Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of Skeletal Remains ...

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AKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I’d like to thank my parents, Lee Petruzzelli and Karen Craven, for their support throughout the year. I would also like to thank Dr Amy Roberts for being there throughout the entire process and giving me lots of feedback and encouragement. I couldn’t have done this without her. Thanks to Dr Michael Westaway, for getting the ball rolling and encouraging me to take this on. I doubt I would have even thought about doing my Masters on this without his input. A further thanks to Professor Donald Pate, for helping me with the chemistry side of things and letting me borrow his equipment. Thanks to Professor Calogero Santoro, from the University of Tarapacá, for reading over my drafts and giving me important input from South America. Calogero Santoro is funded by FONDECYT 1095006 and the Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto. Thanks to Christopher Carter, for giving me the chance to attend the amazing field school that got this all started, and for all of his input along the way. A huge thanks to Lily Ellis-‐Gibbings for helping me out in the lab and coming around for late night tea study breaks. Thanks to my biddy, Jelena Vujnovic, for all of the cooked dinners, cups of coffee, study sessions and late evenings. Thanks to Julia Garnaut, for sharing the “office” with me during the whole process and keeping the sarcasm flowing. So glad to have had someone so great to work with this year. VI
Thank you to Dr Rachel Popelka-‐Filcoff and other technical laboratory staff from the School of Chemical and Physical Sciences at Flinders University for facilitating access to laboratory space and equipment. Thanks are also due to Dr Todd Maddern and other technical laboratory staff at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for their assistance in loading the samples for mass spectrometry analysis. Last, but definitely not least, a huge thank you to the Australian Federation of University Women (AFUW) for their Diamond Jubilee Bursary. Their funding contributed greatly to the isotope analysis costs of this research. VII
Page 1 and 2: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isot
Page 3 and 4: DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR I bel
Page 5: ABSTRACT This thesis presents t
Page 9 and 10: 5 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION......
Page 11 and 12: Figure 14: Bone samples in the
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A:
Page 15 and 16: Isotope - Isotopes are two or
Page 17 and 18: The primary aims of this resea
Page 19 and 20: another interpretation of this
Page 21 and 22: possible to not only tell when
Page 23 and 24: the archaeological evidence, as
Page 25 and 26: populations to become more reli
Page 27 and 28: Table 1: Summary of chronologic
Page 29 and 30: (c. 4,000-‐2,500 B.P.), the
Page 31 and 32: The last Azapa Valley cultural
Page 33 and 34: Intermediate cultural tradition
Page 35 and 36: Chinchorro culture (Standen et
Page 37 and 38: on spring water to support sma
Page 39 and 40: 2 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Page 41 and 42: Alternatively to Binford, Cohen
Page 43 and 44: (see Flannery 2002; Sahlins and
Page 45 and 46: homogenous isotopic signatures t
Page 47 and 48: Agriculture is first noted in
Page 49 and 50: One case study that points to
Page 51 and 52: agricultural populations were on
Page 53 and 54: activities (Tykot et al. 2009:1
Page 55 and 56: could be traced back to the e
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2.3.3 Isotope Analysis of Human
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eing able to be compared to a
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mummies was composed largely of
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In this area regional excavatio
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of social interaction between g
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As stated previously, the human
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Ambrose (1993:72) states that:
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Figure 13: Bone samples in NaO
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Figure 15: Bone samples in the
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etter than ± 0.2‰ for δ 1
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4 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS Bone co
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Figure 18: Carbon and nitrogen
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Figure 19: Carbon and nitrogen
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Figure 20: Stable carbon and n
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5 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION The
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Figure 21: Summary of δ 13 C
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from these sites serves to dem
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on marine foods, travelling to
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400mm (Ambrose 1991; Anson 1997
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The stable carbon and nitrogen
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6.1.2 Subsidiary Aims 1. To exam
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these items on the coast and
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Despite the measures taken to
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By looking at strontium and ox
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7 REFERENCE LIST Agüero, C. 19
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Aufderheide, A. 1993 Reconstrucc
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Childe, V.G. 1952 New Light on
Page 111 and 112:
Falabella, F., M.T. Planella, E
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Katzenberg, M.A. 2000 Stable is
Page 115 and 116:
Müller, W., H. Fricke, A.N. H
Page 117 and 118:
Osorio, D., D. Jackson, P.C. U
Page 119 and 120:
Rech, J., J. Quade and J.L. B
Page 121 and 122:
Santoro, C. M. 1985 Cemetario
Page 123 and 124:
Schulting, R. 2011 Mesolithic-
Page 125 and 126:
Villalobos, S. 1979 La Economí
Page 127 and 128:
8 APPENDICES 8.1 Appendix A - R
Page 129 and 130:
Summary of δ 13 C and δ 15 N
Page 131:
14 C dating from Pica 8 SDT11
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