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area. Therefore, although we could not prove it, land tenure conflict cause the probable of fire. Thus, we separated the unclear causes of fires that resulted from tenure conflict, and categorized them as mixed causes from land tenure and accidental burning. In 1997, fire occurred in 5,031 ha of PT. SIL areas. Around 40% of the burned areas were caused from land clearing activities. Around 56% of the burned areas came from uncontrolled fire use for land clearing activities by smallholders. These smallholders are Mesuji people who live in the areas of overlapping land tenure between local people and industrial timber plantation; and transmigration farmers who cleared land in the border areas of PT. SIL. Farmers did not control the fire during land clearing activities. They did not care if the fire escaped to the standing trees of PT. SIL. The incentive to control fire is weak because PT. SIL has taken their customary land. In addition, if the fire from the smallholder activities escaped to tree of plantations, there is no rule that farmers should pay compensation. With this situation, it is easy to see reasons why fire escaped during a severe drought season such as in the El- Niño Year in 1997. The burned area was 773 ha in 1998 and 2,646 ha in 1999. In 1998 to 1999, the effect of land tenure conflicts on burned area more direct and clear. Farmers directly burned the areas of PT.SIL, including trees that were established by PT. SIL. They did this for establishment a new settlement and new agricultural land. These cases may be considered arson. In the next three sections, we will discuss in more detail the effect of fire on overlapping land tenure. Table 11 shows distribution of burned areas by vegetation types and causes of fires. It was obvious that land cover of burned areas for land clearing were log over forest area. On the other hand, the vegetation of burned areas where fires were caused by land tenure conflict was not only log over forest and primary forest (39%) but also standing trees planted by PT. SIL (61%) (See Figure 8). During 1997 to 1999, fires started from land tenure conflicts destroyed 2,405 ha of albizia and 1,370 ha acacia plantation 20
Table 10. Area of fire by cause of fire in PT. Silva Inhutani Lampung (SIL) in 1997-1999 Year Land Land Tenure Conflict Clearing Land Tenure Mix with Accident Accident Total 1997 2,000 0 2,796 235 5,031 1998 0 400 363 10 773 1999 0 2,100 546 0 2,646 Total 2,000 2 500 3,705 245 8,450 Source: PT. SIL and RRA Survey Table 11. Percentage of area by cause of fire and type of tree/land cover in 1997-1999 Vegetation Albizia Paraserianthes falcataria Akasia Acacia mangium Rubber Land Clearing Land Tenure Conflict (%) Accident Total (%) Land Mix with (%) (Ha) Tenure Accident 0 0 64 0 2,385 0 18 25 51 1,495 0 0 0 45 110 Hevea brassiliensis Primary Forest 0 4 5 0 300 Log over Forest 100 78 5 4 4,160 (Ha) 2,000 2,500 3,705 245 8,450 Total (%) 24 30 44 3 100 Figure 8. Fire destroyed acacia trees 21
Page 1 and 2: Impacts of Human Activities and Lan
Page 3 and 4: 2. Methodology and Study Site We co
Page 5 and 6: S u b s i t e 1 S u b s i t e 2 S u
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3. Regeneration of swamp for
Page 9 and 10: was burned for rice cultivation und
Page 11 and 12: dua (around 51-57%). These three tr
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5. Developing of Transmigrat
Page 15 and 16: Figure 6. Imperata cylindrica grass
Page 17 and 18: 4. Fires Arising from Land Tenure C
Page 19: During the first 4 years from 1989/
Page 23 and 24: In 1998, PT. SIL asked the Indonesi
Page 25 and 26: 4.1.4. Land Speculation In the nort
Page 27 and 28: and burned oil palm and coconut hyb
Page 29 and 30: (BNIL), PT. Rimba Lampung Abadi (RL
Page 31 and 32: 4.2.5. Land Tenure Conflict Post Re
Page 33: 7. References BAPPENAS/ADB Report.

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