EQUI~ Up;pa - Haller

Carried ou" by I
STEVEtl ARCHER
23rcl M. - 19"h June, 1982.
EQUI~ Up;pa (aarmtacnurer•• pecit1oa"iOllB)
~) PJlLt&'naR. P.K. 1
5.5 B.P/. X•• cnor
8.85 Jap. OOIl8WIption
Pressure •••• R.p... • 103 (i.e 14 I 1 )
Capaci"7 approx.
• 1,000 XJhr
Theai_cl teecling au. ls OOlIpNs88cland toroed through a
.a"rloe (die) and out into pelle"s 'b7 an ou"er rcnor-bite.
In this oase the pellet si •• i8 ot 6 •• di_ter.
b) KUCBR I a.tor as tor Pell.ti88r
Pressare vora r.p.a •• 3 16 (i.e 4.55 I 1)

(:1) !J!!! PISII P!LL!l1
lOkg 20 kg )0 kg 40 kg
JaSB 1PISII 33
COT'f(lI lID CAD 33
VIDIA!' POWID 10
MAID'_ DAL 14
VA.!D'. ADJD
3.3 6.6 9.9 l3~
3.3 6.6 9.9 13.2
2.0 4.' 6.0 8.0
1.4 2.8 4.2 ,.6
1 1.'
2 3
(MOIS!UIBCOlt.' • 37.~)
10 kg 20q )0 kg
rJldI BBAD9 20
1PIDS P!l

(ii) Seooacll3teed the 11&1.. p1'Il .a1 throup - this being talr13
abllOrbentaac1. Upt t tuu to lIOakthe moisture up reaaining fr_
--
the fish, with.t bloakiag the cUe. Do aen teed cotton ••ed oake
atter ft. or 8D3other hip lIoisture content OOIlpoD.ent.As cotton
••• d cake -"e.I .0Ud when7CMclo. 8•• ti.a the llaobiDekeepa
taming bat the ootton h•• llou.l48dit •• lt around the wora.
(iii)
,ha. teed the cotton ••• d, slewer than the others clueto 1arse
hard aInmk.. :BcUlthe oottOJl••ed and the aai.. geraaMal need griading
at 1e•• t trioe.
ti••••
'lhe7 Callbe ted tosether the MCOIld(and third)
(iT) Peeclingthe compOllents in at the back ot the mouth, (the ead
•• arest the motor) _au
that 7ou.Calloover the reat ot the llouth with
the bucket, preTenting too _oh tood aettiag epm baelt oa.t.
Abox coa1ddo with beillg producedthat fits
('hi •. ooald ad.clto the Atet., ot a claD&eroua _cbiDe).
aroaDdthe mouth.
(T) BoB't feed fre. fish after grain without first oleaning out the
bOlll.
PIlLLB'nSDlG
BD'OBE S'lAR'l'DG
(i) Greate/vase1iae the iJmer and outer rillS on both sides of the die -
stop. knives squeaking.
(ii) are.,./Vueline the outer and inner edges of the die - hopefu113
a110llsfor eaaier retDOTal.
(iii)
'lighten the Alaa 07 nat bet•• eni aDd! of a turn 1I0000e than
haDdtight.
(ii.T) II8M t1gb.tlln the la't8a _tU' r.U.,
!l9J!GBA'1'.I
(i) ,he better IIlixedthe food, the taster
e.,.
d1strilnltian of lIoisture in it
(ii) Ideal if a pellet is producednear13 1 _ lODge
if can be fed, clueto a lION
If fed too fast the machineblocka, it fed too alowbuds of halfai
••d pellets are produoed.
(iil)
Allowa break after ""17 10 - 15 kg tor the aach1neto olear
~ iapenclingbloakages (dOll't stop the lIotor).
(iT) ,he {eea rate needs to be practioecl.
•../3

(1)
(11)
(11i)
(1v )
heting
Ra"e "00 tan
K01s-ture oon"en" ot mirnre "00 low
Jl1Dure no" mixed pYper17 - SOM parts "00 ch7
I.A
!Ups of 00""0.11seed cake tha" ge" in"o "he grOWlc1II1xture t
when thrown eN" ot the grinder.
Blockages ar •. ot"en preoeeded 'b1'a change in motor tOlle.
It illa 1s J:aeard in "1ae, wa"er should be poured in". "he lIachiDe.
S_·U.a the extra m01sture allows 1t to olear 1".lt.
(1) UIUIOl'eW~ ou"er riAB
(11) 1UldoA18ll-kel ." aad reaOft wuhers &ad oa.ter ladte.
(111) '1'ara "he W01'Il uiAB a 19 _ open eaded. spumer - t1ts 0.11"0"he
end of ~e shaft. C1oabr1. to begin with ('bao1ara:N.a) as this puIles
"he die oa.1I. !.ben remove the inDer kn1fe and turn "he worman"i-ol""
wiee "0 push the food ou". 0.1108"he food 1s 100" the AlaD ke1' nu" aIld
block 08Il 'be put baok •. and. ued "0 pull the •••• eN". eaU. "he ~1
before return1ng werta~ otherwi. food gets puhed 111"0~e bearinge aad
behind the bac* of "he W01"ll.
(1v) The mo'tor has Ba •• "_"10 •.••••• " when onr1oaded. Doa.,,, U7
sad restart the machiDe •• it ORts oat, as it 1s blocked &ad1'- will
"'17 blow the :ftl.s.

lB'l'lmIlDtDG TBJ: MOS! PRACTICALPac.TAaB 0' 1IBISH PISH THAt
CB BB ADlBD TO CltOUO SPJICIjI, ULAPIA Pm.JBlS '1'0 IUD .l PJrLLBT
or :rooD~ALIft'.
P.lle".
•••• proclu.oecl aiA, tJarM ditt.rea" he. ti. peroen"aaesl
(P.roan•••• et aoinve cl he. ti •• ~ iA srowulpell.t •• ~)
* (1) CCM'iU'!
Ua1.JLB ~ Jlrellh Pi. and.5Of, Or_cl Speoial P.ll." •
•• ill'trareOGIltut 4~
If_ maoMneru
bloald.na- "he pellet.
well, e••113 haDclliA,the 10 kc wi"hout
prod.uoecl •••• ta1rq larP.
'btataot ve-q
o.pact - teadiq to 'breat.4p a U"tle wheaapreaclout tor dJ7iAg.
Dryin, vu ditti_lt
ruoid. bavia, 'beenspread ftt
* (11) SW!
d:u to oODtiAU0U8 raiA, aad."" pellet. weat
iA the .ecl tor 24 hours.
UIIiac 3» he_ ftab aad.6fI/o Ground.Speoial
3_
Pellet •
• oi••.• OGIltut
lfhe ••• hine ••••••••• 10 kc, at a .1__ rate thall (1) bat
with_t 'bloold... Iftae ,.ilet. were -.aller 8ILc1. t1aer. !h. peU.t
dried. ca1eJter o1m.nal7 Md.at.,ecl pala"ible tor at lean 48 hour••
*CU1) SDI!.
Uaia, ~ hellh 'i. _cl 7'" Oroucl Speoial P.llet •
• oill'trareOODtut27.~
pellet.
BISUJJ!S
If_ .ubt M b1.oob4 betore 10kg _lcl be tecl to it, the
produeed.were oa.paot, eaa111'dri.d., 'bein, alaost too harcl.

CClfCLtJSICIlS
Witha aore afteotift dr.r1Dcay.t. tbaDI ued. the 4~ lI1%ture00\1ld.
be aore practioal. Aa. icleator a better ayatemooald iavolft t.be .ld.
•oof't.. - drier". It a -.11 _ab. wire aettlllg vu laid along t.be
.helfts the pellet. oou.l4be apre•••.• t OIl the shel..... 'hi. would.
ha.•• _other benetit apart trOll allowing a larae oiroulatiOD.ot air
_oaget tlle pellet.,
be ••.••d at.
as it raiD approached.the wh.le struoture Oftld.
the ab.e4,pellets &Ad. all. Thethou.t .t uaiag the
.Gbr tor dr71agthe pellets d.uringthe raiDs hall three di.ad.vaataaes
that I ••ea P1J'atq the saoker d••• aot ha.•• a "I8r7 ~ •• oapaciV;
I eatiaat. 30 kg .t pellets being dried in it at a ts.-; at the lIOat;
20 kg being a... ,"bule oapaoit7• SeOOA41¥ the ooll•• ti_
.t,l'ael
tor tU .oker is easier II&1dthan d.••e. file rea __ *ing tilapia
••••••••••.••• due to a laalt ot the reqaired ooooauthullk••
Third.17'a. tilapia lik. to .at _ok.d pellets, how••n81ti.•.•are thq
to ditt.ren.s
in tut.?
The si.. of the pellet. producedwas larger beOlllUl8 the teed is able
to pass through the die futer thaDa drier m1xhre; the stre_ is_
1ng oat of the die ,.ts longer bet.en kaite cuts than it wouldit the
8ixture wasbeing aOYedat a slower rate.
be overo••
This large pellet size oould
b7 te.diag the •• chine slower. This wouldalso result 1n
the aixture spendinga loaav ti_
inere••• the t1rmnessof the pellet.
in the die;;:a factor that could
Howeverbecause of the higher
lI!0istur8oOl1tent,whichacts as a lubricant in the die, a wetter pellet
is al1faJ'sgoag to be le.s ooapactthan its drier equivalent, whenboth
are dried outI accepting that the drier eq1iivalent, 1las.eilO1lgh .•• i_t ••.
ia it to allow gellatllli.ing
The27.~ .oisture
to take place.
content mixture provedtoo dr7 tor the machine,in
this experiment. Thi. doe. not tally with the results ot the 1st
experiment. A mistake of using too ~l batch•• - (only 5 kg) - in
the 1st experimentmeantthat the machinewasable to puf!lhOld 5 kg
ot drier pellet. before it beganto block up~ In this experi.llellt10 kg
batches wereused meaningthat the drier IDirare had tt.
maohirle.
to blodt the

Having to handle a batch of 10 kg as opposed to 5 kg means that the
heat in the die builds - up to a higher temperature, which has
the effect of reducing the moisture content of the mixture further.
The 35'/> moisture content mixture worked best in this experiment.
Although the machine was not able to run as fast as it did vi th the
45% minure, IDa3'be with a larger batch than 10 kg it would alsc lead
to a blockage in the machine. The pellets were 1-010 easier to dry,
and did not go rancid within the 48 hours that
they were kept.
Rancidity will alW83'Sbe a big problem whentrying to store these
pellets containing tresh fish. This is because rancidity is due to
oxidation of highly unsaturated fats (lipids) of which tresh fish has
more than its fidr share; this oxidation occurs in two stages; the
second causing an "otf-flavour"
and sometimes the production of toxic
compounds. It tile•• pellets needed to be stored for any length ot tillle -
over the weekendtor instance the addition ot an anti-oxidant
(etho2'3"gu.inaM botylated ~dro~toluen. are suggested by Fish Feed
Technology")
could help prevent rancidity.
SUMtURY
A happy _dium between the 45% mixWre and the 35% IIlixture IRq be
'he answer, i.e. around 4C1fo aoi8ture content. This would prove
easier to dry than the 45% III1xtureand easier tor the machine to
work on than the 1~.

IDBAS ON PELLETING
(i)
Heating of the food
If the food oouldbe heated. in a large drumfor instance, I' a
sure this wouldresult in a higher
This wouldhave twobeneficial affeots at least:
quality pellet being produced.
Thehigher teaperature
wouldresult in increased gellatinising betweenpartioals - one of the
major faotors affecting pellet firmness.
Seoondl.yheating of the mixture
- particular13 if the drumwasrevolved - wouldresult in a moreeven
distribution
of moisture. This wouldcause an increase in the lubricating
affect of moisture as food passes through the die.
(ii) Moisture oontent of tood
Thedrie'" the mixture - the tirater and easier to dry the pellet is -
aocepting that the mixture has enoughmoisture in it to gelatise.
Also the quicker the machineblocks and the slowet' the pr~ss
of producing
pellets becomes.
Thewetter the mixture the less firm the pellet and the moredifficult
it is to dry.
Howeverthe maohineruns easier - less blocking.
I workedVi th a moisture content of about 31fo. taking tresh fish
to have a moisture content of ~
and prawnheads «J1, (estimated)•
•. ./2

Somefeeds, suchcas gl"OW1d maizemeal, are especial~
useful in
pellet produoingdie to their "Binding"quality. Therefore before
a componentis introduced to the mixture take into account its binding
qualities, this also appliea to rearwing a OOIlpollent froma mixture.
(i)
I access the "binding" qualities
of our raw materials as follows:
Fresh Fish - goodbinder, soales and bones don't alwq's grind-up
very _11 re_!ting in larae pariioals in the pellets - O&Usingwakness.
J(a.Ybeif the fish was pat through the grinder twioe the•• laraer
pariioals wouldbe reduced in size.
(ii) Cotton Seed Cake- goodbinder (sometimestoo good).
Howeverit aeeds grinding several times and even then SOll8
pariioals get through
larae
(iv) liaise Meal- difficult to gl"indto a _all OOllghsize to make
use of its high "binding" quality.
I amsare that heating of these three graia., as _gpsted before,
wouldreSlllt in all inoreaae ill their bintiag qu.li tie. and therefore a
firaer pellet.
- Somethingworth looking into I think.

AD1 To try and determine the affeots of feeding "Home-produced"
tood in oomparisOD.With that manufactured by teed fins.
I was allocated three tanks of fish. Tanks No. 8, 11 8Ild 12.
Tank 8 was to be fed soleq 011 the "home- produced" pellets. TaDk:11
was to be fed en both the "hoaae- produced" pellet
and manufactured
pellets, receiving each OD.alternate cta.Ys. TaDk 12 was a control,
being fed the llaIlUfacturedpellets as normal. The "home-made"pellets
•• tained the ingredients - fresh fish (tilapia)(3~) , cotton •• ed
oake (3~).
Wheatpollard (~) and liaise Gena •• al (34).
The manufactured pellet8
oontained a. siJDilar mix except that
fish lIl8alwas used instead of fresh fish al'ldthe mi.mtre al80 oontained
a vi taain package.
No. • TABLI OP AVERAGE WEIGHT OF FISH IN' BACH 'lARK OYER
'J.'BIEB 1fEIKS
The average weight8 were deduced from sampleweighinge in which
250 fish were taken from each tank and weighed.
The average weight being worked out.
Start Week1 Week2 Week111
28/5/82 4/6/82 11/6/82 18/6/82
234g 250g 237«
192 192 llC\g
170 182 194.8

Table 2: RESULTS OF CONDITION - FACTORS TAICDf ON 11/6/82
(2 WEDCS Ali'l'ER START OF EXPERIMENT)
10 males and 10 females were taken from each tank
weighed accurately and their standard leng\b.s measured.
From these figures can be deduced the condition factor.
it being expressed as: ~ x 100
(S.L )
Tank No. Condition Factors ( X.F.)
(Male) (Female) Average for both
1 4.58 4.97 4.78
2 4.74 4.82 4.78
3 4.55 5.8 5.18
4 4.76 5.33 5.05
5 4.8 4.76 4.78
6 4.72 4.99 4.86
7 4.91 4.95 4.93
8 4.11 4.23 4.17
9 4.43 4.57 4.50 *small
sample
11 4.40 4.62 4.51
12 4.47 4.78 4.63
1) 4.67 5.42 5.05

This experiment oonclusivel,y proved little really.
Although it does have scraevalue iD that it points out somefactors
to be taken into aocount whena more thorough investigation take'
place.
(i) Workout a vitamin package for the future, so that the experiment
can be carried out on younger fish. lhis experiment did not
last long enough, to provide any.significant results. If the experiment
oould be oarried out on fish that are going to remain in the
production tanks for several months then a definite result oould be
acquired.
(ii) In the future use both oondition factors and sample weighinge to
access the affects of the different feeds. Preferably start these
before feeding the new feed, expeoiall,y the K.F. as this will give
an iDdioation to changes in oondition.
(iii) Also aonitor the amountof feed fed to the fish in terms ma.,ybe
of: weight of feed as tJ, of boq weight and apply this to growth rate.
(iv) Use similar tanks, I feel that the different flows and oxygen
levels between tanks 8 and T8Ilks11 and 12 oou.ldhave had an effect on
the results if they had been carried out for any length of time. The
w..,.the fish in T&Ilk8 'beoame 80 stressed towards the end of the dq
s~ly has an effect on their growth rates.
Oyer a three week period.
The hOlll8-G8de teed is not dangerous to fish, .,-be beiDg le8S
harmtul than the lIW1ufaoturedpellet.