Steele, G.D. & Torrie, J.H., 1960. Principles <strong>and</strong> procedures <strong>of</strong> statistics. McGraw - Hill, New York. Swain B.K. & Sundaram R.N.S., 2000. Effect <strong>of</strong> different types <strong>of</strong> litter <strong>material</strong> for rearing broilers. Brit. Poultry Sci.41: 261-262. 39
CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECT OF BEDDING MATERIAL IN BROILER LITTER AND COMPOSTING TIME OF LAYER HEN MANURE ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR RUMINANTS 1. INTRODUCTION The possibility <strong>of</strong> using poultry litter as a cheap dietary ingredient for ruminants has been considered over a long <strong>period</strong> (Nol<strong>and</strong> et al., 1955; Van der Merwe et al., 1975a <strong>and</strong> 1975b). The most current <strong>and</strong> strongest interest was in its use for cattle (Ayangbile et al.,1993; Brosh et al., 1993; Rude & Rankins, 1993 Jacob et al., 1997 <strong>and</strong> Daniel & Olson, 2001), sheep <strong>and</strong> goats (Murthy et al., 1995; Chaudhry et al., 1996; Murthy et al., 1996; Deshck et al., 1998; Mavimbela, 2000 <strong>and</strong> Mavimbela & Van Ryssen, 2001). A major hampering factor in <strong>the</strong> utilization <strong>of</strong> poultry manure/litter as a ruminant feed is <strong>the</strong> variation in <strong>the</strong> chemical composition <strong>and</strong> nutritional value <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong>. Various factors like different production systems (i.e. layers <strong>and</strong> broilers), diets, feed wastage’s, <strong>bedding</strong> <strong>material</strong>s <strong>and</strong> collection <strong>period</strong>s can <strong>influence</strong> <strong>the</strong> chemical composition <strong>and</strong> nutritional value <strong>of</strong> poultry manure/litter. In South Africa <strong>bedding</strong> <strong>material</strong>s like wood shavings, wheat straw, sunflower- <strong>and</strong> peanut hulls are used in broiler production systems. In o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world good quality grass (Rude & Rankins, 1993), shredded/processed paper (Howard & Heimlich, 2002; Lacy, 2002), s<strong>and</strong> (Bilgili et al., 2000), rice hulls, sugarcane pomace (bagasse) <strong>and</strong> crushed com cobs (Lacy, 2002) are used. In contrast to <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>of</strong> America, where broiler houses are cleaned once a year, in South Africa <strong>the</strong>y are cleaned after every batch <strong>of</strong> broilers. These different <strong>bedding</strong> <strong>material</strong>s as well as cleaning practices could <strong>influence</strong> <strong>the</strong> nutritive value <strong>of</strong> poultry litter for ruminants <strong>and</strong> needs fur<strong>the</strong>r investigation. 40
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