 

13 

Is Pre-en try Educational 

Who awards Professional Requirements 

T.raining Requirements JAvel of 

Diploma? Registration 

Professional 

Required? Age Education Total 

Education 

~eory Practical 

First Aid No 21 Driver's ~aries Yes Yes 

Certificate certificate type :E 

recognised + medical 

by Ministry examination. 

of I.e.bour 

FUnctions 

First ai"d on 

scene of 

accident and in 

the ambulance; 

transport of 

patients 

D 

'!raining No 18 Driver 520 b 200 h 320 h Special 

Course Certificates, '!raining Course 

!.Direction first aid course 

Idem 13 

F 

Certificate No 19 - 300 h 140 h 160 h Professional 

of studies 

Competence 

of 

Ambulancema.n 

Idem 13 

GB 

National No :Be- Nil 14 2 1 year Ambulance 

Health tween mnths months '!raining 

Service 18 ~ School 

Committee 35 

Idem 13 

I

Field ot Aoti. Yi ties 

Hospi ta.ls, Fire 

Brigade 

Hospital 

N 

w 

PSlw.ssiOlla JJ.mJIANCE FIRST AID TECHNICIAN ( 2) 

II"'"" 

I• .... • .. bt lltuoati.oaal 

Vho awazU Plofeeeioaal Req~nte 

Diploma? RecJ.e1rration 

Required? Ace Ecluoation 

'l'.raiDiDc Require•nta 

'n>tall 'lbecrq P.ractioal 

Lnel ot 

Prote•iona.l J\moUone 

Education 

Health No Mini· Generally there 

Board mum is no formal 

Training age educational 

Centre vari4 s requirement but 

but some Health 

IRL usua - Boards require 

ly21 candidates to 

to 2 have at least 

year attained a pass 

level in the Day 

Group Certificat 

or the Intermediate 

Certificate 

Civil Protection 

No - 9 years schoolin 

(= Depart- 

L ment of 

Ministry of 

Home 

Affairs) 

The duration of the training 

course may vary but usually 

consists of 

5 wks 4 wks 1 week 

~ - - - 

Special Transport of 

training in patients/first 

ambulance aid aid 

organised by 

the Health 

Boards. Trainee :1 

who pass the 

examination hel~ 

at the end of 

the course a.re 

qualified for 

appointment as 

Ambulance 

Driver 

Optional course First aid on 

scene of accident 

& transport of 

patients

BEA.L'lH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSIONa ANAES'IHETICS' ASSISTANT 

2 OPERATIEA.SSISTENT ANES'!HESIE (NL) 

Is Pre-entr,y Educational 

Training Requirements Level of 

Who awa.-rd.s Professional Requirements 

Professional Functions Field of Activities 


Education 

Required? Age Education Total Theory Practical 

NL 

Dutch ~the Dutch No 5 years secondary 3 yrs Yes Yes Higher Helps both in General hospi tala 

Hospital Hospital a.ge school - preferabJ r Vocational preparing and 

Associ a tioi Association imi~ with science training (HID) during the 

subjects (HAVO), operation 

or registered nurE ~ according to his 

diploma specialisation 

I 

I

HEALm CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lBE EEC 

PROFESSIONa ART 'lliERAPIST/CREATIVE THERAPIST (GB) 

3 ICUNS'l'IHERAPEUT (D) 

CREATIEF 'IHERAPEUT (NL) 

D 




Required? Age Education 

Colleges No - A-level final 

examination 

(general degree/ 

specialized 

degree) & one yea:r 

Training Requirements 

Total .Theory Practical 

4iyrf. 5533 1: 4! monihs 

(= 14 of 

·'Irim- which 

ester~ 1690 1: 

must 

of practical sociaJ be 

training spent 

in 

semina ~s 

GB Art College No - Diploma (3 yrs) - - - 

~vel of 


Education 

Special academ_y 

lJniversity level 

F\mctions Field of Activities 

To educate & to Hospitals, 

cure with the Rehabilitation 

help of clinics, Psychoartistic 

means somatic clinics, 

Kinderga.rden or 

schools of all kind~ 

Special schools for 

retarded children, 

Pedagogical 

Universities or in 

free practice. 

Therapy through Hospitals 

a:rt 

Institute of No No 5 years secondar,y ~ yrs ~ yrs 1yr 

Higher age school (HAVO) 

Vocational lim .. t 

~gher 

~Vt>cationa.l 

~aining (Em) 

Rehabilitation of Psychia trio 

psychiatric hospitals, 

patients Institutions for the 

physically handi- physically and/or 

capped & children mentally handicapped 

with education~ 

development 

problems 

NL Training I 

I

Institute of No lio 4 years secondary 3 yrs Yes some months Intermediate Works in the fiel

HEA.L'IH CABE PROliESSIONS IN 'lEE EEC 

PROF.ESSIONaAUDIOLOGIST (IRL) 

5 AUDIOIDGIS'IE/GEHOORPROTESIST (:B) 

AUDIOMETRIST (NL) 

AUDIOME'lmST (NL) 

:B 

Is Pre-entry Educational 

Training Requireme~ts 


Diploma? Begistration 


- ~inin.a No -6 

- 

years secondary 3 yrs 1980h Exercises 360 h 

Pentre school 

Practical 

-Diploma of School 

Teacher 

training 664 h 

-pre-nursing 

diploma 

IA:lvel of 


Education 

High Technical 'lreatment of !Assistant for 

School Graduate hearing ~spi tala and 

devia tiona, tpri va te medicine 

audio-prothesist 

Diplo• in No ~ot The course is open 1yr Yes Yes 

~udiology, spec ~to medical doctors full- The prospectus does 

IRL pbta.inable ifie ~ teachers ,psycho- time not give a time-factor 

~t Manoheste logists & speech breakdown of the cours 

Pniversity therapists 

Post-grad.ua te Assessment/ Eiospi tala, Health 

qualification treatment of Boards, Institutions 

defective hearing 

~titute of No ~0 5 years secondar,y 3 yrs Yes Yes 

NL ~gher age school with scienc 

~ocational limi t subjects (HAVO) 

"'-a;"";..,..,. 

Higher Rehabilitation of Peneral hospitals, 

Vocational patients with ~ivate practice, 

'!raining (ROO) ear-infections ~habilitation centre 

I 

I

PROFESSIOlh AUDIOLOGY 'l!ElCENICIANjHEA.RING AID 'l!ECHNICIAU/PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 'l!ECENICI.AN (AUDIOlOGY) GB) 

6 AUDIOLOGIASSISTENT (DK) 

AUDIOMETRICIAN/AUDIOLOGY TECHNICIAN (IRL) 

AUDICIEN (NL) 

National No - 4/5 years ~ yrs In- 2 yrs l'ecbnical Technical duties 

Technical secondar,y education service College in audiology 

G:B Education Btu.d3" 

Council 


Hospitals 

Hospital, clinic 

Hospitals, Health 

Boa-rds, Institutions 

N 

00 

HEA.L'IH CARE PRO:BESSIONS IN IJBE EEC 


'Who awa.rds Professional Requirements 

Training RequiremeAts 


Diploma? Begistration Professional Functions 


Education 

'lhe National No 16- The ~aving ~ yrs 16 wks 88 weeks Basic Audiometric 

DK Health 19 W-TAmi 'nA tiOnB Of the iTocational measuring 

Service Fol.keskole (LE) Muca tion level 

IRL 

Diploma of No Be- !At present courses 1yr 3 months theor.y and In accordance Measurement of 

the British ;wee~: leading to this 9 months clinical work with the hearing capacity 

Society of 18 qualification are under supervision t"equirements of 

Otology and and available only in tfue British 

I.&ryngology 40 Britain. A good ~ciety of 

yrs general education ~udiology 

lwi th preferably 4 

passes at 11 0 11 level 

in the GCE 

including English, 

Physics, :Mathematics 

& one other 

science. Grade I 

in the certificate 

of seoond&'t7 

education 

I

~nder ~the No 4 years secondiJ.rT 3 yrs Several 3 yrs clinical Intermediate Construction and Private practice 

lrupervision ~istry of age school (MAVO) w1 th lessons work Vocational fitting of hearinl 

pf the ~onomic limi ~ science subjects per Training (MOO) facilities 

NL ~stry of ~fairs month 

~cation & 

llihe Assocation 


ludiology 

~pecialists 

Over 13 yrs schooling 2 yrs Diasnostic 

19_ and diploma techniques of 

I hearing, speech 

and balance 

diseases 

PBOFESSIOlh AUDIOMETRICIAN/AUDIOIOOY 'IECHNICIAN (2) 

I a Pre-entry Educational 

'l'rain.ing Requi:remente Lnel of 


Professional Functions Field of Acti vi tieE 


Education 

Required? Age Education Total Theory Practical

F1eld of Activities 

~blic or private 

institutions 

Nurseries 

~ 

~ hospitalsa 

children's wards 

special baby care 

units, cNche. 

Also in childrens 

homes, local 

authority ~ care 

centres 

----------- 

" 

w 

0 

HFAL'IH CABE PRO!iESSIONS IN 'IBE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 .ADXIIJ:ARY CHILD CARE 'HORKER /NURSERY NURSE 

7 AUXILIAIRE DE PUElu:CUL'lURE (F) 


Tra.i ni ng Requireme]:ltS Isvel of 

Who awa.rda Professional Requirements 


Diploma? Begi.atration 

Education 

Bequired? A&e Education Total Theory Practical 

State No 17 ~ years secondary 1yr 10% 9fYfo 

~ploma education and 

F Brevet des Colleges 

Functions 

Assistant to 

nursing and 

nursery staff 

looking after 

very young childrE 

~ (Nurser,rr No 16 ~o examination 2 yrs Yes 140 days Further 

~urses ~sees required Education 

GE ~in•tion ~cept at the College 

iBoa:rd) ~soretion of 

pollege • Acceptance 

pased on interview 

------ ~------- -- ------------ ·------------------- 

Wbis training course is in the process of being 

~1 tered. The new c purse idll be as follows a 

SCO'l:'V:OO NO 16 ~t17 requirements Yes f Yes 

" 

~11 vary Practical experience 

~cording to the will be an integral 

pollege and ''module ' pa.rt of the course but 

~ome 111\V require no guidelines as to 

pne or two 0-levels time spent a:re as yet 

lor other ''modules" laid dawn 

IDoldng after 

children from 

birth to 5 years. 

In hospitals 

assistant to 

nurses 

--------- 

" 

.

HEA.L'lH CARE PROFESSIONS IB' mE EEC 

PROnssiOlfa AUXILIARY BURSE/HOSPITAL ASSISTANT NURSE . _ 

8 ASSISTO'l!E Dl SOD'S lllFIBMIERS OU PSYCHIATRI'iJESjvERPLEmmJLP (B) 

KRABKENPFLmEHELF.ER(IN) (D) 

SlOEHJAELPER (DX:) 

Is Pre-entry' Educational 

T.raiD1ng Requirements 

Who ava.N.a Professional Requirements 

Diplo•? Beg:i.stration 

Required? Ase Education Total !J.beory Practical 

'lraining Yes 18 6 years secondary 2 yrs 480 + 2400 h 

B Centre school 480 h 

Isvel of 


Education 

Technical level 


Assistant to General and 

nurse psychiatric 

hospitals 

'1rainiDg Yes 17 ~level final trn_w 

Centre yrs examination 

1yr 200 h 1500 h 

(min) 

D tm FU'I tmE 

1yr 500 h 1000 h 

(1600 

h) 

~pecial schools 

Helps nursing and Hospitals 

treating the 

patients; does 

simple nursing 

care 

County No 18- The !saving 1yr 12 wks 36 weeks 

Councils 20 Examinations of 

DC the Folkeskole 

(LE} 

Short technical 

level 

Works under Hospi tala, Nursing 

leadership of homes, Private 

nurses and takes homes 

over the practica 

part of nursing 

State No 18 Brevet des 1yr 40% 6~ 

Diploma Coll~ge or 

F qualification 

recognised as 

equivalent, or 

en trance exam 

. 

' 

Assists nursing Public or private 

staff institutions or 

·Jr 'eatment in 

·.. .i.tient's home

PBOFESSIOlla AUXILIARY NURSE/HOSPITAL ASSISTANT NURSE (2) 

L 


Training Requirements !Bvel of 

Who awards Professional Requirem$nts 

Professional Functions Field of .Activities 


Education 


Minister - 17 -successfully yr Yes 1400 h of - 

Patient hygiene, Private, Municipal 

for Health- ~e- completed 9 yrs which 700 h taking & recordin4 ~or State hospitals 

State P'ore of formal should be of temperature, (bedside duties, 

Diploma 1 No l1' educe. tion (at ca.rried out in taking & Medical Technical 

r;-oll- least) an acute recording of Depa;t>tmen t 

>wing hospital pulse rates, (radiology, 

~the -must have passed weighing & labora toey etc) 

liate the entrance recording of within a medical 

~f eza.mination set weight etc practice & other 

pomm- by the Ministry similar services 

~nee- of Health. How- 

~ent ever all 

pf candidates who 

~e possess entrance 

~ours ~ qualifications 

for nursing 

school are 

accepted 

I

Membership No ~ot Holder of post of 3 yrs ~igb.t Mainly 3 yrs Pollege of Catheterisation Hospitals 

of Society •pee· " ECG technician classe~ in full-time Technology work 

IRL of Cardi- '"fiec 3 employment 

ological !nights 

Technicians per wk 

(UK) for 3 

~s 

HEAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lJIE EEC 

PROFESSIONa CARDIAC CAmot1ERISA.TION ~ClAN (IRL) 

9 HARTFUNKTIE ASSISTENT (NL) 


lfuo awards Professional Requirements 

Training Requirements level of 


Professional Functions F1eld of Activities 


Education 

~Theory Practical 

NL Individual No ~0 5 years second&r,y ~- No Yes !Higher Assists with General hospitals 

hospitals 

school with service ~ocational catheterisation, 

~· science subjects ~aining (HID) replaces pace- 

(BAVO) makers, makes 

ECO's etc 

I 

I


~urseries, Home 

care, Holiday 

centres for children 

Public/private 

child care 

institutions 

HEA.L'lH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 CHJLD CARE WORKER (IRL) 

1 0 PUERI CULT.EIJR/KINDERVERZORGER (:B) 

xnmER-JmGDVERZOROENDE (NL) 

Is Pre-en try Educa. tiona.l 




Training Requirements Isvel of 

Professional F\mctions 

Total Theory 

Education 

Practical 

:B 

Training Yes 15 ~ years secondary 

Centre school 

3 yrs ~200 h 1200 h Dechnica.l school 

- vocational 

training 

Cares for newly 

born children, 

normal and sick 

children 

Diploma in No Not Isaving 

Child Care spec ~ertificate & one 

from ifie ~year's experience 

Training in a. child care 

Centre centre 

IRL GradeD in 5 

subjects including 

English and (in 

one training 

school) 

-mathematics 

Private No 17 lA t least 3 years 

institutes secondary 

1ft recognised education 

by Mirlistry 


Education 

~ yrs l:> days/ 3 d~/week ~ollege of 

week Patering or 

~hool of Social 

~ucation 

~gional 

l'echnical 

ollege 

3 yre 3 yrs Unknown lrnte:rmediate 

~ocational 

~ainjng (MOO) 

(The child care worker here is similar to the Irish child care worker). 


nursing care of 

patients in bed; 

observation, 

documentation & 

information of 

patients; 

assistance to 

doctors, cooperation 

with 

doc tors & other 

health care 

professions wi~ 

a therapeutical 

team 

Assistant to 

nursery staff 

Health Boards, 

Social Services, 

Institutions

HEAL'IH CARE PROli'ESSIOlifS IN 'lEE EEC 

PROFESSIOlJ a CHILD PSYCHOTHERAPIST 

11 KINDER-PSYCHO'mERAPEIJT (D) 

~OLOO (DK) 

D 





Special No - Study wi tb. final 

Institutes graduation as 

or Academiee social worker or 

teacher 



Total Theory Practical 

Education 

A.t 600 h 1000 h and ~ademic s~ 

least practical 

~ yrs training 

Functions Field of Activities 

Aim of the post- Specialised 

graduate stuc31' is hospitals for 

to make c8lldidate1 neurotic & psychocapable 

of somatic disturbances, 

applying anal.Ttic ps70hiatric 

psyohotheraw to hospitals, 

children & young paediatric hospitals, 

people with in medicopsychical 

& psyche pedagogical centres, 

soma tic disorders in own practice, 

as well as giving supervision vi th 

advice in matters people practising 

of depth psycho- social-pedagogical 

logy or doing professions 

attendant psycho- teaching activities 

theraw in special 

institutes 

I

PfiOH',SSIOlla CHILD PSYCHO.mERAPIST ( 2) 

\\ 

Is Pre-entry' Eduoa tional \ 

Who avaria P.rofeaaional :Requirements 

Train;ng Requirements Level of 

P.rofesaional Functions Field of ADtivi ti• 

Diplo•? Begistration 

Eduoation 

Required? ABe Education Total Theory l 

- 

Practical 

pniversity No 17- Upper seconda;ry" fi.ni- First l)B.'rt: 2 yrs /4 University H'orks in Hospi tala & achoo: 

(the State) 18 level - Gymnasium terms theory ending level llospitals & school , 

~yrs with examination/test po-operates rl th 

rdin- Second pa;rta 1i yr/ 

b,octors, carries 

~9 put tests & therap,r 

2 terms theory & one 

term practical in 

hospital & primar,y 

school 

Third })B.!ta 2 yrs/4 

DK terms th~ory 

Further stu$r 

Ei thera one yr .vradua t4 

in hospital or 

university 

2£.1 2 years conditions 

of employment with 

daily supervision & 

minimum 3 weeks course 1 

in hospital or folkschool

HFAL'lH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lHI EEC 

PROPESSION a CHIROPODIST ( GB + IRL + NL) 

12 PEDICURE/SCHOONHEIDSSPECIALIST EN' PEDICURE (B) 

FUDTERAPEUT (DK) 

PEDICURE (F) 

B 


T.raining Requirements 



Required? Age Education Total .Theory Practical 

Pedicure 

Training Yes Ovez 3-4 years ·h-3 Yes, Yes 

Centre as artisan 18 secondary school vrs varies 

prO]; I- about 

osec 6 mntb~ 

Podologue 

Training No 18 6 years secondary 3 yrs 1600 b 2000 h 

Centre yrs school 

level of 


Education 

Low tec:tmical 

schoo 1 Jeve 1 

. (vocational 

training) 

High tec:tmical 

school - 

Graduate 

FUnctions F1eld of Activities 

Treatment of feet Home care and 

Institutions 

Diagnosis and Hospitals and 

treatment of feet Private practice 

problems 

The School Yes 18 The Leaving 1t yr B 800 h 1200 h 

!for Examinations of Ill 

Chiropodists the Folkeskole 2000 ~ 

DK (The (LE) 


Interior) 

Special school 

level 

Treatment of Hospitals & 

skin diseases private practice 

involving the 

feet 

State Only At Ba.ccalaurea t or 2 yrs 40% 60% 

tJn_ploma in professional eas1 equivalent 

F Chiropody grouping 17 qualification 

(Art. 1494 

of CSP) 


studies 

Chiropody Hospitals, Home 

Care, Private 

clinics, Liberal 

profession 

I 

I 

I

Field of A.oti vi ties 

Hospital & Community 

Hospitals, clinics 

Indus try, Private 

practice 

Private practice 

w 

00 

PBOiESSIOlla CHIROPODIST ( 2 ) 





Required? Age Education ~tal Theory Practical 

School of Yes 18 4 or 5 years ~ yrs Wull- - 

Chiropody Secondar,y SChool time 

GB education pol lege 

!course 



Education 

Dollege of 

Technology 

Functions 

Diagnosis a.nd 

treatment of 

problems of feet 

IRL 

NL 

~hool of Yes Pver tLeavi.ng Certificate 3 yrf 50% 50% 

Phiropody 18 

lr.\. 

tion ~pprox approx 

~s ~sul ts equivalent 

to 5 passes in the 

peneral CertificatE 

of Education incluc - 

ing English & at 

least one science 

subject & preferab y 

2 of the passes 

should be at 

Advanced level. Th s 

course can only be 

undertaken at the 

Belfast College of 

Technology or at o, e 

of the 8 recognisec 

training schools i 

the UK 

Institute By the ~0 5 years secondar,y 2 yrs Yes Yes 

of Higher Ministry of age training with 

Vocational Health and li~ science subjects 

'!raining Environmenta {HAVO) 

Protection 

College of 

Technology 

Higher 

Vocational 

'!raining (HB:>) 

C~e & treatment 

of maladies 

affecting the 

foot 

~eatment of 

~ilments of the 

~eet

Colleges Yes 18 rs-1evel final ~ mntb ~ 266 ll c. 250 h f3pecial course - Technical Hospitals, Local 

IA;mmination ~t ower level assistant in ~ealth Departments 

D ~east protection 

against epidemics 

HEA.L'm CARE PRO!t"'ESSIONS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 CLEANER/DISINFEC'IDR 

13 DESINF.EK'IDR (D) 


Who awa.rds Professional Requirements Training Requirements Isvel of 



Required? Age Eduoation Total Theory Practical 

Education 

.

!IEA.L'lH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lHE EEC 

PBODSSIOB' 1 CLINICAL PSYCHOI.OOIST { GB + IRL) 

14 PSYCHOLOGUE CLINIQJE,/KLINISCH PSYCHOIOOG (B) 

KLINISCHE/KRANI

~itish No - University Hone 2 yrs ! during t during the Postgraduate Amist diagnosis, S:ospi tals & Community 

Psycho log- Degree (4 yrs) Univer- vacations training- & treatment of 

GB cal Society sity University leve, patients of all 

Terms ages 

or 

3 yrs Supervised training on 

the job - Bo% practica 

training 

PBOft:SSIOif a CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST ( 2) 

- Is P.re-entrT EcluDatioD&l 

Tra:i ning Requirements 

llho anrc1a P.roteaaioaal Bequirementa 

X.vel of 

P.rofeaaioD&l. Functions Field of .Aotivi ties 

Diplo•? BesJ.atration 

Required? Ap Education ~tal Theoryl Practical 

Education 

Pniversity No 17- Upper Secondary fin.. First Part: 2 yrs/4 University level Works in Hospitals& schools 

{the State) 18 level - Gymnasium ~ terms theory ending hospitals & 

rrs/ with examination/test. schools, co- 

>rdin- operates with 

Second part: 1t yrs 

U"Y9 doctors, carries 

2 terms theory and 1 

yrs 

out ·tests & 

term practical in 

therapy 

hospital & primar,y 

school. 

II{ Third pa.rt: 2 yrs /4 

terms theory. 

Further stu~ 

Ei ther1 1 yr grad.ua te 

in hospi tala or 

university 

2!:,1 2 yrs conditions 

of employment with 

daily supervision & 

minimun3 wks course/ 

in hospital or folkschool 

F 

University Professional No Ba.ccalaur,at (BA.C) 4 yrs 100% - Pniversi ty level Psychologist Public 

grouping age establishments - 

limi~ semi public or 

private

L 

JIIIDZSSIO.a CLIBICAL ~IOOIST (3) 

Ia ''- ' 

1lbo &1I&JICla P.roteaaiOD&l. 

Level of 

D1plo-.? Bq1a't:ln.tion t--,...--------+---,.---...-------1 

P.rotesaional FunctiODB Field ot Joti Y1 tie 

Eduoation 

Bequirecl? Age Education Practical 

OR 

6 yeam Second.ary' counselling etc centres 

Schools 

l&lsters degree in Psychology University leve Psychological Hospi tala 

School assessment, l~enta.l health 

IRL 

No 

There ~ two main options open to graduates 

who wish to specialise in clinical psychologyz 

1 • Universitybased 

coursesa 

Applicants for e M.Psych. So. clinical University leve 

admission·to this pecialisation is a 2-yr, 

course must be Ull-time course involving 

honours graduates ~ in specialised branches 

in psychology f clinical psychology. 

with a BA or BSc s involves work with 

& minimum second hildren, adolescents & 

class honours ts. The co'ltrse covers the 

grade 1 or must sychological aspects of work 

have the Diploma psychia trio & neurological 

in Psychology ps.rtments. In addition 

with a minimum of aini.ng of the clinical 

second class sychologist is directed 

honours wards the psychological 

nsions of general 

dicine, including surgical, 

rthopaedic, gynaecological, 

diatric & geriatric ~as 

f practice. The course 

· des appropriate tr~Ulld.ngl 

experience in behavioural 

odification, psychotherapy 

ounselling. During the 2 yr 

riod of this course 

students have a minimua of 6 

lacements, in appropriate 

linical settings, under the 

supervision of qualified 

sychologists. 

2. In-Service/ 

Concerned with ospi tala 

the treatment of stitutions for 

medical and he Handicapped/ 

emotional ommunit.T health 

disorders, are clinics 

usually in 

hospital sett

PJiOJESSIOIT I CLINICAL PSYCHOIOOIST ( 4) 

~- 

I a P.re-oentrr BlluoatiODal 

'!'.raining Requirements X.vel of 

Who &1fU'da PJ:oteaaioaal Bequirementa 

Professional Diplo•? Beglatration 

Practical 

Education 

Bequired? Ap EduDation ~tal Theory 

Functions Field of Aotivitiea 

~- In-Service 

Trai!P.ng Schemes 

IRl The Eastern Health Board 

(cc nt) Depa;rtment of Psychology has 

~ in-service training scheme 

It offers placements in 

a. variety of services. 

i'.rini ty College Dublin 

provides academic facilities 

~d co-operates in the 

oraanisation of the academic 

part of the programme. 

Students are prepared for the 

British Psychological Society 

Diploma in Clinical Psycholog 

L 

University. Yes 19/2C Final examination 4 yrs Depends on the University leve" Psychology Education Centres, 

Homo loga tior yrs of secon~ Uni verai ty course appliances, Hospitals, 

by :W.Xembom g school (BA ) Educatiom.l Psychiatric 

povernment 

psychology Institutions 

X BA.C = 

Baccalaureat • 

approximately 

equi valent to 

A-level 

University Yes - 6 years secondary p yrs Yes 6 months Higher Diagnosis and General &Psychiatric 

(Nederlands school with Education treatment of hospi tale, Ambulant 

NL ~stituut science subjects (University) behaviour mental care 

tvoor (VWO) disorders 

IJ?sychologie) 

(NIP) 

Over 13 yrs schooling 4 yrs Degroee 

19 

I* wa 

Over Degree in medicine 3 yrs ~oialization 

-.J 

25 ter degree

HEAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 DENTAL ADnLIARY ( GB) 

15 ZA.HNARZmELFERIN (D) 

T.ANDA.RTSASSIST.ENTE (NL) 

D 

Is P.re-entr,y Educational 




Phamber of No 16 P-level final 

~edicine examination 




Education 

3 yrs 3 years T.raining 

profession 

(dualistic 

system& 

theoretical 

knowledge in 

vocational 

school, 

practical 

training at 

place of work 

Functions F1eld of Activities 

Sterilises p:n practice of 

instruments, helps established 

dentist with ~entists, in 

tree. tment of ~ospitals & local 

patients, prepare e health departments 

fillings, assists 

in taking X-ray 

photographs & jaw 

moulds; is 

responsible for 

letter writing & 

patients• filing 

cards, appoints 

dates & settles 

accounts with 

patients & health 

insurance funds 

GB 

School for Yes - 4 or 5 years 

Dental secondar,y school 

1\.uxiliaries- education 

Certificate 

:>f 

~ficiency 

2 yrs FUll- - Technical 

time College 

ollege 

ourse 

Simple fillings, ~ospi tal, Community, 

extract deciduous Plinics 

teeth, as 

pre ecri bed by 

dental surgeon

PROFESSION 1 DENTAL AUXILIARY ( 2) 

I a. Pre-entr7 Eduoa tioD&l 

Training Requirements Llmtl of 


Professional Functions Field of Acti vi tier 

Diploma? Registration Education 


lrnsti tu te of Yes No 4 years secondar,y 3 yrs Yes Yes [ntermedia te Assists the Dental practice 

tfutermediate By the age school with 32 weeks rocational dentist, makes 

NL ~ oca. tiona.l Ministry of imit science subjects ~aining (MOC>) appointments, 

tr'raining Education (MA.VO) financial 

administration

HEAL'lH CARE PROJf~SSIONS IN '!HE EEC 

PROFESSION a 

16 

DENTAL HYOIENIST (G:S) 

TANDPLEJER (DK) 

:r«>ND HYGI~ST (NL) 

Who awards 

Diploma? 


Professional Requirements 

Registration 




Total ,!l'heory Practical 

Education 

DK 

The School 

for Dental 

'lherapists 

No 18 The !saving 

Examinations of thE 

Folkeskole (LE) 

2 yrs 2340 h - Special school 

(• 2 X level 

39 wk:s 

Functions F1eld of Activities 

Gives information Private dentists & 

about & carries dentists who work at 

out preventive schools 

toothcare 

School for 

Dental 

Auxiliaries 

a :a -CertificatE 


Proficiency 

Yes - 4 or 5 years 

secondar,y school 

education 

9JDnthE A ful - Technical 

time College 

college 

course 

for onE 

~:~ademic 

year 

Scaling, cleaning Hospital, CommunityJ 

Polishing teeth Clinics 

Under supervision 


the Minist:rJ 

NL of Health & 

Environmental 

Protection 

Yes q'o 5 years secondar,y 

~the 

school - with 

Ministry of ~mi science subjects 

B:ealth and (HAVO) 

Environmental 

Protection 

2 yrs Yes Yes !Higher 

(In-service) ~cational 

training(Hm) 

Carries out & General hospitals 

gives instruction~ 

in minor dental 

care 

I 

I

HEA.L'm CARE PROlc-nJSIONS IN 'IHE EEC 

PROliESSION 1 DENTAL SURGERY ASSISTANT ( GB + IRL) 

17 

GB 


Who awa:rds Professional Requirements 



~Am;,.,;,.,g 

No - 4 years secondar,y 

~fU'd for school education 

~ntal Surge ~ 

~ssistants 


~fessional 


Education 

1yr Full- Technioal 

time College 

)ourse 

at a 

len tal 

rl.OSpi- 

~1 

or 

2 yrs Practical 

training while 

in employment, 

supplemented by 

private study 


Assist Dental IHospital, comrmmiv, 

Surgeon at chair- !clinic 

side 

~ntal No Min Leaving Certificat 

Hospital 17 with minimum of 

I-- ~S Grade Din 

~hool ordinary papers in 

five subjects 

~2 yrs 40% 6C/fo Hospital 

approx~ {approx) Training School 

Assis1a .Dental !Hospitals, Clinics., 

Surgeon at chair- ~ivate practice 

side/Dental 

Receptionist 

I 

I

HEAL'll! CARE PROFESSIOnS IN '!BE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 DENTAL TECHNICIAN ( GB) 

18 ZAHNTECHNIKER (D) 

TANDTEXNIKER (DK) 

DErlTAL CRAP.rSMAN/TECBNICIAN (IRL) 

TECHNICIEN DEN"TAIRE ( L + B) 

TANDTECHNICUS (NL + B) 



Diploma.? Registration 




Total 'Theory Practical 

Education 


B 

Training No - 3 years secondary 

Centre school 

3 yrs - 700 h/yr + rr'echnical 

4 months school - low 

level 

Dental technician Dental laboratories 

D 

Chamber of Yes - B-level final 

Handicrafts examination 

3i yrE Impossible to make ~dicraft 

the distinction 

Manufacture of In larger hospitals 

bridges, entire with departments 

or partial dental for oral surgery, 

plates, jack- in dental practice 

screws, splints 

for jaw-fracture 

& periodontosis; 

close cooperation 

with 

dentist or oral 

surgeon 

DK 

The State No 16 The Leaving 

together Examina tiona of 

with the dentist 

the Fblkeskole (LE 

3 yrs One year EFG-basic Basic vocational 

(40 wks) = the basic education level 

vocational education 

courses = EFG courses4 

Two years EFG second 

part (40 wks theory 

& 47 wks practical) 

Manufacture Dental laboratories 

prosthetics 

~ 

I

6 years Secondary 2 yrs 10 h/ 26 h per li'Jald.ng dentures Hospitals 

GR School week week etc Private practice 

Health Centres 

Certificate No 15 Intermediate or 4 yrs 1 dB:y/ 4 days/ Technical ~ia.kes 

1 

alters Dental Hospitals, 

awarded by Group Certificate week week Training and repairs laboratories 

.ANCO (The dentures, 

IRL Industrial orthodontic work 

Training etc 

Authority) 

Under No No 4 years secondar,y 5 yrE Yes Yes Intermediate The fabrication Dental technical 

supervision age school with (part- (at least 6 Vocational of artificial laboratories 

of the ~imi1 science subjects ~ime) months) Training (MOO) dentures as 

NL Institute (~iAVO) indicated by the 

of Dental dentist 

Technique 

PBOFESSIONa DEN'TAL TECHNICIAN (2) 

GB 

Ie Pft-en'b7 lllluo&tioDal 

Who awards Professional Requirements Training Requirements 

~vel ot 




Education 

National No - 4 years Secondary 3 yrs 1400 h 4000 h Technical Making dentures Workshop 

Technical Education College etc 

or 

Education 

Council 5 yrs - 9000 h 

L 

Chamber of Yes 15-1. a. Completed 9 yrs 4 yrs 1 day/ 32 h/week CAP (Certifies. t Assistant Dental surgeons ' 

Trades schooling week • d 1 aptitude laboratori~nior 

OR 8 h professio:nnelle dental technicians' 

b. 6 or 7 years in • Certificate laboratories 

Technical of Professional 

Secondary Schoo tL Competence) 

No Over 8 yrs schooling 5 yrs Approx 

14 38 h/ 

I"" week


Hospitals, 

Consul ta tiona, 

Communit.f kitchens 

Hospitals,Child 

Care Centres, 

Bath-

~· 

PBO~IOlla DIETITIAN ( 2) 





Diploma? Registration EduDation 


IXJT No - Ba.ccalaurea t D 2 yrs 22 mont] LS 2 months ilJni versi ty leve, Food hygiene Public hospitals, 

(Technical series (3 yrl training Private clinics, 

University in th~ Private catering 

Diploma) near firms 

F State Diploi ~ futur~ ) 

Higher 

Technical 

Certificate 

GB 

Council for Yes 5/6 yrs Secondary 4 yrs 3 yrs 1 yr practical University leveJ Advising on ffospitals, Community, 

National State education. ( 3 Insti- experience nutrition Domiciliar,y, Schools 

~cademic Registration subjects approx tute of 

Awards. 1st year l'ecbnolo 73' 

BSc degree university level) 

(incl. chemistry & 

1 other science) 

GR 

6 years Secondary 3 yrs Yes Yes 'Ib advise on ~ospitals, Child care 

school nutrition. bentree, Teacher in 

Teaching in secondar,y schools 

Secondar,y schools

PIIDJISSIOlla DIETITIAN ( 3) 

~· 

I a P.N-entl7 m.uoational 

T.ra1ning Requirements 

Who anzocla P.ro:teallioaal Requ:i.NIIenta 

Z.wl ot 

P.roteaaiOD&l. JUno tiona J'J.el4 ot .&ati T.l tiea 

Diplo•? legiat:ration Education 

Required? Ase Education Total 'lbeary Practical 

~year No Entrance 4 yrs Yes Yes Pni versi ty level The Dietitian Hospi tala, Industry 

pourse leads reg,uirements caterer in a Research, Survey & 

Ito degree of 

The course includes 6 hospital is 

Minimum 

Experimental work &: 

~helor of 

educational level 

to 7 months Hospital responsible for Teaching 

~ience Internship at a the QOmplete 

11 

1\ 

human (1) !saving recognised teaching catering arrangemtrition) 

Certificate hospital and also a menta for patient 

{a) Passes in at 

period of practical & staff. Food 

experience in food manufacturers 

IRL least ~ subjects, 

services and other employ dietitians 

including English 

professional work. to advise on the 

& mathematics. 

nutritional and 

(b) Grade C or di~tetic aspects 

higher in at least of their products 

~ higher cours ~ 

papers which must 

include chemistr,y. 

OR 

An equivalent 

qualification 

Ministry- of Yes ~ot Must possess 2 or 3 yrs, depending on the Higher leve 1 Organise and Hospi tala, Schools 

Health and apeci -lllxembourg higher school programme supervise diets Private sector 

Ministry of ried Secondar,y Educatio 1 (University) together with 

Education ~t Certificate from pqsicians and 

L porm- Secondar,y School- teach dietary 

~lly Higher level or a 

~1-2A recognised foreign 

tyrs equivalent 

bld Certificate 

Institute Yes INo 5 years secondar,y 4 yrs Yes Yes Higher Write out diets & General & psyohia tric 

of Higher ~ school - chemistrJ vocational give information hospitals, Homes for 

Vocational limi & biology desired training (HID) regarding somatic & mental~ 

NL Training - (HAVO) nutrition and disturbed, 

diets to patients Institutions for the 

pqsical~ and/or 

men tal~ handicapped

PBOPESSIONa DIETITIAN (4) 

-· 

I a ~tr7 EduO&tiOD&l 

" 




No Over 8 yrs schooling & 5 yrs Approx III 6 h/week 

:r* 14 diploma 30 h/ IV 7 h/week 

week V 7 h/week 


Professional Functions Field of Aoti vi ties 

Education

HEA.L'IH CARE PROFESSIOlTS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSIONa DOC'IDR'S ASSISTANT 

20 ARZ'IHELF.ERIN (D) 

DOKTERSASSISTEN'T (NL) 

D 





Chamber of No 16 B-level final 

)iedicine examination 

T.raining Requirements level of 


'lbtal Theory 

Education 

Practical 

2 yrs 2 years '!raining 

Impossible to make the profession 

distinction (dualistic 

system: theoretical 

knowle~ 

in vocational 

school, 

Pt-actical 

training at 

place of work) 


~elps doctor in ~ consultation 

~s practice; ~ffices of 

~ssists at small ~stablished doctors, 

pperations, helps l.n hospi tala, local 

with out-patients 11 health departments 

pare, conducts !md industrial 

~imple laboratory ~edicine centres of 

rte sts, maintains ~fessional co- 

~edical instru- ~peratives 

P~ents & cares for 

an Wldisturbed 

"orking procedure 

~ the consul tatio ~ 

office 

Institute of No fro 4 years secondary 

~termediate school (r.m.vo) 

NL Vocational ~- 

l.JD1 

training 

3 yrs Yes Yes Intermediate 

32 weeks :vocational 

training (MOO) 

1\.ssists medical leneral hospi tala, 

aoctors & medical f.onB-st&\r homes 

specialists in nursing homes) 

their work 

I 

0

PROFESSION a ENGINEER FOR J.miDICAL TECHNIQJE/MEDICAL ENGINEERING SPECIALIST/MEDICAL TECHNIQUE ENGINEER/ENGINEER PUR T.mCRNICAL HIUIEl'iE 

21 MEDIZINTECHNIK-mGENIEUR (D) 

MEDICO'IEKNIKER-/mGENI~R (DK) 

Vl 

Vl 

HEAL'.m CARE PROFESSIOlfS IN 'lHE EEC 

D 





Professional Required? Age Education 

Education 

Total ~Theory Practical 


Specialised No - A-level final 6 sem- 6 sem- ~ Several months Graduated phecld.ng of In hospitals and 

University ~examination ester• ester. (during engineer ~\motions, with manu:facturing 

~neral degre~ holi~) ~spection of use firms 

specialized 

~running of 

degree) plus 6 mntl 1.8 or 

~edical apparatus; 

of practical 7 sem- 6 sem- 1 semester ~tenance & 

training in the ester1 ester repair of defects,. 

technical & bandi- training & 

craft field teaching of 

operators 

DK 

:Jchool No - l'he Advanced 4-5 4-5 No Further In_duswa Industry and 

under the :Saving Examin- yrs yrs education or development & hospitals 

f ~lkeskole for uppe and University & 

!!duca tion) • 

1 econdary level - r.roject ~ Academy of Eiospi tala 

t'ecbnical ~ ymnasium Engineer !research, clinical 

~hool. (Master/ ~ork, development, 

~niversity Bachelor) PJa.intenance & 

security 

:P 

No Degree in medicine 3 yrs 100 h/ Specialization 

or biology or yr after degree 

mathematics or 

physics or 

engineering 

I 

I

PROFESSIOlh ENVIROlOO:N'TAL HEA.L'm OFFICER/ENGINEER PUR ENVIRON.MEN'TAL AND HYOIENE PROTJOOTION/SANITARY ENGINEER (GB) 

22 SOZIALMEDIZINISCHER ASSISTEN'T (D) ZIEKENRUISHroifNIST (NL) 

HFALTH INSPECIDR (IRL) 

Post Gradua1~ No - ~aining in a hyr 3 mnthe 9 months ~peoial training Helps in child- 

Training tpublic health (330 h) ~thin the welfare centres, 

School ~rofession of at bAmi,.,istrative in preventive 

!least 2 years or ~ield medicine for 

occupation in infants, toddlers 

D !Public Health & youth, in 

Centres for a social welfare fo 

jprolonged period disabled & 

chronically ill 

people & in 

programmes for 

health 

education 


!Deal health 

departments 

HEAL'lH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'DIE EEC 



Who awa.rds Professional Requirements 


Professional Functions 


Education 

University No - BSc H ~Xfrgn- 1yr Postgt-adua te training ~niversi ty level Inspecting all 

menta e - almost all practical aspects of bygien4 

OR OR 

& sanitation 

G:B College of - 5 years secondar,y ~ yrs Block Telease from Pollege of 

Technology education (x) work Technology 

J.e- .. ------------ 

(x) Is being phased out & 

will not be used in 

:t\tture 

Community 

I 

I 

.

Under No No 5 yea.rs secondary 4 yrs Yes Yes Higher '11le preventj on Hospitals 

supervision age school (HAVO) ~aining course is Vocational of hospital 

NL of the limi still in a preparatory Training (HID) infections 

Medical phase 

Inspection 

PROFESSION: ENVIRONMENTAL HEAL'lH OFFICE~t (2) 

'' 

I a ~ilrJ' BlluoaUcmal Training Requirements Isvel ot 

Who awards Professional Requirements Professional P\mctions Field of Activities 



Diploma in No - leaving Certifica t4 4yr Yes r~nnimum of Course Public Health Health Eoa:rds 

Environ- 11 months available at Hygiene and 

mental College of Standards 

IRL Health Ca taring under 

awarded by Institute of 

the College Teclmology

HEA.L'lll CARE PROliESSIONS IN 'lBE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 HOSPITAL CHAPLAIN 

23 AUMONIER DE L'HOPITAL/GEESTELIJKE EEXJEIEIDER IN DE GEZONDHEISZORG (B) 

KRANKENHA.USSEELSOROER (D) 

ZIEKENHUISPAS'IDR (NL) 

B 






Required? Age Education Total Theory 

Education 

Practical 

~niversity No - Theology, 1yr Yes Yes University 

university degree level 

in religious 

sciences 

- 

No - Stu~ of theology FUrther education courses/ Graduate level 

or education to continuing education in 

D Deacon with educational institutions of 

extended occupa- the churches 

tional experience 

and training 

University No ~0 T.raining reserved ~yr 6 months post- University 

~ for priests, graduate course J 

Jlimi ~ theologians pastoral 

NL humanistic clinical 

counsellors training 

(followed by a 

few weeks of 

revision) 

FUnctions Field of Activities 

Spiritual Hospitals and other 

accompaniment of in-patient care 

patients facilities 

Religious, Hospital 

spiritual guidance 

and care of 

patients 

To attend to the All kinds of 

religious and health institutes 

spiritual needs o:f 

patients/clients ~ 

also of the 

professional 

workers in the 

health institute

Institute of No No 5 years secondar,y 4 yrs Yes 6 months Higher Works in the General hospitals 

Higher age school- with Vocational field of medical 

Vocational ,imi"' science subjects - Training ( H:oo ) bacteriology, 

'!raining (HAVO) chemical immun- 

NL ology, para.si toloE 

pJyCOlogy, 'tirologJ ~' 

& - to a. certain ' 

extent - 

ha.ematology 

HEA.L'IR CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 MEDICAL ANALYTICAL CHEMIST 

24 MEDISCH ANALIST (NL) 


'Who awards Professional Requirements 


Diploma? Registration Professional Functions Field of Activities 


Education 

I 

I


Hospital 

0\ 

0 

HEAL'IH CARE PRO:FESSIONS IN 'ffiE EEC 

PROFESSIOlh MEDICAL ARTIST ( O:S) 

25 





OB University No - University Degree 

(3 yrs) or Art 

College Diploma 


Total _Theory Practical 

- - - 



Education 

University 

level 

Functions 

Medical 

illustration 

Ove 13 years schoolilij 

I*· 19 and diploma 

3 yrE 

Drawing of' human 

forms & surgical 

operations 

I 

I

HEA.L'lli CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lHE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 MEDICAL LAIDRA'IDRY SCIENTIFIC OFFICER ( GB) 

26 ASSISTANT MEDICOT.ECHNigJE DE LADJRA'IDIRE/LA.IDRANT (B) 

MEDISCH-TECHNISCHER LAIDRA. 'IDRIUMSA.SSISTENT (D) 

KLINISK LAIDRANT (DK) 

TECHNICIEN LA.OORA'IDIRE/ADJOINT TECHNIQUE IAOORA'IOIRE/IAIDRANTIN (F) 

MEDICAL LAmRA'IDRY TECHNICIAN/MEDICAL LAIDRA'IDRY TECmlOIOOIST (IRL) 

ASSISTANT ~HNIQUE MEDICAL DE IAB:>RA'IDIRE (L) 

LAIDRANT (NL) 

B 

D 

Is Pre-entr.Y Educational 

T.raining Requireme~ts 

Who awa.rda Professional Requirements 



Professional FUnctions Field of Activities 

Required? 

Education 

Age Education Total Theory Practical 

T.raining No - -6 years secondary 3 yrs 15001 800 h High Technical laboratory Hospi tala, Private 

Centre school +10001 School a.na.lyses laboratories, 

-Diploma of school Ph&rmaoeutical 

teacher research 

-Diploma of nu:rs~ 

candidate 

Issued by Yes - 

Realschule 2 yrs 1040 h 1760 h Special schools laboratory Hospitals, 

'!raining (Intermediate) (x) (Ishra.nstal ten) analyses laboratories, 

Centre Certificate or Research 

equivalent 

education 

------------- .. -. --------- ~------ ----~------------------------------- 

(:z:) Shortening of training periods: Fbr medical laboratory technicians 1 - 1 year, if candidate has grad.ua ted as medical 

radiology technician 

- 3 months, if candidate has graduated aa veterinary 

medi~al technician 

------ ~------ ~-r------------· ------------ --------··--------- ---------- 

-QztolOQ: 

Technician 

College Yes - Realschule ~moat caseaa 2400--2800 h Specialised Examination of Hospitals, 

{only in (Intermediate) schools pathogenic tissue Cytological 

North-Rhine- Certificate or (colleges) does prepa.ra tory Institutes & 

Westfalia) equivalent work for diagnosi research 

of consultants laboratories 

I 

I

I a P.re-entr;r atuoatioaal 

Tn.iniz18 RequiraeDta Ieftl of 

Who avazrdJI PJ:roteaaicmal Beq~nta 

P.rofeaaiOD&l FuDoticma Field of Jati vi tie£ 

Diplo•? lleg.l.stration 

Education 

Required.? Aae Eduoation Total 'lbeoq P.raotical 

D 

_.dioal 

Teclmiciazl 

Pollep l'o - B-lnal final 3p:s 4 sem- 1-rr Specialized Operation, Hospitals, 

eramination plus esters schools control IU1d. Research 

apprenticeship 111 •2940h {oolleps) mailttelJIIDoe ot iDBti tutes or 111 

the electric or medico-teclmi.oal devalopi8Dt -, 

metal branch ri. tb equipaent aDd sales -, aerri.oing 

final examination . apparatus, it departments of 

neces8&17 also manufacturing 

request of firm- firma 

servicing 

DC 

~linical 

(Biomedical) 

Issued b7 Bot neoesa&r3' 18 AclV8Z1Ced lAav1rls 3 '3TE 960 h/ 28 months Special school Carr7iDg out. Hospitals, 

'lft.1n1ng but usuall7 Emmi nation of the 8 mntbs level blood samples I&bora.toriee 

Centre practiced ''Folkeakole", making metabolic 

Upper Seconda.1.7 examinations, 

School Isaving eyamination &lid. 

Enunination or Bll&lJ'zing of 

Higher P.repa.rator.J blood, urine, 

EDunination serum etc ••• 

.JU.stolog:tca l 

(Patb.olo&r) 

Issued b7 & 

cnological 

ana17&es 

Idem 18 Idem 3 '3TE 1110 h 26i months Idem Emcution of Idem 

'lrainiDg various work: in 

Centre connection vi th 

histological

PSOmssiOlfa MEDICAL LA.B>RAroRY SCIEITIFIC OFFICER (3) 

Is PN-ent:rT Bdue&tiOD&l Training Requirements Level of 

Who &va.rds Professional Bequirements ProfeBBional Functions Fif'Jld of .Acti:vi ties 


Required? Ap Education iOtal Theory Practical 

-Bloodbank 

labor& to&[ 

technician 

11{ Issued by 18 Idem 3 yrs 940 h 28i months Idem Carrying out Idem 

blood samples & 

(cont)~ 

tapping for blood 

Centre 

Testing blood 

1i7P&S, making 

anti-boey tests 

etc 

Higher No - :Ba.ccalaurea t attex 2 yrs 8~ 20f, University laboratory Private or public 

Technical secondsr,y studies level technician laboratories 

Certificate 

(BTS- 

Bt-evet de 

Technician 

Superieur) 

issued by 

the State 

F ·----- ------- 1- - - --------- --- ~--- 

; 

~· 

,_ _______ --------- ------------------- 

State No - BA.C level 3 yrs 2CPJ, 8~ Specialised Laboratory Public or 

Diploma for 

training assistant private 

laboratories 

l4edical 

Analysis ~---------- --- ---- ------- -------- ~-------- ·---------- 

lAboratory 

Assistants Brevet des 3 yre 50% 50% Idem Idem Hospital 

Colleges 

laborato17 

: 

'

PiO.iZSSIOJfa MEDICAL LAB>RA'IDRY SCIENTIFIC OFFICER (4) 

- I a Pre-cltr,- :llluoatiOD&l 

Who &VU'da Pl'oteaaioaal Bequirementa 

~ Requirements Lewl of 

ProfeaaioD&l 

Diplo•? Bes:Latration 

Functions Field of .Aoti vi ties 

Required.? Ap Education ~tal Theory 

Ecluoation 

Practical 

Ia) National Yes 5 y&&t'S seconda.ry 4 yrs 1320 H 6000 h !College of Medical labora tor, Hospitals, 

Pertificate State Education Technology investigation to Medical 

013 ~m CollegE Registration enable doctors laboratories 

pf TechnoloE v decide on treatment 

~) Universii)" Uni versi v Degree 1yr 1yr pniversity' 

Degree 

6 years seconda.ry 2 yrs 12 h/wk 24 h/week Various Hospitals, Private 

clinics, Private 

GR laborato%7 

offices, Health 

centres 

Pertifica te~ No ~ot Leaving Certificat ~ 3 y:IIJ 2 yrs 1yr College of Concerned with Hospitals, 

~Medical ~pee- in 5 subjects or Technology laboratory tests University' 

~boratoey ~~.fied equivalent T.be certificate in medical necesBBr,T for the laboratories, the 

Sciences of examinations. laboratory sciences is diagnosis & treat· mood !Irans:tuaior. 

~mbership Subjects should awarded at the end of the ment of diseases :Board, the 

pf the include English, third year. A further two Veterinary' 

IRL lrnstitute mathematics & at year course of part-time College and 

pf Medical least one approved study leads to the Diploma Insti tute• and in 

~boratoey science subject, in Medical laboratory private industrT 

Sciences (UI< ) preferablY physics Sciences which qualifies for 

or chemistry associate membership of the 

~ training 

Institute of lliedical 

polleges in 

Laboratory Sciences 

~eland 

~ From Colle e;e 

of Technolo ~

PRO:FESSION'a MEDICAL IAIDRA'IDRY SCIENTIFIC OFFICER (5) 

L 

NL 

I a Pre-enfir7 Ed.uoatiOD&l 



Professional Functions Field of A.oti vi ties 


Required? Age Education 'lbtal Theory Practical 

Medical Yes ~ot Must possess 1i yre Normal level Laboratory Private laboratory, 

Technical epee- Luxembourg State (the ll l.lmber o hours for analyses + pre- State laboratory, 

laboratory lfied Nursing Diploma theory and praletical are analysis tasks Labor a tory of 

Assistant but or Chemical a.l'WS\Ys laid down by the private, municipal 

o.orm- Assistant's Ministpy of Health) or state hospitals 

Ministry of !Llly Diploma from a 

~ealth 17 professional 

f:t'S school or the 

pld Leaving Certifica1e 

of the Technical 

secondar,y.school 

or any other 

Luxembourg or 

foreign recognisec 

diploma 

La bora tor.v Yes ~ot :rhst possess 3 yre 2 yrs 1yr Higher level Administrative/ Private or state 

rtssistant spec- Lux:embourg (University) executive post in laboratories, 

ifiea Secondary Educa tic n a laboratory Private hospital 

~stry of but Certificate (highEr laboratories o~ 

3:ealth no~ level) or municipal or state 

a.lly recognised foreigr. hospital 

21- equivalent laboratories, all 

24 kinds of chemical 

JrS and medical 

old laboratories 

Institute No !Not 5 years secondary )iyrf. 3 yrs t year ltigher I.e. bora tory work Hospitals, Industry 

of Higher spec- school (HAVO) wi tl: Vocational Research 

Vocational ifiec science subjects Education (HID) 

Training

. I 

PROFESSION 1 MEDICAL Hro'IOORAPHER ( GB) 

27 MEDISCH FO'!OORAAF (NL) 


Vho awa.rds Professional Requirements 

I' '!raining Requireme!lts Isvel of 

Diploma? Registration Professional Functions Field of .A.cti vi ties 

Required? Age Education 'lbtal .Theory Practical 

Education 

G::S 

Institute o1 No - 4 years secondary ~ yrs ~500 h 7500 h ~chnical Medical Hospital 

Incorporate( education ~or Collese illustration 

PhotographeJis jblock 

~leasE 

Under super- By' the No 4 years secondary 13 yrs Yes Yes ~termediate 'lb take General hospitals 

vision of Ministry' of school with sciencE !Vocational photogt"aphs to (at the service of 

the Minist:rJ Education ~ ~subjects (MAVO) -. .. g (MOO) aid diagnosis & different medical 

NL of Educatioi scientific specialisations) 

and the research 

Ministry' of 

Health & 

Environmental 

Protection 

I 

•

HE!L'IR CARE PROii'ESSIONS IN 'lHE EEC 

PROFESSIONa MEDICAL PHYSICS rmcHNICIAN (G:B) 

28 


Who aW&l"ds Professional Requirements 


Required? Age Eduoation 

National No - 

4 years secondary 

'19chnical education 

GB Education 

Council 


Totall Theor.rl Practical 

Qualifications & experience 

required ve.ry widely 

according to duties of post 


Professional F\mctions Field of Activities 

Education 

Technical Technical Medical pqaios 

Colle sa support to laboratory' 

Ph1'Sicists 

I

IIEAL'IH CARE PROl•'ESSIONS IN 'lEE EIDC 

PROFESSION 1 MEDICAL SECRETARY (GB) 

29 SECRETAIRE ~mDICALE/MEDISCHE SEKRETARESSE (B) 

.. . ( ) 

~DK~ 

MlliDISCH SEKRETARESSE (NL) 



Who awards 


Professional Requirements 




Education 

Total Theoryl Practical 

T.raining No - ~ yea:rs secondary 2 to 3 years including a Higher TecbnicaJ Effecting the Hospitals, 

Centre school minimum of 3 months School whole range of Consul ta tiona, 

t-Diploma of school · practical training (graduate) administrative Private doctor's 

teacher work (patients' secretary 

B filing ca:rd.s 

letter writing, 

accounting and 

settling accounts 

with the health 

insurance funds) 

as well as 

conducting 

(routine) 

laboratory tests 

College No - T.raining as 5 830 h A bit like Idem B Working with chief 

~octor's assistant, mnths "A:rzthel!erin" consultants in 

~ental assistant, (doctor's hospitals, 

D ~terinary assistant) established doctors 

ja.ssistant vi th and in local health 

~inal examination T.raining depa:rtments 

~fession 

ualistic 

systems theoretical 

knowledge 

in vocational 

school, 

practical 

tr~ at placiit 

of work 

Vocational schooL

~ssocia.tion No - 4 years seconda.ry 2 yre 2 years Technical Secretarial Hospital, Clinic 

G:B pf Medical Ed.uca tiori College service to or Community 

doctors 

~cretaries 

PBOFESSION: MEDICAL SECRETARY (2) 

I• ~u,- Blluoa'tioD&l 





~vel ot 

Professional F\mctions Field of Activities 

Education 

DK 

The l·finistr V No - The leaving ~ yrs 1yr 2 yrs with :Basic '!YPing and Hospi tale and 

of Ed.ucatio~ Examinations of (basic) 12 weeks Vocational B.'l'Chi ve- private doctor's 

the Folk:eskole theory Education level administration practice 

Practical 

part& the 

hospital 

(or County) 

~stitute of No ~0 4 years second..ary 1t Yes No Intermediate Medical and Private practice, 

~termedia te ~ school (MA.VO) yrs Vocational financial admin- Health centres, 

NL ~ocational tlimit 'Iraining (MOO) istration, Nursing homes, 

correspondence, Matemi ty centres 

~a.ining 

patient archives, 

telephone, 

appointments, 

general informati ~tn 

to patients

-.J 

0 

HElL'lB CUE PROFESSIONS D '!'BE EEC 

PROFESSIONa MEDICAL SOCIAL WORKER/PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER 

30 SOZIALqmEITER/SOZIALARBEITER (m DER PSYCHIA'ImE) (D) 

SOCIALRl:ooiVER (DK) 

SOCIAL WORKER ( GB) 

MEDISCH MAATSCHA.PPELIJK WERKER/SOCIAmERAPWT (NL) 

D 

Is P.re-entr,y Educational 


Vho awards Professional Requir8ments 


Required? Age Education Total '.Iheo%7 Practical 

Colleges No - 

A-level final 18 sem- 6 sem 2 semesters 

examjnation lesterl 

(general degree/ 

specialized degree, 


Professional P\motions Field of Aoti vi ties 

Education 

lstuey at 

... .. _ 

... up of He/She is aoti ve in 

!specialized peycho-social ~ social 

~ versi ty (non Problems & finding institutions eg 

~ospital field) pf reasonable education guidance, 

:~olutions for marriase guidance, 

tif'ficul ties of family' suidance, 

patients in the social guidance ••• 

:Lomestic field As graduated social 

~either diffic- worker in the 

~ties occurring service of hospital& 

liuring s~ in exist onl.7 in larger 

ospi tal or after acute hospital in 

U.scha.rge) by psychia trio and 

onsultation, rehabilitation 

ocial ther.&p,y or clinics 

ther means 

DIC 

University/ No Ord- Upper secondm-y 3 yrs 5 term ' 1 term (the 

~Ministry" ~ level (Gymnasium) (6 fourth) 

pf Education stud- terms 

ents of 6 

are roonth 

32' teach~oo 

yrs ingb; ~>a, 

old group & 

proje l)t 

work) 

University ~ospitals ~stitutions for 

~ld people and 

~capped 

Consultative in Counties and local 

level sooial problems ~vernments, 

and 

I

- 

fBDIESSIOBs J.DmiCAL SOCIAL . WORKER 

.. 

(2) 

~. 

1a JZa. -•• il&luoati.oD&l 

Do &1IR4a P.ro:teaaicmal Beqm.n-nta 

Dlplaa? Jeclatn.tiOD 

B8quift4? EcluoatiOD 'n>tal 'l!MtorT Pn.ctioal 

~~- Ln.l~ 

h'o:teaaicmal. J\mc'tiODB l'iel4 o:r .Aati u ti.ee 

BcluDatiOD 

~niversity Yes - University Dere 1yr Wostgraduatc experience University Social caJ."e in Communi v, Hospital 

~Central (3 or 4 years or 2 all aspects 

~ouncil for yrs 

Gl3 Mucation & depenc :- 

l'raining in ing or 

:3ocial Work UniveJ ,_ 

sity 

DegreE 

GR 

6 yrs secop.da:ry 3 yrs 16 h/ 20 h/week: Gives help and Hospitals 

school week advice to J.tental Health 

patients and Centres and 

fainilies Research Institutes 

concerning 

psycho-social 

problems 

University manage 

alone 

I-To No J.'luB t comply with 3yr Full- University Helping Health Boards 

age the r~triculation Degre4 time individuals, Department of 

imit Regula tiona of the Cours1 Course families & groups Justice, IDeal 

IRL 

University 

In order to have One 

University 

to deal with problems which they cazmot Authorities, 

~olunta.ry' 

!Associations 

professional year 

status, social Post- 

workers must have grad 

a post-graduate Diplqualification 

60% 40% 

in oma. 

applied social cours• 

studies 

I* 

No Pver 12 yrs schooling 3 yrs 30 h/ 

18 and diploma week

HEAL'lH CARE PROltESSIONS IB 'lD EIOO 

PBOft:SSIOif a KJSIC 'IBERAPIST 

31 MUSIK'IBERAPIST (D) 

JVZI!X'lHERAPIDT (NL) 

D 


Who ava.Na Professional Bequiremen ts 

Diploma? Bagistration 

Required? Ap Education 

Uational No - ~-level final 

AoadeiDf' fOl l:llvAm;T'IAtion 

Jlusic.Aachei~ (general degree/ . 

Bamburg. specialized degree) 

Specialized ~tudy of medicine, 

University ~sychology or 

of the ~dioal pedagogy 

Behabilitati on with graduation 

Foundation 

Heidelberg 

~ajnjng Req~ts 

'lbtal Theory P.raotical 

In Aachena 1-yr stuey in 

a.ddi tim to a 3-yr training 

period as music teacher. 

In Heidelberg: overall study 

of 4 yrs - practical 

experience included 

In Hambursa a four-term 

additional study 

lavel of 

ProfeesioD&l FUnctions Field of Activities 

Education 

Graduate Social Pedagogue with in musicotherapy social lea.rniiig 

in orea ti ve groupl 

with troubled or 

mentally defectiv' 

children 

Receptive and active music- In special schools 

for disabled 

a specializ- otherapy; children, in 

ation in music- instruction for psychia trio and 

otherapy coordinated paediatric hospitals; 

(Heidelberg); movements and less frequently in 

the other two logopa.edioe with O'Wn practice 

the help of music 

academies issue only a rbTthmics for 

certificate on special studies patients with 

auditory defects; 

Institute of No No 5 years seoondar,y 

Higher age school (HAVO) 

Nl Vocational limi~ 

'lra:i.ning 

4 yrs Yes !-year 

Higher To reduce Rehabilitation 

~ocational emotional centres; Institutions 

'lraining (HlD) disturbance among for mentally 

patients; to retarded 

stimulate 

communication by 

music therapy

HEA.L'IH CARE PROJtESSIONS IN 'IHE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 NON-MEDICAL HEALTH PRACTITION.ER,/Nmr-MEDICAL PRACTITlONER 

32 HEILPRAKTIKER (D) 


'Who awa.rds Professional Requirements T.raining Requireme~ts ~vel of 


Professional FUnctions Field of A.cti vi ties 

Required? Age Education '!Otal Practical 

Education 

~eoryl 

Institute Yes Ap- ~level f'inal 

~e termination of the 

"-2 

Special course !Practising the art Private practice 

proJ examination vrs ~aining period is not {non-university ~f healing for the 

23 ~ufficient for level) benefit of human 

yrs practising this patients but with 

profession. 'Ib.e the following 

pandi.da te has to sit a ~restrictionsa !!2_ 

~pecial examination set p bstetrics, ~ 

py the local health ~nation and 

~apartment {minimum age ~eatment of the 

D ~5 years) ~nital organs or 

:>f infectious 

iiseases, ~ 

prescription of 

~thical or narooti4 

h-ugs

PROFESSION 1 OCCUPATIONAL EIXJCA TIONALIST/'lEERA.P!IJTIC EIIJCATIONALIST 

33 HEILPADAGOOE (D) 

BESKAFr!~SVEJLEDER (DC) , , 

EWCA'IUJR Sl'k:IALisi/PSYCHOBEEWCATmR (F) 

EROOmERA.P.BD'lE/DFIRMIER CHARGE 1XJE SERVICE D'EROO~(L) 

EROO'IBERAPEIJT (NL) 

D 


'lraining Requireme~ts :t.vel of 

Whoavards Professional Requirements 

Professional P\mctions Field of .A.cti vi ties 


Education 

Required? Age Education 'lbtal ~eory Practical 

'lrain1DB Yes - ~ealsohule 1-2 - - Special school Advi8017 & caring Ps7ohiatrio 

Centre (Intermediate) yrs level activities for hospitals, 

Certifioate or haDdicapped Paediatric 

or •qui valent children and hospitals, 

~duoation and 10uas•ters, who oa ~ PJ.totecti.Dg homes, 

2 yrs of praotioal no lcmpr be Special schools 

social training treated with 

l'o - 6s81D ~ - - 

S'fiu.dT at 

-&rl· 

~llep Special uni versi v 

gradllate ester• specialised 

univarsiv 

other paedagosicaJ 

DC 

School/ B'o 20 The Iaaving Bmm- 1yr at 2 months Short Technical Work:a under Hoapi tala, llurailas 

TrainiDg i.Dation of the Dlltha~ 

Iavel leadarahip of boMB &Dd P.ri~te 

~entre Folkeakole (LE) 1060 occupa.tiOD&l resideDoies 

(JI:t.Distey of therapist. Care cl 

Bauoation) rehabili tati.OD of 

~cal~aad 

mental~ hazldicapped 

people. Jll 

ap groups

PJmBSSIOVa OCCUPATIOD.L ~CATIOllALIST (2) 

I""'"" ~. 

Ia 

1llbo &1IU'Cla PJ:oteaaioD&l Pft. --- BaquiremaDta Uuoati.ola&l 'l'ft1Mns ~- Llrftl fd 

P.roteaaioD&l 

llipl.o.? BaclatN.tion 

i\moticma Field ot J.Dti 'Vi ties 

Bequired? A&e Education Total 'lbeoq Pnctical 

Ed.uoation 

~tate Yes 17 BA.C* or equivalent 3 yrs ~ 2CJI, [Jni versi ty Cares for Public, semi- 

Diploma ~fessional yrs 

degree pq&ioall7 and public and private 

issued b7 Oroupi.ng min * BA.C • Ba.coalaurea 

mentall7 handi- sector, institutions 

F Ninia'tr7 of • appronma tely capped children 

flealth equivalent to 

A-level 

lo'V81'DID8D t Yes ~ot Jlust possess 2-4 Details not available ~gb.er level Behabilitation of Institutions for 

~ hisher ~pee- Luxembourg yrs (univarsi v) mentall7 and/or pq&ica117, 

L ~hool ~ied Second.£y ~a tio ~ physioall.7 ~- mentall7 haDdi- 

~UDivarai v) ~t Certificate or capped patients capped persons, 

lOrD- recognised foreisn Psychiatric and 

.. 117 equivalent (higher pria trio hospi tala 

>1- level) 

~4 

~S

PBOiESSIOlla OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST ( GB + IRL) 

34 ERGO'lliERAPEUTE/ERGOTHERPEUT (B) 

BESCH'AP.rrGUNGS - liND ARBEITS'mERAPEUT (D) 

ERGOTERA.PEUT (DK) 

HEA.LIJH CABE PROFESSIONS m 'l!IE EEC 

,. 

ERGO'lliERAPEIJ'm (F) 

ERGO'lliERAPEUT (NL) 

B 

D 


'!rai nj ng RequiremeXltS Utvel of 

Who awa.rds Professional Requirements 



Education 


Training Yes - - 6 years 3 yre 1500 l: 1200 h Higher Technica 

Centre Secondar,y schooJ ff- 300 l: School 

- Diploma of 

school teacher 

- Diploma of 

Nursing Candida. 1 ~ 

Issued by Yes - Realschule 3 yrs 2 yrs 1yr Special schools 

'!raining graduate or (La brans tal ten) 

Centre equivalent 

education 

F\mctions Field of .A.cti vi ties 

Nursing care, Hospitals, Home care, 

Social inquiries Preventive medicine 

services, Public 

Health Services 

Pbysio and Hospitals, Private 

occupational practice 

/ 

therapy 

)}( 

Issued by Yes - - 10-12 yrs 3 yrs 2i yrs 6 m Special school 

Training schooling (30 h; level 

Centre - 9 months job- week) 

experience. 

Advanced LeavinB 

Examination of 

the "Fblkeskole", 

Upper Secondary 

School Leaving 

Examination or 

Higher Prepara to ~ 

Elcamina tion 

Training the Hospi tala, Nursing 

pa. tien ts in theiJ homes, Community 

ord.inary common 

life and in 

special functions 

I

PBOW.SSIO:th OCCUPATIONAL 'lliERAPIST (2) 

~- 

I a Pre-entry Educational 

T,ra1n1ng Baquireman~ Laval of 




Education 


DRA.SS State No - Personal selection 3 yrs 60'% 40% Special school Cares for Public or private 

Diploma -no diploma level physically and institution- no 

under men tally bandi- private practice 

F supervision capped persons in 

of Chief the form of 

l·1edical giving them manua ~ 

Officer work under the 

responsibilit.y of 

a physician 

College of Yes 18 5/6 yrs Secondary 3 yrs 3000 h 1500 h College of Rehabilitation of Hospitals, Communit; 

pccupa tiona. education.· (2/3 Teacher T.raininf: :Patients 

GB 

Therapists subjects approx 1 level 

yr university leve 

GR 

6 years Secondary 3 yrs 12 h/ 24 h/week Rehabilitiation Institutions for 

School week of mentally &/or physically and 

physically handi- mentally ha.ndicapped 

patients capped patients, 

Fsychiatric 

hospitals 

Diploma of No At leaving CertificatE 3 yrs Yes Min. of College of Rehabilitiation Hospi tala (both 

the British leas ~ith at least GradE 1200 h Occupational of physically anq general & 

bsociation 18 Yl C on higher level Therapy or mentally ill psychia trio'') and 

pf old papers in 2 subjec s patients. Works Institutions 

Occupational by & at least Grade D tmder the 

IRL ~erapists 31 on ordinar,y level direction of a 

Dec papers in 4 other doctor & as a 

of~ subjects (or an member of a 

in equivalent rehabilitation 

wlmb qualification) • team 

they Subjects must 

wish include English 

to with at least Grad 

com- C on ordinary leve 

menCE papers. Preference 

j;rai.ll -will be gi van to 

l.llg candidates with 

science

Oovemment Yes Not Must possess No information available on Higher level Rehabilitation of Institutions for 

& higher spec- " Luxembourg training require•nts .nta.ll7 and/or pqsioall.7 and 

school ifie ~ Secondary as these vary according to pqeioall7 hancli- menta.ll7 ba.Dcl1cappa 

L (Universiv but Certificate or a the university capped patients persons, hoapi talsa 

norm • recognised foreifJl ps7Qhi&tric a11d 

ally equivalent priatric 

21-2 Certificate 

yrs 

old 

PJI)w.sslOBa OCCUPATIOlUL 'lBERl.PIST (3) 

!'"'· 

~· 

I a P.re-entr7 Ecluoaticmal 

Vho ava;rda P.rotesaioD&l. Bequirements 'lraiD.ing BequireiD8Dts Laval ot 


P.roteaaional 1\motiona Field ot .Aoti vi ties 

Required? Ace Education '!Otal 'lbe0%7 Pnctioal 

Education 

Institute oj Yes No - 5 years Secondar 'I 4 yra Yes Yes Higher Rehabilitation of General hospi tala, 

Higher 

school - 1 year vocational mentally and/or Homes for somatic 

Vocatio:na.l ~ii preferably with training (100) ~sically handi- patients, Homes for 

NL Training science capped patients mentally disturbed & 

subjects - (both permanently old, Institutions 

(HAVO) and temporarily for ~sically and 

handicapped) and mentally bandicapped, 

Psychia trio 

hospitals

Optics. F1 tting Private optician 

of spectacles, 

lenses, hearing 

aids in connectioJ 

with glasses 

HEAL'IH CARE PRQ:[i~SSIONS IN 'lBE EEC 

PROFESSIONa OPTICIAN (GB + IRL) OPTICIEN-ooGMEE'IKUNDIGE (NL) 

35 OPTICIEN/BRILLIDA.KER (B) 

OPTIXER (D + DK) 

OPTICim (F + L) 

B 





Training Yes - Secondar,y school 

Centre (low) 


Total ~eory Practical 

1-4 31 wkE 20 weeks 

.~s 



Education 

Secondary 

School 


Optician, Industry, Community 

Spectacle-maker 

D 

Chamber of Yes - B-level final 

Handicrafts e%811lination 

3 yrs 3 yrs 

Artisan, after Manufactures on He is an artisan, 

further trA.inin b> otiJ:thalmologists' service advisor for 

registered prescriptions clients & merohantJ 

master spectacles of all usually works in 

kinds, works at his own shop 

precutting of raw· 

glasses, if 

necessar,raproduoe 

spectacle frames, 

repairs optical 

instruments 

School (under No. 16 The !saving Emmthe 

Eduoatio~ yrs ina tiona of the 

Ministry'} Folkeskole (LE) 

II{ together wit~ 

the practice 

placement 

(private 

optician) 

5 yrs 1yr 4 yrs theory & 

~asic practical • the 

basic 

vocational 

education coure 

EFU courses 

Basic 

vocational 

level 

98 

I 

I

F'J.eld of .Acti 'Vi ties 

Commerce 

Hospital, CoiiiDUlli ty 

---------- 

Hospital, CoiiiDUlli ty 

00 

0 

PIK)J!SSIOJa OP!'ICIAB ( 2 ) 

Is 

Who anrda Protessicmal 

Diplo•? Registration 

Required? 

-Professiom 1 Professional 

Certifica_tE grouping 

Optician/ 

Spectacle 

Maker 

-Diploma of 

student 

graduating 

from a 

F national 

professiom 1 

school 

-certificatE 

of Stuey 

issued by 

the School 

of Optical 

T.rades 

~ntrT B4uoaticmal 

Bequirellents 

'lTa1D1ng Requirements 

Age Education ~tal Theory Practical 

Not BAC* or 2 yrs 2-3 100% - 

~tip- after acquiring yrs 

l.tlate :1 CAP* or BEP* 

in spectacle 

making 

•BAC•BaccaJ..a~at 

•approrlma tel.y 

equivalent to 

A-level 

C~Certificat 

d'.A.ptitude 

P.rofessiomelle 

Certificate of 


Competence 

BEP-Brevet d' 

Etudes Professiom • 

elles - Certifica1e 

of Professional 

Studies 

Level ot 


Education 


studies 

, 

J\motiona 

Optician/ 

spectacle maker 

~J>hthalmic 

Oni versi ty' Yes 

aB· -----· ------ 

-DiSJ?!nB!!!! 

National Yes 

Technical 

Education 

Council 

- University' Degree Plus 1 yes:r clinical 

(3 years) experience before 

registration 

-- ---------- --- ----------- 

- 

4 yes:rs seconda.t7 3 yrs 2 yrs 1 yea.r 

education (fulltime) 

University 

~------- 

Technical 

College 

Ophthalmic Optical 

practice 

·--------- 

Dispensing 

Optical Appliance1

-QRhtbalmic 

O;eticia.n 

'lhe Diploma Yes ~ot Leaving CertificatE 4 yrl 3t yrs 6 months College of Specialist in Hospitals, Clinics, 

awarded is spec· ~th passes in at Technology ~efective vision Private practice 

that of ifiec ileast 6 subjects pf the healthy eye. 

~rd na including English ~ !Prescribes, meaS\n' ~s, 

i- ... 

..... m- mathematics with ~upplies & fits 

IRL ;tmistoiri Grade C or higher ~pectacles, con tao 11 

('!he in at least two ~enses, etc and 

pPticia.ns' higher course pape, s ~ ve s orthoptic 

!Board) or approved training 

00 

equivalent qualification 

-DiS2]!nSing 

O;eticia.n 

(The No Not Leaving CertificatE 2i 2 yrs 3 months College of Does not prescribe Usually private 

Opticians' spec· with passes in at yrs Technology but measures and 

Board) ifiec least 5 subjects fits in accordance 

including English ~ith prescriptions 

& mathematics or 

approved equi valen 

qualification 

PROFESSION& OPTICIAN (3) 

I a P.re-entr.T Educational 


\fuo awards Professional Requirements Professional Functions Field of Aotivi ties 



GR 

6 years secondary 3 yrf 12 h/ 24 h/week Ophthalmic optica L Hospitals, 

school week practice CoiDDll.mi ty

00 

N 

PROFESSION'a OPTICIAN (4) 

L 


lfuo awards Professional Requirements Training Requirements 



~hamber of Yes - a. 9 years 4 yrs 1 day/ 32 h/week 

trades schooling week= 

8 brs 

b. 6-7 yrs Yes or optic 

technical factory 

second.a.ry' schoo ~ 



Education 

CAP ( Certifica t 

d'Aptitude 

Professionnelle 

• Certificate o 


Competence) 

Functions Field of A.ctivi. ties 

Assistant Opti tian 's workshop 

or shop 

(usually private ) 

..Ql)hthalmic 

Jnder No. tJo ~ years secondary 2 yrs Yes 1 yea:r 

mpervision 

school with science (afte:r 

)f the ~1 subjects (MAVO) eli ploD a 

~stry of opticj ~) 

Education & 

fthe MinistrJ 

)f Economic 

NL U'fairs 

•DiSJ.?!nSi!!S 

Jnder No No 4 years secondar,y 4 yrs Yes 1 year 

supervision age school with soienc4 (partof 

the limi subjects (MAVO) time) 


Education 

Intermediate 

Vocational 

Training (MOO) 

Intermediate 

Vocational 

Training (MOO) 

To measure Private practice 

retraction 

variations; to 

provide appliance~ 

for correcting 

visual faculty 

To provide Private practice 

glasses & other 

eye-instruments 

by determining 

the strength of 

the lenses

F\mctions 

Assists in treatment 

of eysopia 

of squinting 

children, 

correction of 

ambl.y'opia; helps 

doctor in treatment 

of ocular 

lesion after 

accidents or in 

the case of 

retinal lesion or 

m_yoparalysis 

Assists the 

ophthalmologist 

in the diagnosis 

& treatment of 

defective vision, 

in particular 

convergence and 

correction of I 

both eyes 


In hospi tala w1 th 

special departments 

& so-called visionschools 

or in free 

ophthalmologist 

practice 

Liberal or sala:ried 

practice 

Diagnosis & treat -Hospital, Clinic 

ment of defective 

vision 

00 

w 

HEA.L'm CARE PRO:B"ESSIOUS IN 'IRE EEC 

PROFESSIOlh OR'mOPTIST (D + GB + IRL + NL) 

36 ORTHOPTISTE (F) 



Training Requirements !Aavel of 

Diploma? Registration Professional 


Education 

Colleges Yes 18 Realschule 2i-3 2-2-i 6 months Special schools 

yrs (Intermediate) .yrs yrs (colleges) 

Certificate or 

equivalent 

D education 

Certificate Yes ~0 BAC* or equivalent 3 yrs 6CYfo 40% University level 

of Professional ~ certificate 

Proficiency- grouping ~imi .. 

F issued b7 

the Nationa ~ 


Education 

British Yes - 5 years seconda.ry' 3 yrs t theory- and! practic1 1 Schools 

GB Orthoptic education in schools attached to attached to 

Council hospitals hospitals 

I

Diploma No Not Irish students are 3 yrs Approximately 50/50 ~hools attached Participates with Hospitals, 

awarded spec- usually accepted on average over the to hospitals the ophthalmic Institutions 

following ifiec with honours three years medical staff in 

completion Leaving CertificatE the dia.snosis & 

of 3 years English, a science treatment of 

training subject & a pass iil defects of the eyE 

IRL course mathematics. 

approved by Exceptions can be 

the British made for mature 

Orthoptic students etc, 

Council subject to interview 

Institute o Yes ~0 5 yeB.l"s secondary 3 yrs Yes Yes ~gher Determines the General & _ 

Intermedia t4 By the ase school (HAVO) (i yeB.l") ~ocational diagnosis & treatt: psychiatric 

Vocational Ministry of limi ~aining (Em) patients in case hospitals, Homes 

T.raining Health and of cross-eyed (a ~or soma.tio and 

NL Environ- squint) & relat~ mentally distm-bed 

mental deficiencies ~ old, Institutions 

Protection regarding the co- ~or the pqsically 

ordination of botl &/or mentally 

eyes ~dicapped 

PB)J§SIOia ORmOP!'.IST (2) 

~' 

Is P.re-en'fir7 Educational 

'1'rail1ing Require•nts Level of 

Who ava.rd8 Professional RequireMnts 

Professional Diploma? Registration 

Education 

Required? Ase Eduoation Total 'l'he017l Pnotical 

F\motiona Field of Activities 

I* 

Over & 

treatment of 

strabismus 

13 ye&l"S schoolhij 2 yr:s Diagnostic 

19 and diploma techniques in 

ophthalmology

FUnctions 


Hospitals, 

Pharmaceutical firms, 

Medicine trades 

In public pharmacies, 

hospital pharmacies 

and in pharmacologic 

industry 00 

\JI 

HEAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN '!HE EEC 

PROFESSION a PHARMACIDTICAL ASSISTANT/TECHNICIAN 

17 ASSISTANT DE P.HA.RMACIE/APOT.HEEKHULP (B) 

PHARMA.ZEUTISCH-TECHNISCHER ASSISTEN"T (D) 

APOTEKSASSISTENT (DK) 

APOTHEKERSASSI STENT (NL) 



Who awards Professional Requirements Level of 

Diploma? Registration Professional 


Education 

Training No - 3 years secondary 3 yrs 2t yrE 6 months min. Technical level 

Centre school (low) 

...... 

eutical 

Assistant 

College Yes - Secondary term 2ft yrf 2 yrs -'} yr Special schools 

lower degree or (2600h {colleges) 

equal education 

(Under control of 

J>harmacists) 

PJa.nufac turing of 

~ina 

!PharmacY, examp.na. 

tion of drugs & 

sale to clients; 

:}a.rrying out of 

chemical & physica 

analysis of drugraw 

material as 

;rell as physioogical 

chemical 

~lysis 

I

~nstitute of No No 4 years secondary 2 yrs Yes 6 months Intermediate Prepares and Public pharmacies 

NL ~termedia te age school (MAVO) & 3 Vocational provides and Hospital 

~ocational limi monthf training (MOO) medicine under pha:rmacies 

~aining supervision of 

a pharmacist 

PBO:BESSIOlla PHARMACIDTICAL ASSISTANT/mmNICIAN ( 2) 

DK 

Is P.re-ent17 Educational 

Who awards Professional Requirements Training Requirements Level of 




Education 

The School No 16 The Leaving 3 yrs 3 month ~ Mostly Medium tecbnica Assist the Private (mostly) 

:>f Pha.rma- Examination of (325 h - practical education pha.rmacis ts in pharmacies 

ceutical the Folkeskole bne mon-t ll work where their functions, 

Technicians (LE) a year) the students produces and 

are in dispenses 

permanent medicine/drugs 

contact with 

the school by 

correspondence 

courses 

GR 

6 years secondary 4 yrs Nil Yes Sale of drugs Hospi tala, Private 

school Helps pharmacist ~ laboratories

Functions 

I 


Industry' and 

hospitals 

Public or 

hospital 

phm'macies 

00 

-.....J 

HEA.L'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lEE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 PHARMAClD'l'ICAL mOI.OGICAL T.ECBNICIAN 

38 'mCHNICIEN moUXliS'l!E DE PH.ARMACIE/F.ABMA.CFlJ'l'!SCH mOIOOISCH TECBNIEKER (B) 

PHA.RMAZDJ'l'ISCH-TECBNISCHER ASSIST.ENT (D) 


Training Requirements l.Bvel of 

'Who awa.rds Professional Requirements 




Education 

Practical 

B pniversity Yes - Diploma of 2 yrs - 2 yrs University 

Pharmacist level 

Biologist 

Pha.rmacist 

~cial Yes 17 "Realschule" ~ 

School (Intermediate) yrs 

D Certificate 

2600 h 6 months Special school 

Production & 

control of drugs 

(under control of 

pba:rmacist) 

I 

I


Hospital, clinic 

Hospitals 

Private clinics 

Private practice 

00 

00 

HEA.L'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lBE EEC 

PROFESSIONa PHYSIOIOOICAL MEASUREMENT 'JECHNICIAN (GB) 

39 AUDICIEN/HART.FUNK'flE ASSIS'IEN'T,/NE:JROFYSIOIDGIE ASSIS'JEN'T/IDNGFUNK'flE ASSISTEN"T (NL) 








Education 

!I'heory Practical 

....Audiology 

•Cf!a!diOlos;y 

~-~ 

J?S.!!iOlOQ 

~ooRes;ei~atou 

1-~S~O!Ofa 

~National No - 4/5 yrs secondary 2 yrs In- 2 yrs Technical 

!rechnical education servic~ College 

OO.ucation study 

GB '!ouncil) 

F\mctions 

Teohnioal duties 

in Audiology, 

Cardiology, 

Neurophysiology, 

Respiratory, 

~Biology 

6 years secondary ~ot Not Yes - duration 

GR school speci· speci- not specified 

fied fied 

MeaSln'ing physiological 

functions 

in patients 

r-Audiology 

Technician 

Under Yes No 4 yrs secondary 3 yrs Yes In-service Intermediate 

NL supervision B.Y the age school (MA.VO) wi tl Vocational 

of the Ministry of iLimi science subjects Training (MOO) 

Ministry of Economic 

Education & Affairs 

the 

Association 


~~~mts 

; 

I 

I 

Technical duties 

in audiology

-~ 

NL :eazsioloe;;y 

(con )~c~cian 

Pnder Yes INo 5 years secondary 3 yrs Yes Yes Higher Assists with General & psyohia tria 

supervision By the age school with scienct Vocational EEXl's hospitals 

'pf the Ministry of limi subjects (HAVO) Training (HOO) 

~Ministry of Health and 

and Environmental 

!Environ- Protection 

mental 

Protection 

and the 

Council for 

~Education OJ 

~europbysilology 

~chnician 

PBOW.SSIOlla PIIYSIOIOOICAL l~T ~ClAN 

- (2) 

I a PH-entry li1duo&tioaal 

T.rajnjng Requirements 

Who awards Professional Requirements Isvel of 





Education 

..CEn"diac 

Qatheterisation 

~glm!cian 

- - - 5 years Secondar,y - 

No Yes Higher To assist with General hospitals 

school with Vocational catheterisation, 

science subjects Training (HID) to replace pace- 

(HAVO) makers, to make 

ECG's etc ••• 

~Resnirator. 

'lBcl::l;cjc:iaD 

~ot No - 5 years secondar,y 3 yrs of prac ical training Higher Diagnosis and General hospitals 

pfficially education Vocational treatment- 

Training assistance in 

general 

hospitals

PBOFESSIOlh PHISIOIOOICAL MEA.SUREMmT ~CIAN (3) 


Who awards Professional Requirements Training Requirements ~vel of 

Professional Diploma? Registration 


Education 

Practical 

F\motions 

Field of .Aoti vi ties 

I* 

Cardiology: No Over 11 years schooling 3 yrs Approx fA.ssistant in 

16 & 6 h/day echocardiograpby 

undeJ oatheterisation, 

25 o~diao 

electrophysiology 

Neuropbysi • Over 13 years schooling 2 yrs Diagnostic 

pathology 19 & and diploma 

. techniques in 

technician unde: neurology 

30

HEAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN '!HE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST ( GB + IRL) 

40 PHYSIOTHERAPEUT/KINESITHERAPEUT (B) 

KRANKENGYMNAST/MA.SSEXJR/MASSEDR UND MEDIZmiSCBER BA.DEMEISTER (D) 

FYSIOTERA.PEDT (DK) 

... , 

MASSEUR-KINESITHERAPIDTE (F) 

PHYSIOTHERAPEUTE/MASSEUR/MASSEUR-HYDROTHERAPEUTE (L) 

FYSIO'mERAPIDT (NL) 



Who ava.rds Professional Requirements 

Diploma? Bsgi.stration 

Required? Age Education 'lOtal Theory Practical 


Professional Functions F1eld of Activities 

Education 

B 

-~siotheraJ2ist 

~~aduate) 

Training Yes - 6 years secondary ~ yrs 1200 h 1200 h 

Centre school ~ 300 h 

------ ------- -- ---------- --- --- ~------- 

-~siotherapist 

( licentiate ) 

University Yes - ~ years secondary ~ yrs 3 yrs 1 year 

------ -------- -- --------- 

~---- 

High Technical Pnysical training Hospitals, 

School of the patients b~ Institutions for 

physical exercisee , pnysically handigymnastics 

and capped, Home 

different treatmer ts 

-------- ~---------- ---------- 

Jniversity level Idem Idem 

---- -------- ----------------------------- 

Pbysio- Yes ~cenciate in ~ yrs 1yr 1 year Idem Idem Idem 

therapist physical training 

(licentiate) 

D 

-~siotheraJ2ist 

Training Yes - IRealschule 3 yrs 2 yrs 1 year Special schools Idem B ~ospitals, Private 

Centre (Intermediate) Lehra.ns tal ten) fpractice, Nursing 

pertificate or ~omes 

~qui valent 

~ducation 

I 

I

PROFESSION: PHYSIO'mERAPIST (2) 

,.. 



\fuo awards Professional Requirements Professional Diploma? Registration Education 


li\m.c tiona Field of A.ctivi ties 

f. Masseur 

College Yes 18 B-level final 2 yrs 1 year 1 year Special schools Carries out In hospi tala & in 

examination or ~1800 h) (colleges) massages & radio- rehabilitation 

equivalent therapy of clinics, in Public 

education different kinds Health Service and 

on medical in own practice 

prescription 

D ""!.----- ~------ f. - - 

--------- ~-- ---- foe------- --------------------------- 

(con 1fasseur & 

Hydro- 

Theral!ist 

College Yes 18 B-level final ~ 1yr 1t yrs Special schools Carries out- In hospital, 1n 

examination or ~s (1800 }: ) (colleges) according to rehabilitation 

equivalent medical prescip- centres, in Public 

education tion - massages, Health Service & 

radiotherapy, in own practice 

packs & medicinal 

baths of differen" 

kinds 

DK 

Issued by Yes - 9 months' job- 3 yrs 3362 h 1250 h Special school Physical training Hospi tale, Private 

Training experience. level of the patients practice, Nursing 

Centre Advanced leaving by physical homes 

Ex:amina tion of thE exercise, gymn- 

"Folkeskole", astics, and 

Upper Secondary different treat- 

School leaving menta 

Examination or 

Higher Prepa.ra to~ 

Examination 

I

6 y-ears secondar7 3 y.rl 1510 l 2100 h Pbysiotheraw Hospitals, 

Institutions for 

physical~ and/or 

PROliESSIOlh PHYSIO'mERAPIST (3) 


'l'n;jnj ng Raquinmenta level of 

Who awards Professional Requirements Professional Functions Field of .Aoti vi ties 


Education 


~RA.SS No 18 ~BAC or qualific- ~ yrs' 40% 6C1/o 11fa.sseur/ Public hospitals, 

State ation recognised {of which 30% Pby'siotherapist Private practice 

~ploma unde ~ 

as equivalent training) 

F ~pervision 

-Aptitude tests 

~f Chief 

!Medical 

Pfficer 

Cha.rtered Yes 18 5-6 y-ea:t"s seconda:l 3yrE 1000 h 2000 h College of Pbysiotherap,y Hospitals, 

~ciety of State education. (two 

, 

Teacher Community, 

G:S Pbysio- Registration subjects approx Training level Domicili&r7 

~herapists 1st ~s:r universi~ 

level) 

GR 

mental~ handicapped, 

Private 

practice

PBOFESSIOlla PHYSIO'!BERAPIST ( 4) 


Who 

T.rainjng Requirements 

ava;rda Professional Requirements U.vel of 

Professional Functions Field of Aoti vi tiet 

Diplo•? Registration 

Required? Age Ed.ucation Total Theory Practical 

Education 

University No 17 Matriculation 4 JrS Yes A mimimum of University l'qsiotherapy Peneral hospitals, 

certificate of the 1000 hrs, ~ospitals and 

National Uni versi ~ clinical work [nstitutions for 

of Ireland in the Dentally or 

following subjects plcy"sicalcy handi- 

. 

Irish, English, capped 

mathematics, 

another language 

I 

:t'rom the 

Matriculation 

programme,. a 

laboratory science 

subject, ~ other 

subject of the 

matriculation 

programme, or 

passing at 

prescribed levels 

in the required 

IRL subjects the 

Isaving Certifica t ' 

of the Department 

of Education or th ~ 

GCE (Northern 

Ireland) or 

obtaining "'grades 

in the required 

subjects in a 

combination of 

Matriculation and 

!Baving 

Certificate 

Examination.

... 

Functions F.i.eld of .Acti vi tie£ 

PBOFESSIOBa PHYSIO'!HERAPIST (5) 

Is PN-ent17 Educational 


Diploma? Registration t--r---------f--~---.------~ 

Required? Age Education Total Theory P.ractioal 

Lewl of 


Education 

IRL 

(con"~) 

IMa t- !saving CertificatE 

~ or GCE 'A' level 

pand-lor equi valent examida 

tE ina tions which mus 

( ie have a minimum of 

over Grade C on three 

25 higher level paperE 

tyrs in the !saving 

age) Certificate or two 

'C' passes in the 

GCE 'A' level (or 

equivalent) two of 

which must be in 

the following 

subjectsa biology, 

physics, chemistr,y 

mathematics, 

physics with 

chemistry. A 

minimum of grade C 

in !Dwer Isvel 

mathematics in the 

!saving Certificatt 

is required & grad 

:B in the GCE '0' 

level.

PBOFESSIOB a PHYSIO'mERAPIST ( 6) 


Training Requirements JAvel of 

Who ava.rds Professional Requirements 

Professional FUnctions Field of Activi tie£ 


Education 

Required? Age Ed.uoation Total Theory Practical 

L 

r-PJqsio 

thera:2ist 

Ministry of Yes ~ot Secondary 3yr~: 2 yrs 1 year Higher level Carries out !..,·!;.._ Private practice, 

Elealth ~pee- Education (university) pbysio- and Municipal or 

~f'ied ,certificate from electro-theraw, State hospi tala, 

put higher-level medical gym-. Thermal clinics 

~orm- seccndar,r school nastics - all on and other 

1ll1Jr or recognised medical 

~1- foreign equi valen1 prescription 

~4 yr~ 

old 

------ ~------ ~- ~-------- 1--- ~--- -------- 

•Masseur & 

Masseur ana 

~ 

'lb.era;eist 

-------- --------- 

_________ .. 

Ministry' Yes 17 Nursing diploma • 2 yrf. 1200 h 1200 h ~r career On medical Liberal prof'essiot: 

of' Health 3 yrs ~racket prescription, use Pr1 vate, local or 

Masseur • 2 yrs of preventive cl State clinic, Spa. 

therapeutic or residential 

p~sical methods health centre or 

to stimulate simila:r 

normal f\motions 

of' the bo~ and 

keep them 110rld.ng 

properJ.7 

I

I* 

Pver 13 year schooling 3 yre I 1458ll Rehabilitation in 

19 and diploma II 1295ll child neuro- 

:UI 525ll 700 h psychiatry, 

rehabilitation • 

techniques in 

neurologic, 

respiratory, 

rheumatical, 

speech handicaps, 

occupational 

education 

PBOW.SSIONa PHYSIO'IBERAPIST tf) 

.. 

I a Pre-entr7 Educational 

~Baq~ta Z.vel of 

Who awards Professional Requirements Professional Functions Field o~ .ADti vi ties 



lrnstitute of Yes 0 5 years secondar,y 4 yrs 3 yrs 1 year Higher Practice remedial General & 

~gher ~ school - with Vocational activities within psychiatric 

NL ~ocational By the imit science subjects - Trainjng (HID) the pqsiotheraw hospitals, Homes 

llraining Ministry of (HAVO) framework for soma tic and 

mentallY disturbed 

Health and 

and old. 

Environmental 

Institutions for 

Protection 

~bT&icall7 

r mentallY 

handicapped

FUnctions F1eld of Activities 

HEAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lBE EEC 

PRO.FESSION 1 POST K>Rm-1 ROOM TECBlfiCIAN ( QB + IRL) 

41 MEIDIZINISCHER SEXTION8- UND PiiiPARATIONSASSIS'mrT (D) 

LA.B)RA'!UBIEBETJ'Et{T (DIC) 






!Aavel of 


Education 

D 

Collese Yes 

18 13-level final 1 yr 6 mnthf: 6 months 

examination 

rrechnical Colles 

ea Doctor's Hospi tala and 

assistant in clinics 

&Datomical and 

pa. tho logical 

institutes 

DK 

a ! 

IBL 

'Ihe No 

Association 

of the Coun1r 

Councils in 

Denmark 

Ro7&1 No 

Institute o:f 

Public 

Health and 

lq'gi.ene 

or 

National 

Tecbnical 

Education 

Council 

18 The !Aaaving E:mm- 8 mntl: s 4 wkE 7 months 

ina tiona of the 

Folkeskole (LE) 

- 

4 years secondary 3 yrs In- 3 years 

education ServiCE 

s-tuey 

~pecial school 

Technical Colles 

Assist doctors Hospitals, University 

at dissections 

:t Autopsy, Hospitals 

dissection, othe " 

post mortem room 

duties 

I 

I 

I

HEAL'IH CARE PROli~SSIONS IN 'mE EEC 

PROFESSION 1 PROS'ffiETIST/ORTHOTIST ( GB + IRL) 

42 PROTHESIS'm/OR'lHOPEDIST (B) 

OR'lHOPniE-MECHANIICER (D) 

ORTHOPEDISCH msTRUMEN'l!WCER ( SCHOENJW

. 


Rehabilitation 

Centre 

Private practice, 

General & academic 

hospitals, Rehabilitation 

Centres, 

Nursing Homes, 

Institutions f'or 

the pbysically and/ 

or mentally 

handicapped 

I 

8 

I 

PBOFESSIOlla PROS'!BETIST/OR'lliOTIST (2) 

,..-. 

Is Pre-ent17 muoational 



Required? Age Ed.uoation 

Piploma No ifo Intermediate 

awarded by i.B9 Certificate 

British ~.imit 

IRL Institute o:f 

Surgical 

TechnolofJists 

Pnder No tfo 5 years secondary 

~upervision !loge school with 

pf the ~imi-l science subjects 

NL lti.nistry of (HAVO) 

Education 

Training Requirements lsvel of 


Education 

Total ~ory Practical 

~ yrs 40% 6C/fo approx ~niversity 

approx Diploma course 

2 yrs Yes Yes Intermediate 

IToca tional 

r.training ( HlD ) 

Functions 

Makes and fits 

artificial limbs 

etc 

To improve the 

movement of' 

handicapped 

people by making 

footwear

PROFESSION 1 PSYCRO'MERAPIST •• 

43 MEDIZINISCHER PSYCHOTRERAPEITT/FACHPSYCHOIOOIE FUR KLINISCEE PSYCHOLOGIE (KLINISCHER PSYCHOI.OGE) (D) 

PSYCHO'IHERAPIDT (NL) 

/ 


In psychia trio, 

psycho-soma tic and 

rehabilitation 

clinics as well as 

in public guidance 

offices for addict~ 

marriage and 

education 

- 

All kinds of 

health ca;re 

HEAL'ffi CARE PROFESSIOlfS IN 'mE EEC 

D 




Diploma? Registration Professional F!Jnctions 


Education 

4 years of Academic study ~ improve the 

~ssociation psychology with practical tpsychosocial care 

~th (incl= support 

final gt"aduation experience in pf acute or 

(diploma) the field of phrobi.cally ill 

clinical tpersonsa dirac t 

psychology therapeutical work 

patients 

lrocational No - Study of 4 yrs - 

pr advice f advice 

~pport, help for 

a.nd training of 

[Dedical personnel J 

psycho-medical 

research 

, 0 

- 

NL 

University Yes - 

6 years seoond.ary 5 yrs 4i yrs !:rear Higher Treatment of 

education (VWO) Education mentally ill 

(University') tpersons 

.

Public hospitals, 

Private clinics or 

Consultancies 

-0 

N 

HEAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS m 'mE EEC 

PROFESSIOH 1 RADIOGRAPHER ( GB + IRL) 

44 MEDIZDITSCH-TECHNISCHER RADIOI.OOIEA.SSIS'IENT (D) 

RADIOGRAF (DK) 

MANIPULA TEUR RADIO (F) 

ASSISTANT TECHNI~ lJ!EI>ICAL DE RADIOLOGIE (L) 

RADIOLOGISCH LAIDRANT (NL) 

D 

Is Who awards Professional Pre-entry Educational 

Requirements 



Issued by Yes - Realschule 

Training graduate or 

Centre equivalent 

education 

Training Requireme~ts U.vel of 

'lOtal Theory 

Practical 


Education 

2 yrs 

(x) 

1040 l: 

1760 h 

F\mctions 

Special schools Production of 

(Lehra.nstal ten) X-ray films 


Hospi tala, Private 

practice 

•!- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I.. - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... 

(x) Shortening of training period: for medical radiography technicians: 1 yea;r if candidate has graduated as medical laboratory 

technician or veterinar,y medical technician 

Issued by 

Training 

Centre 

No 

- Advanced leaving 3 yrs 1030 h 

Examination o:f the 

"Folkeskole", Uppe ~ 

Secondar,y School 

leaving Examina tio :1 

or Higher Preparat)ry 

Examination 

120 weeks Special school ~ssisting at the Hospitals 

level X-ray examinations 

and treatments, 

technically and in 

the care o:f 

patients 

F 

State 

Diploma 

No 

- - BAC +competition 2 yrs 

by qualification 

-. BAC with 

competition on 

the basis of a 

test 

Special schools 

attached to 

hospitals 

Medical 

radiographer

Society & Yes 18 5/6 yrs Secondary 2!-yr 1200 h 1200 h Hospital Idem DK aospitals 

College of State Eduoa tion {one '!raining School 

GB Radi- Registration subject appro% 1st {pu-tly at 

ographers yr university College of 

level) Technology) 

6 years Secondary 2 yrs 10 h/ 26 h/week Idem DK Hospi tale, Private 

GR School week clinics, Private 

Practice 

PBOFESSIOlla RADIOOBAPHER ( 2) 

Ie ~- BlluoatiOD&l 


'l'ra1.n1ng Requirements !Amtl of 

Professional FUnctions Field of .Activities 


Education 


"· 

IRL College of No 18 Leaving 3 yrs In accordance with Third level Radiography Hospital clinics 

Radi- )efor Certificate in 5 recommendations of the 

ographers end subjects including College of Radiographe •s 

(london) Dec English, physics (!Dndon) 

~ollo ·(or physics with ring chemistry combined 

~ntry course) mathematics, 

biology & 

another subject. 

-0 

w 

Minimum of Grade C 

award on Higher 

level papers in 

English, physics & 

biology. At leas't 

Grade Don 

Ordinary level 

papers is required 

in two other 

subjects, or 

equivalent examination

tunder Yes No 5 years Secondar,y 2 yrs In- In-service Higher Giving of General Hospitals 

supervision age School - Service Vocational Radiation therap,y 

of the limi ~ preferably with Training (HOO) 

Ministry of science subjects 

NL Health & (HAVO) 

Environmental 

Protection 

I* Yes Over 13 yrs schooling 3 yrs 30 h/ 4 h/week ))iagnostic 

19 and diploma 'ftek ltecbniquee in 

~ology 

PBOW.SSIOBa RADIOGRAPHER (3) 

L 

Is Pre-ent:ey Educational 

Training Requirements IA:»vel of 


Professional Ftmctions Field of Activities 


Education 

Required? Age Education ~tal Theory Practical 

Ministry of Yes frot Must have success- 2 yre 1t yrs 6 months Normal level Idem DK Hospitals & privat£ 

Health ~pee- fully completed 11 doctors practice 

fiec yrs formal educabut 

tion (primary, 

porm- secondar,y, technic ti.l 

~i-lly college, all 

b,:rter inclusive) & take 

n1 an e.xamina tion 

rrs after 1 term of 

pld preparation. This 

is a State 

controlled examination. 

Candidates 

1' 

possessing the 

State Nursing x) Y.l' 

1yr 6 months 

Diploma or 

Secondar,y School 

- 0 

~ 

Leaving Certifica ~ 

are excluded from 

this examination 

--------- ·-- 

x For those candida tee 

who possess the State 

Nursing Diploma

I 

HEAL'lH CARE PRO!i~SSIONS IN '1liE EEC 

PROFESSIOlJ a REMEDIAL GYMNAST ( GB) 

4 5 KRANXEN'GYMNAST (D) 






Education 


Training Yes - Realschule 3 yrs 2 yrs 1 year Special schools P!cy'sical Hospi tala, Private 

Centre (Intermediate) (~brans tal ten) training of the practice, Nursing 

D Certificate or patients by homes 

equivalent pQJ8ical exercise ~, 

education gymnastics and 

different treatmenta 

Society of Yes - 4 years secondar,y 3 yrs 2 yrs 1 yea.r Schools attached Therapy through Hospital, CoiiiiDUni 't7 

QB Remedial education to hospi tala exercises, games 

Gymnasts & planned 

relaxation

lUnder super- Yes No 5 years secondary 2 yrs Yes Yes l!igher To give help to !General and 

!vision of . By the age school (HAVO) tTocational patients with psychiatric 

NL the Ministry Ministry of limi~ r,raining (HID) psycho-social hospitals, 

pf Education Education problems Institutions for 

soma tic or /and 

mentally handicapped 

-0 

0"1 

HEA.L'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN '!HE EEC 

PROFESSIONr SOCIAL 'lliERAPIST 

46 SOCIO-'IRERA.PEUT (NL) 






Education 

Required? Age Education Total 'i'heory Practical 

I

Field of A.cti vi ties 

In- or outside the 

~ hospital 

~---------- 

-0 

-.J 

Idem 

REAL'l'H CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lBE EEC 

PROmsSION 1 SPEEC't£ '.mERAPIST (tm + IRL) 

47 LOGOPEDE/IOOOPEDIST (B) 

IOOOPADE/SPRACH'mERAPmT (D) 

OR'lHOPHONISTE {F) 

'l!IERAPm'1'E D 'OR'I!l9PHOBIE/OR'!HOPHO!IISTE {L) 

IDGOPEDIST (NL) 





Training Requirements I.svel of 

Professional F\mctions 

Total Theory 

Education 

Practical 

B 

~sl?!ech 

~era;eist 

rs:aduate) 

'!raining No - 6 yea.t'S secondary 

Centre school 

~-----· ------- -- ---------· 

-s:e2ech 

~era;eist 

rlioentiate 

Jniversity Yes - 

-candidature in 

medical or 

education scienceE 

or in psychology 

-Graduate in speecJ 

therapy 

3 yrs 1872 h Exercises 702h High Technical Treatment of 

school speaking deviation 

Practical 

training: 792 h 

--. --- ____ ,... ___ -------- ~-------- 

3 yrs 2 yrs 105 d.qs University Idem 

level 

I 

I

Certificate Yes No BA.C* or equi valent 3 yrs 6C/fo 4CI% University Orthotist Liberal or salaried 

of Professional age diploma level practice 

Proficiency grouping limi 

issued by. *BAC= Baccalaur~at 

F the Nationa • approximately 

Ministries equivalent to A- 

of Health & level 

of Educa tioJ 

University Yes 18 5 years secondary 3 or 50% 50% University Diagnosis & t:rea~ Hospital,Community 

GB school education 4 yrs (in practice they a.re level men t of speech 

combined) defects 

0 

00 

- I a ITe-entrT Eduoaticmal 

1lho &1IUU Pl'oteaaioaal. Bequirelllenta Tra.ininB Requirements X.vel of 

Diplo.? Begiatration 

Bequirecl? Ase Education '!Otal 'lbe0%7 P.Notical 

Education 

PBliiSSIOBa SPEECH cmERAPI~T (2) 

P.rofeaaional J\motiona Field of .&oti:ri. ties 

D 

Colleges Yes 18 Realschule 3 yrs h740 h 2100 h Special schools Treatment of !Hospital- in 

(Intermediate) (Colleges) children with !departments for 

Certificate or speech disorders, jpa.edia tries, 

equivalent who stutter, lisp !neurology, oral 

or stutter from sursery' psychiatry - 

rhinism, help in in rehabilitation 

cases of aphonia !centres, medicoor 

speech disordel pedagogical centref 

after accidents, lor in own practice 

cerebral 

operations ~r loaf 

of larynx (fixing 

of substitute 

voice)

Institute o ~ Yes No 5 years secondary 4 yrs 3 yrs 1 year Higher Treatment of General and 

Higher age school -with Vocational patient with psychiatric 

Vocational :By the 1'-imii sciences subjects T.raining (HBO) voice or speech hospitals, Homes 

Training Ministry of - (HAVO) deviations for somatic and 

NL Health and mentally disturbed 

Environmental 

& old. Institutions 

Protection for the physically 

and/or mentally 

handicapped 

-0 

\0 

PBORSS!Olla SPEECH THERAPIST (3) 

Ie P.re-entrT Educatioaal 

Training 

Who avazacl.e Professional Requirements 

Requirements t.vel of 

Professional i\motiona Field of' .Aoti vi ties 


Eduoation 


BA degree No 17 Leaving CertificatE 4 yrs 960 h 790 h approx University Concerned with thE Generally works as 

in Remedial WrS ~r equi valent. approx diagnosis & treat- a member of a team 

Linguistics lby Candidates holding ment of disorders usually in a 

awarded by 15th the Leaving of speech, voice hospital, clinic; 

University ~a.n Certificate must a.nd language rehabilitation 

!:roll- ~ve at least centre or special 

IRL 

p~ Grade D in six school & may be 

date subjects recognise( employed by health 

~f for purposes of boards & hospital 

en tv- matriculation for groups 

Trinity College, 

Dublin, including 

English a.nd mathematics 

University Yes - Examination at end 3 yrs Depends' on University University Logopedics State, Logopedia 

degree. of secondar,y schoo· level school 

L Recognition - higher level (:Bac ) 

by :WXembou: g 

Government 

,.

0 

HElL'l!l CARE PROFmSIONS Ill mB Em 

PBOFESSIOlla SURGICAL OPERATION ASSISTANT 

48 OPERATING DEPARTMEN"T ASSISTANT (OB) 

OPERATIE-ASSIS'.IENT CHIRURGIE (NL) 

J:B 




Required? A.p Education 

Pity' and No - 4 years secondary 

Puilds of school education 

II.Dndon 

~stitute 

Certificate 

~ajnjng Requireme~ts 

Total ;'heoey( Praotioal 

2 yrs Technical College 

course, attending one 

~ a week for theoretical 

training, while 

working as an employee 

at a hospital on the 

remaining ~s 

lAvel of 

Protessioual F\mctions Field of .loti vi ties 

Education 

Technical Assists in the Hospitals 

College Operating Department 

& cares for 

the equipment 

' 

.

HEAL'IH CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'lBI EEC 

PRORSSION a T.RUsst4AKER 

49 BANDA.GIST.Ej:BANDAGIST (B) 

BANDA.GIST (D) 

GIPSVERJWrnt~IEES'lER (NL) 


Who &VB.'rds Professional Requirements 



'!raining Yes - ~ ye~s seconda.l:y' 

B Centre school 

D 

Chamber of No - B-level final 

Handicafts examination 

T.raining Requirements l.Bvel of 


Total 

Education 

~eoryl Practical 

1-~ 1-Ji- ye~s following Technical level 

. yrs the aggregation degree (low) 

3 yrs 3 yea;rs Artisan, after 

further tra;"";""1l 

registered 

Master 


Jmru:f'acturing of Specialised workbandages 

shops, hospitals 

and clinics 

Manufacturing of Departments for 

bandages (tbat is technical orthotechnical 

means paedios within 

with boey orthopaedic 

conformity, eg hospitals, 

supporting rehabilitation 

bandages, centres & in 

compression- orthopaedicbandages, 

medical technical workshops 

abdominal binders 

truss) 

I 

I

- 112- 

In view of the criteria on which this report is based information for some 

professions in various cotmtries has been excluded often because a nursing 

qualification is a pre-requisite for the profession or training in question. 

Such is the case of Italy where child care workers, occupational therapists, 

speech therapists, and pl~ therapists, are categorised under nursing 

1 

personnel • 

However since Italy is not a member of the Hospital Committee it has been 

particularly difficult to obtain 'information but it is hoped that more 

information will be available for a second edition. 

Ambulance First Aid Technicia.n/Ambulanceman 

In :Belgium there is no tra.:i.ning or diploma for this profession and although 

there is training in Denmark it does not lead to the award of a diploma. In 

the Betherlands this profession requires a nursing qualification and would 

therefore be covered by the EEC directive covering the nursing profession. 

Assiatant Medical Analytical Chemist 

In the Netherlands there is little difference between this profession and that 

of Medical Laboratory ~ientific Officer although the level of professional 

education and pre-entry educational requirements are slightly lower for an 

Assistant Analytical Chemist than for a Medical Laboratory Scientific Officer. 

Audiologist 

'!his profession requires a higher level of study and in Ireland the training 

course is a one year post-graduate course which is only open to doctors, 

teacher~, 

psychologists and speech therapists. In Britain Audiologists are 

trained doctors and are therefore covered by existing EEC directives. 

Although this profession exists in Luxembourg there is no real training 

provided although two years theoretical and practical in-service experience 

is usual. 

1 Hospitals in the EEC organisation and terminolog;y. 1978 The Hospital 

Committee of the E'.Jropea.n Economic Community and Gyldendal publishers. 

Denmark.

- 113- 

AudiometricianJAudiology T&cbnician 

With the exception of Ireland and the Netherlands the profession of Audiology 

Technician requires a two year vocational trainiDg course. In the Netherlands 

training lasts tbree 7ears whereas in Ireland it lasts only one year but 

comprises three months theory and nine months supervised practical training. 

Hence the Irish training may be compared with the two and three years training 

required by other countries where the emphasis is on practical rather than 

theoretical w6rk. 

Au:z:iliarz Child Ca-re Worker 

In Britain this post may be filled by a nursery nurse since assisting nursing 

staff in ohildrens' hospi ta.ls is one of the opportunities available to nuraery 

nurses. However, in Scotland train:i.ng for nursery nurses is in the prooesa of 

being changed in accordance with the 16+ Action Plan 1 which is replacing the 

SCOT.BEC AND SCO~ National Certificates and Diplomas with a new modular based 

lfa tional Certificate to be awarded by SCOTVEC. 

Au:rilia.ry Nurse 

Where training is provided for Auxiliary Nurses it usually lasts one yea:r and 

is essentially practical. However, in Belgium Auxiliary llurses are required to 

train for two years and more emphasis is placed on theoretical knowledge. 

Clinical Psychologist 

Clinical Psychologists must have rmi versi ty level trai nj ng in all oases but in 

Britain, Ireland and Greece a post-graduate training is required. 

Dental Hlgienist 

In :Britain this profession requires only nine months train; ng and there is less 

emphasis on preventive tooth-care than in Denmark and the Netherlands. 

Environmental Health Officer 

~s profession requires higher level education and in GerJD8.1V' Environmental 

Health Officers must follow a one year post-graduate course. A post-graduate 

course is also offered in Britain. 

1 16-18 Action Plan: Original Paper. Scottish Education Department. Edinburgh 

1984.

- 114- 

Jletical Secre ta:rz 

!lbe length and type of training required to be a Medical Secreta.-rr cliff'ers 

greatl7 from one country to another although the functions of the Jledical 

Seore ta.-rr a.re JDUCh the same in every country. 

Metical Social Worker/PsTChia trio Social Worker 

Although this profession requires university or equivalent training in all 

countries, in Britain candidates must follow a one or two yea:r post-gt-aduate 

course. 

Occupational Educationalist 

'Ibis profession usually requires university or equivalent level training 

except in the case of Denmark where the Occupational Educationalist acts as 

an assistant to the Occupational Therapist. 

Occupational Therapist 

This profession usually requires a higher level vocational training with school 

leaving oertifica tes as the pre-requisite for acceptance to the training course 

except in the case of :France where no formal qualifications a:re required to be 

accepted on the training course. 

Optician 

The length and type of training course provided for Opticians varies great]¥ 

from one country to another and only Britain and Ireland distinguish between 

Dispensing and Ophthalmic Opticians. 

Physiological Measurement Technician 

In Inxembourg these four specialities are not divided and in most oases the 

function is fulfilled by a nurse. 

Physiotherapist 

In Italy the functions of a physiotherapist vary slightly from those described 

by- other Member States. Fbr example the treatment of speech handicaps is 

iDcluded as pa;rt of a physiotherapists work whereas in most countries such 

problems are usually treated by a special speech therapist.

- 115- 

Post Mortem Room Technician 

In :Britain the training for this profession lasts three years unlike GermazJy" 

and Denmark l!There the training is much shorter. 

Prosthetist/Orthotist 

In Belgium the entrance requirement for the training course for this profession 

is only two years secondary education whereas in all other countries this 

profession requires university level training.

- 116- 

EIXJCATION SUPPLEMEN'T 

To achieve free movement, one of the main objectives of the Treaty of Rome, it 

is necessar,y to have a proper degree of harmonization of conditions of practice. 

This means that there must be mutual recognition of educational qualifications. 

However, although mutual recognition does not mean equivalence it is necessary 

to ensure that overall standards are comparable. 

Member states of the EEC are pa.rt.y to various bilateral or multilateral 

agreeaents governing pra.ctice in the professions. Certain conventions have also 

been drawn up by the Council of Europe on equivalence of diplomas although such 

conventions do not confer eligibili t.y to practise. 

MUltilateral agreements 

a 

European convention on the Equivalence of Diplomas leading to Admission 

to Universities (11 December 1953). 

b 

European Convention on the Equivalence of Periods of University Study 

(15 December 1956). 

c 

European c1onvention on the Academic Recognition of University 

Qualifications (14 December 1959). 

d 

Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in 

Higher Education in the Arab and European States bordering on the 

Medi terranea.n {Unesco, 17 December 1976). France and Italy are 

signatories. 

Eilateral aspeements 

The asreements are listed by countr,y and refer to the mutual recognition of 

secondar,r school leaving certificates.

- 117- 

NATIONAL 'lJALIFICATIONS ACCEP'JED BY 

1 

==: - DK 

~ 

! 

F 

0 

0 

B DK F D IRL I L NL 

:B - CE G X G v ../ ../ 

G 

- 

G G G CE CE 

,/ CE - X v ../ ../' CE 

../ / 

< D v' CE - G CE 

I'll 

~ 

~ IRL G CE G - CE CE 

t3 

§ 

I / CE G X G - CE 

e 

L ~ CE v G G CE - CE 

NL / CE G X G CE 

- 

UK G CE G G G CE / CE 

/ 

UK 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

- 

v" indicates where bilateral agreements exist 

X 

CE 

indicates that agreements are pending or not fully operational 

indicates the implementation of Council of Europe a.gr:-eements on 

admission of students so that bilateral agreements are not 

considered necessar.y 

0 indicates that the appropriate qualifications are generallY 

acceptable but they are not covered by bilateral or Council of 

EUrope agreements. 

1 Commission of the European Communities 

Studies: Academic recognition of diplomas in the European Community. 

Pr~sent s'j;ate and_p:rQspecte. 

1979 Educat1on ser1es No 1u; ~sels: August 1977•

- 118- 

'lhe present :Belgian education system ma.v be •Hvided into the areas listed below. 

1 Burser.y education 

2 Primary education 

3 Secondary education 

4 Secondar,y vocational education 

Superior education 

5 Higher non university education 

6& University education 

Bote a on some of the above items. 

Secondary education 

The traditional system of secondary education in :Belgium has been gradually 

replaced since 1969 by the modern system. However there may still be a few m-eas 

where the traditional system is followed. For a description of this system 

consult "The Educational Systems in the European Community& A Guide" 1 by 

Lionel Elvin. In September 1983 the school leaving age vas raised from 14 to 

16 ad there a.re plans to make part-time schooling compulsory until the age 

of 18. 

Secondary school e:x:ami na tiona 

T.be Lower Secondary Certificate is awarded to pupils who successfully complete 

the third year of general, tecbnical or art education. 

The School !saving Certificate is awarded to pupils who complete the fourth year 

of' a technical or vocational course. 

'!be Upper Secondary School Certificate, awarded after six years of' secondary 

education, gives access to short courses of' higher education. 

Pupils following complete courses of technical education receive a leaving 

certificate which opens the door to employment. 

Pupils must pass the Higher Education Qualifying Examination in order to go to 

uni~rsi~ or take other long further education courses.

- 119- 

BELGIUM - education system 

AGE 

21'r----------------------------------------------------------. 

Long Course 

Short Cours 

;-NCin-Uri1.vers1. y 

Courses 

6't---------------------P-Ucy~_C_la~s~s------------------------~ 

Nursery School 

4+---------------------------------------------------------~ 

3'+---------------------------------------------------------~ 

24--------------------------------------------------J 

AGE

- 120- 

BELGIUM - 

examination system 

AGE 

21 

2 !6 

2 ~.5 

Doctorate 

li' 

2 ~~ 

2 ~3 

2 ,, 

2 ~1 

Licence 

Diplome De Candidat 

Diploma 

State Certificate (2 Year Course) 

•n 2 

9 

University 

NoN-University 

18 

Upper Secondary School Certificate 

.,_ 

6 

s 

.. 

School Leaving Certificate (Technical/Vocational Courses} 

Lower Secondary Certificate 

3 

2 

Primary School Certificate 

1 

0 

9. 

8 

7 

" 

6 

3 

2 

AGE

- 121- 

DENMARK 

The Danish education system may be divided into the areas listed below. 

1 Pre-school education 

2 Primar,y and lower secondary education (the FblkeSkole) 

3 General upper secondary education (Gymnasia and courses leading 

to the Higher Preparatory Examination (!!£:)) 

4 Vocational education and training 

5 Further and higher education 

6 Youth and adult education. 

Notes on some of the above items. 

Folkeskole 

Primary and lower secondary education is comprehensive, ie pupils remain 

together as a class throughout their entire school career, although classes 

are sometimes divided in the 8th, 9th and 10th forms. The Leaving Examination 

of the Folkeskole may be taken in a maximum of 11 subjects and the Advanced 

Iaa.ving Examination, which may only be taken after completing the voluntary 

1Oth form, in a maximum of five. 

Upper secondary education 

The Upper Secondary School Leaving Examination {taken upon completion of the 

three-year gymnasium or a two-year course) and the Higher Prepa;ra tory 

Examination {taken upon completion of a two-year course or completed subject 

by subject) both give access to higher education. 

Vocational education and training includes 

a Apprenticeship training 

b Basic vocational education (EFO) 

-c Basic technical or commercial examination courses 

d Agricultural education and training 

e Courses of social and health education 

f Other types of vocational education. 

In some cases, ~students are able to sit for the Leaving Examinations of 

the Folkeskole or the Higher Prepa.ra tory Exam; nation.

- 122- 

Municipal youth schools 

These provide courses for the 14-18 yea.r-olds and work in close cooperation 

with the Folkeskole, especially in offering practical subjects. It is 

possible to sit for the !saving Euuni nation or the Advanced Leaving 

Examination of the Folkeskole at the Youth Schools. Basic vocational 

courses are also offered for young semi-skilled workers, and sometimes pupils 

over the age of 14 may be granted permission to leave the Folkeskole after 

the 7th form and follow a part-time course in a youth school if this is 

considered to be in the pupils' interest. 

Continuation schools 

T.hese residential schools provide courses for the 14-18 year-olds with great 

emphases on practical subjects. At continuation schools, it is possible to 

sit for the Leaving Examination or the Advanced Leaving Examination of the 

Folkeskole.

- 123- 

DENMARK - 

education system 

AGE 

21·~----------------------------------------------------~~--. 

Education. 

- universities 

colleges 

Higher 

Preparatory 

at ion 

Upper 

Secondary 

Education 

(Gymnasium) 

Pre-school Education = B~rnehaveklasse 

~·+---------------------------------~-----------------------1 

6·~------------------------------------------------------------~ 

•·+-------------------------------------------------------------~ 

3+-----------------------------------------------------------, 

2~------------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE

[9) 

- 124- 

DENMARK - examination system 

AGE 

21 

2 6 

2 5. 

... 2 

2 ~l 

Degrees of Further and Higher Education 

J 

, ' 

2 '2 

2 1 

2 •o 

9 

Upper Secondary School Leaving Certific3~e 

I EFG Certificate 

18 

Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) 

1 

6 

Advanced Leaving Examination of the Folkeskole 

Leaving Examination of the Folkskole 

s 

4( 

Leaving Certificate (in special cases onl~) 

ll 

12 

11 

0 

9. 

8 

1 

~ 

5 

.. 

3_ 

2 

AGE

- 125- 

FRANCE 

The present :French education system may be divided into the areas listed below. 


2 Prima.'ry education 

3 General secondar,y education 

4 Technical secondar.y education 

5 Vocational secondar.y education 

6 Further and higher education. 

ltotes on some of the above 1 tems. 

PriD!.'t7 education 

'Ibis is di vid.ed into three cycles: a one yea:r preparatory cycle, a two yea:r 

elementary cycle and a two yea:r intermediary cycle. 

Seconda;Y education 

Secondar.y education is given in three types of school: colleges, l.ycees and lyoees 

d'enseignement professionnel. 

One single type of school, the coll~ge, normally caters for the first four years 

of seoondar.y education. CollElge schooling falls into two 2-yea:r cycles: the 

"observation cycle" during which all pupils study the same subjects in mixedability 

classes and the "orientation cycle" during which some specialization is 

introduced. On completing the "observation cycle" pupils who want to embark on 

pre-TOcational studies can attend preparatory classes either in the coll~ges or 

in the lyc~es d'enseignement professional. 

The lycees take pupils after the college and offer three yea:r courses leading 

to one of the following examinations: 

- baocalaurea t of secondar.y education (:Ba.c) 

- technical baccala'l.lriat (mn) 

- brevet de technician (:BT).

- 126- 

The Baccalaur6a t of Secondary Education (Bac) 

According to the courses they have taken, pupils sit for one of the following 

types of baccal~at, called a "series"a 

.A.a philosophy - a.-rts 

B: economics and social sciences 

Ca mathematics and ~sical sciences 

Da mathematics and natural sciences 

E: mathematics and technology .. 

T.he baccala~at of secondar,y education opens the door to fUrther education. 

Teclmical :Baocalaurea t ( B'lh) 

Pupils who opt for this examination choose courses from one of the following 

three series: 

F: 12 options covering a wide sector of industrial, medico-social and 

musical activities. 

G: three options relating to economic sectors 

H: one option relating to data-processing technology. 

T.he B'ln sanctions both general education and voca'tional training and leads to 

certain higher courses at university, university institutes of technology 

(I.U.T.) and the preparatory classes for the "gran.des ~coles" or directly to a 

technical career .• 

Brewt de Technician (:BT) 

9:le purpose of this examination is essentially vocational. Nevertheless pupils 

must have obtained a standard equivalent to that required for a mn and holders 

of this certificate can pm-su.e their technical studies at a higher level. 

Ll!Ms d'Enseignement Professional (LEP) (Vocational Seconda:ry' Sc~ols) 

~ese schools offer two kinds of courses a 

two yem- courses commencing after seven 78&rS of general education leading. 

to the Certificat d 'Aptitude Professioxmelle {CAP) in a specific skill

- 127- 

- two year courses commencing after nine years of general education leading 

to the :Bevet d 'Etudes Prof'essionnelles (BEP) which sanctions the training 

of qualified technicians but is broader based than the CAP. 

After the LEP the best pupils may move on to the technical sections of the 

l.yo'es. 

Further and higher education 

Les Grandes Ecoles 

~ese are higher specialised schools which are independent of the universities 

and have competitive entrance examinations for which pupils stuqy in special 

preparatory classes after completing the :Ba.c. They offer various courses 

including courses in teaching, administration, economics, engineering. 

!!l! 

This is the Insti tut Uni versi taire de Tecbnologie (University Institute of 

Technology) which offers courses in industrial, administrative and commercial 

subjects. 

~ 

This is the Insti tut National des Sciences Appliquds (National Inati tue for 

Applied Sciences). 

~ 

The Iqc'e Technique (Technical Ivc'e) offers three year courses leading to the 

Advanced Technicians Certificate (BTS).

- 128- 

Abbreviations used in the French Education Szstem 

CPP.N Classe ~-P.rofessionnelle de Biveau • Pre Vocational Class 

CAP 

Certificat d'Aptitude P.rofessionnelle • Vocational Aptitude Certificate 

BEP 

Brevet d'Etudes P.rofessionnelles • Occupational Studies Certificate 

BT 

Brevet de Technician • Technician's Certificate 

Baccalaur,at Technologiques • Technical Baccalaur~at 

Baccalaur6at Gen6rales = Eaccalaureat of Secondar.y Education 

BTS 

Brevet de Technician Su.~rieur =Advanced Technicians Certificate 

IUT 

Insti tut Uni versi taire de Tecbnologie • University Institute of Technology 

IlJT 

Dipl8me Uni versi taire de Technologie • University Technology Diploma 

DSA. 

Institut National de Sciences Appliqu6es • National Institute for the 

Applied Sciences 

DEIJG Di plome d 'Etudes Uni ver-s ita-4 res- Gimera fes· = &~:p lpma of B'a-s i c" ·:untver's ~ 

St-udies 

Dipl~me 

d 'Etudes Approfondies = Diploma in Advanced Studies 

DESS Dipl5me -d'Etudes ·Sup~~ieurs ·spetial"lsees ~- Advan·c-e·t:J_ S'J)ecialised S.ti.Kti"'Ers 

Di.ploma 

CEP 

Certificat d'Education Professionnelle = Vocational Education Certificate

- 129- 

FRANCE - 


AGE 

Di lorna 

Grandes 

Ecoles 

INSA 

reparatory Teacher 

lasses Training 

Technical 

Secondary 

Education 

0\ 

..... c 

..... 

0 

0 

I:. 

0 

tf) 

> 

~ 

0 

C/) 

..... 

:J 

a. 

E 

0 

u 

Elementary 

Education 

Pre-elementary Education 

AGE

- 130- 

FRANCE - examination system 

AGE 

21 

2 6 

2 5 

,.. 

2 

Doctorate 

....... 

- 

DESS 

Aarearation/DEA 

2 !l 

2 '2 

21 

Maitrise (Master's 

Degree) 

Licence (1st Deqree) BTS DIIT 

DEUG 

2 PO 

19 

18 

11 

University LT JUT 

Brevet De Technicien (Technical Certificate)/Baccalaureat 

Technica1 B~rr~l~11reat 

Certificate D'Aptitude Professionnelle = Vocational Aptitude Cert. 

Brevet D'Etudes Professionnelles = Occupational Studies Certifi~~tB 

16 

15 

Brevet Des Colleges (School Certificate)/CEP (Vocational 

Education Certificate 

14 

c 

0 

·r-1 

4...1 

co 

(.) 

:J 

"'0 

L.U 

1'11 

1? 

11 

10 

9. 

8 

7 

~ 

6. 

.. 

3 

2 

AGE

- 131- 

rmE mDERA.L REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 

!!be present German education system ~ be divided into the areas listed below. 

1 Kindergarten 

2 Elementar,y education 

3 Vocational secondar,y education 

4 General secondar,y education 

5 Part-time or full-time vocational education 

6 University and non-university higher education. 


Vocational seconda;Y education 

T.he Bauptschulen are secondar,y schools which are close~ connected with the 

vocational-education system through which one can acquire higher level certificates. 

Most pupils enter employment at the age of 15 while continuing to attend the 

Jerufsschule until the completion of their vocational training (at least three 

years). 

The Realschule (Intermediate school) offers a middle-level education and prepares 

pupils for predominant~ practical ~fessions. Some pupils ~ go on to the 

grammar schools and others continue their education at full time vocational schools. 

General secondary education 

T.he G1J11Dasium (Grammar school) offers education for 10-19 year olds with a final 

examiDation (Abi tur) giving access to higher education taken at the end of the 

final year. 

![he Gesaatschule is a comprehensive school offering all courses in order to 

facilitate transfer between general and vocational classes. !lb.ese schools JDa\Y 

be six or nine year schools. In six ;year schools able pupils ~ transfer to 

the upper level of ·the Gymnasium.

- 132- 

Part-time or full-time vocational education 

Pupils must complete eight yea.rs of secondary education blt the final three years 

~be completed ~n a part-time basis at a vocational school (:Berufsschule). The 

Beruf'sschule mq be attended on a pa.rt-time or full-time basis. Courses lead to 

a school leaving certificate and vocational training certificate which gives 

access to higher schools in the vocational training system. 

The :Berufsfachschule (Specialised vocational school) is a full-time further 

education establishment which trains students to undertake an occupation. 

Admission is subject to holding the Hauptschule Certificate or In~diate 

Certificate. The duration of courses var,y. 

The :Berufsaufba.uschule is a highel.'-gt'ade vocational school attended by young 

people still attending a vocational school or who have completed their compulsory 

vocational education. 

The Fachoberschule is a specialised higher-grade school which provides courses 

for 16-18 year olds. The course leads to the higher education entrance 

qualification. 

University and non university high.er education 

!lbe following institutions enjoy university status: universities, polytechnics, 

technological universities, teacher training colleges, colleges of medicine and 

vetvi.aa:rT science, colleges of physical education, eccleseastical colleges, 

colleges of theology and philosophy, colleges of art and colleges of music. 

There are also colleges of further education (Facbhochschulen) which have grow 

out of the former engineering schools. There are also comprehensive universities 

which combine fields covered by institutions with university status and colleges 

of fUrther education. 

Doctors, teachers, lawyers and pha.rmaoists are required to sit a state 

examjna.tion as well as their degree examinations.

FEDERAL REPUBLIC of GERMANY- education system 

AGE 

21------------------------------------------------------------~ 

2~----------------------------------------------------------~ 

- 133- 

Berufsaufbau- 

-schule 

Fachhochschule 

Universities and 

Higher Education 

lnstitutes 

/ 

/ 

/ / // / // 

' ,' ' / / 

Elementaey' School-- 

/ 

/ 

4~--------------------------------------------------------~ 

3~~--------------------------------------------------------~ 

2~------------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE

FEDERAL REPUBLIC of GERMANY- examination system 

AGE 

21 

26 

2 t5 

2A 

2l 

22 

21 

")n 

19 

Staatsexamen (State Examination) 

Promotion (Doctorate) 

•.. 

.. 

Magister (Master's Degree) 

Diplom {First Degree) 

Abitur (Higher School Certificate)/ Hochschulreife - 

Education Entrance Requirement) ---- 

- 134- 

(Higher- 

18 

School leaving Certificate and Vocational Training Certificate 

11 

16 

15 

Intermediate Certificate 

Hauptschule Certificate 

1.C 

1l 

12 

---- 

11 

10 

9 

8 

1 

, 

5 

.. 

3 

2 

AGE

- 135- 

GREECE 

The Greek education system :IDS\Y be divided into the areas listed below. 


2 Elementar,y school 

3 Lower secondar,y school - Gymnasio 

4 General and technical upper secondar,1 school - ~eio 

5 Technical and vocational school 

6 Centres for higher technical and vocational education {KA.TEE) 

7 Universities and universi~ level institutions. 


Upper seconda;Y school 

'lbere are two possible alternatives. Pupils may attend either a general l.ykeio 

or a technical/vocational ~eio. There is no entrance examjnation to either 

school. 

In the third year of the ~eio pupils choose to follow one of four specialised 

. 

courses depending on the "f\vpe of tertiary education studies they plan to pursue • 

Group I 

Composition 

Mathematics I 

Physics 

Chemistry 

Group II Composition 

Physics 

Chemistry 

Anthropology - Biology 

Group III Composition 

Ancient Greek 

History 

latin 

Group IV Composition 

Mathematics n 

History 

Sociology ) Introd t· 

- uc 1on 

Political ECono~) 

The results of examjnations in these subjects and a pupil's overall assessment 

form the basis of the entry requirements for tertiary sector education.

- 136- 

~cbnical and vocational schools 

!lheae schools allow pupils who do not want to go on to tertiary education to 

opt for courses which will allow them to gain knowled8e and skills which rill 

be useful to them in future employment. 

Ceni;res for higb.er technical and vocational education (KAT.EE) 

~ese a.re similar to polytechnics. 

Pupils usually go to here from the technical and vocational l.ykeio a1 tho1J8h 

depending on the courses followed in the last yea.r of school pupils may also 

be accepted from the general likeio.

- 137- 

GREECE - 


AGE 

21·r--------------------------------------------------------------- 

level 

Centres for 

Higher Technical/ 

Vocational Education 

(KATEE) 

1 

Technical and Technical and 

Lykeio Vocational Lykeio Vocational Schools 

~--------~----------~----------~------~----------------~~secondary 

Education 

Pre-School Education 

a 

~+---------------------~~~~~==~~~--------------~ 

•+-------------------------------------------------------------~ 

3'+-----------------------------------------------------------~ 

2.~--------------------------~----------------------~ 

AGE

- 138- 

GREECE - 

examination system 

AGE 

21 

M 

25. 

.,.. 

2~ 

2., 

21 

Degrees 

~ 

19 

- 

Ul 

11 

u.. 

15 

Examinations in one of four courses 

T 

Secondary 

Education 

1.C 

1"' 

1.., 

Gymnasia 

11 

10 

9. 

8 

Elementary School 

7 

(J 

5 

Pre-School Education 

~ 

3 

2 

AGE

- 139- 

'lEE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND 

'!he present Irish education system may be divided into the areas listed below. 


2 Junior and senior level secondary education 

3 Universit.y education 

4 Non university higher education. 


Junior and Senior level secondary education 

a 

Seconda;Y schools 

These are private-· institutions but the Department of Education gives 

considerable financial assistance through grants in respect of each 

eligible pupil and the ~ent of over 90% of the salaries of the staff 

of the schools. After three years pupils may sit -the Intermediate 

Certificate Examination and after a further two years may sit the 

Leaving Certificate ~mination which gives access to higher education. 

b Vocational schools 

In addition to providing the general secondary education programme 

these schools make available specialised technical training for particular 

trades or professions as well as evening courses for adults in a very 

wide variety of subjects. After two years pupils may sit the Group 

Certificate Examination. After three years and five years secondary 

education they ~ also sit the Intermediate Certificate Examination and 

the Leaving Certificate ~amination as at the secondary schools. 

c 

Comprehensive schools 

'lhese schools combine academic and vocational subjects in a wide 

curriculum and provide continuing education and vocational guidance for 

all pupils in their areas. Pupils ~ sit the same examinations as at 

the vocational schools.

- 140- 

d 

Community schools 

These are a comparatively recent feature of the Irish education system._ 

Their aim is to provide oomprehensi ve second-level educational faoili ties 

in one school for all the children of an area {as in the case of 

comprehensive schools) and also to make these facilities available for 

adult education and community develoJDent activity. 

e 

Regional· technical colleges 

!hese colleges provide senior level secondary education courses with the 

emphasis on technical subjects. In addition there are courses for 

technicians, part-time and adult secondary and higher education courses 

for the education of apprentices to various trades. Courses of 

university degree standard may also be offered in certain technological 

disciplines. 

Non University Hi6her Education 

a 

Ei¢her Education Institutes 

These institutions 8.T'e orientated towards technology, applied science and 

business and offer programmes leading to the award of certificates, 

diplomas and degrees approved by the National Council for Education Awards 

(NCEA). 

b 

Colleges of Technology 

~ese form part of the vocational education system and provide further 

education courses in technical and technological disciplines. 

0)

- 141- 

REPUBLIC of IRELAND - education system 

AGE 

2l------------------------------------------------------------. 

University 

Colle es 


Technolo 

Higher 

Education 

Institute 

·~~--------------------------------------------------------~ 

3~--------------------------------------------------------~ 

2~--------------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE

- 142- 

REPUBLIC of IRELAND - examination system 

AGE 

27 

16 2 

2 5 

2 '~ 

2 !3 

212 

2 ~1 

2 !0 

NCEA Degree 

University Degree National Colle~e Dit>loma 

National College Certificate 

9 

lA 

i' 

Colleges of Technology and 

Bi~her Education Institutes Regional Technical Colleges 

Leaving Certificate 

- - 

16 

5 

.. 

13 

Intermediate Certificate 

Day Group Certificate ~ination (vocational) 

12 

11 

10 

t» 

0 

ID 

l 

0 

9. 

I 

7 

, 

6 

.. 

3 

2 

AGE

- 143- 

ITALY 

The Italian education system ~be divided into the areas listed below. 

1 Nurser;, education 

2 Primary' education 

3 Intermediate education 

4 Secondary education 

5 Higher education. 


Second.a.ry eduoa tion 

Education for 14-19 yea:r olds is neither obligatory nor free. 

There are five kinds of schools. 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Grammar schools {liceo) 

Teacher training institutes 

Technical institutes 

Vocational institutes 

Art schools. 

The diplomas awarded at the end of the courses offered by all these schools give 

access to selected university and other higher education courses. 

Pupils ma.y attend courses at the Vocational Institute without having gained the 

Intermediate School Leaving Certificate.

- 144- 

ITALY- education system 

AGE 

2lr-------------------------------------------------------- 

Higher 

Universities Technical 

Schools 

Secondary 

Education 

Primary 

Education 

6~--------------------~N~u~r~se~r~~E~d~uc~a~t~i~o~n--------------------~ 

~+-------------------------------------------------------~ 

3·~--------------------------------------------------------~ 

2----------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE

- 145- 

ITALY- examination system 

AGE 

2'1 

2A 

2 !5 

2 .. 

2~ 

22 

21 

2n 

19 

1A 

1'1 

Licea Examination/Technical Institute Dip!oma/Vocational 

Matriculation Diploma 

Elementarv Teachina Qualification 

Certificate of Qualification (Vocational) 

1A 

15 

//' 

/ 

/ 

-- 

-- 

14 

Intermediate School Leaving Certificate 

1~ 

12 

11 

Elementary school Leavina Certificate 

10 

9. 

8 

1 

t> 

6 

.. 

3 

2 

AGE

- 146- 

1!18 present hlxembourg education system ID8\Y' be divided into the areas listed below. 

1 Pre-primary education 

2 Primary school 

3 Complementar,y school 

4 Technical secondar,y school 

5 Secondar,y school - higher level 

6 Cours universitaires 

7 Non university higher education. 


Pre-primary education 

Although children may attend a nursery school from the age of four, nursery 

education is compulsory for children between the ages of five and six. 

Complementa;r school 

This is a three year school for those pupils who do not have the ability to 

continue their studies at a technical secondar,y school or a higher level 

secondary school. On completing the three year course pupils are awarded the 

Certificate of Compietion of Compulsor.7 Schooling and able pupils ~ transfer 

to the technical secondar,y school. 

Technical seconda;Y school 

.. 

At the age of 12 children passing the necessary entrance examination J111Q' attend 

a technical secondary school. This type of school bas two cycles: an in taxmediate 

cycle and an upper cycle. The intermediate cycle offers technical and 

professional courses. The technical courses include artisan and industrial 

training, paramedical and social work courses, administrative and commercial 

courses, agricultural courses, hotel and catering courses. The professional 

courses are more orientated towards apprenticeships. The upper cycle consists 

of an administrative division, training for higher _general technicians and 

specialised technicians. On completing three years at a technical secondar,y 

sChool pupils are awarded the Certificate of Completion of Compulsory Schooling • 

Certificates awarded by this type of school include the Certificate of 

Vocational and Technical Proficiency (CATP), the Certificate of Manual Proficiency 

(CCM), the Certificate of Vocational Proficiency (CAP) and at a higher level the 

Secondar,y Technical CompletialCertificate and the Diploma of Technician which give 

access to higher technical education.

- 147- 

Hi5her level seconda;l school 

At the age of 12 pupils ~ sit the entrance examination to the higher level 

secondar,y school which prepares pupils for universit,y studies. The school is 

divided into two units lasting three years and four ;rears. The secondary 

education completion certificate ~ be taken in one of five groups and this 

certificate gives access to universit,y: 

Group A1 

Group A2 

Group B 

Group C 

Group D 

Latin - languages 

Modern languages 

latin - science and modern languages - science {mathematics) 

Ie. tin - science and modern languages - science {na ttu-al science) 

!a tin - science and modern languages - science {economics). 

Cours uni versi taires 

rus uni versi t.r centre only offers first year uni versi t,y courses. It has three 

departments: law and economics; a-rts and humanities; science. The curriculum is 

adapted to the syllabus requirements of neighbouring countries. Successful 

students are awarded the Certifioat d 'Etudes Li tteraires et de Sciences 

.Humaines {Certificate in l&i. tera:ry Studies and Humanities) or the Certificat 

d'Etudes Scientifiques {Certificate in Scientific Studies). With this diploma 

students may enter any second year university course in F.ra.nce, Austria, Italy 

and Belgium and at certain universities in West Germany. ihey ~ also be 

ac1mi tted to the first year of the three year BA. course in Great Britain. 

Bon university higAer education 

Institute of hig1ler technology (IST) 

This has departments in mechanics, electrotecbnology and civil engineering. 

Courses last three years and holders of the diploma awarded by the IST are 

recognised as qualified technical engineers. 

Teacher trajning institute 

T.he teacher training institute offers a two year course leading to the Certificate 

of Educational Proficiency for primar,y and nursery teachers.

- 148- 

LUXEMBOURG - education system 

AGE 

21·--------------------------------------------------------------. 

2.~--------------------------------------------------------------1 

Institute of 

Foreign 

Higher Teacher Universities 

Technology 

Training 

Cours Universitaires 

11+-------------------.---------------------~-------------------1 

Technical 

Secondar School 

16'~------------------~--------~~--------~------~~---------; 

Secondary School Higher Level 

S condary 

E ucation 

4~------------------------------------------------------------, 

3'~------------------------------------------------------------1 

2~----------------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE 

* Compulsory 

Nursery Education

- 149- 

LUXEMBOURG - examination system 

AGE 

27' 

2 !6 

2 ~.5 

2 ~ .. 

2 !3 

2 ~2 

n 2 

2 ~0 

9 

18 

1' 

IST Diploma 

Certificate of Education Proficiency 

Certificate in Litterature and Humanities/Certificate in Science 

Secondary Technical Completion Certificate/Diploma of Technician/ 

Secondary Education Completion Certificate 

CA TP /CAP 1 

k:CM 

16 

5 Certificate of Completion of Compulsor.y Schooling 

.. 

Sec ndary 

Edu ation 

13 

12 

11 

~ 

0 

rn 

r-i 

6. 

e 

0 

0 

0 

9. 

I 

7 

tJ 

5 

.. 

3 

Primary School 

2 

AGE

- 150- 

!Ihe present Dutch education system~ be divided into the areas listed below. 



3 Vocational education (b.o.) 

4 General secondar.f education (a.v.o.) 

5 P.re-universi ty education (v.w.o.) 

6 FUrther and Higher education. 

l'otes on some of the above items. 

Vocational education 

This is divided into junior secondary and senior secondary vocational education 

and higher vocational education. The first two years of the junior secondary 

vocational course incorporate the same general subjects as the two year 

elementar,y secondar,y education course (l.a.v.o.). 

General seconda;Y education 

. 

This is divided into two levels. The lower level (m.a.v.o.) is a four yea:r 

course whereas the upper level (h.a.v.o.) is a five year course. The h.a.v.o. 

leaving certificate gives access to higher vocational education (h.b.o.). 

Pre-university education 

'lb pin admission to the pre-university course pupils must demonstrate their 

ability in the courses for which they are applying by sitting an entrance 

examination, attending special classes, taking a psychological test or by an 

overall appraisal of their work in the final year of primary school.

- 151 - 

The NETHERLANDS - education system 

AGE 

2l~--------------------------------------------------------. 

Higher 

Vocational 

Senior 

Seconda 

Technical 

Education 

Continued 

Apprenticeship 

Senior 

Seconda 

-Vocational 

~ 

Education Elementary 

(mbo) 


~~~~~~~~T 

Secondary 

Education 

~~~~J 

Pre-Primary Ed.uca tion 

6·~-----------------------------------------------------------i 

4·~----------------------------------------------------------~ 

3~----------------------------------------------------------4 

2~------------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE

- 152- 

The NETHERLANDS - examination system 

AGE 

27' 

2 !6 

2 ~5 

2 

~ .. 

Sta.te Diploma 

First Degree 

2 ~~ 

First Degree I~ 

212 

2 1 

2 IQ 

9 

lA 

7_ 

6 

5 

.. 

Technological 

University h.b.o Institutes 

v.w.o Leaving Examination in Seven Subjects 

h.a.v.o Leaving Certificate 

l.t.o/l.b.o/m.a.v.o Leaving Certificate 

Advanced 


Elementary 


~ 

? 

1 

0 

9. 

I 

7 

~ 

3 

2 

AGE

- 153- 

UII'lED KINGDOM: 

ENGLAND, WALES AND NOR'mERN IRElAND 

~ education system in England, Wales and Northern Ireland~ be divided 

into the areas listed below. 

1 P.riJDaa7 school: infant and jtmior departments 

2 Secondar,y school 

3 Colleges of Further Education 

4 Polytechnics 

5 Universities. 


Seconda;Y schools 

The comprehensive school is the most common ~ of secondar,y school. These ~ 

be all-through schools catering for 11-18 year olds or two-tier schools with 

pupils attending one school until the age of 14 and then transferring to another 

until the age of 16 or 18. Other comprehensive schools cater for 11-16 yea:r 

olds a.ud pupils who wish to continue their education go on to a suth form 

college. 

Alternatively school children~ be segregated at the age of 11 into grauaa.r 

or modern schools according to their abilit,y. 

Xi.ddle schools also exist in some areas. ~ese usually cater for children 

between the ages of 8 and 12 or 10 and 14 7ea.rs. 

Er.aminations 

Pupils may sit the General Certificate of Eduoa tion ( GCE) Ordinary ( 0) level 

and the General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced(A) level in as JDa.DF or 

as few subjects as they wish. The highest grade (1) of the Certificate of 

Secondar,y Education (CSE), which ~ also be taken in various subjects, is 

accepted as equivalent to the standard of the GCE 0-level.

- 154- 

From 1988 onwards the GCE D-level and CSE examinations will be replaced by 

a new single system of examinations to be known as the General Certificate of 

Secondar,y Education (GCSE). 

A-level certificates {usually two or three) are the standard entry requirements 

for university and other higher education courses and for many :forms of 

professional training. 

A Special (S) Paper may also be taken in a maximum of two subjects. 

Colleses of FUrther Education 

These provide various courses for young people over the age of 16. Courses 

may be full-time or part-time. 

The Business and Technician Educational Council (:BTEC) offers courses at 

technician or equivalent level for students in industry, commerce and public 

administration. 

The City and Guilds of IDndon Institute ( CGLI) awards qualifies. tions in a wide 

range of craft skills. 

The Royal Society of .Arts {RSA) awards qualifications in commercial and office 

. 

practice. 

Polytechnics 

Polytechnics have close links with commerce and industry and many students have 

jobs and attend on a part-time basis. As well as Higher National Certificate/ 

Diploma. courses, they also offer university level courses leading to degrees 

awarded by the Council for National Academic Awards { CN.AA). 

Open University 

This is a non-residential university which provides part-time degree and other 

courses, using a combination of television and radio broadcasts, correspondence 

texts and summer schools together with a network of viewing and listening 

courses. No :formal academic qualifications are required to register :for these 

courses.

- 155- 

ENGLAND, WALES and N'rn IRELAND education system 

AGE 

21~-----------------------------------------------------------. 

'Universities 

Colle es of 

Polytechni_c_s 

Further 

--~--~--------------, 

Sixth 

I Form 

Education 

Colleges 


Further 

~~----------------------------------------------------------~ 

3+-----------------------------------------------------------~ 

2--------------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE 

• Fee Paying Schools

- 156- 

ENGLAND, WALES and N'rn Ireland examination system 

AGE 

2l 

26 

Universities and Polytechnics 

2§ 

Colleges of further education 

2~ 

23 

22 

21 

20 

19 

Doctorate 

Master's Degree M.A. MSc 

University Degrees BA/BSc 

CNAA Degrees 

Open University Degrees 

Royal Society of Arts (RSA) 

City and Guilds of London 

Institute (CGLI) 

BTEC Higher National Certificate/ 

Diploma 

BTEC National Certificate/Diploma 

BTEC General Certificate/Diploma 

in Business Studies 

1A 

ll 

16 

General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Level (A)/Special 

(S) Paper 

General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary(O) Level 

Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) 

15 

1AI 

13 

12 

11 

10 

9 

I 

7 

, 

5. 

• 

~ 

2 

AGE 

11)

- 157- 

UNI'mD KINGOOMa 

SCOTlAND 

The Scottish education system ~ be divided into the areas listed below. 

1 Primary schools 

2 Comprehensive schools 

3 Colleges of Further Education 

4 Central Institutions 

5 Universities. 


Comprehensive schools 

These offer secondary education for all children between the a.ge of 12 and 17 

or 18. 

In Scotland pupils may sit the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE) Ordina.ry (0) 

Grade in the subjects of their choice. F.rom 1986 onwards it will be possible to 

sit the SCE •o• grade at three levels according to ability: Foundation, General 

or Credit. Following on from the SCE •o• grade, pupils ma;s sit the Higher grade. 

University entrance 'fS usually five Higb.ers. Having completed Higb.ers,pupils 

who want to continue their studies in particular subjects may study for the 

Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS). 

Colleges of Further Education 

These provide full-time and part-time courses for anyone over the age of 16. 

The Scottish Business Education Council and the Scottish Technical Education 

Council are to merge to form the Scottish Vocational Education Council {SCOTVEC) 

which rill award the new National Certificate which is replacing the former 

General Certificate/Diploma in Business Studies and National Certificate/ 

Diploma awarded by SCOTEC and City and Guilds of !Dndon Institute awards. 

The Higher National Certificate/Diploma will remain and will be awarded by the 

new SCOTVEC. 

The Royal Society of Arts (RSA) awards qualifications in commercial and office 

practices.

- 158- 

Central Institutions 

Central Institutions offer higher education courses equivalent to university 

level courses. Like the polytechnics in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 

they- have close links with commerce and industry. 

P.roposed c~s in the examination ~stem 

Plans for a limited revision of Scottish Higher grades and sixth year courses 

have been ~pproved by the Scottish Secretary, Mr George Yotmger. '!he first 

new Higher examinations rill be English and mathematics which will be available 

in 1987. 

The new modular courses offered by the 16-18 Action Plan are to be taken into 

consideration as proposals have been made to merge the Scottish Examination 

:Boa.rcl (SEB) and the Scottish Vocational Education Cotmcil (sco~) leading to 

the award of a single certificate replacing the Higher grade and National 

\ 

Certificate. 

Awards for the post-Higher examination will be fixed no higher than the present 

Certificate of Sixth Year Studies award but will represent a progression from 

the Higher grade.

- 159- 

SCOTLAND - education system 

Universities Colle es of Central 

Further 

Institutions 

Education 

Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS) 

Secondary 

Education 

4+---------------------------------------------------------~ 

31+---------------------------------------------------------~ 

2~--------------------------------------------------------~ 

AGE

- 160- 

SCOTLAND - examination system 

AGE 

21 

2 '6 

Universities and Central 

Institutions 

Further Education Colleges 

2 _.. 

,.. 

2 

2 ~~ 

212 

Doctorate Phd 

2 ~ 1 Master's Degree MA/MSc 

Royal Society of Arts (RSA) 

Scotvec Higher National Certificate/ 

2 !0 First Degrees BA/BSc Diploma 

9 

Open University Degrees 

1A Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS) 

Scotvec National Certificate 

.,_ 

Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE) Hiqher Grade 

6 Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE) Ordinary (0) Grade 

5 

~ 

13 

12 

11 

1-4 

0 

C/) 

~ 

::I 

c. 

E 

0 

u 

10 

9 

8 

7 

f, 

6 

~ 

3 

2 

AGE

- 161- 

A Comparison of Training Requirements 

The comparability of vocational training qualifica tiona is essential to the 

free 110vement of labour. 'Ihe EEC •s most recent attempt to tackle this immense 

task is the Proposal for a Council Decision on the Compa.rabili ty of Vooa tional 

Training Qualifications between Member States of the EUropean Community 

{Doc 1-815/83 - C014{83) 482 final) presented by the Commission to the Council. 

This Proposal has not yet been voted on by the Council but a report drawn up 

on behalf of the Committee on Social Affairs and Employment (Document 1-1357/83) 

on this proposal met with the approval of the European Parliament in Febru.ary 

1984. Hence this matter will probably be considered by the Council soon. 

Given the recognition that this Proposal has received, it seems appropriate 

to examine training for the paramedical professions in accordance with the 

contents. This should facilitate comparison between the training and education 

requirements for different health care professions in the Member Countries. 

The following table indicates approximate training levels for each profession 

corresponding to those levels set out in the Commissions' Proposal to the 

Council. However, as this Proposal has not yet been approved by the Council 

it must be emphasised that the levels indicated represent our evaluation of the 

training requirements. We would not wish to undermine or pre-empt in any wa:y 

. 

the very valuable work of the Commission in this field but it is hoped that 

this table will be a useful guide to the comparability of training until 

further work on this subject can be undertaken.

- 162- 

Proposal tor a 

Council Decision 

on the comparabili v of vocational tra:i ni ng qualifications 

between the Member States of the European Community 

(presented by the Commission to the Council) 

Structure of ~a.ining Levels 

IJNEL 1 - 

~aining giving access to this level! Compulsory education and 

introductory vocational training 

This training is acquired either at a school, or through training schemes not 

connected with schooling, or on the job. The amount of theoretical knowl8dge 

and practical skills required is very limited. 

This qualification, which is aimed at relatively simple work, can be acquired 

in a fairly short time. 

At this level a full qualification is obtained for a clearly defined activity, 

with the ability to use the relevant tools and techniques. 

This activity mainly involves practical work, which can be ca.-rried out vi thout 

supervision, at least in respect of those techniques which have been learnt. 

LEVEL 3 - '!raining giving access to this levels Compulsory education and 

EI~ vocational training and additional technical training and 

qualification OR school or other technical training at seconda;Y 

level 

This involves more technical knowledge than the preceding level. This level 

involves mainly practical work which may be c8.1Tied out without supervision, 

and/or which included other responsibilities such as planning and coordination. 

This is technical training at a high level acquired either in schools or 

elsewhere. The qualification acquired as a result of this training includes 

knowledge and abilities which belong to a higher level but does not generally 

demand a maste~ of scientific principles in the various fields concerned. 

These skills and knowledge permit in particular the assumption in a generally 

autonomous or independent manner of responsibility for conceptual planning 

anq/or administration and/or management. 

'!his generally enables its recipient to exercise a professional activity, 

whether salaried or self-employed, independently and implies mastery of the 

scientific bases of the profession.

LIST OF HEALm CARE PROFESSIONS IN 'IHE EEC AND TRAINING LEVELS 

PROFESSION/miDF B D DK F GB GR IRL L NL I 

1 Ambulance First Aid Technician/ Ambula.nceman 

.Ambula.ncier 1 1 1 1 1 1 

Rettungssanit!ter 

2 Anaesthetics' Aaaistazlt 

Infirmier-anest§siste 4 

An!sthesist Assistant 

3 Art Therapist/Creative Therapist --- 

Ergotherapeute Artistique 5 5 5 

Kunsttherapeut 

4 Assistant J.iedical Analytical Chemist 

Assistant de Laboratoire en Chimie 3 

Tecbnischer Assistant in der Medizin (Labor) 

5 Audiologist 

Audiologiste 4 5 4 

Audio loge 

6 Audiometrician/Audiology Technician 

Audiom~hriste 2 3 3 2 3 3 

Audiometrist 

7 Auxilia.Ty Child CBJ."e Worker/Nursery Nurse 

Auxiliaire de Pu6riculture 2 2 3 

Hilfskinderschwester 

~

f 

PROFESSION/BERUF :a D DIC F G:B GR IRL L NL I 

8 Auxiliar,y Nurse/Hospital Assistant Nurse 

Aide-Soignante 2 1 1 1 1 

Krankenpflegehelferin 

10 Child Care Worker 

Pu~ricultem- 

3 3 Idem 3 Idem 

Klnderkrankenschwester 

No 7 No 7 

12 Chiropodist 

Mdicure 3 3 3 4 4 4 

Fusspflegerin 

9 Cardiac Catheterisation Technician 

Technician en Cath~t€risme Cardia.que 

Teohniker fUr HerZkatheterisierung 

4 4 

11 Child P~hotherapist 

Sp6cialiste en Ps.yohotnerapie pour Enfants 5 5 

Kinder-Psychotherapeut 

13 Cleaner/Disinfector 

Agent de Desinfection 1 

Desinfektor 

14 Clinical Psychologist 

Psychologue 

Klinische/krankenhauspsychologe 

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

15 Dental Auxiliar,y 

Assistante Dentaire 

Zahnarzthelferin 

3 3 3

PROFESSION/BERUF B D DK F Q:B GR IRL L NL I 

16 Dental Hygienist 

Technicien d'Hygi~ne Buccale 4 3 4 

Za.bnbygieniker 

17 Dental Surgery Assistant 

Assistant de Chirurgie Dentaire 2 2 

Assistant fUr Zahnchirurgie 

18 Dental Technician 

Technician Dentiste 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

Zahntechniker 

19 Dietitian 

Di't~ticien 

Dilttassistent 4/5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 

20 Doctor's Assistant 

l

PRO:FESSION/:BEBIJF B D DK F GB OR IRL L JfL I 

23 H:t tal Chaplain 

A ier de l'H8pital 5 5 

Krankenhausseelsorger 

24 Medical ~lYtical Chemist 

Chimiste edical 4 

Arzt fftr Labormedizin oder klinischer Chemiker 

25 Medical Artist 

Dessinateur en Anatomie 

Idem Idem 

No 3 5 

No 3 3 

Ktmsttherapeut

PROFESSION/BERUF B D DK F GB GR IRL L NL I 

27 Medical Photographer 

Photographe Medical 3 3 

Medizinischer Fbtograf 

26 Medical Laboratory Scientific Officer/Medical Laboratory 

Technician/Medical Laboratory Technologist/Laboratory 

Technician 

Technician Laboratoire/Adjoint Technique Laboratoire/ 

La.borantin 

Mediziniaoh-tecbnischer Laboratoriumassiatent 

- Biomedical Technician 

Assistant de Laboratoire en Biologie M~dicale/ 

Technician Biom,dical 

Biomediziniacher Techniker 

- Cytology Technician 

Assistant de Cytologie 3 

Cytologiesassiatent 

- Medical Technician 

Technician M6dical 4 

Medizin-techniker 

- Medical Technical Assistant 

Assistant Technique Medical 

Technischer Assistant in der l4edizin {Labor) 

- Pathology Laboratory Assistant 

Assistant de Laboratoire en Pathologie 4 

Assistant Laboratorium der Pathologie 

- Medical Technical Surgical Assistant 

Instrumentiste 

unbelamnt in der BRD 

4 3 4 4/5 4/5 4 4 4/5 4 

4 

28 Medical Phys_ios Technician 

Teohnicien de Physique Medicale 

Physikologisch-technischer Assistant 

3

L 

Idem 

No 46 

5 

5 

3 

lfL 

3 

4 

4 

Idem 

No 34 

4 

3 

I 

4 

-0"1 

00 

PROFESSION/:BERUF 

D DK 

F GB GR IRL 

29 Medical Secretary 

Secr~taire Medicale 

.Arztsekretitrin 

4 2 3 

3 

30 Medical Social Worker/Psychiatric Social Worker 

Assistant Social M~dical ou Psychiatrique 

Sozialarbeiter/Sozialarbeiter (in der Psychiatrip) 

5 5 

5 4 5 

31 

Music Therapist 

Th~rapeute MUsical 

r.iusik:therapeut 

5 

32 

Non-Medical Health Practitioner/Non-Medical 

Practitioner 

Officier de Sant~ 

Heilprak:tiker 

4 

33 Occupational Educationalist/Therapeutic Educationalist 

Educateur Specialis6/Psychoreeducateur 

Heilp8.dagoge 

4/5 2 

5 

34 Occupational-Therapist 

Ergotht!rapeute 

Besch!ftigungs - und Arbeitstherapeut 

4 4 4 

3 4 4 4 

35 Optician 

Optician 

Optiker 

- Ophthalmic 

Specialise en Ophtbalmologie 

Unterteilurg nicht bekannt in der :BRD 

- Dispensing ,., 

Optician agree 

3 3 3 

3 4 

5 4 

4 3

PROFESSIONjm:RuF B D DK F OB GR IRL L NL I 

36 Orthoptist 

Orthoptiste 4 5 4 4 4 3 

Orthoptist 

37 Pharmaceutical Assistant/Technician 

Assistant de Pbarmacie 3 3 3 3 3 

Pharmaceutischer Assistent/Apothekenhelfer 

- Audiology 

en Audiologie Audiologie 

3 3 

- Cardiology 

en Ca.rdiologie 3 4 3 

- Neurophysiology 

en Neurophysiologie Neurophysiologie 

3 4 3 

-Respiratory 

en Fbnctions Respiratoires Lungenfunktionsdiagnostik 

3 4 

38 Pharmaceutical Biological Technician 

Technician Biologiste de Pharmacie 5 3 

Pharmazeutisch-Technischer Assistent 

39 Physiological Measurement Technician 

Teohnicien " 

Techniker fur Audiologie 

- Physiology/

PROFESSION/BERUF B D DK F G:B em IBL L BL I 

40 Physiotherapist 

Masseur-Kin6sit~rapeute/Pbysiotherapeute 4/5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 

Pbysiotherapeut 

- Jlaa8eur 

~1asseur 2 2 

!11asseur 

- Masseur and avdro-Therapist 

Mass~droth~apeute 2 

Masseur und medizinischer Bademeister 2 

-...J 

0 

41 Post-Mortem Room Technician/Medical Assistant for 

Autopsy/Autopsy, Dissection and Pathology Laboratory 

Technician 2 2 3 3 

A8ent d'Amphi th'Satre 

Medizinischer Sektions - und Pr&parationsaasistent 

42 Prosthetist/Orthotist 

Proathesiste 2 4 5 5 4 

Orthopftdie-Mechaniker 

- Physiology 

en Physiologie 3 

Pbysiologie 

- Psychology 

Assistant en Psychologie 

Psychologie 

43 Psychotherapist 

Psychotherapeute Idem 

5 Idem 

5 

Medizinischer Psychotherapeut No 14 No 14

PROFESSION/EERtJF 13 D DK F GB GR IRL L llL I 

44 Radiographer 

~~ipulateur Radio 3 4 4 4 4 4 3/4 4 4 

Medizinish-technischer Radiologiessistent 

46 Social Therapist 

Socio-therapeute 4 

Soziotherapeut 

48 Surgical Operation Assistant 

Assistant Technique Medical de Chirurgie 3 Idem 

Krankenschwester/Kran.k:enpfleger :fttr den No 2 

Operationsdienst 

45 Remedial Gymnast 

Kinesitherapeute Idem 

4 Idem 

4 Idem 

Krankengymnast 

No 40 No 40 No 40 

47 Speech Therapist 

l.Dgo~de 

Logop!de/Spraohtherapeut 

4/5 4 5 5 5 5 4 

49 

Trussmaker 

13a.nda.gi s te Bandagist 

2 2

- 172- 

REFERENCES 

~e EEC Hospital Committee wiShes to acknowledge the following publication 

which served as an invaluable source of reference in the compilation of 

this report. The diagrams illustrating the education systems in the Kember 

States were adapted from diagrams which appeared in this work and have been 

amended and up-dated as required. 

ELVIN, L. The Educational Systems in The European Communi tz: 

A Guide. c19B1 ECSC, EEC, EA.EC, :Brussels and luxembourg. NFER 

Nelson, Windsor. 

Other references 

:Britain 1984 An Official Handbook; Her Majesty's Stationery Office. :Wndon, 

1984. 

Academic recognition of diplomas in the European Community. Present state 

and prospects. Commission of the Etn-opea.n Communi ties. 1979, Education 

Series No 10; Brussels: August 1977• 

J P de CRAlEN'COUR. The Professions in the European Community. Towards 

f:£eedom and mutual recognj. tion of qualifica tiona. luxembourg: Office for 

Official Publications of the EUropean Communities, 1982. 

Hoppi tala in the EEC: organisation and te:rminology. The Hospital Committee 

ot the European Economic Community and Gyldendal publishers. Denmark, 1978.

- 173- 

HOSPITAL COMMI'l'JEE OF 'lBE nJROPEAN ECOBOMIC CO:MMUNITY 

Members of the Sub-Committee on CoJIIIIIUD.i tz CoordiJla tion 

Secreta.rz General 

Dr Paul Quaethoven 

f.resident/Chairman 1983/84 

:.t' R R W Stewart ( GB) 

Jembers 1983/84 

lfr Jacques Jrassion (B) 

llr G Norden (D) 

l!rs J oha.nne IDuise Di thmer (IK) 

11r Philippe Roussel (F) 

Jlr John Yfantopoulos (GR) 

Dr :M P :Buckley MD FRCPI (IRL) 

11r J Koenig (L) 

Dr A G Van Omme (NL) 

l'ormer Members 

Jlr Jurg Iauterbaoher (D) 

Jlr Robert Chalavet (F) 

Dr James Scott (G:B) 

Jlr Peter McQri.llan (IRL) 

Dr Robert Widong (deceased) (L) 

Jlr L C llesseldijk (NL)

- 174- 

K>DIES 

Lif!T OF HAMES .AND ADDRESSES OF P.EX>PLE WHO HAVE HELPED OR SUPPLIED Ilm>RMA.TION 

Mrs V Henderson 

Commission of the European Communities 

7 J.lva Street 

Edinburgh EEI2 4PH 

Lesley Kelly 

Centre for European Government Studies 

University of Edinburgh 

Old College 

South Bridge 

Edinburgh 1 

Mrs J M ~e, Librarian 

Scottish Health Service Centre 

Crewe Road South 

Edinburgh EH4 2LF 

Stevenson College of Further Education 

:Bazlk:head. A venue 

Sigb.thill 

Edinburgh EH11 4DE 

Mrs Rosemary Wake 

Scottish Education Department 

International Relations Division 

Eurydice Unit, 43 Jeffrey Street, Edinburgh 1 

Geoffrey Dean 

Director 

The l4edical Social Research :Board 

73 Lower ~t Street 

IRL - Dublin 2 

Professor Mario Zanetti 

Medical Director 

Ospeda.le 

Santa. Orsola 

Via Ma.ssurenti 9 

:Bologna 

Italy 40138 

The Director 

ISFUL 

Via Eustachio No 8 

Roma Italy 

• 

!Bon Thein 

~ 

; Professeur-attache 

Minist~re de L 1 Education Nationa.le 

6 :Boulevard Royal 

2910 Iux:embourg

- 175- 

Service Information et P.resse 

10 Boulevard FD Roosevelt 

:W.Xembom-g 

Federal Republic of" GermallY Embassy in IDndon 

23 :Belgrave Square 

London SW1 

Royal Danish Embassy 

55 Sloane Street 

London SW1 

!Tench Embassy 

11 Kensington Palace Gardens 

London we 

Qreek Dnba.ssy 

1a Holland Park 

!Dndon W1 

Republic of" Ireland Embassy in !Dndon 

17 Grosvenor Place 

!Dndon SW1 

Embassy and Consulate of Luxembourg 

27 Wilton Crescent 

!Dndon SW1 

BDyal Netherlands Embassy 

38 Hyde Pa.rk Ga. te 

!Dndon SW7 

)!r Knox 

:Belgian Consulate 

89 Constitution Street 

Edinburgh 6 

Mr Ross 

Greek Consulate 

rustle Court 

Edinburgh 

Italian Consulate General 

6 Melville Crescent 

Edinburgh 3 

A Smith 

Personnel Unit 

Department of Health 

Hawkins House 

Inblin

European Communities- Commission 

.. 

3 7L 9(./ 

/Health care professions in the Member States of the European Community 

~ Education and trainin!t- 

. ---- , 

Directorate-General for Employment. Social Affairs and Education; Health and 

Safety Directorate 

.. 

Gerald H. France, Editor; Director, Scottish Health Service Centre 

Lesley J. Colquhoun, Research assistant, Scottish Health Service Centre 

) 

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IRELAND 

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or by post 

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IT ALIA 

------------------------ 

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Journal Department 

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Tel 1031 439 0124 10.85

Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: 

ECU 14.48 BFR 650 IRL 10.40 UKL 8.60 USD 12 

ISBN 92-825-5856-8 

~~~ OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS 

11111111111 OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

L - 2985 Luxembourg 

9 Z.8.2282 558561)

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