BETWEEN BEDROOMS AND BALLOTS: THE POLITICS OF HIV'S ...

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Center (Maputo; elections every five years) Provincial (11; new elected assemblies, governors) Municipality (33) District (125+) Locality (more urban) Locality (rural and non-urban) Secretario do bairro Regulado structure Chefe do quartarão Figure 2-2. The structure of decentralized government in Mozambique from public and formal institutional life exited the political realm and instead engaged in an ‘alternative politics’ of the invisible, which illustrated itself in through localized voluntary associations “which suspend sectarian and political differences in pursuit of shared aims, such as spiritual security, cultural improvement and self-help and self-repatriation initiatives.” (Chingano 1996: 152) The high incidence of poverty has helped to sustain informal work such as that done at home, making cakes, selling firewood, helping out on machambas (small plots of land), cooking and selling, and the trade of several different types of sexual relationships. Additionally, throughout recent history, Mozambicans have mobilized for a variety of causes: business 46
cooperatives, for schools/supplies, associações de camponesas (peasant agricultural associations), geração de rendimento (income generation projects), shitike (banking system with monthly payout for involved parties) and the like, although these have generally tended to be on a small scale. (Focus group with Kindlimuka women, 6 February 2007) Chingano also argues that some of the organizations became powerful enough to exert pressure upon the state. 4 Yet while this was true to a certain extent in the history of the OTM (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique, the workers’ organization), other examples have been much harder to come by. Processes of elite negotiation have tended to parallel formal channels: A triad of Renamo, Frelimo, and international community also permits the continued exclusion of the population from playing a central role in the political process. Renamo has extremely poorly institutionalized links to any mass base, and Frelimo’s grassroots links have suffered as a result of the party’s own transformation within the larger democratization process. (Manning 2002: 8) High unemployment, low female literacy (30%), and male migration to jobs in South Africa have exacerbated the informal sector. (CIA 2007a) The lack of recognition of civil society as a real and fundamental partner is apparent in all aspects of the national government’s response to HIV. (not only in Mozambique but in other parts of the region, see Wines 2006) One recent national document limits the role of civil society concerning the implementation of home cased care (HBC) activity, hospitals and drug treatments: “There is no mention of the effective participation of civil society in different forums to accomplish its vital role regarding social control of the national response.” (Barcellos 2005) 4 “The emergent social classes—economic, political and professional elites and the dispossessed—are locked in permanent conflict, which they fight out in various ways. Only through their voluntary associations were the dispossessed able to overcome some of the difficulties that arise from the failure to form an active and coherent class” (Chingano 1996: 152). 47
Page 1 and 2: BETWEEN BEDROOMS AND BALLOTS: THE P
Page 3 and 4: For my mother Mary Jo, the dancer;
Page 5 and 6: To the Mozambican crew: Julio Antó
Page 7 and 8: all out every Wednesday and remembe
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .
Page 11 and 12: Reasons for Inactivity.............
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Healt
Page 15 and 16: 7-4 Perceptions of danger in vocali
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABC Ahitipalu
Page 19 and 20: NAC NACP NIE OHCHR OTM OMM PEPFAR P
Page 21 and 22: Abstract of Dissertation Presented
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction
Page 25 and 26: poverty as a driving force behind c
Page 27 and 28: difficulties, yet possibilities, in
Page 29 and 30: institutions; participation, or lac
Page 31 and 32: many African countries, the percent
Page 33 and 34: civic-ness) to human rights mobiliz
Page 35 and 36: end of the war many still have diff
Page 37 and 38: chapters contributes in various cap
Page 39 and 40: with HIV. This occurrence would hav
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 THE REALITIES OF HIV/AIDS
Page 43 and 44: years, individuals have cited a fea
Page 45: Certain regions in Mozambique are w
Page 49 and 50: migrated to South African mines. In
Page 51 and 52: Education, created violence awarene
Page 53 and 54: Guebuza’s business interests (par
Page 55 and 56: The highest infection rates are fou
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2-4. Transportation routes i
Page 59 and 60: Since 1994, over 400 health centers
Page 61 and 62: By the end of 2002, 1000 HIV+ pregn
Page 63 and 64: public sector. Overall, however, a
Page 65 and 66: Sanitation, Food and Water Three-qu
Page 67 and 68: On paper, the new standards for hum
Page 69 and 70: and malaria, and in 2005 constitute
Page 71 and 72: on existing services within the cou
Page 73 and 74: Table 2-2. ARV distribution sites a
Page 75 and 76: transforming subjects into citizens
Page 77 and 78: and shame-inducing or, more broadly
Page 79 and 80: difference between ‘rights in peo
Page 81 and 82: of several ways to bring in adheren
Page 83 and 84: emerged when individuals had varyin
Page 85 and 86: divine right, then the exclusion of
Page 87 and 88: ecause the realms often overlap, mu
Page 89 and 90: …the ‘services’ one sought co
Page 91 and 92: Contemporary State-Society Relation
Page 93 and 94: associational life); (Harbeson, Rot
Page 95 and 96: and organizations (particularly in
Page 97 and 98:
(Templeman 1999) Herbst (1990) also
Page 99 and 100:
voice in the means of state engagem
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in two ways: by lobbying the state
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feminist theorists that it must not
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associations that have mobilized fo
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domain. Specific research questions
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Guiding this inquiry is the indepen
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in Maputo and Boane (in the south o
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that not all HIV mobilizers are HIV
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Research Sites, Subjects and Assist
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The population in the District of C
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marked with an asterisk* in the fol
Page 121 and 122:
For surveys, I trained five researc
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Finally, it needs to be highlighted
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other half, either we didn’t have
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4-2. Continued Name of associ
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Table 4-3. Hospital comparison Hosp
Page 131:
Some of the groundbreaking institut
Page 134 and 135:
While in Europe daughters received
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and patriarchy now continues an une
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significant obstacle to this was th
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can function only with the cooperat
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through individual, personal exchan
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elations; (Bratton 1989) women who
Page 146 and 147:
depending on the dominant language
Page 148 and 149:
While some define traditional autho
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efficiency and to regulate action.
Page 152 and 153:
Due to the disengagement from the s
Page 154 and 155:
individuals will be more comfortabl
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were volunteers, but now they recei
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egarding formalized women’s right
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to signify a lack of interest on th
Page 162 and 163:
high, mainly because of food insecu
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icycle taxis pull up to the first r
Page 166 and 167:
is his responsibility to resolve a
Page 168 and 169:
have sex with animals, like monkeys
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come in from the land, he allows ph
Page 172 and 173:
higher percentage of women HIV mobi
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without an in-depth knowledge of wh
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anging from a lack of discussion to
Page 178 and 179:
the sporadic use of regulados, the
Page 180 and 181:
Table 5-3. Decisions about children
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Table 5-9. Type of mobilizer and at
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world when the civil war ended in 1
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low life expectancy, they will exis
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As we saw within some of the litera
Page 190 and 191:
the context of a relationship, wher
Page 192 and 193:
fear of community stigma over the d
Page 194 and 195:
The low pay of government positions
Page 196 and 197:
Often the régulos will organize cu
Page 198 and 199:
More importantly, however, an empha
Page 200 and 201:
each of the regions claimed to mobi
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Reasons for Inactivity Non-mobilize
Page 204 and 205:
afraid to attend the hospital to re
Page 206 and 207:
As briefly mentioned in the last ch
Page 208 and 209:
still varying but lower (71%). 40 T
Page 210 and 211:
the only significance is that human
Page 212 and 213:
is difficult to establish, yet prev
Page 214 and 215:
Location is important here as most
Page 216 and 217:
than individual economic or job rel
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Most view it as public (public topi
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in the economy of affection to sust
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Table 6-3. Financial incentive and
Page 224 and 225:
Table 6-7 Scale of ‘community inc
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Table 6-11. Scale of Trust of commu
Page 228 and 229:
Table 6-18. Preference in discussio
Page 230 and 231:
Table 6-21. Scale of activities in
Page 232 and 233:
Table 6-27. HIV and human rights mo
Page 234 and 235:
understand the “publicity of repr
Page 236 and 237:
appeals to a sense of community, an
Page 238 and 239:
such was the intention of the actor
Page 240 and 241:
Additionally, advocacy also involve
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its own coordinator but there is li
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song praising Rensida: “We are ha
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Father: Quiet my daughter because w
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various areas of the offices; some
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audience members take turns dancing
Page 252 and 253:
protests or marches, but in reality
Page 254 and 255:
Corruption in the Health Sector A F
Page 256 and 257:
Although AIDS drugs are free within
Page 258 and 259:
activists are less advocacy-oriente
Page 260 and 261:
December 2006) The roles of these o
Page 262 and 263:
as human rights mobilizers) perceiv
Page 264 and 265:
individuals simply see the AIDS dom
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Macuta, 4 April, president of Kulup
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in turn doesn’t say anything abou
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ack. This man says he has one proje
Page 272 and 273:
others to support a candidate or po
Page 274 and 275:
government provision of health infr
Page 276 and 277:
mobilizers are more likely to have
Page 278 and 279:
education through information disse
Page 280 and 281:
count hits 250, which is somewhat s
Page 282 and 283:
Thus, we can reject the null hypoth
Page 284 and 285:
information transmission within Afr
Page 286 and 287:
Table 7-3. Perceptions of corruptio
Page 288 and 289:
Table 7-9. Scale of interest and di
Page 290 and 291:
Table 7-15. Scale of interest and d
Page 292 and 293:
Table 7-21. Influence II How much i
Page 294 and 295:
Table 7-24. Continued Before joinin
Page 296 and 297:
CHAPTER 8 MOVING FROM SUBJECTS TO C
Page 298 and 299:
partner’s status) and thus create
Page 300 and 301:
HIV/AIDS programs because of this i
Page 302 and 303:
or accessible employment), then lit
Page 304 and 305:
times a year), also include more im
Page 306 and 307:
are trying to overcome their oppres
Page 308 and 309:
Patriarchy Poverty Particular types
Page 310 and 311:
We might frame this as a way to beg
Page 312 and 313:
choose or are forced to spin off in
Page 314 and 315:
subsidies, hence the line is render
Page 316 and 317:
most resist such change, particular
Page 318 and 319:
Interdependence and regulation HIV
Page 320 and 321:
domestic relationships; and allowed
Page 322 and 323:
Of course, although such outside re
Page 324 and 325:
include keeping quiet about the dys
Page 326 and 327:
etween the private and public arena
Page 328 and 329:
APPENDIX A ASSOCIATION OVERVIEW Ove
Page 330 and 331:
Working mainly in Maputo (but tryin
Page 332 and 333:
Ahitipaluxeni: (Shangana for ‘vam
Page 334 and 335:
Maputo: human rights associations M
Page 336 and 337:
ased programs only go to HIV based
Page 338 and 339:
office. It receives no funding from
Page 340 and 341:
When a domestic problem becomes a s
Page 342 and 343:
egions of the country. It has organ
Page 344 and 345:
• feel they have little influence
Page 346 and 347:
(Education in association) No signi
Page 348 and 349:
H3: HIV mobilizers partake in more
Page 350 and 351:
Expectations of donors Expectations
Page 352 and 353:
After association volunteer with go
Page 354 and 355:
H8: HIV mobilizers are less likely
Page 356 and 357:
2005 New Constitution PLWHA qualify
Page 358 and 359:
We would like to ask you about how
Page 360 and 361:
Do you or your partner make most of
Page 362 and 363:
Who is responsible for providing: S
Page 364 and 365:
A For those in organization I found
Page 366 and 367:
Do you feel that vocalizing opposit
Page 368 and 369:
How strongly do you identify with o
Page 370 and 371:
(For non mobilizers) Questions pert
Page 373 and 374:
Pitakufa Pito Quadrado Regulado Ré
Page 375 and 376:
Barcellos, Némora Tregnago. 2005.M
Page 377 and 378:
Chabal, Patrick and Jean-Pascal Dal
Page 379 and 380:
Education Action 18. N.D. “Positi
Page 381 and 382:
Freedom House. 2008. Freedom in the
Page 383 and 384:
Helmke, Gretchen and Steven Levitsk
Page 385 and 386:
James, Wendy 1978. “Matrifocus on
Page 387 and 388:
Mosse, Marcelo. 2004. Corrupção e
Page 389 and 390:
Patterson, Amy. 2005. The African S
Page 391 and 392:
Simon, Herbert A. 1982. Models of B
Page 393 and 394:
UNAIDS. 2008b. “Epidemiological F
Page 395 and 396:
WHO (with UNAIDS and UNICEF). 2008.
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