Progressive Housing in New York City: - Columbia University ...

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These photographs span 40 years of tenement living conditions in New York City. “266 Elizabeth St., N.Y. 3:00 P.M., February 2, 1912. It is a licensed tenement and finishing of clothes was going on in the homes”‐ Lewis Hine. Photograph from Library of Congress Digital Archives Shared water closet inside a tenement house,1907 Photograph from the NYPL Digital Collection Overcrowded tenements, 1927 Photograph from the NYPL Digital Collection Baby in Slum Tenement, 1888 Photograph by Jacob Riis, acquired from the Library of Congress Digital Archives 25’ 50’ Pre‐Law Tenement ‐1879 25’ “Dumbbell” Tenement ‐ Old –Law 1879‐1901 New‐Law Tenement‐ 1901 * Floor plans reproduced from Slu ms and Housing V. II: plates 4, 5 and 11, respectively. 8
A. Model Tenement History With the United States government hesitant to intervene in housing problems (the government saw this as an invasion on private property rights), civic groups, architects and philanthropists began to look for possible solutions to the housing conditions in New York in foreign projects, particularly in Britain and France. In 1848 the World’s Fair was hosted in London and Prince Albert debut his “Model Houses for Families,” a model tenement which was subsequently built in Bloomsbury, England. 9 Each apartment was cross ventilated- all rooms had windows that faced either the street of the generously sized courtyard and the staircases were moved to the exterior of the construction, eliminating any dark hallways. The architect, Henry Roberts, was an active member of the Society for Improving Conditions of the Labouring Classes, a civic group founded in the late Victorian, publically minded era. As part of the society’s charter and dedication to making better housing obtainable to the working classes they set their profit dividend at four percent. Any profit exceeding this would then be put back into the building to make it better or used to keep the rents low. The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his Improved Dwellings Company for their building in London in 1863, the plans for these buildings were the first English plans to be published in the U.S. and were done so in the Council of Hygiene Report in 1865 10 . This form of building and financing were also used for model houses in France. Specific architects that traveled and investigated these model houses included James E. Ware, Henry Atterbury Smith, Grosvenor Atterbury, Ernest Flagg, and I.N. Phelps-Stokes and philanthropists Alfred Treadway-White, Olivia Sage (Mrs. Russell Sage), Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes and Ann Harriman Vanderbilt. Once back in the United States they used not only the design ideas gathered from the model houses but also the financing scheme. The first successful model tenements to be erected in New York City were the Home Building and the Tower Building in Brooklyn. Financed by Alfred Treadway-Wright and designed by William Field and Son they were completed in 1877 and a translation of the plans by Waterlow and his company. Both buildings are six stories high have open stairs and provide amenities such as a sink, a washtub and a water closet. The buildings only cover 52 percent of the lot, with only 9 Tarn, p. 18. 10 Plunz, p. 88. 9
Page 1 and 2: Progressive Housing in New York Cit
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Item Page Introdu
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 1- The Historic Context of
Page 7: eferred to as “New-Law” tenemen
Page 11 and 12: “Model Houses for Families” Blo
Page 13 and 14: this time the Finns had banned toge
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 2- Women’s Involvement in
Page 17 and 18: name unless they were windows or ne
Page 19 and 20: Robert Weeks de Forest Forest Hills
Page 21 and 22: interested in creating better life
Page 23 and 24: development of housing for families
Page 25 and 26: The interior tells a different stor
Page 27 and 28: Street Street Bishop Model Tenement
Page 29 and 30: Street De Forest Fireproof Tenement
Page 31 and 32: Hartley Open Stair Tenements‐ Upp
Page 33 and 34: Bishop Model Tenements- This teneme
Page 35 and 36: As the graph reveals, the majority
Page 37 and 38: Some of the issues we see is the so
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 4- Finnish Cooperatives His
Page 41 and 42: Based on those ideologies, the Finn
Page 43 and 44: Next, we selected the buildings tha
Page 45 and 46: cost of land. Bond issues, loans, a
Page 47 and 48: usually fine workmanship, and the l
Page 49 and 50: Lot Coverage - Building Footprints
Page 51 and 52: larger and brighter, and the corrid
Page 53 and 54: Sun Garden Homes: Floor Plan and In
Page 55 and 56: Plan A Plan B Park Slope Homes inte
Page 57 and 58: these co-operatives improved over t
Page 59 and 60:
in a severely unsafe condition. Bec
Page 61 and 62:
presence in Brooklyn (and New York
Page 63 and 64:
Dolkart, Andrew S. Biography of a T
Page 65 and 66:
Tarn, John Nelson. Five Percent Phi
Page 67 and 68:
42. I.N. Phelps Stokes: Tenement Ar
Page 69 and 70:
Distribution Ma p: Red= Model Tenem
Page 71 and 72:
179 Mulberry Street Plan from Clark
Page 73:
Finnish Co-op housing in Sunset Par
Page 76 and 77:
“Brooklyn Garden Apartments” 71
Page 78 and 79:
“Emerson Tenements” 746 11 th A
Page 80 and 81:
“Harlem Apartments” 211 West 14
Page 82 and 83:
“Manhattan Housing Corporation”
Page 84 and 85:
“Thomas Garden Apartments” 840
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“Seventy Third Street Estate/Jame
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“Celtic Park Apartments” 4810 4
Page 90 and 91:
“Lavoisier Apartments” 1213 Yor
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“Rogers Model Dwellings” 425‐
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“DeForest Fireproof Tenements”
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“Henry Phipps Houses” 234‐248
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“Henry Phipps Tenement Houses”
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“Home Buildings” 445 Hicks St.,
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“Astral Apartment (flat)” 184 F
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“Mesa Verde” 3433 90 th Street,
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“Corner View I” 4401 4 th Ave.,
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“Florence (Risula)” 546 40 th S
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“Park Slope Homes” 521‐31 41
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“Sunset View I” 605 41 st St.,
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“Sun Garden Homes” 637‐47 & 6
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“Sunset Court (Kiusala)” 4002
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“Sunset Home (Koyhaintalo)” 401
Page 120 and 121:
“Elmo Homes (Lepola)” •Type:
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“Alku I” 816 43 rd St (near 8th
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“Advance Homes (Moskova)” 848
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“Broadview (Petleheemi)” 4313 9
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“Bay View” 671 47 th St., Brook
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“Hillside” 566 44 th St., Brook
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“Pleasant View” 574(576) 44 th
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“466 49 th Street Club” 466 49
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“Academy Housing Cooperation” 5
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“Amalgamated Dwellings” 504‐2
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“Hillman House” 504‐20 Grand
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“Seward Park” 504‐20 Grand St
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“Hillside Homes” 3480 Seymour A
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“Shalom (Scholem) Aleichem Houses
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“The Dunbar” 149 th ‐150 th S
Page 150 and 151:
“Varma I ” 828 Gerard Avenue ,
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“Flagg Courts” 7200 Ridge Blvd,
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Model Tenements that have been demo
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