the influence of bedding material and collecting period

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REFERENCES Bamberger F., 1998. Die volhoubaarheid van afval: Produkbenutting by lêhenne in die RSA. Script (M.S.A.) UOFS Centre for sustainable Agriculture. Jacob J.P., Kunkle R.S., Trevola R.S., Miles R.D. & Mather F.B., 1997. Broiler Litter, Part 1: A feed ingredient for ruminants. University of Florida. Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Science. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_PS001 Mavimbela, D.T., 2000. The nutritional value of broiler litter as a feed source for sheep during periods of feed shortage. PhD Thesis, University of Pretoria. Van Ryssen J.B.J., 2000 Poultry litter as a feed ingredient for ruminants: the South African situation. South African Society of Animal Science. http://www.sasas.co.za/Popular/Popular.html 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The dramatic growth of the poultry industry over the last 40 years created a serious waste disposal problem. The utilization of the waste through ruminants became a convenient option of disposing of the waste (Mavimbela, 2000). Ruminants have the ability to digest low-cost feedstuffs that are not usable by other livestock species. One such feedstuff is poultry ma nure/litter, which provides opportunities for both the poultry producer and the beef or lamb producer. The large quantities of manure/litter produced during modern poultry production are expensive to dispose of safely. However, protein is typically the mos t expensive ingredient in ruminant diets. Feeding poultry litter is a means of disposing of a waste product while concurrently supplying a low-cost protein feed to ruminants. 1. POULTRY MANURE/LITTER PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA Poultry production in South Africa is a highly successful business. Due to this successful business there is a large amount of poultry manure/litter produced as well. Taiganides (1977) stated that layer hens in production, produce 100-150 g waste products per day, with a 25 percent dry matter content. The weight of fresh poultry manure is an estimated 15 percent of the total dry matter intake. According to the National Department of Agriculture (2000), the most recent projected figures for total layers per annum and broilers slaughtered per week in South Africa are 15.8 and 9.8 million respectively. According to North & Bell (1990) a layer produce an estimated 0.0456 ton dry matter per year. If this formula were used for the number of layers, there would be an estimated 37.46496 metric tons of dry layer manure produced annually in South Africa. The Department of Agriculture also stated that the broiler industry contributes 16.2 percent to the total gross value of agriculture production. There is not much literature available on the use of poultry litter in South Africa, but it seems that less than half of it are used sustainably in South Africa (Bamberger, 1998). 4
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF BEDDING MATERIAL A
Page 3 and 4: 4.3 Pathogens 13 4.3.1 Clostridium
Page 5 and 6: 2.3.7 In vitro organic matter diges
Page 7 and 8: Our Heavenly Father, gratitude for
Page 9: not even half of the poultry manure
Page 13 and 14: Table 1 Specifications for poultry
Page 15 and 16: concern about possible harm to anim
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1 shows the likely causes of
Page 19 and 20: 4.1 Storage of broiler litter Broil
Page 21 and 22: 5. NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Seve
Page 23 and 24: 5.4 Available energy It is frequent
Page 25 and 26: Copper toxicity used to be a proble
Page 27 and 28: Bilgili S., Hess J., Blake J. & Eck
Page 29 and 30: North M.O. & Bell D.D., 1990. Chick
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 3 THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT T
Page 33 and 34: feed manufacturer. Water was availa
Page 35 and 36: water) for 30 minutes. The samples
Page 37 and 38: According to Sainsbury (2000) a hou
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.2 Moisture absorption On the ba
Page 41 and 42: NH3 Production 30.00 25.00 Phase 1
Page 43 and 44: Table 4 material Performance of bro
Page 45 and 46: Howard S. & Heimlich J.E., 2002. Th
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECT OF BEDDING MAT
Page 49 and 50: The different groups have been rand
Page 51 and 52: Table 1 Physical and chemical compo
Page 53 and 54: 2.2 Sampling 2.2.1 Broilers At the
Page 55 and 56: low. Nylon material (HS013 Nylon cl
Page 57 and 58: diet contained 11.62% protein, 9.76
Page 59 and 60: Table 5 Nutrient content of bedding
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The influence of bedding material o
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oiler litter without bedding materi
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highest in litter. Copper toxicity
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According to this specification a c
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Specifications for poultry manure a
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Daniel J. & Olson K.C., 2001. Feedi
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Murthy K.S., Reddy M.R. & Reddy G.V
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Van der Merwe, H.J., Pretorius, P.S
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duration of period and feed convers
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ABSTRACT Guidelines for poultry pro
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It was concluded from the performan
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waargeneem wat op geen skropmateria
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