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3.2.2. Transmigration in Dry Land with Imperata Problem In the northern part of our study site, we found a transmigration settlement, Muara Tenang village that was established in 1983/1984 (See Figure 2 - Sub-site 3). About 600 households resettled to this area. The majority of households are Javanese. Each household received two ha land. By 1999, the number of households had increase to 876. Farmers in this village also have Imperata sp covering the site.. Imperata cylindrica (alang-alang) is the main land cover, and it accounts for around 467 ha or 32% of The total agricultural land. During the dry season, fire occurs in this grass land every year. A high proportion of Imperata cylindrica indicates a vast degraded land area or poor soil nutrient in this village. It is a fire climax vegetative community and indicate annual fires. This village covers 1,085 ha land and consists of 80% dry land and 20% swampland. The swamp area is located on the border of an industrial timber plantation. Swamp is less important in the agricultural livelihood of the villagers. They can only cultivate the swamp during the drought season under the Sonor system. Cassava and upland rice are the most important crop. Since the beginning of village’s establishment farmers have relied on cassava and upland rice cultivation. According to farmers, however, after two to three cultivation 1 cycles, the production declined. 4 Imperata invaded the site and become a serious problem (See Figure 6). Since 1994, farmers began to plant rubber. The rubber areas reached 350 ha in 1999. In 1997, they also planted approximately 50 ha of oil palm. All tree crop areas were planted by self-support. However, all of these tree crops are still immature. Therefore, farmers still rely on cassava and upland rice production for their livelihood. In 1997, farmers in this village rented out 200 ha of land that was covered by Imperata cylindrica to tapioca factory. The tapioca factory plans to rent this land for three years and to pay Rp.100,000.- per ha per year. In 1999, after two cassava harvests, the tapioca factory did not harvest the cassava because the cassava price declined significantly. On the other hand, farmers were angry because they received rent for only one year. In September 1999, farmers burned 200 ha of cassava land. 14
Figure 6. Imperata cylindrica grass land a high risk to fire There are another 11 transmigration villages located around Muara Tenang village, with similar characteristics. They have an Imperata cylindrica problem, and have relied on cassava and upland rice production, and do not participate in the Nucleus Estate Smallholder Scheme (PIR). 4.2.3. Transmigration in Dry land under NES Systems In contrast to the two case studies of transmigration settlements, we found less fire occurred in 1997 in transmigration settlements located in the southern part of our study site. In Gedong Aji Baru sub-district, eight transmigration villages were established in 1985/1986 (See Figure 2 - Subsite 4). These “Translok” (local transmigration) villages were designed to accommodate people who were removed from other parts of Lampung. Most of the transmigrants are Javanese who were removed from The Gunung Balak Protection Forest (hutan lindung). Each transmigrant household received two ha of land consisting of 0.25 ha of land for housing and home garden, 0.75 ha of land for upland food crops (Lahan usaha satu) and one ha of land for tree crops (Lahan usaha dua). Most of the farmers planted cassava in Lahan usaha satu. These transmigration villages are adjacent to an oil palm plantation, owned by PT. Sumber Indah Permai (SIP), which was established in 1990. PT. SIP implemented a 15
Page 1 and 2: Impacts of Human Activities and Lan
Page 3 and 4: 2. Methodology and Study Site We co
Page 5 and 6: S u b s i t e 1 S u b s i t e 2 S u
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3. Regeneration of swamp for
Page 9 and 10: was burned for rice cultivation und
Page 11 and 12: dua (around 51-57%). These three tr
Page 13: Figure 5. Developing of Transmigrat
Page 17 and 18: 4. Fires Arising from Land Tenure C
Page 19 and 20: During the first 4 years from 1989/
Page 21 and 22: Table 10. Area of fire by cause of
Page 23 and 24: In 1998, PT. SIL asked the Indonesi
Page 25 and 26: 4.1.4. Land Speculation In the nort
Page 27 and 28: and burned oil palm and coconut hyb
Page 29 and 30: (BNIL), PT. Rimba Lampung Abadi (RL
Page 31 and 32: 4.2.5. Land Tenure Conflict Post Re
Page 33: 7. References BAPPENAS/ADB Report.

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