Ethnographic Overview And Assessment: Zion National Park, Utah ...

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ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT: ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH AND PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA Prepared by Richard W. Stoffle Diane E. Austin David B. Halmo Arthur M. Phillips III With the assistance of Carolyn M. Groessl Maria Banks Maria Porter Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology The University of Arizona in Tucson And Southern Paiute Consortium Pipe Spring, Arizona Submitted to Rocky Mountain Regional Office National Park Service Denver, Colorado July 1999 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................xi List of Maps ..............................................................................................................................xvi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................xix CHAPTER ONE STUDY OVERVIEW Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Ecological Stewardship .....................................................................................................1 1.2 Science of the Human-Ecosystem Interface .....................................................................3 1.3 Creating Useful Ecosystem Social Science ...................................................................... 5 1.4 Working Together ............................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Short-Fall Studies.............................................................................................................. 6 1.6 The Northern Colorado Plateau Ecoregion ....................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Scale .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.6.2 Holism ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.6.3 Smart Databases ........................................................................................................ 12 1.7 Southern Paiute Ecoscape Views ...................................................................................... 13 1.7. 1 Cultural Ecoscapes ................................................................................................... 13 1.7.2 Time Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 14 1.7.3 Critical Cultural Ecoscape Themes ........................................................................... 22 1.8 The Beginning ................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO AN ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ETHNOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOUTHERN PAIUTE SOCIO-POLITICAL UNITS Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 26 2.1 Holy Lands and Creation Stories ....................................................................................... 27 2.2 Aboriginal Political Units .................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1 Disease and Sociopolitical Disruption ....................................................................... 30 2.2.2 Subtribes .................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.3 Districts ...................................................................................................................... 34 2.3 Ecosystem Analysis of Yanawant Districts ....................................................................... 36 2.3.1 Social and Ecological Logic of Districts ................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Shivwits/Santa Clara District ..................................................................................... 39 2.3.3 Kaibab Paiute District ................................................................................................ 41 2.3.4 San Juan Paiute District ............................................................................................. 42 2.3.5 Ua'ayukunants District ............................................................................................... 43 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 45
Page 1: Ethnographic Overview And Assessmen
Page 5 and 6: 5.1.2 Onsite Visits ...............
Page 7 and 8: Bibliography ......................
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.15 Southern Paiute elders
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is the
Page 13 and 14: understandings between the federal
Page 15 and 16: The NPS chose to consult only with
Page 17 and 18: The ecosystem approach is a method
Page 19 and 20: cultural, and economic well-being o
Page 21 and 22: management. Agencies can also draw
Page 23 and 24: Holistic studies tend to require in
Page 25 and 26: Zion National Park Pipe Springs Nat
Page 27 and 28: (1) Ethnoarchaeology:-the interpret
Page 29 and 30: Creek and Johnson Wash. Additional
Page 31 and 32: During the creation times Paiutes l
Page 33 and 34: Time Period Early Reservation Europ
Page 35 and 36: 1880 (as well as the second movemen
Page 37 and 38: after almost a generation of doubt,
Page 39 and 40: loss of their native deserts. In on
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO AN ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ETH
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.1: Puxant Tuvip There was
Page 45 and 46: 2.2 Aboriginal Political Units The
Page 47 and 48: maneuvered themselves and families
Page 49 and 50: The word "u-an-o" means farmers. Th
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2: Kelly’s map of Southe
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 2.3: Yanawant irrigation. Fu
Page 55 and 56:
Figure 2.4: Hurricane Cliffs When F
Page 57 and 58:
The people of the Kaibab district l
Page 59 and 60:
A more basic question is where was
Page 61 and 62:
traditional lands because they have
Page 63 and 64:
The chapter is divided into five se
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headed by John Wesley Powell and G.
Page 67 and 68:
At the time of termination, the Shi
Page 69 and 70:
available at the time. The Commissi
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Figure 3.2The Fort and Pond at Pipe
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skills, folklife, and folkways..."
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American Indian religious practices
Page 77 and 78:
of the park's resource management p
Page 79 and 80:
3.4 Summary The relationship betwee
Page 81 and 82:
Evidence of Paiute presence within
Page 83 and 84:
Materialistically, the Southern Pai
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Southern Paiute people believe that
Page 87 and 88:
4.1.5 Park Interpretation It is rec
Page 89 and 90:
Kanab Creek and Virgin River Integr
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 4.2 Webster Flats and Zaion
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to be neighborly, but the Indians w
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 4.3 Seeps, such as this one
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and drink the water. This was a rel
Page 99 and 100:
Salt Cave. A 78 year old woman from
Page 101 and 102:
Kanab Creek is an ecoscape for Sout
Page 103 and 104:
4.4 Conclusion Southern Paiute peop
Page 105 and 106:
Kanab Creek Ecoscape: Main Stream T
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these places and resources in consu
Page 109 and 110:
visiting medicinal springs, and gat
Page 111 and 112:
1989-1996 A cultural resources prog
Page 113 and 114:
The Ua'ayukunants lived upstream fr
Page 115 and 116:
elsewhere as early as 1851. They ra
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5.3 Modern agriculture and h
Page 119 and 120:
the fall of 1862 caused the expansi
Page 121 and 122:
However, mountain mines had already
Page 123 and 124:
The process by which the Shivwits R
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A road was built up into the canyon
Page 127 and 128:
farmers in Zion country was a man c
Page 129 and 130:
The town of Shunesburg was deserted
Page 131 and 132:
conducting comprehensive ethnograph
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with the assistance of Mr. Jack Bur
Page 135 and 136:
height above the river, kinds of ma
Page 137 and 138:
would move on and gather something
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drainages and unstable, actively er
Page 141 and 142:
Encelia frutescens Bush encelia Pro
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standing boulder, flakes, ceramic s
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idge in the center of Sec. 16, T41N
Page 147 and 148:
Features Water. The Coalpits Wash d
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escarpment. The site is on the nort
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Animals. This upland valley would h
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interpreted to be trail guides used
Page 155 and 156:
Archaeological Site Description The
Page 157 and 158:
other deciduous trees. Common reed
Page 159 and 160:
Perceived Impacts Other than touris
Page 161 and 162:
The hanging gardens are notable for
Page 163 and 164:
Archaeological Site Description The
Page 165 and 166:
The focal point of the site is rock
Page 167 and 168:
elder pointed out that in the past,
Page 169 and 170:
Fraxinus anomala Singleleaf ash Sen
Page 171 and 172:
Recommendations Paiute people with
Page 173 and 174:
to the springs. Recent floods have
Page 175 and 176:
hot springs in La Verkin, and he wo
Page 177 and 178:
CHAPTER SIX PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MO
Page 179 and 180:
Once the study site was defined, th
Page 181 and 182:
1858-1905 Early Reservation 1906-19
Page 183 and 184:
Navajos were forced to leave, and t
Page 185 and 186:
The loss of resources had a dramati
Page 187 and 188:
The Early Reservation Period Althou
Page 189 and 190:
significance of specific resources
Page 191 and 192:
Water Water is a central feature of
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 6.5 Results of historic chan
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 6.6 Upper Kanab Creek Featur
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were carried out only around the po
Page 199 and 200:
Gutierrezia sarothrae Snakeweed Sph
Page 201 and 202:
1967:2). After Frank died, his log
Page 203 and 204:
Elders also mentioned a long histor
Page 205 and 206:
time to tell stories...about the cr
Page 207 and 208:
Artemisia filifolia Sand sagebrush
Page 209 and 210:
Features We used to walk these hill
Page 211 and 212:
CHAPTER SEVEN CULTURAL RESOURCE INV
Page 214 and 215:
7.2 Southern Paiute Identified Plan
Page 216 and 217:
Anemone tuberosa - Desert thimblewe
Page 218 and 219:
desirable thatching material as wel
Page 220 and 221:
Atriplex canescens - Four-wing salt
Page 222 and 223:
water jugs (Stoffle, Halmo, Evans,
Page 224 and 225:
In the past, tansy mustard has been
Page 226 and 227:
Ephedra viridis - Indian tea Southe
Page 228 and 229:
Eriogonum inflatum - Desert trumpet
Page 230 and 231:
Halmo, Evans, and Austin 1994:243).
Page 232 and 233:
Larrea tridentata - Creosote bush C
Page 234 and 235:
Marrubium vulgare - Common horehoun
Page 236 and 237:
Opuntia basilaris - Beavertail cact
Page 238 and 239:
Penstemon palmeri - Palmer beardton
Page 240 and 241:
Populus fremontii - Fremont cottonw
Page 242 and 243:
64, 72). More recent studies show t
Page 244 and 245:
and sheds, Sun Dance houses are mad
Page 246 and 247:
Smilacina stellata - Solomon-seal T
Page 248 and 249:
Swertia radiata - Deer-ears The roo
Page 250 and 251:
Wyethia sp. - Mules’ ear Plants i
Page 252 and 253:
inaccessible to them. The cultural
Page 254 and 255:
Erethizon dorsatum - Porcupine Fowl
Page 256 and 257:
Information about what is used, how
Page 258 and 259:
1978:25-29). Variations of this sto
Page 260 and 261:
Pituophus melanoleucus - Gopher Sna
Page 262 and 263:
Aphelocoma coerulescens - Scrub Jay
Page 264 and 265:
Charadrius vociferus - Killdeer No
Page 266 and 267:
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus - Pinyon
Page 268 and 269:
Larus sp. - Gull Gulls are mentione
Page 270 and 271:
Piranga ludoviciana - Western Tanag
Page 272 and 273:
Zonotrichia leucophrys - White-crow
Page 274 and 275:
Flea Matavi y umi, Matavi y um, or
Page 276 and 277:
CHAPTER EIGHT MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDA
Page 278 and 279:
may be unable to judge the full ram
Page 280 and 281:
On March 15, 1993, the Grand Canyon
Page 282 and 283:
She also expressed concern about in
Page 284 and 285:
include the individuals who are spe
Page 286 and 287:
[The park should] have people who k
Page 288 and 289:
e collected at its source and piped
Page 290 and 291:
Cultural Ecosystem as an example, m
Page 292 and 293:
Resource Monitoring and Mitigation
Page 294 and 295:
In addition, Southern Paiutes' conc
Page 296 and 297:
BIBLIOGRAPH Y Adams, Winona 1930 Hi
Page 298 and 299:
Desert Plants 4 (1-4). Bunte, Pamel
Page 300 and 301:
Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H
Page 302 and 303:
Evans, Michael J., Henry F. Dobyns,
Page 304 and 305:
Gregory, Herbert E. 1948 Journal of
Page 306 and 307:
Hufford, ed. Pp. 122-137. Urbana: U
Page 308 and 309:
Little, James 1881 Jacob Hamblin. S
Page 310 and 311:
1978 (1946)Why the North Star Stand
Page 312 and 313:
2(3):67-90. Spencer, Joseph E. 1940
Page 314 and 315:
1987 "Cultural Basis for Sport Angl
Page 316 and 317:
Economical Route for a Railroad fro
Page 318 and 319:
Wheeler, George M. 1875 Preliminary
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