an Accompanying Guide to Any First-Year German Course

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6 Table 1.2: The Nominative Case For the impatient: The nominative case has 2 uses: 1. as the subject of a sentence 2. as the complement of subject when using the verbs sein, werden, heißen Other noteworthy characteristics: • The form is similar to the accusative case (Section 1.3) for the neuter, feminine, and plural forms. • It is never the object of a preposition. • A pattern worth noting is the -er ending of the masculine forms: er also, the strong adjectival endings (Table 5.1): der wer dieser welcher einer as “one, people, or they. In English when one says things such as They say. . . , People do that all the time, it would be man in German. 1.3 The Accusative There are only three different declensions one has to know in order to master the accusative case in German. One is for der, die, das, a second is for the einwords, which includes all the demonstratives (this, that, these, those), interrogatives (which), negatives (none, not any, no), adjectival endings (there are none in English), possessives (mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, our), and, of course, the indefinite article a, an. The third set is the set of pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they). These three declensions are in Table 1.6. Notice that there are no plurals for the indefinite articles, just as in English (which uses some), and that the same endings are used for all of the word classes
7 Table 1.3: The Nominative dummy-es Aside from the uses of the nominative as a subject, there is also the dummy-es just as in English: Es regnet/schneit/donnert. It is raining/snowing/thundering. Es gibt . . . . [There are . . . ] Es ist Zeit, . . . . It is time (to) . . . listed above. One only needs the word stems to form them, for example, the possessive pronouns are in Table 1.7. Accusative with Infinitives One of the instances in which the infinitive (see Section 7.1.1) occurs without zu is with the accusative. This occurs only in conjunction with a few verbs and exhibits the following characteristics: 1. In the first instance, the accusative object is an agent and the sentence describes how the subject is cognizant of the action of this accusative agent. This is a common occurrence and is limited to the verbs sehen, hören, fühlen, and spüren. This construction is used to describe an instance in which one sees, hears, feels, or senses someone doing some thing. The someone is in the accusative and the thing is the infinitive. Examples: Das habe ich kommen sehen. (I saw that coming.) Sie hat ihren Sohn Salat essen sehen. (She saw her son eating salad.) Man hat mich schnarchen hören. (They/People heard me snoring.) 2. In the second instance the accusative is in its more conventional role, namely as that of an object, and has the same value as it does in modal sentences (see Section 7.3) but can be used with other, non-modal verbs: Sie läßt die Studenten früher gehen. (She lets the students go early.)
Page 1 and 2: A LINGUISTIC INTRODUCTION TO GERMAN
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to tha
Page 5 and 6: 5 ADJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table page 1.1 Guide
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 3.1 For
Page 11 and 12: Abstract of Thesis Presented to the
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION There is no universal
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 WORD ORDER AND THE GERMAN
Page 17: 5 Also, a clause can be in position
Page 21 and 22: 9 Table 1.5: Uses of the Accusative
Page 23 and 24: 11 3. Since one can usually tell in
Page 25 and 26: 13 Table 1.8: The Dative Case For t
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 2 NOUN FORMS This chapter c
Page 29 and 30: 17 depending on the intended meanin
Page 31 and 32: 19 der Name die Namen den Namen dem
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3 ARTICLES German articles
Page 35 and 36: 23 Table 3.2: The German Article In
Page 37 and 38: 25 Table 4.1: Personal Pronouns 1st
Page 39 and 40: In German: Er hat sich das Bein geb
Page 41 and 42: 29 Table 4.2: Pronoun Word Order Gu
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 5 ADJECTIVES Adjectives are
Page 45 and 46: 33 since adjectives are declined. A
Page 47 and 48: 35 1. • hoch, höher, höchste
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 6 ADVERBS Adverbs modify ve
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 7 VERBS 7.1 Verb Forms 7.1.
Page 53 and 54: 41 6. inseparable prefixed verbs (s
Page 55 and 56: 43 Table 7.2: Conjugation of Some I
Page 57 and 58: 45 of the clause and they are reuni
Page 59 and 60: 47 In proper written German an impe
Page 61 and 62: is formed by dropping the ‘t’ f
Page 63 and 64: 51 Although some instructors tell t
Page 65 and 66: 53 Table 7.6: The Two Types of Subj
Page 67 and 68: 55 7.3.1 Conjugation The 1st and 3r
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57 Table 7.8: When One Can Leave Ou
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59 past perfect imperfect present p
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61 Note that this sentence would be
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63 2. the verb is stark (‘strong
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65 7.4.3 Imperfect Often referred t
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67 Herr Schmidt called his wife at
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69 verb preposition + case [perfect
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71 verb preposition + case [perfect
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73 • Andreas schenkt Angelika das
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75 Table 8.1-Continued Prep. Cases
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77 ¡¡ ¢¡¢¡¢¡¢ ¡¡ ¢¡¢
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¦ ¥ ¥ ¦ ¦ ¥ ¥ ¦ ¦ ¥ ¥ ¦
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81 8.2 Prepositions Governing Case
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83 Table 8.3: Some Two-way Preposit
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85 Table 8.4: Some Genitive Preposi
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CHAPTER 9 CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions
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89 1. they introduce subordinate cl
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91 Conjunction als (ob) als wenn wi
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CHAPTER 10 NEGATION There are three
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95 Table 10.1: Kein kein comes befo
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97 • Sebastian spielt noch Golf.
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99 Note that this is only for objec
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101 o a very pure o sound-no lip mo
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103 k just as in English kaufen, ab
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105 Figure A.1: ich Figure A.2: Rad
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107 ch 1: as in ‘ich’ after i,
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109 Table B.1-Continued English Ger
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[Dreyer] is something everyone shou
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