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<strong>9.</strong> LOŠINJSKI DANI BIOETIKE<br />

Mali Lošinj, Hrvatska, 16.–1<strong>9.</strong> svibnja 2010.<br />

S i m p o z i j<br />

Integrativna bioetika i nova epoha<br />

17.–1<strong>9.</strong> svibnja 2010.<br />

S t u d e n t s k a b i o e t i č k a r a d i o n i c a<br />

Bioetika i umjetnost<br />

17. svibnja 2010.<br />

O k r u g l i s t o l<br />

Lijekovi između profita i zdravlja<br />

1<strong>9.</strong> svibnja 2010.<br />

9th LOŠINJ DAYS OF BIOETHICS<br />

Mali Lošinj, Croatia, May 16–19, 2010<br />

S y m p o s i u m<br />

Integrative Bioethics and New Epoch<br />

May 17–19, 2010<br />

S t u d e n t B i o e t h i c s Wo r k s h o p<br />

Bioethics and Art<br />

May 17, 2010<br />

R o u n d T a b l e<br />

Medicaments between Profit and Health<br />

May 19, 2010


Organizatori Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong><br />

<strong>Hrvatsko</strong> filozofsko društvo<br />

<strong>Hrvatsko</strong> bioetičko društvo<br />

Grad Mali Lošinj<br />

Pokrovitelji <strong>9.</strong> Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong><br />

Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske<br />

Primorsko-goranska županija<br />

The organizers of the Lošinj Days of Bioethics<br />

Croatian Philosophical Society<br />

Croatian Bioethics Society<br />

Town of Mali Lošinj<br />

The patrons of the 9th Lošinj Days of Bioethics<br />

Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of<br />

the Republic of Croatia<br />

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County


SADRŽAJ / CONTENTS<br />

Organizacijski odbor Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong> /<br />

Organization Committee of the Lošinj Days of Bioethics . . . . . 7<br />

O Lošinjskim danima <strong>bioetike</strong> /<br />

About the Lošinj Days of Bioethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

Program <strong>9.</strong> Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong> /<br />

Programme of the 9th Lošinj Days of Bioethics . . . . . . . . . 17<br />

Sažeci izlaganja / Paper abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />

• Simpozij Integrativna bioetika i nova epoha /<br />

Integrative Bioethics and New Epoch Symposium . . . . . . 39<br />

• Studentska bioetička radionica Bioetika i umjetnost /<br />

Bioethics and Art Student Bioethics Workshop . . . . . . . 149<br />

• Okrugli stol Lijekovi između profita i zdravlja /<br />

Medicaments between Profit and Health Round Table . . . . . 165<br />

Adresar sudionika / Addresses of the participants . . . . . . . . 173<br />

Predstavljanje recentnih bioetičkih izdanja /<br />

Presentation of recent bioethical publications . . . . . . . . . . 189<br />

Sponzori / Sponsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197


organizacijski<br />

odbor<br />

lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong><br />

<strong>bioetike</strong><br />

organization<br />

committee of the<br />

lošinj days of<br />

bioethics


ORGANIZACIJSKI ODBOR LOŠINJSKIH DANA BIOETIKE /<br />

ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE OF THE LOŠINJ DAYS OF BIOETHICS<br />

Predsjednik / President:<br />

ANTE ČOVIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

Glavni tajnik / Chief Secretary:<br />

HRVOJE JURIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

Administrativna tajnica / Administrative Secretary:<br />

MIRA MATIJEVIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

Članovi / Members:<br />

ELVIO BACCARINI (Rijeka)<br />

PAVO BARIŠIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

RUŽICA BAUMGARTEN (Mali Lošinj)<br />

SERGIO BELARDINELLI (Bologna)<br />

ZVONKO BOŠKOVIĆ (Rijeka)<br />

SULEJMAN BOSTO (Sarajevo)<br />

GARI CAPPELLI (Mali Lošinj)<br />

IVAN CIFRIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

IGOR ČATIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

BARDHYL ÇIPI (Tirana)<br />

ALEKSANDRA FRKOVIĆ (Rijeka)<br />

SREĆKO GAJOVIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

LIDIJA GAJSKI (Zagreb)<br />

KORALJKA GALL-TROŠELJ (Zagreb)<br />

NADA GOSIĆ (Rijeka)<br />

GORAN GRGEC (Zagreb)<br />

KENJI HATTORI (Gunma)<br />

DŽEVAD HODŽIĆ (Sarajevo)<br />

THOMAS SÖREN HOFFMANN (Hagen)<br />

GORAN IVANIŠEVIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

MARIJAN JOŠT (Križevci)<br />

ANICA JUŠIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

ŽELJKO KALUĐEROVIĆ (Novi Sad)<br />

VALENTINA KANEVA (Sofija)<br />

KATICA KNEZOVIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

UTE KRUSE-EBELING (Dortmund)<br />

TOMISLAV KRZNAR (Zagreb)<br />

SNJEŽANA KUČIĆ-KRSTAŠ (Mali Lošinj)<br />

MISLAV KUKOČ (Split)<br />

IVICA MARTINOVIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

MATO MARKOVIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

NADA MLADINA (Tuzla)<br />

NEVENKA MOROVIĆ-JANKOVIĆ (Mali Lošinj)<br />

AMIR MUZUR (Rijeka)<br />

TEODORA NOT (Zagreb)<br />

FAHRUDIN NOVALIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

BORUT OŠLAJ (Ljubljana)<br />

JASMINKA PAVELIĆ (Zagreb)<br />

MILENKO A. PEROVIĆ (Novi Sad)<br />

DARKO POLŠEK (Zagreb)<br />

ŽELJKO POLJAK (Zagreb)<br />

IGOR POVRZANOVIĆ (Pula)<br />

SNJEŽANA PRIJIĆ-SAMARŽIJA (Rijeka)<br />

SANDRA RADENOVIĆ (Beograd)<br />

MARIJA RADONIĆ (Dubrovnik)<br />

IVA RINČIĆ (Rijeka)<br />

WALTER SCHWEIDLER (Eichstätt)<br />

ANTE SELAK (Zagreb)<br />

MARIJA SELAK (Zagreb)<br />

NIKOLA SKLEDAR (Zagreb)<br />

IVAN ŠEGOTA (Rijeka)<br />

ĐURĐICA ŠIMIČIĆ (Mali Lošinj)<br />

MICHAEL CHENG-TEK TAI (Taichung)<br />

KIRIL TEMKOV (Skopje)<br />

BOGDANA TODOROVA (Sofija)<br />

LUKA TOMAŠEVIĆ (Split)<br />

ZVONIMIR TUCAK (Osijek)<br />

KAREL TURZA (Beograd)<br />

VELIMIR VALJAN (Sarajevo)<br />

IVANA VINKOVIĆ VRČEK (Zagreb)<br />

NIKOLA VISKOVIĆ (Split)<br />

VALERIJE VRČEK (Zagreb)<br />

IVANA ZAGORAC (Zagreb)<br />

KURT WALTER ZEIDLER (Wien)<br />

LJILJANA ZERGOLLERN-ČUPAK (Zagreb)


o<br />

lošinjskim danima<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong><br />

about the<br />

lošinj days of<br />

bioethics


Prvi lošinjski bioetički skup održan je<br />

od 24. do 26. rujna 2001. u Malom Lošinju<br />

pod naslovom »Bioetika i znanost u<br />

novoj epohi«. Pozdravna poruka koju je<br />

Van Rensselaer Potter u audio-vizualnom<br />

obliku, tek nekoliko mjeseci prije smrti,<br />

uputio tom bioetičkom simpoziju pribavila<br />

mu je posebnu povijesnu, legitimacijsku<br />

i simboličku važnost. U poruci je<br />

Potter, među ostalim, izrazio nadu da će<br />

taj simpozij »dati novi poticaj bioetici u<br />

<strong>Hrvatsko</strong>j kao i u susjednim zemljama na<br />

cijelom području«. Ta je Potterova nada<br />

očigledno poprimila karakter i snagu blagoslova,<br />

koji je »otac <strong>bioetike</strong>« podijelio<br />

u završnoj sekvenci svog života, jer su<br />

već iduće 2002. godine <strong>Hrvatsko</strong> filozofsko<br />

društvo, <strong>Hrvatsko</strong> bioetičko društvo<br />

i Grad Mali Lošinj utemeljili znanstveno-kulturnu<br />

manifestaciju Lošinjski dani<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong>, da bi se nekoliko godina poslije<br />

(od 2005.) u Malom Lošinju počela održavati<br />

stalna međunarodna konferencija<br />

Bioetički forum za jugoistočnu Europu, a<br />

zatim (od 2006.) i poslijediplomski tečaj<br />

Ljetna škola integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong> u organizaciji<br />

Ruhrskog sveučilišta u Bochumu<br />

i Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.<br />

U međuvremenu je znanstveno-kulturna<br />

manifestacija Lošinjski dani <strong>bioetike</strong><br />

prerasla u temeljnu instituciju bioetičkog<br />

života i bioetičke rasprave u<br />

ovom dijelu Europe. Središnje mjesto u<br />

okviru Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong> svakako<br />

zauzima međunarodni simpozij »Integrativna<br />

bioetika i nova epoha«. U sklopu<br />

znanstvenog dijela manifestacije, pored<br />

simpozija, održavaju se okrugli stolovi,<br />

na kojima se rasprava svake godine<br />

posebno fokusira na neki od aktualnih<br />

bioetičkih problema, zatim studentske<br />

bioetičke radionice, te predstavljanja<br />

recentnih bioetičkih izdanja. U sklopu<br />

kulturno-umjetničkog programa predvi-<br />

Our very first bioethical symposium<br />

in Mali Lošinj was held between 24th<br />

and 26th September 2001 under the title<br />

Bioethics and Science in the New<br />

Epoch. Van Rensselaer Potter’s audiovisual<br />

welcoming address, directed to<br />

the symposium participants but a few<br />

months before he passed away, furnished<br />

the symposium with a special historical,<br />

distinctive and symbolic significance. In<br />

his address, Potter expressed – amongst<br />

other things – hope that the symposium<br />

“will give a new impetus to bioethics<br />

in Croatia and all of the neighbouring<br />

countries”. Clearly, Potter’s hope did<br />

acquire both the character and power of<br />

the blessing that the “father of bioethics”<br />

gave in his final days – already in 2002<br />

the Croatian Philosophical Society, the<br />

Croatian Bioethics Society and the Town<br />

of Mali Lošinj instituted the Lošinj Days<br />

of Bioethics, a scientific-cultural manifestation.<br />

Moreover, only a few years<br />

later Mali Lošinj started hosting the annual<br />

international conference entitled<br />

South-East European Bioethics Forum<br />

(since 2005), as well as the Summer<br />

School of Integrative Bioethics (since<br />

2006), a postgraduate course organised<br />

by the Ruhr University Bochum and the<br />

University of Zagreb.<br />

In the meanwhile, the Lošinj Days of<br />

Bioethics have grown into a cornerstone<br />

institution of bioethical life and discussion<br />

in this part of Europe. The lead role<br />

in the Lošinj Days of Bioethics is, most<br />

definitely, played by the international<br />

symposium bearing the title Integrative<br />

Bioethics and New Epoch. Besides the<br />

symposium itself, the scientific section<br />

of the gathering hosts not only roundtable<br />

conferences – which annually centre<br />

on some of the most current bioethical issues<br />

– and student bioethics workshops,<br />

13


đaju se raznovrsni sadržaji, od kazališnih<br />

predstava i koncerata do izložbi i književnih<br />

priredbi.<br />

Znanstveni dio manifestacije programski<br />

se zasniva na ideji »integrativne<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong>«. Integrativna bioetika na<br />

metodološkom planu povezuje različite<br />

perspektive u jedinstveni pluriperspektivni<br />

obrazac orijentacijskog znanja, dok<br />

je na predmetnom planu usmjerena na<br />

brojne problemske sklopove u širokom<br />

tematskom rasponu od medicinske skrbi<br />

i biomedicinskih istraživanja preko problematike<br />

ne-ljudskih živih bića i općih<br />

uvjeta održanja života (ekologija) do<br />

sudbinskih pitanja suvremene civilizacije.<br />

Takav koncept omogućuje ne samo<br />

svestranu raspravu o najširem spektru<br />

konkretnih bioetičkih problema nego i<br />

poniranje u njihovu dubinsku dimenziju<br />

u kojoj se otvaraju pitanja o karakteru i<br />

dotrajalosti znanstveno-tehničke epohe,<br />

o metodološkoj konstituciji i povijesnoj<br />

ulozi moderne znanosti, te o mijenama u<br />

temeljnom odnosu čovjeka i prirode. Riječ<br />

je o filozofijskopovijesnoj perspektivi<br />

u kojoj je moguće detektirati i pratiti<br />

procese u kojima se prelamaju svjetskopovijesne<br />

epohe.<br />

Prof. dr. Ante Čović<br />

Predsjednik Organizacijskog odbora<br />

Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong><br />

but also book presentations of the recent<br />

bioethical publications. The symposium’s<br />

cultural-artistic programme is variegated<br />

and embraces theatre plays and concerts,<br />

exhibitions and literary readings.<br />

Programmatically speaking, the scientific<br />

section of the symposium rests on<br />

the idea of “integrative bioethics”, which<br />

– methodologically speaking – links diverse<br />

perspectives into a unique pluriperspectival<br />

model of orientative knowledge.<br />

As for the symposium’s object of<br />

interest, we focus on countless problem<br />

networks, ranging from medical care and<br />

biomedical research, through the problems<br />

of non-human living beings and the<br />

general conditions of the preservation of<br />

life (ecology) to the critical questions of<br />

contemporary civilisation. This concept<br />

allows us not only to discuss the widest<br />

possible range of actual bioethical issues,<br />

but also to penetrate their most profound<br />

dimension, which opens up questions<br />

about the character and weariness of<br />

the scientific-technological era, about<br />

the methodological constitution and historical<br />

role of modern science, and about<br />

the state of flux in the fundamental relations<br />

between man and nature. This is<br />

a philosophical-historical perspective,<br />

from which we can detect and follow the<br />

processes of the world-historical epochs<br />

turning.<br />

Prof. Ante Čović, Ph.D.<br />

President of the Organization<br />

Committee of the<br />

Lošinj Days of Bioethics<br />

14


<strong>9.</strong> LOŠINJSKI DANI BIOETIKE<br />

Ovogodišnji Lošinjski dani <strong>bioetike</strong> (Mali Lošinj, 16.–1<strong>9.</strong> svibnja 2010.)<br />

uključuju:<br />

– međunarodni simpozij »Integrativna bioetika i nova epoha«,<br />

– studentsku bioetičku radionicu »Bioetika i umjetnost«,<br />

– okrugli stol »Lijekovi između profita i zdravlja«.<br />

9th LOŠINJ DAYS OF BIOETHICS<br />

This year’s Lošinj Days of Bioethics (Mali Lošinj, 16–19 May 2010)<br />

comprise:<br />

– Integrative Bioethics and New Epoch international symposium,<br />

– Bioethics and Art student bioethics workshop,<br />

– Medicaments between Profit and Health roundtable.<br />

15


program<br />

programme


NEDJELJA, 16. svibnja 2010. / SUNDAY, May 16, 2010<br />

– Dolazak i smještaj sudionika /<br />

Arrival and accommodation of participants<br />

1<strong>9.</strong>00 Večera / Dinner<br />

PONEDJELJAK, 17. svibnja 2010. / MONDAY, May 17, 2010<br />

<strong>9.</strong>00–<strong>9.</strong>30 (Hotel »Aurora«, Velika dvorana / Aurora Hotel, Great hall)<br />

Otvaranje skupa i pozdravne riječi / Opening ceremony and greetings<br />

<strong>9.</strong>30–10.30 (Hotel »Aurora«, Velika dvorana / Aurora Hotel, Great hall)<br />

Plenarna predavanja / Plenary lectures<br />

• UTE KRUSE-EBELING (Deutschland/Njemačka): Technik, Naturzerstörung<br />

und -entfremdung aus bioethischer Sicht / Tehnika, uništavanje<br />

prirode i otuđenje od prirode u bioetičkoj perspektivi<br />

• VERONIKA SZÁNTÓ (Hungary/Mađarska): Genetic Essentialism:<br />

Stumbling Block of the GMO Controversy / Genetički esencijalizam:<br />

kamen spoticanja u sporu oko GMO-a<br />

10.30–10.45 Pauza / Break<br />

19


SEKCIJA A: Simpozij – Hotel AURORA, Velika dvorana (Njemački,<br />

engleski, hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION A: Symposium – AURORA Hotel, Great hall (German,<br />

English, Croatian)<br />

10.45–11.00 MIRKO WISCHKE (Ukraine/Ukrajina): Schuld zwischen<br />

Verhängnis und Risiko. Über Gedächtnis und Verantwortung<br />

bei Jaspers / Krivnja između sudbine i rizika.<br />

O sjećanju i odgovornosti kod Jaspersa<br />

11.00–11.15 LENART ŠKOF (Slovenia/Slovenija): Towards Ethics of<br />

Sustainability. Reflections on a Life / Prema etici održivosti.<br />

Refleksije o životu<br />

11.15–11.30 JOS SCHAEFER-ROLFFS (Germany/Njemačka): Ecology<br />

– the Essential Challenge of the New Epoch?! / Ekologija<br />

– glavni izazov nove epohe?!<br />

11.30–11.45 DIJANA MAGĐINSKI (Croatia/Hrvatska): Does a “Human<br />

Meteor” Have a Moral Duty? / Ima li »ljudski meteor«<br />

moralnu dužnost?<br />

11.45–12.00 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

12.00–12.15 Pauza / Break<br />

12.15–12.30 IVAN CIFRIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Vrijeme u bioetičkom<br />

diskursu / Time in Bioethical Discourse<br />

12.30–12.45 MIROSLAV ARTIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Prema integracijskoj<br />

percepciji okoliša / Towards the Integrational Perception<br />

of the Environment<br />

12.45–13.00 MARINA KATINIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Sveto i profano<br />

u kontekstu bioetičke problematike. Poremećaj ravnoteže<br />

biosustava u djelovanju ekotoksikologije moći / The Sacred<br />

and the Profane in the Context of Bioethical Issues.<br />

Biosystem Balance Disorder in the Functioning of Ecotoxicology<br />

of Power<br />

13.00–13.15 ZVONIMIR TUCAK et al. (Hrvatska/Croatia): Ponekad<br />

dodirni vjetar… / Touch the Wind from Time to Time…<br />

13.15–13.30 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

20


SEKCIJA B: Simpozij – Hotel AURORA, Mala dvorana (Hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION B: Symposium – AURORA Hotel, Small hall (Croatian)<br />

10.45–11.00 MARIJA SELAK (Hrvatska/Croatia): Bioetika i filozofija<br />

svijeta / Bioethics and Philosophy of the World<br />

11.00–11.15 VLADIMIR JELKIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Kakvo znanje<br />

trebamo? / What Kind of Knowledge Do We Need?<br />

11.15–11.30 IGOR ETEROVIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Regulativna načela<br />

a priori i orijentacijsko znanje / Regulative a priori<br />

Principles and Orientational Knowledge<br />

11.30–11.45 KAREL TURZA (Srbija/Serbia): O bioetičkoj epistemologiji.<br />

Objašnjenje, razumijevanje ili integrativna paradigma?<br />

/ On Bioethical Epistemology. Explanation, Understanding<br />

or Integrative Paradigm?<br />

11.45–12.00 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

12.00–12.15 Pauza / Break<br />

12.15–12.30 BORIS KOZJAK (Hrvatska/Croatia): Kockanje i moralnost<br />

/ Gambling and Morality<br />

12.30–12.45 DANIJELA TIOSAVLJEVIĆ MARIĆ (Srbija/Serbia):<br />

Prostitucija i amoralnost / Prostitution and Amorality<br />

12.45–13.00 SILVANA KARAČIĆ, TEODORA NOT (Hrvatska/Croatia):<br />

Emocionalna nevjera / Emotional Infidelity<br />

13.00–13.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

21


SEKCIJA C – Hotel VESPERA (Hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION C – VESPERA Hotel (Croatian)<br />

Studentska bioetička radionica<br />

Bioetika i umjetnost<br />

(1. dio)<br />

Student bioethics workshop<br />

Bioethics and Art<br />

(Part 1)<br />

10.45–11.00 IGOR SALOPEK, VUK PRICA (Hrvatska/Croatia): Medicina<br />

kao umjetnost i umjetnost u medicini / Medicine as<br />

Art and Art in Medicine<br />

11.00–11.15 SONJA ANTONIĆ (Srbija/Serbia): Bioetičko u televizijskim<br />

serijama / Bioethical Issues in Television Series<br />

11.15–11.30 EMIL KUŠAN (Hrvatska/Croatia): Pobjeda »leptirâ« /<br />

Victory of “Butterflies”<br />

11.30–12.00 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

12.00–12.15 Pauza / Break<br />

12.15–12.30 IVANA ČOVIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Biopoetika i bioetika<br />

u djelu Život životinjâ J. M. Coetzeea / Biopoetics and Bioethics<br />

in J. M. Coetzee’s The Lives of Animals<br />

12.30–12.45 MARIJANA PAULA FERENČIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Životinje<br />

kao objekt umjetničke prakse / Animals as Objects<br />

of Artistic Practice<br />

12.45–13.00 TANJA PRIBEG (Hrvatska/Croatia): Land art i bioetika /<br />

Land Art and Bioethics<br />

13.00–13.30 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

13.30 Ručak / Lunch<br />

22


SEKCIJA A: Simpozij – Hotel AURORA, Velika dvorana (Njemački,<br />

engleski, hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION A: Symposium – AURORA Hotel, Great hall (German,<br />

English, Croatian)<br />

15.00–15.15 HANS-BERNHARD WUERMELING (Deutschland/Njemačka):<br />

Für Neuro-Enhancement oder gegen Hirn-Doping?<br />

/ Za neuro-poboljšanje ili protiv dopinga mozga?<br />

15.15–15.30 AMIR MUZUR, IVA RINČIĆ (Croatia/Hrvatska): Neurocriticism:<br />

A Contribution to the Study of the Etiology,<br />

Phenomenology, and Ethics of the Use and Abuse of the<br />

Prefix ‘Neuro’ / Neurokritika: prilog proučavanju etiologije,<br />

fenomenologije i etike uporabe i zloporabe prefiksa<br />

‘neuro’<br />

15.30–15.45 SREĆKO GAJOVIĆ (Croatia/Hrvatska): Neural Stem Cells<br />

– How Does the Current Scientific Research Indicate Their<br />

Future Applications / Živčane matične stanice – kako sadašnja<br />

znanstvena istraživanja ukazuju na njihovu moguću<br />

primjenu u budućnosti<br />

15.45–16.00 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

16.00–16.15 Pauza / Break<br />

16.15–16.30 DARKO POLŠEK (Croatia/Hrvatska): Principalism and<br />

the Reflexive Equilibrium in Bioethics / Principalizam i<br />

refleksivni ekvilibrij u bioetici<br />

16.30–16.45 ROMAN PAŠKULIN (Slovenia/Slovenija): Right to Choose<br />

Healing and Cure / Pravo na lijek i liječenje po vlastitom<br />

izboru<br />

16.45–17.00 ZORAN TODOROVIĆ, MILICA PROSTRAN (Serbia/<br />

Srbija): Bioethical Challenges in Biopharmaceutical Drug<br />

Development / Bioetički izazovi u razvoju biofarmaceutskih<br />

lijekova<br />

17.00–17.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

17.15–17.30 Pauza / Break<br />

23


17.30–17.45 IVANA GREGURIC, IGOR ČATIĆ (Hrvatska/Kroatien):<br />

Kiborgoetika – presjecište ili poveznica <strong>bioetike</strong> i tehnoetike<br />

/ Cyborgoethik – Knotenpunkt oder Bindenglied<br />

zwischen Bioethik und Technoethik<br />

17.45–18.00 SEAD ALIĆ, LIVIA PAVLETIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Istok<br />

i Zapad ljudskoga mozga / East and West of the Human<br />

Brain<br />

18.00–18.15 DEJAN DONEV (Makedonija/Macedonia): Bioetički stav<br />

i oponašanje zemlje u tranziciji na početku 21. stoljeća.<br />

Makedonski slučaj / Bioethical Attitude and the Imitation<br />

of a Country in Transition at the Beginning of 21st Century.<br />

Case of Macedonia<br />

18.15–18.30 MISLAV KUKOČ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Bioetika i FISP /<br />

Bioethics and FISP<br />

18.30–18.45 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

SEKCIJA B: Simpozij – Hotel AURORA, Mala dvorana (Hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION B: Symposium – AURORA Hotel, Small hall (Croatian)<br />

24<br />

15.00–15.15 NEVENA MILOSAVLJEVIĆ, SVETLANA MIĆIĆ (Srbija/Serbia):<br />

Bioetički aspekti starosti / Bioethical Aspects<br />

of Senility<br />

15.15–15.30 VESNA PEŠIĆ, EDUARD PAVLOVIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia):<br />

Psiho-hagioterapijski pristup osobi treće životne dobi.<br />

Punina osjećaja zadovoljstva i korisnosti / Psycho-Hagiotherapeutic<br />

Approach to the Person in the Third Age. The<br />

Fullness of Feeling of Satisfaction and Efficiency<br />

15.30–15.45 GUILLAUME THIERY et al. (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia<br />

and Herzegovina): Briga na kraju života u intenzivnoj<br />

njezi: francuski pristup / End of Life Care in the Intensive<br />

Care Unit: The French Approach<br />

15.45–16.00 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

16.00–16.15 Pauza / Break


16.15–16.30 DRAGAN ILIĆ, VIKTORIJA CUCIĆ (Srbija/Serbia):<br />

Zdravstveni radnik i diskriminacija / Health Care Worker<br />

and Discrimination<br />

16.30–16.45 ZAREMA OBRADOVIĆ, IFETA ŠKORO, AMER OV-<br />

ČINA (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia and Herzegovina):<br />

HIV/AIDS – stalna etička dilema / HIV/AIDS – a Continuous<br />

Ethical Dilemma<br />

16.45–17.00 AMER OVČINA et al. (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia and<br />

Herzegovina): Etičke dileme u terapijskim zajednicama za<br />

liječenje/resocijalizaciju bivših ovisnika / Ethical Dilemmas<br />

in the Therapeutic Communities for Treatment/Resocialization<br />

of Former Addicts<br />

17.00–17.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

17.15–17.30 Pauza / Break<br />

17.30–17.45 ZVONIMIR BOŠKOVIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Prava pacijenata<br />

na primjerenu obaviještenost i odlučivanje / Patients’<br />

Rights to Adequate Information and Decision-Making<br />

17.45–18.00 AMELA DŽUBUR, DRAGANA NIKŠIĆ (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia<br />

and Herzegovina): Implementacija prava<br />

pacijenata u zdravstvenim ustanovama / Implementation<br />

of Patients’ Rights in Healthcare Institutions<br />

18.00–18.15 AMER IGLICA et al. (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia and<br />

Herzegovina): Etičke dileme u jedinicama intenzivne internističke<br />

terapije / Ethical Dilemmas of Internal Medicine<br />

in Intensive Care Units<br />

18.15–18.30 FRANKA JELAVIĆ-KOJIĆ, DAVORKA MILAT, ZVO-<br />

NIMIR SUČIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Indikacije i etička<br />

promišljanja o radiološkim postupcima u hitnoj službi /<br />

Indications and Ethical Conciderations in Emergency Radiology<br />

18.30–18.45 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

25


SEKCIJA C – Hotel VESPERA (Hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION C – VESPERA Hotel (Croatian)<br />

Studentska bioetička radionica<br />

Bioetika i umjetnost<br />

(2. dio)<br />

Student bioethics workshop<br />

Bioethics and Art<br />

(Part 2)<br />

15.00–15.15 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ (Srbija/Serbia): Bioetika na filmu / Bioethics<br />

in Film<br />

15.15–15.30 IVAN CEROVAC, ANDREA MEŠANOVIĆ, MIRELA<br />

FUŠ, HELENA MODERČIN (Hrvatska/Croatia): Umjetnost<br />

i kloniranje / Art and Cloning<br />

15.30–15.45 MATEJA KOVAČIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Trešnjin cvat i<br />

roboti s dušom / Cherry Blossom and Androids with Soul<br />

15.45–16.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

16.15–16.30 Pauza / Break<br />

16.30–16.45 ANDREA MATIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Performans i body<br />

art / Performance and Body Art<br />

16.45–17.00 NERMINA TRBONJA (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia and<br />

Herzegovina): Moje, tvoje, naše/a tijelo/a? / Mine, Your,<br />

Our Body/ies?<br />

17.00–17.15 NINA ĐIKIĆ (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia and Herzegovina):<br />

Anestezirano tijelo kao medij umjetničkog oblikovanja<br />

/ The Anaesthetized Body as a Medium of Artistic Molding<br />

17.15–17.30 FEĐA GAVRILOVIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Tjelesne tekućine<br />

u suvremenoj umjetnosti / Body Fluids in Contemporary Art<br />

17.30–18.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

18.15–18.30 Pauza / Break<br />

18.30–1<strong>9.</strong>00 Zaključna rasprava / Concluding discussion<br />

26


1<strong>9.</strong>00 Večera / Dinner<br />

21.00 (Hotel »Aurora«, Velika dvorana / Aurora Hotel, Great Hall)<br />

Predstavljanje recentnih bioetičkih izdanja /<br />

Presentation of recent bioethical publications<br />

• Walter Schweidler (Hrsg./ed.): Wert und Würde der nichtmenschlichen<br />

Kreatur / Value and Dignity of the Nonhuman Creature (Academia<br />

Verlag, Sankt Augustin, 2009)<br />

• Velimir Valjan (ur./ed.): Integrativna bioetika i interkulturalnost /<br />

Integrative Bioethics and Interculturality (Bioetičko društvo u BiH,<br />

Sarajevo, 2009)<br />

• Matija Iviček (ur./ed.): Bioetika i feminizam. Zbornik radova studentske<br />

bioetičke radionice s 8. Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong> / Bioethics and<br />

Feminism. Proceedings of the Student Bioethics Workshop at the 8th<br />

Lošinj Days of Bioethics (Udruženje studenata filozofije Filozofskog<br />

fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2010)<br />

• Tomislav Krznar: Bioetički mozaik. Pokušaj prikaza okolišne problematike<br />

u bioetičkom kontekstu / Bioethical Mosaic. Attempt of a<br />

Review of Environmental Issues in Bioethical Context (Veleučilište u<br />

Karlovcu, Karlovac, 2009)<br />

• Tomislav Reškovac: Bioetika. Udžbenik etike za treći razred srednjih<br />

škola / Bioethics. Study Book of Ethics for the Second Grade of Secondary<br />

Schools (Profil international, Zagreb, 2009)<br />

• Aleksandra Frković: Medicina i bioetika / Medicine and Bioethics<br />

(Pergamena, Zagreb, 2010)<br />

• Valerije Vrček: GMO između prisile i otpora / GMOs between Coercion<br />

and Resistance (Pergamena, Zagreb, 2010)<br />

• Dražen Gorjanski et al.: Korupcija u hrvatskom zdravstvu / Corruption<br />

in the Croatian Healthcare System (Fond Hipokrat – Zaklada Slagalica,<br />

Osijek, 2010)<br />

• Amir Muzur: Tajne mozga / Secrets of the Brain (Medicinska naklada,<br />

Zagreb, 2010)<br />

27


• Michele Aramini: Uvod u bioetiku / Introduction to Bioethics (Kršćanska<br />

sadašnjost, Zagreb, 2009)<br />

• Joan Dunayer: Specizam / Speciesism (Dvostruka duga, Čakovec; Institut<br />

za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb, 2009)<br />

• Jahr – Godišnjak Katedre za društvene i humanističke znanosti u<br />

medicini Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci / Jahr – Annual of the Department<br />

of Social Sciences and Medical Humanities, University of<br />

Rijeka School of Medicine (Medicinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci,<br />

Rijeka, 2010)<br />

Predstavljači / Presenters: Ute Kruse-Ebeling, Nada Mladina, Zdravko<br />

Popović, Boris Kozjak, Hrvoje Jurić, Ivana Zagorac, Željko Kaluđerović,<br />

Valerije Vrček, Srećko Gajović, Ana Volarić-Mršić, Tomislav Krznar,<br />

Iva Rinčić<br />

UTORAK, 18. svibnja 2010. / TUESDAY, May 18, 2010<br />

<strong>9.</strong>00–<strong>9.</strong>30 (Hotel »Aurora«, Velika dvorana / Aurora Hotel, Great hall)<br />

Plenarno predavanje / Plenary lecture<br />

• LUKA OMLADIČ (Slovenia/Slovenija): What Went Wrong in Copenhagen?<br />

Towards a Fair Sustainability / Što je krenulo krivo u Kopenhagenu?<br />

Prema pravednoj održivosti<br />

<strong>9.</strong>30–<strong>9.</strong>45 Pauza / Break<br />

SEKCIJA A: Simpozij – Hotel AURORA, Velika dvorana (Engleski,<br />

hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION A: Symposium – AURORA Hotel, Great hall (English,<br />

Croatian)<br />

<strong>9.</strong>45–10.00 MICHAEL GEORGE (Canada/Kanada): Human Nature,<br />

History and Bioethics / Ljudska priroda, povijest i bioetika<br />

28


10.00–10.15 TIJANA TRAKO (Croatia/Hrvatska): The Human Body<br />

and Integrative Bioethics. The Meaning of the Body as a<br />

Symbolic Construct / Ljudsko tijelo i integrativna bioetika.<br />

Značenje tijela kao simboličkog konstrukta<br />

10.15–10.30 MARIJA TODOROVSKA (Macedonia/Makedonija): Authority<br />

of Law and Issues of Bioethics / Autoritet prava i<br />

bioetička pitanja<br />

10.30–10.45 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

10.45–11.00 Pauza / Break<br />

11.00–11.15 HRVOJE JURIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Počeci i pra-počeci<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong> / The Beginnings and the Primeval Beginnings of<br />

Bioethics<br />

11.15–11.30 IVA RINČIĆ, AMIR MUZUR (Hrvatska/Croatia): Fritz<br />

Jahr: prilozi za biografiju osnivača (europske) <strong>bioetike</strong> /<br />

Fritz Jahr: Contributions to the Biography of the Founder<br />

of (European) Bioethics<br />

11.30–11.45 IVANA ZAGORAC (Hrvatska/Croatia): Bioetička misao<br />

Alberta Schweitzera. Protest protiv nuklearnog naoružanja<br />

/ Bioethical Thought of Albert Schweitzer. His Commitment<br />

against Nuclear Weapons<br />

11.45–12.00 DANIJEL TOLVAJČIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Ljubav, moć<br />

i pravda. Etika Paula Tillicha / Love, Power and Justice.<br />

Paul Tillich’s Ethics<br />

12.00–12.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

12.15–12.30 Pauza / Break<br />

12.30–12.45 ŽELJKO KALUĐEROVIĆ (Srbija/Serbia): Aristotelovo<br />

razmatranje životinja / Aristotle’s Treatment of Animals<br />

12.45–13.00 DAMIR ŽUBČIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Holistični pristup<br />

liječenju u veterinarskoj medicini / Holistic Approach to<br />

Treatment in Veterinary Medicine<br />

13.00–13.15 ANA MRDOVIĆ (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia and Herzegovina):<br />

Ukrasne biljke u integrativnoj bioetici. »To-<br />

29


piari« i otkidanje ocvjetalih cvjetova / Ornamental Plants<br />

in Integrative Bioethics. “Topiary” and Deadheading<br />

13.15–13.30 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

SEKCIJA B: Simpozij – Hotel AURORA, Mala dvorana (Hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION B: Symposium – AURORA Hotel, Small hall (Croatian)<br />

30<br />

<strong>9.</strong>45–10.00 MARKO TRAJKOVIĆ, NIKO JOSIĆ (Srbija/Serbia): Etički<br />

aspekt zahtjeva pacijenta da umre i odluke liječnika o<br />

tom zahtjevu / Ethical Aspect of Patient’s Request to Die<br />

and Physician’s Decision about the Request<br />

10.00–10.15 VANJA LEBER KAĆUNKO (Hrvatska/Croatia): Bioetički<br />

aspekti mogućnosti izbora umiranja i konzekvence<br />

za modernog čovjeka / Bioethical Aspects of Choosing to<br />

Die and the Consequences for the Modern Human<br />

10.15–10.30 IVAN MARKEŠIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Eutanazija u svjetlu<br />

Isusove smrti na križu. Socijalna konstrukcija dostojanstvene<br />

smrti / Euthanasia in the Light of Jesus’ Death on<br />

the Cross. Social Construction of a Dignified Death<br />

10.30–10.45 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

10.45–11.00 Pauza / Break<br />

11.00–11.15 URŠULA LIPOVEC ČEBRON (Slovenija/Slovenia):<br />

Dostupnost zdravstvenih usluga kao posljedica procesa<br />

»cjenkanja« / Access to Health-Care Services as a Consequence<br />

of the “Bargaining” Process<br />

11.15–11.30 NADA GOSIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Sadržajne i metodološke<br />

perspektive u strateškim dokumentima za rješavanje<br />

problema Roma u zdravstvenoj zaštiti. Studija slučaja<br />

Bosna i Hercegovina, Hrvatska i Srbija / Content and<br />

Methodological Perspectives in Strategic Documents for<br />

Solving the Problem of the Position of Roma in Health


Care. A Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia<br />

and Serbia<br />

11.30–11.45 ALEKSANDRA FRKOVIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Informiranost<br />

žena i citološki probir vrata maternice / Women’s<br />

Information and Cytological Screening of the Cervix<br />

Uteri<br />

11.45–12.00 NADA MLADINA, ŽARKO MLADINA (Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia<br />

and Herzegovina): Čovjek se rađa prerano<br />

/ Humans Are Born Too Early<br />

12.00–12.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

12.15–12.30 Pauza / Break<br />

12.30–12.45 ANA VOLARIĆ-MRŠIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Etička pitanja<br />

vezana uz kliničko i farmakološko eksperimentiranje<br />

na čovjeku / Ethical Questions Related to Clinical and<br />

Pharmacological Experimentation on Humans<br />

12.45–13.00 DANIJELA AJDUKOVIĆ, KATARINA KRALJIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia):<br />

Bioetički aspekti kliničkog i farmakološkog<br />

eksperimentiranja na ljudima / Bioethical Aspects<br />

of Clinical and Pharmacological Experimentation on Humans<br />

13.00–13.15 JOSIP ČULIG, LUKA ŠTILINOVIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia):<br />

Dodatci hrani u svjetlu <strong>bioetike</strong> / Food Additives in the<br />

Light of Bioethics<br />

13.15–13.30 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

31


SEKCIJA C: Simpozij – Hotel VESPERA (Hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION C: Symposium – VESPERA Hotel (Croatian)<br />

<strong>9.</strong>45–10.00 IGOR ČATIĆ, MAJA RUJNIĆ-SOKELE (Hrvatska/Croatia):<br />

Metamedicinska provjera opravdanosti ciljeva u suvremenoj<br />

medicini / Metamedical Review of the Validity<br />

of Aims in Modern Medicine<br />

10.00–10.15 TOMISLAV KRZNAR (Hrvatska/Croatia): Liturgija medicinskog<br />

spektakla ili: kako suvremena medicina liječi<br />

bolest? / Liturgy of the Medical Spectacle, or: How Contemporary<br />

Medicine Cures Illness?<br />

10.15–10.30 SANDRA RADENOVIĆ (Srbija/Serbia): (Bio)etički dokumenti<br />

i rad etičkih komiteta kao pokazatelji trenda individualizacije<br />

medicine / (Bio)Ethical Documents and<br />

Functioning of Ethical Committees as the Indicators of<br />

Individualizing Medicine Trend<br />

10.30–10.45 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

10.45–11.00 Pauza / Break<br />

11.00–11.15 KIRIL TEMKOV (Makedonija/Macedonia): Javnost ili<br />

tajnost bioetičkih nastojanja i kazivanja / Publicity or Secrecy<br />

of Bioethical Enterprises and Propositions<br />

11.15–11.30 HEDA FESTINI (Hrvatska/Croatia): Virus španjolske gripe<br />

– izvor dubioza / Virus of Spanish Flu – The Source of<br />

Dubiousness<br />

11.30–11.45 JASMINKA PAVELIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Huntingtonova<br />

bolest: Carol Carr – istinita priča / Huntington’s Disease:<br />

Carol Carr – The True Story<br />

11.45–12.00 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

12.00–12.15 Pauza / Break<br />

12.15–12.30 JASNA BURIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Medijske reklame i<br />

javnozdravstveni sadržaji – neka etička pitanja / Media Ads<br />

and Public Health Contents – Some Ethical Questions<br />

32


12.30–12.45 JANA HODŽIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Popularna literatura<br />

o ljudskom zdravlju / The Popular Literature on Human<br />

Health<br />

12.45–13.00 PETRA SKELIN (Hrvatska/Croatia): Mediji i zdravlje.<br />

Izvještavanje o potresu na Haitiju kao zemlji u razvoju /<br />

Media and Health. Reporting on the Earthquake in Haiti as<br />

a Developing Country<br />

13.00–13.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

13.30 Ručak / Lunch<br />

15.00 (Hotel »Aurora«, Velika dvorana / Aurora Hotel, Great hall)<br />

Skupština <strong>Hrvatsko</strong>g bioetičkog društva /<br />

Convention of the Croatian Bioethics Society<br />

16.00 Izlet / Excursion<br />

1<strong>9.</strong>00 Večera / Dinner<br />

20.30 (Hotel »Aurora«, Velika dvorana / Aurora Hotel, Great hall)<br />

GORAN GRGEC, SUZANA GRAČNER (Hrvatska / Croatia):<br />

Bioetika Zvjezdanih staza – predavanje, projekcija i<br />

diskusija / Bioethics of Star Trek – lecture, projection and<br />

discussion<br />

33


SRIJEDA, 1<strong>9.</strong> svibnja 2010. / WEDNESDAY, May 19, 2010<br />

SEKCIJA A: Hotel AURORA, Velika dvorana (Hrvatski) /<br />

SECTION A: AURORA Hotel, Great hall (Croatian)<br />

Okrugli stol<br />

Lijekovi između profita i zdravlja<br />

Round Table<br />

Medicaments between Profit and Health<br />

<strong>9.</strong>00–<strong>9.</strong>15 Uvodna riječ / Introduction<br />

<strong>9.</strong>15–10.30 Izlaganja / Presentations<br />

• LIDIJA GAJSKI (Hrvatska/Croatia): Medicina u službi korporacijskih<br />

interesa / Medicine in Service of Corporate Interests<br />

• SVETLANA VUKAJLOVIĆ (Srbija/Serbia): Moralna dilema / Moral<br />

Dilemma<br />

• SUZANA VULETIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Opsesivno-konzumistički<br />

kult zdravstvene hipertrofije i mitovi svemoćne medicine / Obsessive-<br />

Consumptionist Cult of Health Hypertrophy and Myths of Omnipotent<br />

Medicine<br />

• ŽIVKA STANIČIĆ (Hrvatska/Croatia): Mogu li ljekarnici u dereguliranom<br />

kapitalizmu pomiriti svoj komercijalni interes i profesionalnu<br />

etiku? / Can the Pharmacists Reconcile Their Commercial Interest and<br />

the Professional Ethics in the Deregulated Capitalism?<br />

• VALERIJE VRČEK (Hrvatska/Croatia): Ekološka sudbina lijekova /<br />

Ecological Fate of Pharmaceuticals<br />

10.30–11.00 Pauza / Break<br />

11.00–12.30 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

34


SEKCIJA B: Simpozij – Hotel AURORA, Mala dvorana (Engleski) /<br />

SECTION B: Symposium – AURORA Hotel, Small hall (English)<br />

<strong>9.</strong>00–<strong>9.</strong>15 REZA JAMSHIDI (Iran): Ethical Justification for Cloning<br />

Food Animals / Etičko opravdanje kloniranja životinja za<br />

prehranu<br />

<strong>9.</strong>15–<strong>9.</strong>30 ABDOLLAH JAMSHIDI (Iran): Ethical Concerns in<br />

Slaughtering of Food Animals / Etičke dvojbe pri klanju<br />

životinja za prehranu<br />

<strong>9.</strong>30–<strong>9.</strong>45 IVAN KALTCHEV (Bulgaria/Bugarska): Thanatology and<br />

Bioethics / Tanatologija i bioetika<br />

<strong>9.</strong>45–10.00 GENTIAN VYSHKA, GËZIM BOÇARI (Albania/Albanija):<br />

Traditional Depiction and Equivalencies of the<br />

Oedipal Complex in the Albanian Post-Communist Era /<br />

Tradicionalna slika i ekvivalencije Edipovog kompleksa u<br />

post-komunističkoj eri u Albaniji<br />

10.00–10.15 Rasprava / Discussion<br />

12.30 Ručak / Lunch<br />

– Odlazak sudionika / Departure of participants<br />

35


sažeci izlaganja<br />

paper abstracts


simpozij<br />

INTEGRATIVNA BIOETIKA I NOVA EPOHA<br />

Symposium<br />

INTEGRATIVE BIOETHICS AND NEW EPOCH<br />

DANIJELA AJDUKOVIĆ, KATARINA KRALJIĆ<br />

Hrvatski studiji, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

University Centre for Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

BIOETIČKI ASPEKTI KLINIČKOG I FARMAKOLOŠKOG<br />

EKSPERIMENTIRANJA NA LJUDIMA<br />

Eksperimentiranje na čovjeku je istraživanje u kojem je ljudska osoba<br />

objekt preko kojeg ili u kojemu se namjerava utvrditi još nepoznat učinak<br />

ili nedovoljno poznat učinak pojedinog lijeka, cjepiva ili zahvata. To omogućuje<br />

određeni stupanj sigurnosti u daljnjem primjenjivanju. Ipak, problem<br />

se javlja jer samo eksperimenti na čovjeku dozvoljavaju reći posljednju<br />

riječ. Iako podaci ulaze u zajedničko naslijeđe, može doći do rizika da<br />

se putem eksperimentiranja krše ljudska prava.<br />

Kod lijekova je kao i kod eksperimentiranja naglašena snaga testa. Lijekovi<br />

predstavljaju osnovno sredstvo u zaštiti zdravlja koje se ne shvaća<br />

samo kao odsutnost bolesti već prije svega kao težnja prema što boljem<br />

tjelesnom, mentalnom i društvenom blagostanju. Istraživanje lijekova<br />

prolazi četiri faze, a to su: toksikološka faza, pilot-terapijsko istraživanje,<br />

istraživanje na većem broju pacijenata i ispitivanje nakon komercijalizacije<br />

lijeka. Eksperiment je završen kada su svi faktori poznati, a odstupanja<br />

nema ili su zanemariva.<br />

Prvi međunarodni dokument koji regulira ovakva eksperimentiranja je<br />

Nürnberški kodeks iz 1947., nastao kao izraz zgražanja građanske svijesti<br />

nad kriminalnim istraživanjima koja su provodili nacistički liječnici. Na-<br />

39


kon toga donesena je i Helsinška deklaracija koja jasno razdvaja terapijsko<br />

od neterapijskog eksperimentiranja.<br />

Etičke vrijednosti prisutne su u mnogim dokumentima: načelo solidarnosti,<br />

načelo zaštite ljudskog života, slobodni i informirani pristanak, te načelo<br />

totaliteta. Etička prosudba o zahvatima na fetusima i embrijima prije<br />

svega treba voditi računa o uvjetima embrija ili fetusa (živog ili mrtvog) te<br />

o ciljevima koji vode eksperimentiranje.<br />

BIOETHICAL ASPECTS OF CLINICAL AND<br />

PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATION ON HUMANS<br />

Experiments on human beings are researches which consider human<br />

body as an object trying to discover unknown or not enough known effects<br />

of certain drugs, vaccines or treatments. This insures certain degree of safety<br />

in further application. Nevertheless, the problem appears because only<br />

the experiments on humans are necessary for the final verdict. Although<br />

the data from these experiments become common heritage, a risk of human<br />

rights violations is often present and real, even today.<br />

The power of test is emphasized in drugs as well as in experimentation.<br />

Drugs represent the basic way of protection of health, which is understood<br />

not only as an absence of sickness, but more as an aspiration towards complete<br />

physical, mental and social welfare.<br />

There are four phases in drug research: toxicological research, pilot–<br />

therapy research, research on a large number of patients, and research after<br />

commercialization of the drug. Experiment is finished when we get to<br />

know all the factors, and deviations are minimal or nonexistent.<br />

The first international document which regulates this kind of research<br />

is the Nuremberg Code in 1947, created as a result of the shock of civil<br />

awareness after dealing with criminal experiments conducted by Nazi doctors.<br />

Soon after, the Declaration of Helsinki was brought, which clearly<br />

differentiates therapeutic from non-therapeutic experimentation.<br />

Ethical values are present in many of the documents: principle of solidarity,<br />

principle of protecting human life, free and informed consent, and<br />

principle of totality. Ethical judgment on experimentation on fetuses or<br />

embryos should first of all consider the conditions in which embryos or<br />

fetuses (alive or dead) are, as well as the goals of the experiments.<br />

40


SEAD ALIĆ, LIVIA PAVLETIĆ<br />

Centar za filozofiju medija, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Centre for Philosophy of Media, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

ISTOK I ZAPAD LJUDSKOGA MOZGA<br />

Ljudski se mozak polako otvara znanstvenoj spoznaji. Novi uvidi u<br />

način rada ovog vrhunski sofisticiranog ljudskog/»digitalnog«, »stroja«<br />

bacaju povratno svjetlo na načine »aktiviranja« ljudske osjetilnosti, načine<br />

doživljavanja i spoznavanja svijeta.<br />

Cilj je ovog rada istražiti moguću povezanost tehničkih naprava kao<br />

ljudskih ekstenzija i procesa u mozgu koji povratno određuju načine percepcije<br />

svijeta. Istovremeno, riječ je o promišljanju zanimljive i u znanosti<br />

prisutne teze o podijeljenosti hemisfera ljudskoga mozga kao oblika podijeljenosti<br />

temeljnih ljudskih sposobnosti.<br />

U tom kontekstu želimo propitati bioetičku dimenziju McLuhanovog<br />

razmišljanja o paraleli podijeljenosti hemisfera ljudskoga mozga i hemisfera<br />

civilizacija nastanjenih na istočnoj odnosno zapadnoj strani zemaljske<br />

kugle.<br />

Područje istraživanja je dakle sljedeće:<br />

– tehnologije kao ekstenzije i ljudski mozak;<br />

– lijeva i desna hemisfera mozga;<br />

– tehnologije, kultura, mozak;<br />

– ekstenzije jezika i pisma u predjezičkom i predpismenom;<br />

– »digitalno« ustrojstvo mozga;<br />

– mozak kao krajnji korektiv tehno-civilizacijskih zabluda.<br />

Postoje poveznice između neurolingvističkih, teologijskih, filozofijskih<br />

i biologijskih stavova o mozgu. Tragajući za svojim odgovorima o<br />

izvorima jezika, o determiniranosti ljudskoga mišljenja, o odnosu potencijalnoga<br />

i realiziranoga, o sukobima u čovjeku utilitarnog i empatije…<br />

u konačnici promišljanje želi odgovoriti na pitanje regulativnog karaktera<br />

ljudskog mozga u uspostavljanju balansa moći kako pojedinih ljudi tako i<br />

civilizacija.<br />

41


EAST AND WEST OF THE HUMAN BRAIN<br />

Science is slowly revealing the secrets of the human brain. Latest discoveries<br />

on the functioning of this digital, highly sophisticated human device<br />

reflect the ways how sensations, experience and understanding of the<br />

world are activated.<br />

The aim of this study is to investigate the eventual link between technical<br />

devices as human extensions and brain processes that determine the<br />

way of the perception of the world. At the same time it is a reflection of interest<br />

about thesis present in science on the division of the hemispheres of the<br />

human brain as a form of division of basic human capabilities.<br />

In this context we want to investigate a bioethical dimension of McLuhan’s<br />

contemplation about the parallel between the two hemispheres of<br />

the human brain and the civilisations present on the Eastern and Western<br />

hemisphere of the planet Earth.<br />

The areas of investigation are the following:<br />

– technology as extension and human brain;<br />

– left and right hemisphere of the brain;<br />

– technology, culture, brain;<br />

– extensions of spoken and written language as pre-linguistics and<br />

pre-literacy;<br />

– “digital” configuration of the brain;<br />

– brain as the final corrective of the techno-civilisation mistakes.<br />

There is a link among neurolinguistic, theological, philosophical and<br />

biological attitudes about human brain. Looking for the answers about the<br />

origins of language, determination of human thoughts, relation between the<br />

potential and the realised, about the internal conflict between the utilitarian<br />

and the human empathy… in the end, the reflection on the matter is trying<br />

to answer the question of the regulatory nature of human brain in establishing<br />

a balance of power in individuals as well as civilisations.<br />

42


MIROSLAV ARTIĆ<br />

Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Zagreb, Croatia<br />

PREMA INTEGRACIJSKOJ PERCEPCIJI OKOLIŠA<br />

Sav je fizički prostor istodobno i prostor čovjekove egzistencije. Čovjek<br />

živi u svojem bližem okolišu i blizak je s njim, svakodnevno se kreće<br />

tim okolnim prostorom koji ga okružuje, situira i određuje. Njegov život je:<br />

on i prostor, i on u prostoru. Život se jednostavno razlijeva iz njega i oko<br />

njega, posvud uokolo. Stoga su on i okolina nerazdvojna životna cjelina.<br />

Ovako postavljeno stajalište vodi prema integracijskoj percepciji okoliša.<br />

Tržište svojom ekonomijom percipira prirodni prostor, i sav fizički<br />

prostor kojim se čovjek kreće, kao resurs i izvor profita. Kapital u službi<br />

tržišta razdvaja čovjeka od njegovog prostora, okoline i okoliša. Prema<br />

tome, ove dvije percepcije okoliša, integracijska i tržišna, u stalnoj su napetosti<br />

i suprotstavljanju.<br />

U tekstu se nastoje prepoznati ključne razlike, prednosti i nedostaci tih<br />

dviju percepcija na primjerima korištenja javnog gradskog prostora, a on se<br />

u ovom radu promatra kao bliži okolni svijet, i kao okoliš pojedinca.<br />

Dakle, ovom se analizom želi podržati afirmiranje integracijske svijesti,<br />

koja bi opet učvrstila integracijsku percepciju prostora i čovjekovog<br />

okoliša.<br />

TOWARDS THE INTEGRATIONAL PERCEPTION<br />

OF THE ENVIRONMENT<br />

All of the physical space is at the same time the space for man’s existence.<br />

Man lives in his near environment and is close to it, he moves every<br />

day in the space which surrounds, situates and determines him. His life is:<br />

him and the space, and he inside the space. Life just pours from him and<br />

around him, all around the place. That is why he and his environment are<br />

an inseparable living unit. A standpoint positioned like this leads towards<br />

an integrational perception of the environment.<br />

The market looks through the lens of its economy at all of living space<br />

and all physical space that man uses to move around, utilizes it as resource<br />

and a source of profit. The capital in the service of the market separates<br />

43


man from his space, surroundings and environment. Therefore these two<br />

perceptions of the environment – the integrational one and the market-oriented<br />

one – are in constant tension and conflict.<br />

This paper is trying to recognize some key differences, advantages and<br />

disadvantages of these two perceptions based on the examples of utilizing<br />

public city space, which is currently perceived as the near surrounding<br />

world, as well as the environment of an individual.<br />

This analysis is thus aimed at supporting the affirmation of the integrational<br />

consciousness, which would in return help affirm the integrational<br />

perception of space and man’s environment.<br />

ZVONIMIR BOŠKOVIĆ<br />

Rijeka, Hrvatska /<br />

Rijeka, Croatia<br />

PRAVA PACIJENATA NA PRIMJERENU<br />

OBAVIJEŠTENOST I ODLUČIVANJE<br />

U referatu se razmatraju temeljna pitanja vezana uz prava pacijenata<br />

u ostvarivanju zdravstvene zaštite: a) pravo na obaviještenost, b) pravo na<br />

vlastitu odluku (samoodređenje), te c) pravo na odbijanje liječenja. Autor<br />

analizira pravno stanje nakon donošenja novih propisa o profesijama, Zakona<br />

o zaštiti prava pacijenata i novih etičko-deontoloških kodeksa strukovno-liječničkih<br />

društava u <strong>Hrvatsko</strong>j. Izlažu se stavovi inozemne sudske<br />

prakse. Na kraju se zaključuje da će sadržaj i način ostvarivanja označenih<br />

prava biti moguće dosljedno osigurati jedino potpunom primjenom navedenih<br />

propisa koji propisuju obvezu zdravstvenih ustanova i zdravstvenih<br />

radnika da pacijentima osiguraju to pravo. Ostvarivanju tog cilja usmjeren<br />

je koncept navedenih odredaba.<br />

PATIENTS’ RIGHTS TO ADEQUATE INFORMATION<br />

AND DECISION-MAKING<br />

The paper discusses the basic issues related to the patients’ rights in<br />

health care: a) the right to information, b) the right to personal decisionmaking<br />

(self-determination), and c) the right to refuse treatment. The author<br />

44


analyses the legal situation after new regulations on professions, the Act on<br />

the Protection of Patients’ Rights, and new ethical and deontological codes<br />

of medical societies in Croatia were passed. The attitudes of foreign legal<br />

practice are presented. The author eventually concludes that the content<br />

and mode of implementation of the mentioned rights could be ensured only<br />

through integral application of the mentioned regulations obliging health<br />

institutions and health professionals to provide these rights to the patients.<br />

The concept of the regulations is directed at achieving this aim.<br />

JASNA BURIĆ<br />

Hrvatska radiotelevizija, Zagreb & Sveučilište u Dubrovniku, Hrvatska /<br />

Croatian Radiotelevision, Zagreb & University of Dubrovnik, Croatia<br />

MEDIJSKE REKLAME I JAVNOZDRAVSTVENI SADRŽAJI –<br />

NEKA ETIČKA PITANJA<br />

Na koji su način povezani mediji novoga doba i zdravstvo? Kako mediji<br />

motre teme i sadržaje iz zdravstvenog prostora, koji su od općeg interesa<br />

za javnost? Jesu li mediji <strong>dana</strong>šnjice odgovorni, etični i spremni na<br />

otvaranje zdravstvenih tema koje često otkrivaju profiterski sadržaj različitih<br />

industrija povezanih sa zdravljem ljudi? Ova će pitanja biti razmatrana<br />

u referatu, i to u prvom redu na primjeru reklama koje se emitiraju u hrvatskim<br />

medijima.<br />

MEDIA ADS AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONTENTS –<br />

SOME ETHICAL QUESTIONS<br />

In what way are media of the new age and health care connected? How<br />

do media explore subjects and contents regarding the area of health care,<br />

which is of general interest to the public? Are the contemporary media responsible,<br />

ethical and ready to unveil the topics of health that often reveal<br />

the contents of profit of different industries related to human health? These<br />

questions will be considered in this paper, primarily using the example of<br />

ads which are aired in Croatian media.<br />

45


IVAN CIFRIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

VRIJEME U BIOETIČKOM DISKURSU<br />

1. Zastupa se teza da je u bioetičkom diskursu zanemarena kategorija vremena,<br />

a time i u razumijevanju odnosa između čovjeka i njegova prirodnog<br />

susvijeta (Mitwelt). Bioetički diskurs ima svoje vrijeme – vrijeme<br />

nastanka, širenja i konstituiranja <strong>bioetike</strong> kao discipline. Tematizirani<br />

su etički aspekti pitanja ljudskoga života a potom njihovo proširenje<br />

na neljudske oblike života ili pak ekosustave. Tako su nastale različite<br />

bioetičke orijentacije – od antropocentrične do biocentrične <strong>bioetike</strong>.<br />

Životinja živi u prostoru (landscape), a čovjek u prostoru (landscape)<br />

i vremenu (timescape). Vrijeme kao bitna dimenzija života (ljudskog i<br />

neljudskog svijeta) i života kultura (društava) ostala je izvan diskursa,<br />

ili se tako implicitno pretpostavljalo njegovo značenje. Bez dimenzije<br />

vremena u bioetičkim raspravama bioetika se odvaja od realnog života<br />

i socijalnog konteksta.<br />

2. Ekološka kriza implicira krizu vremena, tj. neprimjeren odnos različitih<br />

vremena u kojima se odvija život. Svaki organski život ima svoje<br />

suvremeno vrijeme, pa tako i život društva (kulture), ali su njihova vremena<br />

različito nastala. Suvremena socijalnoekološka kriza, kao trajno<br />

konfliktno stanje, zahvatila je oba sustava: prirodni i socijalni, odnosi<br />

se i na konflikt dvaju tipova vremena: cikličnog (prirodnog) – svojstvenog<br />

prirodi i linearnog (socijalno konstruiranog) – svojstvenog društvu.<br />

Kriza se može shvatiti kao »kriza vremena« nastala »sudarom« biološkog<br />

i socijalnog vremena, što potvrđuje i otisak vremena (timeprint;<br />

Zeitabdruck). Čovjek ima tri iskustva vremena: individualno, socijalno<br />

i ekološko iskustvo. Socijalno vrijeme se sustavno ubrzava i utječe na<br />

život društva i odnos društva prema ostalom životu, a društvo proširuje<br />

i nadređuje svoju vremensku kompetenciju socijalnog vremena na<br />

prirodno vrijeme. Razumjeti bioetički diskurs znači razumjeti odnose<br />

prirode i društva u vremenu i njegovim socijalnim obilježjima: ritam,<br />

brzina, tempo itd.<br />

3. Pojedinac živi u svojemu vlastitom (Eigenzeit), ali i u vremenu drugih.<br />

Uvažiti vrijeme drugoga znači priznati njegov vremenski suverenitet<br />

46


(Zeitsouverenität), uvažiti vrijednost njegova života. Isto tako, različita<br />

društva (kulture) žive u svojim vremenima. Priznati njihovo suvereno<br />

vrijeme znači priznati im društvenu (kulturnu) autonomiju. Univerzalno<br />

vrijeme je komunikacijsko vrijeme, a ne dominacijsko vrijeme. Heterokronija<br />

međusobno povezuje pojedince kao i različita društva (kulture).<br />

Bioetički diskurs se može proširiti uzimajući u obzir usporavanje<br />

vremena (Entschleunigung), jer se time priznaje vrijednost i autonomija<br />

svakoga života kao i društva (kulture).<br />

TIME IN BIOETHICAL DISCOURSE<br />

1. The main thesis is that the bioethical discourse neglects the category of<br />

time in the understanding of the relation between humans and their natural<br />

co-world (Mitwelt). Bioethical discourse has its time – the time of<br />

emergence, diffusion and establishment of bioethics as discipline. The<br />

paper deals with ethical aspects of human life and widening of ethical<br />

consideration to include non-human life forms and ecosystems. In this<br />

way, different levels of bioethical orientations developed – from anthropocentric<br />

to biocentric bioethics. Animals live in space (landscape)<br />

while humans live both in space (landscape) and time (timescape).<br />

Time, as an important dimension of human (human and non-human<br />

world) and cultural life (societies), remained outside the discourse or<br />

its meaning was implicitly assumed. Without the dimension of time in<br />

bioethical discourses, bioethics is separated from real life and social<br />

context.<br />

2. Ecological crisis implies the crisis of time, i.e. an inapt relation between<br />

different times in which life exists. Every organic life has its contemporary<br />

time, as does the life of society (culture), but their times have<br />

emerged differently. Contemporary socio-ecological crisis, as a permanent<br />

conflicting condition, has encompassed both systems: natural<br />

and social, and is therefore related to the conflict between two types of<br />

time: cyclic (natural) – inherent to nature and linear (socially constructed)<br />

– inherent to society. The crisis can be understood as the “crisis of<br />

time”, created in the “clash” between biological and social times, and<br />

it can be observed in timeprint (Zeitabdruck). Humans have three experiences<br />

of time: individual, social and ecological experience. Social<br />

time is systematically accelerating and influencing the life of society<br />

47


and the relation of society towards other forms of life, while the society<br />

expands and superimposes its social time over natural time. In order<br />

to understand bioethical discourse we must understand the relation between<br />

nature and society in time, as well as the social characteristics of<br />

time: rhythm, speed, tempo, etc.<br />

3. Individuals live in their own time (Eigenzeit) but also in the time of<br />

others. To take somebody else’s time into consideration means to acknowledge<br />

their time sovereignty (Zeitsouverenität), the value of their<br />

life. Different societies (cultures) also live in their own times. To acknowledge<br />

their sovereign time is to acknowledge their social (cultural)<br />

autonomy. Universal time is communication time, not domination<br />

time. Heterochrony connects individuals as well as different societies<br />

(cultures). Bioethical discourse can develop if it takes into consideration<br />

the deceleration of time (Entschleunigung) because in this way the<br />

value and autonomy of every life as well as society (culture) is acknowledged.<br />

IGOR ČATIĆ, MAJA RUJNIĆ-SOKELE<br />

Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of<br />

Zagreb, Croatia<br />

METAMEDICINSKA PROVJERA opravdanosti ciljeva<br />

u suvremenoj medicini<br />

Metamedicina je sveobuhvatna znanost o isprepletenosti medicine,<br />

gospodarstva i društva. Istraživanja u okviru prirodnih i ostalih znanosti<br />

u službi medicinskih znanosti te njihovo prevođenje u visoko profitabilne<br />

medicinske i farmaceutske proizvode, postala su diljem svijeta najvažnijim<br />

područjem djelovanja znanstvenika na području istraživanja i razvoja.<br />

U ta se sredstva ulažu ogromne sume novca. Uspješno pretvaranje istraživanja<br />

u tržišne proizvode, zbog vrlo skupih, a ne i uvijek odgovarajućih<br />

postupaka, u pravilu je rezervirano za najbogatije i najmoćnije. Na pitanje<br />

zašto su to prioritetna istraživanja, najvjerojatniji je odgovor – produljenje<br />

trajanja života. U okviru provjere društvenih kriterija metamedicine, postavlja<br />

se pitanje tko je odredio taj cilj i s kojom svrhom jer je to povezano<br />

48


s procjenom ukupnih životnih troškova ljudskog bića, posebno u svjetlu<br />

sloma mnogih mirovinskih i zdravstvenih sustava. Troškovi ljudskog bića<br />

mogu biti visoki i prije rođenja (dugotrajno ležanje u svrhu očuvanja ploda,<br />

umjetna oplodnja). Dijete treba pripremiti za profesionalni život. Sve<br />

su zahtjevniji poslovi za koje treba osposobiti novi naraštaj, pa i ti troškovi<br />

trajno rastu. Istodobno u praksi, zapošljavanjem samo mladih, realni<br />

radni vijek pojedinca sve je kraći. Zbog navedenog razvoja, ljudi žive sve<br />

dulje. Stoga se razdoblje po završetku profesionalne karijere produljuje. U<br />

tom razdoblju osobito rastu troškovi liječenja. Postavlja se temeljno pitanje:<br />

kako u relativno kratkom roku aktivnog djelovanja zaraditi za životni<br />

vijek trostrukog trajanja. Očito je da generacijska solidarnost više neće<br />

moći podnijeti sve više troškove kvalitetnog, a sve duljeg života. Nameće<br />

se zaključak: bogati, moćni i nasilni odredili su ciljeve istraživanja za<br />

potrebe produljenja njihovih života, a na račun siromašnijih, nemoćnijih<br />

i slabijih.<br />

METAMEDICAL REVIEW OF THE VALIDITY OF AIMS<br />

IN MODERN MEDICINE<br />

Metamedicine is a comprehensive science of entanglement of medicine,<br />

economy and society. Researches in the field of natural and other sciences<br />

in the service of medical sciences, and their translation into highly profitable<br />

medical and pharmaceutical products, have become have become the<br />

most important area of activity of scientists in research and development<br />

worldwide. Enormous sums of money are invested in these researches.<br />

Successful conversion of research into market products, due to the very<br />

expensive and not always appropriate procedures, is usually reserved for<br />

the richest and the most powerful. The most probable answer to the question<br />

why this research is a priority is – the extension of life expectancy. In<br />

the review of social criteria of metamedicine, a question is raised of who<br />

has set this aim and with what purpose, because it is associated with the<br />

estimate of total living expense of a human being, especially in light of<br />

the collapse of many pension and health care systems. The expenses can<br />

be high even before birth (longterm rest in order to preserve the unborn,<br />

artificial insemination). A child needs to be prepared for professional life.<br />

The jobs for which the new generation has to be trained are increasingly<br />

demanding, thus causing the constant growth of the expenses. At the same<br />

49


time, in practice, with employing only young people, actual working period<br />

of an individual is progressively shorter. Due to this development,<br />

people live longer. Therefore, the period after the end of professional career<br />

prolongates. During this period the costs of medical treatment grow<br />

to a great extent. This rises the basic question of how, in a relatively short<br />

period of active work, to earn for a triple lifetime duration. It is obvious<br />

that the solidarity of generations will no longer be able to bear increasing<br />

costs of a quality, but increasingly longer life. A conclusion presents itself:<br />

the rich, the powerful and the violent have determined the aims of research<br />

in concern with the extension of their lives at the expense of the poorer, the<br />

weaker and the less powerfull.<br />

JOSIP ČULIG, LUKA ŠTILINOVIĆ<br />

Odjel prehrambene tehnologije, Veleučilište u Karlovcu, Hrvatska /<br />

Department of Food Technology, Polytechnic of Karlovac, Croatia<br />

DODATCI HRANI U SVIJETLU BIOETIKE<br />

Danas se svakodnevno govori, piše, raspravlja, o raznim čimbenicima<br />

života. Iskustva struke i znanstvena istraživanja mnoge čimbenike prepoznaju<br />

kao uvjet života ili im pripisuju blagotvornost za život, druge su<br />

prepoznali kao uzročnike koji štete životu narušavajući zdravlje u najširem<br />

smislu tog pojma ili čak uzrokuju preranu smrt. Važnost hrane za održavanje<br />

života nema nikakve potrebe dokazivati. No, danomice se postavlja<br />

pitanje odabira što jesti od onog što je ponuđeno, odnosno od onog što nam<br />

je dostupno. Znanost i struka uspješno rješavaju dileme, pod pritiskom<br />

sve većeg broja otkrivenih zabluda, neznanja i namjernog prešućivanja<br />

problema u prehrani, nalaže se poštivanje načela opreza, koje traži oprez<br />

od svakog sudionika u proizvodnji, distribuciji, pa čak i kupovini hrane,<br />

što veći oprez poradi sebe, ali općeg interesa. Preširoka lepeza ponuđenih<br />

»spasonosnih« mjera zapravo je više nego zbunjujuća, poglavito ako se k<br />

tomu pribroje kontraverze koje nudi struka ili znanost, a da ne govorimo<br />

o »cvjetanju« različitih pokreta koji su često predaleko od istinske pomoći.<br />

Dakle, iz ovako opisanog stanja jasno proizlazi imperativ edukacije na<br />

svim razinama društva, a poglavito budućim stručnjacima u proizvodnji i<br />

pripravi hrane. Tek zornosti radi navest ćemo najnovije rezultate američkih<br />

50


znanstvenika koji su dokazali da ekstrakt ružmarina učinkovito sprječava<br />

nastajanje toksičnih spojeva, a koji nastaju kod pečenja mesa (J. Food Sci.,<br />

11. 1. 2010.). Nedavno objavljeno otkriće da ružmarinov ekstrakt sprječava<br />

oksidaciju, znači kvarenje, jestivog ulja (Food Chemistry 2010, 188,<br />

656) svakako je značajno otkriće. Sintetski prehrambeni antioksidansi butilhidroksianisol<br />

(E-320) i butilhidroksitoluen (E-321), kao prehrambeni<br />

aditivi za koje se vezuje niz zdravstvenih rizika, svakako bi trebali ustupiti<br />

mjesto ružmarinu. Rezultati istraživanja i mjereni podatci samo potvrđuju<br />

iskustvo mediteranskih naroda koji stoljećima koriste ružmarin u prehrani.<br />

Dakle, potrebno je hitno i temeljito pristupiti konkretnim akcijama za promjenu<br />

prehrambenih navika, usklađivanje regulative u proizvodnji i distribuciji<br />

hrane, učinkovitiju kontrolu, a u tom procesu bioetika ima značajnu<br />

ulogu za koju se mora i sama izboriti. Ovo je mali prilog na tom putu.<br />

FOOD ADDITIVES IN THE LIGHT OF BIOETHICS<br />

Nowadays we talk, write about, and discuss different factors of life.<br />

Experience in this field of work and scientific findings recognize many of<br />

these factors as a prerequisite for life, or have the benefits for life ascribed<br />

to them, while others are recognized as factors which damage our life, especially<br />

health, in the broader sense, or even cause premature death. There<br />

is no need to prove the importance of food for sustaining life. Daily, there<br />

is the question of what to choose from the things offered, or from the things<br />

available to us. Science and professionals successfully resolve dilemmas,<br />

under pressure from a growing number of detected misconceptions, ignorance,<br />

and deliberate suppression of problems in the diet; the respect for the<br />

principle of precaution is imposed, which requires as much as possible precaution<br />

of every participant in the production, distribution, or even buying<br />

food, for their own sake, but also for the general interest. Too wide choice<br />

of offered “safety measures” is more than confusing, especially if you add<br />

the controversies found in science or profession, not even to mention the<br />

“blooming” of different movements, which are usually far from true help.<br />

Therefore, from the things mentioned, we can perceive the need for education<br />

on all levels of society, and especially for future professionals in<br />

production and food preparation. As a vivid example, we will mention the<br />

latest results of American scientists who have proved that rosemary extract<br />

can efficiently prevent the creation of toxic compounds which appear<br />

during roasting meat (J. Food Sci., January 11th, 2010). Recently pub-<br />

51


lished finding that rosemary extract prevents oxidation, i.e. decay of edible<br />

oil (Food Chemistry 2010, 188, 656) is definitely a significant finding.<br />

Synthetic food antioxidants like butylhydroxyanisol (E-320) and butylhydroxytoluene<br />

(E-321), as food additives linked to a number of health risks,<br />

should definitely give way to rosemary. Research results and measured<br />

data only confirm the experience of the Mediterranean peoples, which have<br />

used rosemary in their diets for centuries. Thus, it is necessary to initiate<br />

urgent and thorough actions to change dietary habits by coordinating the<br />

regulations in food production and distribution, and providing more efficient<br />

control, and in this process bioethics has an important role for which<br />

it must fight its way. This is a small contribution in that direction.<br />

DEJAN DONEV<br />

Euro college, Kumanovo, Makedonija /<br />

Euro College, Kumanovo, Macedonia<br />

BIOETIČKI STAV I OPONAŠANJE ZEMLJE U TRANZICIJI<br />

NA POČETKU 21. STOLJEĆA<br />

Makedonski slučaj<br />

Civilizacijska razina kulture zemlje u tranziciji, osobito u slučaju Makedonije,<br />

može se ocijeniti, procijeniti i prosuditi prema stupnju svijesti<br />

o ulozi i važnosti <strong>bioetike</strong> u zakonima koji reguliraju (bioetičku) održivost<br />

proizvodnje. Ovo potiče pitanje: jesu li ti zakoni ekspresija realnih<br />

bioetičkih interesa ili su oni više pokušaj zadovoljavanja pravila i aktualnih<br />

zapadnih standarda i zahtjeva? Posljedica ovoga je obrazovanje koje reducira<br />

kulturnu sposobnost ljudi da prepoznaju feedback predloženih modela<br />

bioetičke »održive proizvodnje«.<br />

Navedeno dovodi do realnog zanemarivanja etike od strane onih koji<br />

određuju minimalni stupanj egzistencije i zdravstvene zaštite odabirući<br />

»menadžeriranje« temeljeno na čisto profitabilnoj osnovi impostirajući tretmane<br />

koje su »omogućili« financijski vođe, a koji pak svoju globalnu moć<br />

brane snagama internacionalnih patentnih prava. Ovo izaziva situaciju u<br />

kojoj bioetika, umjesto da bude etika kulture, postaje samo dobar izgovor,<br />

način zamagljivanja neodgovornosti za bio-konsekvence globalizacije prilagođene<br />

potrebama jednog modela gospodarstva.<br />

52


Iz tog konteksta proizlazi i pitanje kako ćemo razmatrati dileme povezane<br />

s ovom materijom. Bioetička razmatranja ovise o izabranom modelu<br />

proizvodnje u kojemu su posebnosti i potrebe lokalne kulture zamagljene<br />

na račun potreba globalizacije, koja je u zemljama tranzicije, kao što je to<br />

slučaj s Makedonijom, uvedena prema modelima vladajućih i uz nekritično<br />

prihvaćanje proizvodnje, umjesto da bude pokušaj iznalaženja puta za<br />

inkorporaciju lokalnih, kulturnih, etičkih i ekonomskih vrijednosti i potencijala<br />

kao doprinosa razrješavanju globalnih problema. To bi ujedno moglo<br />

značiti da globalizaciju možemo i trebamo razumijevati i prakticirati kao<br />

način opstanka temeljen na respektiranju cjeline biomase i njezinog biopotencijala.<br />

BIOETHICAL ATTITUDE AND THE IMITATION OF<br />

A COUNTRY IN TRANSITION AT THE BEGINNING OF<br />

21st CENTURY<br />

Case of Macedonia<br />

Civilizational level of culture of a country in transition, especially in<br />

the case of Macedonia, can be assessed, evaluated and judged by the degree<br />

of awareness of the role and importance of bioethics in acts which<br />

regulate (bioethical) sustainability of production. This raises the question:<br />

are those laws an expression of actual bioethical interests or are they more<br />

an attempt to satisfy the rules and current Western standards and demands?<br />

The consequence of this is an education which reduces the cultural capability<br />

of the people to recognize the feedback of the proposed models of<br />

bioethical “sustainable production”.<br />

This leads to a real neglect of ethics by those who determine the minimal<br />

level of existence and the health care by choosing “managing” based<br />

on pure profitability, imposing treatments “provided” by financial rulers,<br />

who defend their own global power with the force of international patents<br />

rights. This creates a situation in which bioethics, instead of being ethics of<br />

culture, becomes just a good excuse, way of obscuring the irresponsibility<br />

for bio-consequences of globalization adjusted according to the need of<br />

one model of economy.<br />

From this context arises the question of how we consider the dilemmas<br />

associated with this matter. Bioethical considerations depend on the chosen<br />

model of production in which the peculiarities and needs of the local culture<br />

have been clouded on account of the needs of globalization, which was<br />

53


introduced in transition countries according to the model of the governing<br />

countries together with the non-critical acceptance of production, instead<br />

of being an attempt to find the way to incorporate local, cultural, ethical<br />

and economic values and potentials as a contribution to resolving global<br />

problems. It could also mean that globalization can and should be understood<br />

and practiced as a way of survival based on the respect of the whole<br />

biomass and its biopotential.<br />

AMELA DŽUBUR, DRAGANA NIKŠIĆ<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

IMPLEMENTACIJA PRAVA PACIJENATA<br />

U ZDRAVSTVENIM USTANOVAMA<br />

Ostvarenje ljudskih prava se prepoznaje kroz sve sisteme organiziranja<br />

ljudskog društva, u čemu posebnu ulogu ima segment zdravlja te zdravstvene<br />

zaštite i njege. Proces implementacije ljudskih prava u svakodnevnom<br />

životu običnog građanina u poslijeratnom oporavku Bosne i Hercegovine<br />

vrlo je spor i nailazi na ogromne poteškoće.<br />

Zakon o pravima pacijenata, koji Bosna i Hercegovina još nema, jasno<br />

bi definirao ne samo prava korisnika zdravstvenih usluga već i obveze liječnika,<br />

pa je zato njegovo donošenje prijeko potrebno, smatraju stručnjaci<br />

iz ovog područja. Međutim, činjenica je da građani i sada zbog neznanja<br />

i nezainteresiranosti ne koriste prava koja im pripadaju prema postojećim<br />

zakonima u području zdravstva.<br />

Cilj ovog rada je ispitati implementaciju prava pacijenata u svakodnevnoj<br />

praksi u zdravstvenim ustanovama u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.<br />

Istraživanje je prospektivna studija presjeka koja je provedena na uzorku<br />

od 550 ispitanika koji su ambulantno liječeni u jedinicama primarne<br />

zdravstvene zaštite u Federaciji BiH. Istraživanje je provedeno u periodu<br />

2008.–200<strong>9.</strong> godine. Ispitivane varijable su: prisustvo žalbi na postupke<br />

medicinskog osoblja, žalbi zbog uskraćene medicinske usluge, žalbi zbog<br />

dužine čekanja na pregled, stav pacijenta o poštovanju prava na informaciju<br />

i prava na kvalitetnu zdravstvenu uslugu. Statistička analiza obuhvaća<br />

elemente deskriptivne statistike i test korelacije između promatranih vari-<br />

54


jabli i nepromjenljivih varijabli (dob, spol, nivo edukacije, prisustvo bolesti,<br />

liječenje kod obiteljskog liječnika). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da<br />

se Zakon ne primjenjuje u potpunosti ni od strane zdravstvenih radnika ni<br />

od samih pacijenata.<br />

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PATIENTS’ RIGHTS<br />

IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS<br />

The realization of human rights is recognized by all systems of organization<br />

of human society, in which the segment of health and health care<br />

has the special role. The process of implementation of human rights in the<br />

everyday life of an ordinary citizen in the post-war recovery of Bosnia and<br />

Herzegovina is very slow and facing enormous difficulties.<br />

The Act on the Patients’ Rights clearly defines not only the rights of<br />

users of health services but also the obligations of doctors, and thus passing<br />

of that law is necessary. Unfortunately, Bosnia and Herzegovina has<br />

not had this law passed yet. However, the fact is that people, because of<br />

ignorance and indifference, do not use the rights they have under existing<br />

laws in the field of health.<br />

The aim of this paper is to examine the implementation of patients’<br />

rights in everyday practice in health institutions in the Federation of Bosnia<br />

and Herzegovina (FBH). It was a prospective study of intersection conducted<br />

on a sample of 550 participants/patients treated in primary health<br />

units in FBH. The study was conducted in the period of 2008–200<strong>9.</strong> The<br />

following variables were investigated: the presence of complaints about<br />

conduct of the medical staff, the appeals regarding the denied medical<br />

services, complaints about the time spent waiting for examinations, the patient’s<br />

attitudes on respecting the right to information and the right to quality<br />

health services. Statistical analysis included the elements of descriptive<br />

statistics and correlation test between the observed variables and constant<br />

variables (age, sex, education level, the presence of disease, treatment by<br />

a family doctor). The results of the research show that the Act is not fully<br />

implemented neither by health care workers nor patients themselves.<br />

55


IGOR ETEROVIĆ<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Hrvatska /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia<br />

REGULATIVNA NAČELA A PRIORI<br />

I ORIJENTACIJSKO ZNANJE<br />

Jedna od temeljnih epistemoloških distinkcija koja se provlači Kantovom<br />

kritičkom filozofijom jest ona na konstitutivna i regulativna apriorna<br />

načela spoznaje. Ova je distinkcija, napose izražena u Dodatku Transcendentalnoj<br />

dijalektici Kritike čistog uma, prilično poznata proučavateljima<br />

Kanta. Druga distinkcija, usko vezana uz prvu, ona je na određujuću i refleksivnu<br />

moć suđenja. Posljednja je dobila nešto manje pažnje među proučavateljima<br />

Kanta, a sam Kant je razrađuje u svojoj Kritici moći suđenja.<br />

Ukazuje se da upravo regulativna načela koja leže u pozadini refleksivne<br />

moći suđenja mogu poslužiti kao plodno tlo za preciznije određenje orijentacijskog<br />

znanja, njegove uloge i važnosti u novoj paradigmi znanstvenog<br />

pothvata. Time se nastoji ponuditi pojašnjenje jednog epistemološkog alata<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong>.<br />

REGULATIVE A PRIORI PRINCIPLES<br />

AND ORIENTATIONAL KNOWLEDGE<br />

One of the fundamental epistemological distinctions, which runs<br />

through Kant’s critical philosophy, is the distinction between the constitutive<br />

and regulative a priori principles of cognition. This distinction,<br />

particularly emphasized in “Appendix” of “Transcendental Dialectic” of<br />

Critique of Pure Reason has been rather familiar in Kant scholarship. The<br />

second one, closely related to the first, is the distinction of the determining<br />

and reflective judgment. The latter distinction received much less attention<br />

in Kant scholarship, and Kant himself has elaborated it in Critique of Judgment.<br />

It has been shown that the regulative principles which lie beyond the<br />

reflective power of judgment could exactly serve as a fruitful ground for<br />

more precise defining of orientational knowledge, its role and its importance<br />

in a new paradigm of scientific enterprise. Thus, this aims to offer a<br />

clarification of one of the epistemological tools of bioethics.<br />

56


HEDA FESTINI<br />

Rijeka, Hrvatska /<br />

Rijeka, Croatia<br />

VIRUS ŠPANJOLSKE GRIPE –<br />

IZVOR DUBIOZA<br />

Knjiga Ethical and Philosophical Consideration of the Dual-Use Dilemma<br />

in the Biological Sciences Seumasa Millera i Michaela J. Selgelida<br />

(2008) predlaže rješenje za istraživanja od dvostruke uporabe. Adam Briggle<br />

u svom članku »Tempting Fate: The Ethics of Dual-Use Research«<br />

(2009) kritizira Millera i Selgelida. U ovom će se izlaganju pokazati oko<br />

čega nastaje spor, te će se dodati neke naše primjedbe.<br />

VIRUS OF SPANISH FLU –<br />

THE SOURCE OF DUBIOUSNESS<br />

The book Ethical and Philosophical Consideration of the Dual-Use Dilemma<br />

in the Biological Sciences by Seumas Miller and Michael J. Selgelid<br />

(2008) proposes a solution for the dual-use research. Adam Briggle, in his<br />

article “Tempting Fate: The Ethics of Dual-Use Research” (2009), criticises<br />

Miller and Selgelid. In this presentation, we will show where the dispute<br />

arises, and add some of our remarks.<br />

ALEKSANDRA FRKOVIĆ<br />

Rijeka, Hrvatska /<br />

Rijeka, Croatia<br />

INFORMIRANOST ŽENA I<br />

CITOLOŠKI PROBIR VRATA MATERNICE<br />

Brojne su bioetičke dileme u svim granama medicine, pa tako i u citodijagnostici<br />

vrata maternice. Pri uzimanju uzorka za citološku analizu<br />

pacijentica treba biti informirana o metodi uzimanja, ali i o dijagnostičkoj<br />

točnosti pretrage, da bi nakon pravilnog shvaćanja informacije dala svoj<br />

pristanak. Za metode koje se koriste kao test probira, a to je i citodijagnosti-<br />

57


ka atipija epitela maternice, suglasnost se može dobiti i na osnovi informiranog<br />

izbora koji se temelji na relevantnom znanju.<br />

Prije uzimanja citološkog brisa, u komunikaciji između liječnika i pacijentice<br />

sve više vremena se posvećuje razmatranju pitanja vezanih uz<br />

humani papiloma virus (HPV). Infekcija humanim papiloma virusom najčešća<br />

je spolno prenosiva bolest i odgovorna je za nastanak karcinoma<br />

cerviksa, vagine i vulve, te za pojavu genitalnih bradavica.<br />

Na incidenciju karcinoma vrata maternice utječu brojni čimbenici. Prvi<br />

korak u sprječavanju te bolesti je dobar probir, stalna edukacija liječnika za<br />

uzimanje obrisaka, dobro opremljeni i organizirani laboratorij, te edukacija<br />

žena s ciljem njihova preuzimanja odgovornosti za svoje zdravlje.<br />

WOMEN’S INFORMATION AND CYTOLOGICAL<br />

SCREENING OF THE CERVIX UTERI<br />

There are numerous bioethical dilemmas in all branches of medicine,<br />

thus in cervical cytology as well. When taking a sample for cytologic analysis,<br />

the patient must be well informed on the method of taking samples and<br />

the diagnostic accuracy of the examination, in order to give consent. For<br />

the methods used as screening tests, such as cytodiagnostics of the atypia<br />

of the cervical epithelium, the consent can be obtained on the basis of informed<br />

choice based upon relevant knowledge.<br />

Before taking a cytological smear, increasingly more time is paid in<br />

doctor–patient communication to the questions regarding the human papillomavirus<br />

(HPV). Human papillomavirus infection is the most frequent<br />

sexually transmitted disease, which can lead to the development of cervical,<br />

vaginal and vulvar carcinoma, as well as genital warts.<br />

The incidence of cervical cancer is affected by numerous factors. The<br />

first steps in preventing this disease are good screening, constant education<br />

of the physician on taking the smear, well equipped and organized laboratory,<br />

and education of women in order for them to take responsibility for<br />

their health.<br />

58


SREĆKO GAJOVIĆ<br />

Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of<br />

Zagreb, Croatia /<br />

Hrvatski institut za istraživanje mozga, Medicinski fakultet, Sveučilište u<br />

Zagrebu, Hrvatska<br />

NEURAL STEM CELLS –<br />

HOW DOES THE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH<br />

INDICATE THEIR FUTURE APPLICATIONS<br />

The formation of new neurons is investigated on experimental animals,<br />

primarily mice and rats, and afterwards the basic assumptions are checked<br />

on human brains. New neurons originate from neural stem cells, which are<br />

located in the adult brain in the subventricular zone near brain ventricules,<br />

and dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation. The experiments on mice<br />

show that in case of brain damage cells are redirected toward damaged areas.<br />

Therefore one of the major scientific tasks is to clarify the possibilities<br />

of these cells to influence the regeneration processes, whether after injury,<br />

stroke or neurodegenerative disease.<br />

The alternative approach is based on the application of specially prepared<br />

neural stem cells obtained from other individuals, with foetal brain(s)<br />

or embryonic stem cells as their potential source. The current experimental<br />

approach is transplantation of neural stem cells to the brain mainly by<br />

direct injection. Our research showed that these cells can be introduced as<br />

well through blood circulation (Mitrečić et al. (2010) Cell Transplantation,<br />

doi: 10.3727/096368910X498269). While in the healthy rat they would<br />

stay in the blood, in the diseased animal the neural stem cells enter the<br />

brain and are delivered mostly to the damaged brain regions.<br />

Therefore the great hope is directed toward the future application of<br />

neural stem cells in the reconstruction of irreversibly lost nerve cells in<br />

patients with brain damage. The additional question is whether the neural<br />

stem cells could be used in healthy people. Moreover, could we suggest<br />

that the same paradigm could enhance the abilities of the healthy brain?<br />

The extensive scientific research should clarify the positive aspects of neural<br />

stem cell applications, its side effects, and the justification for its use as<br />

cell therapeutics in humans.<br />

59


ŽIVČANE MATIČNE STANICE –<br />

KAKO SADAŠNJA ZNANSTVENA ISTRAŽIVANJA UKAZUJU<br />

NA NJIHOVU MOGUĆU PRIMJENU U BUDUĆNOSTI<br />

Nastanak novih živčanih stanica proučava se na životinjskim modelima,<br />

najviše na mišu i štakoru, te se kasnije osnovne postavke provjeravaju<br />

na mozgu čovjeka. Nove živčane stanice nastaju od živčanih matičnih stanica<br />

koje su u odraslom mozgu smještene u subventrikularnoj zoni uz moždane<br />

komore, te u gyrusu dentatusu hipokampusa. Poznato je na pokusima<br />

na miševima da se u slučaju oštećenja mozga ove stanice mogu usmjeriti<br />

prema oštećenom području. Stoga veliki dio istraživanja živčanih matičnih<br />

stanica teži procijeniti mogućnosti ovih stanica već prisutnih u našem mozgu<br />

da se uključe u procese obnove, bilo zbog ozljede, moždanog udara ili<br />

neurodegenerativnih bolesti.<br />

Drugi pristup se osniva na unošenju u mozak živčanih matičnih stanica<br />

dobivenih od druge jedinke, a kao njihov izvor koristi se fetalni mozak<br />

ili embrionalne matične stanice. Živčane matične stanice presađuju se tijekom<br />

pokusa na životinjama uglavnom direktnim injiciranjem u mozak.<br />

Naša istraživanja (Mitrečić et al. (2010) Cell Transplantation, doi: 10.372<br />

7/096368910X498269) pokazuju da se ove stanice mogu primijeniti i putem<br />

krvi. Dok u zdravog štakora neće iz krvi preći u mozak, kod bolesnog<br />

štakora ove stanice ulaze u mozak i većinom odlaze u bolešću zahvaćene<br />

dijelove mozga.<br />

Stoga je velika nada usmjerena k primjeni živčanih matičnih stanica u<br />

obnovi nepovratno izgubljenih živčanih stanica u bolesnika s oštećenjem<br />

mozga. Posebno je pitanje bi li se živčane stanice mogle primjenjivati i u<br />

zdravih ljudi. Možemo li pretpostaviti da bi ove stanice pomogle boljem<br />

djelovanju zdravog mozga? Tek pažljiva znanstvena istraživanja trebaju<br />

jasno ukazati na pozitivna djelovanja i moguće nuspojave korištenja živčanih<br />

matičnih stanica, te razjasniti opravdanost njihove primjene u obliku<br />

staničnog pripravka u ljudi.<br />

60


MICHAEL GEORGE<br />

Religious Studies Department, St. Thomas University, Fredericton, New<br />

Brunswick, Canada /<br />

Odjel za religijske studije, Sveučilište Sv. Tome, Fredericton, New Brunswick,<br />

Kanada<br />

HUMAN NATURE, HISTORY AND BIOETHICS<br />

The goal of this paper is to examine the connections between identity<br />

and value, especially as it pertains to bioethics. Using Habermas’ text The<br />

Future of Human Nature as a starting point, the issues of personal and<br />

social identities as they contribute to value identification and preference<br />

will be studied. Further, the need for an adequate grounding of identity<br />

in history will be considered, especially as this move indicates the nature<br />

of the rationale, scope and comprehensiveness required of those working<br />

collaboratively towards the creation of a coherent bioethics.<br />

LJUDSKA PRIRODA, POVIJEST I BIOETIKA<br />

Cilj ovog izlaganja je istražiti povezanost identiteta i vrijednosti, osobito<br />

s obzirom na bioetiku. Koristeći Habermasov tekst Budućnost ljudske<br />

prirode kao polazište, promišljat će se pitanja osobnih i društvenih identiteta<br />

u onoj mjeri u kojoj oni doprinose identifikaciji i preferenciji vrijednosti.<br />

Nadalje, razmatrat će se potreba primjerenog utemeljenja identiteta<br />

u povijesti, posebno s obzirom na pitanje koliko taj korak upućuje na narav<br />

utemeljenja, dosega i obuhvatnosti, koji se zahtijevaju od onih koji zajednički<br />

rade u pravcu izgradnje jedne koherentne <strong>bioetike</strong>.<br />

61


NADA GOSIĆ<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Hrvatska /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia<br />

SADRŽAJNE I METODOLOŠKE PERSPEKTIVE<br />

U STRATEŠKIM DOKUMENTIMA ZA RJEŠAVANJE<br />

PROBLEMA POLOŽAJA ROMA U ZDRAVSTVENOJ ZAŠTITI<br />

Studija slučaja Bosna i Hercegovina, Hrvatska i Srbija<br />

Dekada uključivanja Roma 2005.–2015., dokument je čije ostvarivanje<br />

označava promjenu života Roma – najbrojnije nacionalne manjine u<br />

Europi. U ovom izlaganju predstavit će se jedno od četiri Dekadom određena<br />

područja – područje zdravstvene zaštite Roma, konkretnije rečeno,<br />

istražit će se koliko specifično vrijednosno-običajni model života romske<br />

populacije utječe na položaj Roma u zdravstvenom sustavu, te na odnos<br />

medicinskih i zdravstvenih djelatnika prema Romima pacijentima. U tu<br />

svrhu korištena je odabrana dokumentacija o položaju Roma u zdravstvenim<br />

sustavima u Bosni i Hercegovini, <strong>Hrvatsko</strong>j i Srbiji, zemljama koje<br />

su Romi povezali svojim migracionim kretanjima, naročito u posljednja<br />

dva desetljeća, te zemljama u kojima se istovremeno obavljaju pripreme<br />

za ulazak u Europsku uniju. Pronalaženje sličnosti i razlika u definiranju<br />

položaja Roma u tamošnjim zdravstvenim sustavima trebalo bi pridonijeti<br />

kritičkoj prosudbi sadržajnih i metodoloških perspektiva u temeljnim dokumentima<br />

nastalim u svrhu promjene položaja i ostvarivanja prava romske<br />

populacije u zdravstvenom sustavu, te na toj podlozi odrediti mjesto za<br />

one znanstvene i stručne perspektive koje bi, u praktičnom smislu, usmjerile<br />

zdravstvene djelatnike u primjeni humanističkih vrijednosti i orijentira<br />

u ostvarivanju zdravstvene zaštite Roma i prava koja im iz nje proistječu.<br />

Content and methodological perspectives in<br />

strategic documents for solving the problem<br />

of the position of Roma in health care<br />

A Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia<br />

The Decade of Roma Inclusion 2000–2015 is a document whose realization<br />

signifies a change in the life of Roma – the most numerous of<br />

62


national minorities in Europe. This presentation will present one of the four<br />

areas determined by The Decade – the area of health care of Roma, specifically,<br />

the extent to which the specific custom-value model of life of the<br />

Rom population influences the position of Roma in the healthcare system,<br />

and the relationship of medical and healthcare workers to Rom patients<br />

will be investigated. For this purpose we used selected documentation on<br />

the position of Roma in healthcare systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina,<br />

Croatia and Serbia, countries that Roma have connected through their migratory<br />

movements, especially in the last two decades, and countries which<br />

are, at the same time, engaged in preparations for joining the European Union.<br />

Finding similarities and differences in defining the position of Roma<br />

in those healthcare systems should contribute to the critical assessment<br />

of content and methodological perspectives in the fundamental documents<br />

created for the purpose of changing the position and realization of rights<br />

of the Roma population in the healthcare system, and on that foundation<br />

to determine the place for those scientific and expert perspectives which<br />

would, in practical terms, guide healthcare workers in the application of<br />

humanistic values and landmarks in the realization of health care for Roma<br />

and their rights which are derived from it.<br />

IVANA GREGURIC 1 , IGOR ČATIĆ 2<br />

1<br />

Zagreb, Hrvatska / Zagreb, Kroatien<br />

2<br />

Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Fakultät für Maschinenwesen und Schiffbau, Universität Zagreb, Kroatien<br />

KIBORGOETIKA – PRESJECIŠTE ILI POVEZNICA<br />

BIOETIKE I TEHNOETIKE<br />

Homo sapiens suočen je sa sve snažnijom kiborgizacijom pa se postupno<br />

pretvara u homo kiborga. Pritom se kiborgizacijom – ugradnjom umjetnih<br />

dijelova u ljudsko biće, nastoje ostvariti dva temeljna cilja: zamijeniti<br />

izgubljene funkcije ljudskog bića (kiborzi 1. i 2. skupine) ili dodavanje<br />

ljudskom biću funkcija koje izvorno ne posjeduje (kiborzi 3. i 4. skupine).<br />

Sve usavršenija i rasprostranjenija kiborgizacija posljedica je nekoliko<br />

trendova. Osnovni trend je sve tješnja povezanost i isprepletenost biotehni-<br />

63


ke, umjetne tehnike živoga i tehnike neživoga, te razvoj tehnike neživoga<br />

koji se očituje u dva važna područja. To su: razvoj novih materijala i razvoj<br />

elektronike (npr. čipovi).<br />

Taj razvoj nužno upućuje na potrebu izrade sveobuhvatnog pregleda<br />

ponajprije etičkih implikacija razvoja umjetne tehnike (živoga i neživoga)<br />

na suvremeno postmoderno doba. Prvenstveno, potrebito je definirati<br />

ciljeve kiborgoetike kao medicinsko-tehničke etike obilježene sve većom<br />

isprepletenošću prirodne i umjetne tehnike.<br />

Kao presudno etičko i ontološko pitanje <strong>dana</strong>šnjeg čovjeka nameće<br />

se pitanje o njegovu centru odlučivanja. Je li to još uvijek ljudski mozak<br />

nastao rođenjem ljudskog bića ili će to biti umjetni mozak ugrađen u to<br />

kiborgizirano biće? Želi li se stvoriti bića koja će sama sebe reproducirati,<br />

i pri tome im dati neograničenu moć koja može uništiti sve što je čovječanstvo<br />

do sada stvorilo? U kojoj je mjeri čovječanstvo spremno ugradnjom<br />

sada nepostojećih funkcija, uključivo umjetnog mozga, dovesti u pitanje<br />

svoju ljudsku prirodu samo da bi postalo stvarateljem, ne pitajući se ne će<br />

li time od vladara postati podanikom? To su neka od pitanja na koja ćemo<br />

tražiti odgovor u izlaganju.<br />

Osobito je važan izbor smjera, smjera jasno definiranih ciljeva i etičkih<br />

vrijednosti, tzv. etičko-tehnički smjer ili smjer neprestane izgradnje i<br />

nadogradnje koja perpetuira u vladanje nad humanim, tzv. tehničko-neetički<br />

smjer. Zato su kiborgoetička pitanja locus i uporište ljudskog nasuprot<br />

posthumanog razvoja u ovom dijelu Univerzuma.<br />

CYBORGOETHIK – KNOTENPUNKT ODER BINDEGLIED<br />

ZWISCHEN BIOETHIK UND TECHNOETHIK<br />

Homo sapiens wird immer mehr mit einer immer stärker werdenden<br />

Cyborgisierung konfrontiert, so dass er allmählich zum Homo Cyborg wird.<br />

Dabei wird durch den Einbau künstlicher Teile der Versuch unternommen,<br />

zwei grundlegende Ziele zu verwirklichen. Einerseits die abhanden gekommenen<br />

Funktionen des menschliches Wesens zu ersetzen (Cyborg 1. und 2.<br />

Gruppe) oder andrerseits durch Hinzufügung Funktionen zu ermöglichen,<br />

die der Mensch ursprünglich nicht besitzt (Cyborg der 3. und 4. Gruppe).<br />

Die immer mehr um sich greifende Cyborgisierung wird auch immer<br />

vollkommener und ist die Folge von einigen Trends. Der Haupttrend ist<br />

die immer engere Verbundenheit zwischen der Biotechnik, Kunsttechnik<br />

64


des Lebendigen und Technik des Nichtlebendigen. Der andere Trend ist<br />

die Entwicklung einer Technik, die sich an zwei wichtigen Gebieten orientiert.<br />

Das sind: die Entwicklung neuer Materialien und die Entwicklung<br />

der Elektronik (z.B. Chips).<br />

Es ist vor allem notwendig die Cyborgoethik als eine medizinischtechnische<br />

Ethik zu definieren, die durch das Ineinandergreifen der natürlichen<br />

und künstlichen Technik gekennzeichnet ist. Das erfordert eine<br />

Darlegung der schon bestehenden und der zukünftigen ethischen Aspekte<br />

der Cyborgisierung. Als entscheidende ethische und onthologische Frage<br />

des heutigen Menschen wirft sich die Frage nach seinem Entscheidungszentrum<br />

auf. Ist das immer noch das menschliche Gehirn, das der Mensch<br />

bei seiner Geburt erhielt, oder wird das vielleicht ein künstliches Gehirn,<br />

das in dieses cyborgisierte Wesen eingebaut werden würde. Werden vielleicht<br />

neue Wesen erschaffen werden, die sich selbst reproduzieren werden<br />

können und wird man ihnen dadurch eine unbegrenzte Macht geben, die<br />

alles vernichten kann, was die Menschheit bisher erschaffen hat. Ebenso<br />

ist es fraglich, wie lange der Mensch noch bereit ist, durch den Einbau der<br />

bisher unbekannten Funktionen, einschließlich des künstlichen Gehirns,<br />

seine eigene menschlichen Natur in Frage zu stellen, nur, um selbst zum<br />

Schöpfer zu werden und ohne sich zu fragen, ob er dadurch vielleicht nicht<br />

vom Herrscher zum Untertan werden würde.<br />

Dabei ist hier die Wahl der Richtung wichtig und zwar einer Richtung<br />

mit klar definierten Zielen und ethischen Werten, der so genannten ethischtechnischen<br />

Richtung oder der Richtung des kontinuierlichen Ausbaus und<br />

des Überbaus, der in der Beherrschung der Menschheit endet, wobei sich<br />

hier um die so genannte technisch-unethische Richtung handeln würde.<br />

Deshalb sind die cyborgoethischen Fragen locus und wichtiger Punkt der<br />

menschlichen gegenüber der posthumanen Entwicklung in diesen Teil des<br />

Universums.<br />

65


GORAN GRGEC, SUZANA GRAČNER<br />

USS Croatia – Udruga ljubitelja Zvjezdanih staza, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

USS Croatia – Star Trek Fan Association, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

BIOETIKA ZVJEZDANIH STAZA<br />

Bioetičke teme i problemi postaju <strong>dana</strong>s sve više prisutni u javnosti. Primjer<br />

za to su i Zvjezdane staze, serijal koji traje od 1966. godine do <strong>dana</strong>s<br />

i obuhvaća više od 700 epizoda i 11 filmova. Preko Zvjezdanih staza milijuni<br />

su se gledalaca susreli s bioetičkim pitanjima. Ovdje smo kroz skraćeni<br />

prikaz izabranih epizoda prikazali niz dilema: kako se čovjek snalazi<br />

s novostečenom moći, gdje je granica ljudskosti i odnos prema umjetnim<br />

inteligencijama, što donosi genetička modifikacija ljudi, da li je »službeni«<br />

pogled na svijet ujedno i najbolji, koje su granice utjecaja čovjeka na druge<br />

vrste. Posebno poglavlje su »medicinske« teme, tj. opće ljudske teme<br />

koje nužno dotiču medicinu: granice izmjene organa, korištenje rezultata<br />

neetičnih istraživanja, liječnikova dužnost da pomogne svima i privilegije<br />

zdravstvenog sustava, eutanazija, pobačaj, droga.<br />

BIOETHICS OF STAR TREK<br />

Bioethical topics and issues are becoming increasingly present in public.<br />

An example for this is the Star Trek series, which run from 1966 to<br />

date and include more than 700 episodes and 11 feature films. Through<br />

Star Trek, millions of viewers got acquainted with numerous bioethical<br />

issues. An abridged version of selected episodes will present a number of<br />

dilemmas: how can a man cope with the newly acquired power; where are<br />

the boundaries of humanity; the relationship with artificial intelligence;<br />

what good does the genetic modification of humans bring; is the “official”<br />

view of the world also the best; what are the limits of man’s influence on<br />

other species. The “medical” issues, i.e. the universal human issues essentially<br />

related to medicine, are a separate chapter: the limits of organ<br />

transplants; the use of the results obtained by unethical research; physician’s<br />

duty to help all and the privileges of the health system; euthanasia;<br />

abortion; drugs.<br />

66


JANA HODŽIĆ<br />

Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Zagreb, Croatia<br />

POPULARNA LITERATURA<br />

O LJUDSKOM ZDRAVLJU<br />

Popularna literatura koja tematizira metode liječenja prakticirane i<br />

naučavane u medicini izlazi u obliku knjiga ili u periodičkim časopisima,<br />

te biva popraćena od strane dnevnih novina. Zajednička karakteristika<br />

popularne literature o zdravlju je deklarativno djelovanje iz moralnih pobuda,<br />

iz osjećaja dužnosti, da se šire informacije koje bi mogle poboljšati<br />

kvalitetu života. Ta literatura se međusobno razlikuje načinom na koji<br />

analizira informacije i predstavlja ih javnosti, i može se podijeliti na tri<br />

grupe: promotivnu, informativnu i literaturu straha. Promotivna literatura,<br />

do koje je najlakše doći preko besplatnih ili jeftinih časopisa, daje informacije<br />

o poremećajima i bolestima te savjete kako smanjiti zdravstvene<br />

tegobe, izbjeći ih ili prevenirati. Autori takvih tekstova obično su specijalisti<br />

određenih područja medicinskih znanja, a uz njih se često propagiraju<br />

medicinske ustanove i tehnike, pomagala, lijekovi i razni preparati. Zatim<br />

postoji informativna literatura za javnost koja pokušava na laicima razumljiv<br />

način što detaljnije dati uvid u medicinska znanja i prakse. Među<br />

njima su i knjige koje tematiziraju funkcioniranje zdravstvenog sistema<br />

tako što analiziraju funkcioniranje farmaceutske industrije, tvrtki/zavoda<br />

za zdravstveno osiguranje, procedure kojima se dolazi do definicija bolesti,<br />

te metodama zloupotrebe sistema. Rastuća nesigurnost – strah od<br />

bolesti i nepovjerenje u metode liječenja službene medicine – pogoduje<br />

propagandi literature straha. Ona istovremeno širi strah od bolesti i strah<br />

od lijekova i tretmana službene medicine. Poruka literature straha može<br />

se sažeti pomoću slogana jedne takve popularne knjige: »Ako nastavite<br />

piti lijekove, sigurno ćete se razboljeti.« Takva literatura daje lako razumljive<br />

upute za samopomoć i često garantira apsolutan uspjeh u poboljšanju<br />

zdravlja. Također često preporučuje »prirodne« lijekove i metode,<br />

odnosno preporučuje korištenje, kako autori razumijevaju, tehnikom neiskvarenih<br />

prirodnih resursa.<br />

67


THE POPULAR LITERATURE<br />

ON HUMAN HEALTH<br />

Popular literature which deals with treatment methods practiced and<br />

taught in medicine, comes in the form of books or periodical magazines,<br />

and is accompanied by the daily newspapers or web portals. A common<br />

characteristic of popular literature on health is a declarative action for<br />

moral reasons – action which is caused by the sense of duty to disseminate<br />

information that could improve quality of life. This literature differs in the<br />

way in which informations are analyzed and presented to the public, and<br />

can be divided into three groups: promotional, informational and literature<br />

of fear. Promotional literature, to which the easiest access is through free<br />

or cheap magazines, provides information on disorders and diseases, and<br />

tips on how to reduce health problems, avoid or prevent them. Authors of<br />

such texts are usually specialists in certain areas of medical knowledge,<br />

and they are often accompanied by the propaganda material of medical facilities<br />

and techniques, tools, medicines and various preparations. Furthermore,<br />

there is informative literature for the public, which is trying to give<br />

as much detailed insight to the medical knowledge and practice as possible<br />

to lay people. Among them are the books that address the functioning<br />

of the health system by analyzing the functioning of the pharmaceutical<br />

industry, health insurance companies and public health institutions, the<br />

procedures which lead to the definitions of the diseases, and methods of<br />

system abuse. The growing insecurity – the fear of disease and lack of<br />

confidence in the methods of treatment of the official medicine – favors<br />

the propaganda of the literature of fear. The literature of fear simultaneously<br />

spreads both the fear of disease and the fear of medication and treatments<br />

by the official medicine. Its message can be summarized by the<br />

slogan of one of its popular books: “If you continue to take medicines, you<br />

will surely get sick.” Such literature provides easily understood instructions<br />

for self-help procedures and often guarantees absolute success in improving<br />

health. It also often recommends “natural” medicines and methods,<br />

i.e. recommends, as the authors understand, the use of natural resources<br />

unspoiled by technology.<br />

68


AMER IGLICA 1 , GUILLAUME THIERY 1 , NADA KOLUDER 1 ,<br />

NERMINA BAJRAMOVIĆ 1 , IRMA SLADIĆ 1 , KENANA AGANOVIĆ 1 ,<br />

AMRA IGLICA 2 , AMER OVČINA 1 , IRA TANČICA 1<br />

1<br />

Klinički Centar, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

2<br />

Apoteke Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Sarajevo Pharmacies, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

ETIČKE DILEME U JEDINICAMA<br />

INTENZIVNE INTERNISTIČKE TERAPIJE (ICU)<br />

Etika je usko povezana s moralnošću, kulturno prihvatljivim normama,<br />

obvezama i principima koji se odnose na standarde ponašanja. Medicinska<br />

etika je osnova odnosa između pacijenta i liječnika-kliničara. Zdravstveni<br />

radnici imaju obvezu da djeluju u najboljem interesu pacijenta, što se zasniva<br />

na odnosu samog pacijenta i liječnika, odnosno njihovom međusobnom<br />

povjerenju. Tim liječnika-intenzivista je involviran u donošenje odluka u<br />

»End of Life Care« (EOLC) u tri ključne situacije: trijaža, ograničavanje<br />

terapije i/ili oživljavanje, nepružanje životne potpore. Formalna diskusija<br />

ne doprinosi predviđanju zdravstvene budućnosti pacijenta. Procjene stanja<br />

pacijenta na osnovi podataka o kvaliteti života mogu biti netočne, a<br />

odluke liječnika u ICU mogu odražavati i njegov subjektivni stav. Stoga<br />

je u vođenju kritično bolesnih pacijenata neophodan maksimalno seriozan<br />

pristup u koji su involvirani svi članovi tima ICU, konzultanti i obitelj. U<br />

radu ćemo prikazati primjere dobre etičke prakse u radu s kritičnim bolesnicima,<br />

te efikasnu kooperativnost unutar medicinskog tima i komunikaciju<br />

s obiteljima.<br />

ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE<br />

IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS (ICU)<br />

Ethics is closely related to morality, culturally acceptable norms, principles<br />

and obligations related to the standards of conduct. Medical ethics is<br />

based on the relationship between patient and physician/clinician. Health<br />

care professionals have an obligation to act in the best interest of the patient,<br />

based on the relationship between the patient and the doctor and their<br />

mutual trust. Team of doctors in intensive care is involved in decision-<br />

69


making within “End of Life Care” (EOLC), in three key situations: triage,<br />

limiting therapy and/or reanimation, failure to provide life support. A formal<br />

discussion does not contribute to predicting the future health of the<br />

patient. Assessment of the patient on the grounds of data on quality of life<br />

may be inaccurate, and decisions of doctors in the ICU may reflect their<br />

subjective attitudes. Therefore, the managing of critically ill patients requires<br />

maximally serious approach that involves all members of the ICU<br />

team, consultants and family. In this paper we will show examples of good<br />

ethical practices in dealing with critical patients, and effective cooperation<br />

within the medical team, as well as how to communicate with their<br />

families.<br />

DRAGAN ILIĆ 1 , VIKTORIJA CUCIĆ 2<br />

1<br />

Zavod za zdravstvenu zaštitu studenata, Beograd, Srbija /<br />

Institute for Student Health Protection, Belgrade, Serbia<br />

2<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Srbija /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia<br />

ZDRAVSTVENI RADNIK I DISKRIMINACIJA<br />

Jednak odnos prema svakom pacijentu i princip »ne naškoditi« integralni<br />

su dio klasične etičke paradigme liječničke profesije. Po tko zna koji<br />

put u povijesti, jedna bolest – ovog puta više i snažnije nego ikada – naime,<br />

HIV, predstavlja veliki izazov za nju. Srbija je nedavno usvojila zakon o<br />

zabrani diskriminacije i time je, reklo bi se, bar de jure otklonila mogućnost<br />

diskriminacije na društvenom, najvišem nivou. Otkloniti diskriminaciju na<br />

institucionalnom nivou teži je i kompleksniji posao. U domaćoj literaturi<br />

nalaze se svjedočenja pacijenata o diskriminatorskoj praksi u zdravstvenim<br />

ustanovama, dok zdravstvene radnike karakterizira neprepoznavanje problema<br />

i, u nastavku na to, negacija njegovog postojanja.<br />

U okviru projekta »Osnaženje za prepoznavanje i reagiranje« uradili<br />

smo malo istraživanje u tri doma zdravlja i dva zavoda u Beogradu (siječanj<br />

2010.), na ukupno 110 zdravstvenih radnika i evo nekih rezultatata:<br />

– 31% anketiranih smatra da postoji razlika među pacijentima koji su<br />

se inficirali HIV-om putem transfuzije i onih koji su se inficirali<br />

zbog narkomanije ili seksualnim putem,<br />

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– 36% anketiranih smatra da bi vulnerabilni pacijenti trebali biti posebno<br />

zakazivani i primani,<br />

– 83% anketiranih smatra da zdravstveni radnik treba reći pacijentu da<br />

ne odobrava njegovo ponašanje,<br />

– 75% anketiranih smatra da je liječniku potrebno znati tko je HIV<br />

pozitivan kako bi se zaštitio,<br />

– 34% anketiranih kaže da se ne osjeća ugodno s pripadnicima vulnerabilnih<br />

grupa,<br />

– 63% anketiranih smatra da rad u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti nosi<br />

rizik od HIV-a,<br />

– 85,9% anketiranih smatra da bi u zdravstveni karton trebalo zabilježiti<br />

podatke o HIV-u,<br />

– 39% anketiranih smatra da bi mnogi odbili ukazati pomoć vulnerabilnim<br />

osobama kad se ne bi plašili posljedica na poslu.<br />

Rezultati istraživanja, koji pokazuju da je diskriminatorna praksa prema<br />

osobama koje žive sa HIV-om/AIDS-om vrlo zastupljena među zdravstvenim<br />

radnicima, trebali bi ukazati na potrebu edukacije zdravstvenih<br />

radnika u području prepoznavanja vlastitih diskriminatornih stavova i<br />

prakse, te zajedničkog traganja za većim profesionalizmom, kao i povratka<br />

tradicionalnim etičkim vrijednostima profesije, bez čega ni jedan zakon<br />

neće biti dovoljno efikasan.<br />

HEALTH CARE WORKER AND DISCRIMINATION<br />

Equal treatment of each patient and the “do no harm” principle are the<br />

integral parts of the classic ethical paradigm of health care worker profession.<br />

Certain diseases in history have presented a challenge to this ethical<br />

paradigm; nowadays HIV presents this challenge more than ever. An antidiscrimination<br />

law was recently passed in Serbia, which at least de jure<br />

removes the possibility of discrimination in society. Eliminating discrimination<br />

at the institutional level is a more complex endeavour. In literature<br />

in Serbia, patients’ reports of discrimination in health care institutions are<br />

frequent. On the other hand, health care workers do not recognize the problem<br />

and therefore deny its existence.<br />

Within the project “Empowerment for Recognizing and Reacting”, a<br />

small survey was conducted in three health care centers and two institutes<br />

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in Belgrade (January 2010). 110 health care workers were surveyed. The<br />

following are some of the results:<br />

– 31% of respondents believe that there is a difference between patients<br />

who were infected with HIV through blood transfusions and<br />

those who were infected through drug abuse or sex;<br />

– 36% of respondents believe that vulnerable patients should be scheduled<br />

separately;<br />

– 83% of respondents believe that health care workers should tell their<br />

patients that they do not approve of their behavior;<br />

– 75% of respondents believe that in order for doctors to protect themselves<br />

they should know the HIV status of their patients;<br />

– 34% of respondents do not feel comfortable working with members<br />

of vulnerable groups;<br />

– 63% of respondents believe that working in primary health care poses<br />

a risk for HIV infection;<br />

– 85.9% of respondents believe that the HIV status of patients should<br />

be noted in their charts;<br />

– 39% of respondents believe that many would refuse to help vulnerable<br />

persons if they were not afraid of the consequences at work.<br />

The results of the research show discriminatory practices towards people<br />

living with HIV/AIDS among health care professionals. This shows the<br />

need for education of health care workers in order to recognize their own<br />

discriminatory attitudes and practices and possible ways in which professionalism<br />

and traditional ethical values of the profession can be restored.<br />

Without these, any anti-discriminatory law will have no effect.<br />

ABDOLLAH JAMSHIDI<br />

School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran /<br />

Veterinarski fakultet, Ferdowsijevo sveučilište u Mashhadu, Iran<br />

ETHICAL CONCERNS<br />

IN SLAUGHTERING OF FOOD ANIMALS<br />

According to the law in many countries, animals should be stunned<br />

into unconsciousness prior to their slaughter to ensure a quick, relatively<br />

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painless death. The most common methods are electrocution and CO 2<br />

stunning<br />

for swine, and captive bolt stunning for cattle, sheep, and goats. An<br />

animal is considered properly stunned when there is no “righting reflex”,<br />

i.e. the animal must not try to stand up and right itself. Only then can it be<br />

considered fully unconscious. It can then proceed down the line, where<br />

slaughterhouse workers start with cutting up its body. The act contains a<br />

broad exemption for all animals slaughtered in accordance with religious<br />

law. This generally applies to animals killed for the Kosher and Halal meat<br />

market. The Humane Slaughter Act simply requires that animals must be<br />

rendered insensible to pain before they are harvested. However, apparently<br />

this law is not being enforced in some instances. The HMSLA (Humane<br />

Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act) is also criticized because, despite being<br />

the only law designed to protect livestock, it only focuses on the last<br />

few minutes of animals’ lives and has no effect on how they are treated<br />

beforehand, even as they are going to the slaughter. No law protects animals<br />

in factory farms, where they spend their entire lives, from even the<br />

most egregious cruelty. Besides that, it excludes chickens, turkeys, and<br />

fish. Although it is claimed that the slaughtering of an animal with a knife<br />

without stunning (Ritual Slaughter) is the most painful method of killing,<br />

it has been reported that the ritual slaughter when performed correctly is<br />

painless to the animal. This is because the immediate severance of both<br />

the blood and oxygen supply to the brain causes the animal to quickly lose<br />

consciousness and all sensation.<br />

ETIČKE DVOJBE<br />

PRI KLANJU ŽIVOTINJA ZA PREHRANU<br />

Prema zakonu koji vrijedi u mnogim zemljama, životinje je potrebno<br />

onesvijestiti prije klanja kako bi se osigurala njihova brza i relativno bezbolna<br />

smrt. Najčešće metode su omamljivanje električnom strujom ili pomoću<br />

CO 2<br />

za svinje, te pištoljskim klinom za goveda, ovce i koze. Životinja<br />

se smatra ispravno omamljenom ako ne postoji »refleks uspravljanja«, tj.<br />

ako životinja ne pokušava ustati i uspraviti se. Samo se u tom slučaju može<br />

smatrati potpuno nesvjesnom. Tada može biti proslijeđena na traku gdje<br />

radnici u klaonici započinju s komadanjem tijela. Zakon također sadrži i<br />

širu iznimku za sve životinje koje se kolju u skladu s religijskim zakonom.<br />

To se općenito odnosi na životinje usmrćene za košer i halal tržište mesa.<br />

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Zakon o humanom usmrćivanju životinja zahtijeva jedino da se životinje<br />

moraju učiniti neosjetljivima na bol prije usmrćivanja. No, čini se da se<br />

ovaj zakon ne primjenjuje u nekim slučajevima. Zakon o humanim metodama<br />

klanja stoke se također kritizira, unatoč tomu što je zapravo jedini<br />

zakon donesen u svrhu zaštite stoke, jer se fokusira jedino na posljednje<br />

trenutke života tih životinja i nema nikakvo snagu na području postupanja s<br />

životinjama prije tog trenutka, čak i kada se vode na klanje. Nijedan zakon<br />

ne štiti životinje na industrijskim farmama, gdje provode čitav svoj život,<br />

čak ni od najgorih okrutnosti. Osim toga, taj zakon ne uključuje perad i<br />

ribu. Iako se smatra da je klanje životinja nožem bez prethodnog omamljivanja<br />

(ritualno klanje) najbolnija metoda ubijanja, postoje izvješća koja<br />

tvrde da je ispravno izvedeno ritualno klanje bezbolno za životinje. Razlog<br />

tomu je izravan prekid opskrbe mozga krvlju i kisikom, što uzrokuje trenutni<br />

gubitak svijesti i osjetila.<br />

REZA JAMSHIDI<br />

Mashhad, Iran<br />

ETHICAL JUSTIFICATION<br />

FOR CLONING FOOD ANIMALS<br />

We enjoy animals as pets and companions, or watching some of them<br />

in the wilderness. We used to utilize them to carry and haul for us, until<br />

technology made it redundant. Nature is not ours to do with it exactly what<br />

we like, but this does not mean that we cannot use animals; it does mean<br />

that humans have a duty of care and respect towards them and the question<br />

is why we would want to clone meat producing animals anyway.<br />

There are different types of cloning and three main types are: (1) recombinant<br />

DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning,<br />

and (3) therapeutic cloning. Recombinant DNA technology is important<br />

for learning about other related technologies, such as gene therapy, genetic<br />

engineering of organisms, and sequencing genomes. Reproductive cloning<br />

can be used to develop efficient ways of reliable reproduction of animals<br />

with special qualities. For example, drug-producing animals or animals<br />

that have been genetically altered to serve as models for studying human<br />

disease can be mass produced. Gene therapy can be used to treat certain<br />

74


genetic conditions by introducing virus vectors that carry corrected copies<br />

of faulty genes into the cells of a host organism. Genes from different<br />

organisms that improve taste and nutritional value or provide resistance to<br />

particular types of disease can be used to genetically engineer food crops.<br />

Several religious groups, e.g. Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim,<br />

Hindu, and Buddhist faiths, have rejected animal cloning on ethical<br />

grounds. However, some religious people believe that the cloning of animals<br />

might be acceptable in the limited context of research or where the<br />

main intention was not the clone as such but growing an animal of a known<br />

genetic composition, where natural methods would not work.<br />

Nevertheless, so far the reproductive cloning is expensive and highly<br />

inefficient, and for developing countries the question remains: “Is animal<br />

cloning one of the answers for poverty?”<br />

ETIČKO OPRAVDANJE<br />

KLONIRANJA ŽIVOTINJA ZA PREHRANU<br />

Mi uživamo sa životinjama kao ljubimcima i društvom, ili gledajući neke<br />

od njih u divljini. Koristili smo ih za tegljenje i kao prijevozno sredstvo<br />

sve dok ih tehnologija nije zamijenila i učinila suvišnima u tom pogledu.<br />

Priroda nije naše vlasništvo s kojim možemo činiti što nam je volja, ali to<br />

ne znači da ne možemo koristiti životinje; to znači da ljudi imaju dužnost<br />

brige i poštovanja prema njima te se otvara pitanje zašto bi uopće htjeli<br />

klonirati životinje za proizvodnju mesa.<br />

Postoje tri tipa kloniranja: (1) tehnologija rekombinantne DNK ili DNK<br />

kloniranje, (2) reproduktivno kloniranje, te (3) terapeutsko kloniranje.<br />

Tehnologija rekombinantne DNK je važna za istraživanje drugih, blisko<br />

vezanih tehnologija kao što su genska terapija, genetičko inženjerstvo organizama<br />

i sekvencioniranje genoma. Reproduktivno kloniranje je moguće<br />

koristiti za razvoj pouzdane reprodukcije životinja s posebnim obilježjima.<br />

Npr. životinje koje proizvode lijekove ili one koje čiji su geni izmijenjeni<br />

kako bi mogle služiti kao modeli za proučavanje ljudskih bolesti se mogu<br />

masovno proizvoditi. Genska terapija može poslužiti za liječenje određenih<br />

genetskih poremećaja pomoću virusnih vektora koji nose ispravljene<br />

kopije oštećenih gena u stanice organizma domaćina. Geni koji poboljšavaju<br />

okus i hranidbenu vrijednost ili pružaju otpornost na određene tipove<br />

bolesti, a koji su porijeklom iz drugih organizama, mogu se koristiti za<br />

genetičko tretiranje usjeva.<br />

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Nekoliko religijskih zajednica, npr. protestantska, katolička, židovska,<br />

islamska, hinduistička ili budistička, zabranile su kloniranje životinja iz<br />

etičkih razloga. No neki religiozni ljudi vjeruju da je kloniranje životinja<br />

prihvatljivo u ograničenom kontekstu istraživanja ili u slučajevima kada<br />

osnovna namjera nije sâmo kloniranje, nego uzgoj životinje poznatog sastava<br />

gena, gdje prirodne metode ne bi bile uspješne.<br />

Unatoč svemu navedenom, budući da je reproduktivno kloniranje vrlo<br />

skupo i izrazito neučinkovito, otvara se pitanje za zemlje u razvoju: »Je li<br />

kloniranje životinja jedno od mogućih rješenja za siromaštvo?«<br />

FRANKA JELAVIĆ-KOJIĆ 1 , DAVORKA MILAT 2 ,<br />

ZVONIMIR SUČIĆ 1<br />

1<br />

Klinička bolnica »Sveti Duh«, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Clinical Hospital “Sveti Duh”, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

2<br />

Poliklinika »Sunce«, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Polyclinic “Sunce”, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

INDIKACIJE I ETIČKA PROMIŠLJANJA<br />

O RADIOLOŠKIM POSTUPCIMA U HITNOJ SLUŽBI<br />

Standard zdravstvene zaštite za bolesnike u hitnoj službi definiran je<br />

prospektivno. Poštuju se protokoli kroz znanja i vještine radiološkog tima<br />

kako bi se izbjegle pogrješke. Neophodna je kontinuirana konzultacija s<br />

kliničarem u hitnoj službi, kao i dobra komunikacija s bolesnikom.<br />

Kod politraumatiziranih bolesnika većinom je potrebno ponavljati radiološke<br />

preglede. Višeslojna kompjutorizirana tomografija nosi znatno<br />

veće kumulativne doze zračenja. Valja ju mudro koristiti, osobito u generativnoj<br />

dobi populacije. Magnetna rezonancija se redovito koristi u procjeni<br />

mogućeg operativnog liječenja spinalne traume te je dopuna procjeni neurotraume<br />

nakon kompjutorizirane tomografije. Ultrazvuk nalazi svoje mjesto<br />

u abdominalnoj i mekotkivnoj traumi, ali ne isključuje pregled višeslojne<br />

kompjutorizirane tomografije. Pristup malim bolesnicima i trudnicama<br />

mora biti optimalan. Osnovni postulat u radiologiji je ALARA princip – as<br />

low as reasonably achievable – najmanje zračenje za ispravnu dijagnozu.<br />

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INDICATIONS AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS<br />

IN EMERGENCY RADIOLOGY<br />

The standard of health care for emergency patients is defined prospectively.<br />

The aim is to ensure protocols and practice algorithms through<br />

knowledge and skills of the radiology team in order to avoid misdiagnosis.<br />

Continuous consultations with the emergency clinician and good communication<br />

with the patient is essential.<br />

Polytrauma patients often need to go through repeated radiology exams.<br />

MSCT exam brings substantially higher cumulative dose of radiation.<br />

It should be used wisely in population’s generative age. Assessing<br />

operative treatment for spinal trauma with MRI is mandatory. It is also performed<br />

after CT evaluation for neurotrauma patients. Ultrasound is done<br />

for abdominal and soft tissue trauma, but does not exclude MSCT. Optimal<br />

radiological procedures for pregnant women and children are considered.<br />

The basic postulate in radiology is the ALARA principle – as low as reasonably<br />

achievable – i.e. minimalizing radiation dose together with achieving<br />

fine image quality for a correct diagnosis.<br />

VLADIMIR JELKIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia<br />

KAKVO ZNANJE TREBAMO?<br />

Od grčkog pojma sophia do Potterovog pojma mudrosti i biološkog<br />

znanja, autor analizira različite filozofske i znanstvene koncepte znanja.<br />

Autor se slaže s Jaspersom u stavu da ono što je »iz filozofije prevedivo u<br />

zajedničko mišljenje, to na koncu odlučuje o njezinoj vrijednosti«. Autor<br />

zaključuje da novoj epohi i bioetičkoj perspektivi odgovara zahtjev za orijentacijskim<br />

znanjem, te ga nastoji definirati ne samo iz povijesti filozofije<br />

(Kant, Jaspers), nego i iz zahtjeva nove epohe.<br />

77


WHAT KIND OF KNOWLEDGE DO WE NEED?<br />

From the Greek term sophia to the Potter’s terms ‘wisdom’ and ‘biological<br />

knowledge’, author analyses different philosophical and scientific<br />

concepts of knowledge. The author of this paper agrees with Jaspers on the<br />

notion that what is “transferable from philosophy into the common reasoning<br />

is what at the end decides on its worthiness”. The author concludes<br />

that the demand for an orientational knowledge corresponds with the new<br />

epoch and bioethical perspective, and is trying to define this demand not<br />

only from the history of philosophy (Kant, Jaspers), but also from the demands<br />

of the new epoch itself.<br />

HRVOJE JURIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

POČECI I PRA-POČECI BIOETIKE<br />

Pitanje o nastanku <strong>bioetike</strong> nema samo historiografski značaj, nego nas<br />

također može približiti pojmu <strong>bioetike</strong>, odnosno pomoći nam da odgovorimo<br />

na pitanje o tome što je zapravo bioetika, odnosno što bi bioetika mogla<br />

i trebala biti. U tu svrhu, važno je distingvirati tri nivoa na kojima se pitanje<br />

o početku <strong>bioetike</strong> može tematizirati.<br />

1) Kada se govori o početku <strong>bioetike</strong> i pokušava se u vremenu i prostoru<br />

locirati njezin nastanak, mišljenja se razilaze, ali većina povjesničara<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong> slaže se oko toga da je nastanak <strong>bioetike</strong> bio iniciran znanstveno-tehničkim<br />

napretkom i krizom znanstveno-tehničke civilizacije. S<br />

obzirom na to, početak <strong>bioetike</strong> možemo povezati ili s krizom medicine<br />

i propitivanjem modernih prirodnih znanosti ili s diskusijama o upotrebi<br />

nuklearne tehnologije i ekološkoj krizi.<br />

2) U raspravama o nastanku <strong>bioetike</strong> često se ističu i konkretni događaji<br />

koji su doprinijeli artikulaciji pitanja koja <strong>dana</strong>s nazivamo bioetičkima.<br />

U tom smislu, jedni navode stavljanje u upotrebu stroja za dijalizu i<br />

osnivanje prvog bioetičkog komiteta (Seattle, 1962.), a drugi bacanje<br />

atomskih bombi na Hirošimu i Nagasaki (1945.).<br />

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4) Naposljetku, nastanak <strong>bioetike</strong> treba povezati s nastankom riječi ‘bioetika’,<br />

odnosno nastankom njoj pripadne teorijske koncepcije. Dva članka<br />

Van Rensselaera Pottera (1970.) i njegova knjiga Bioethics: Bridge<br />

to the Future (1971.) razlog su da se ovog američkog biokemičara naziva<br />

»ocem <strong>bioetike</strong>«. Međutim, nedavno »otkriveni« članak »Bio-Ethik.<br />

Eine Umschau über die ethischen Beziehungen des Menschen zu Tier<br />

und Pflanze« (1927.) njemačkog teologa Fritza Jahra također mora biti<br />

uzet u obzir pri datiranju početka <strong>bioetike</strong> i pisanju jedne (drugačije)<br />

povijesti <strong>bioetike</strong>.<br />

THE BEGINNINGS AND<br />

THE PRIMEVAL BEGINNINGS OF BIOETHICS<br />

The question of the origin of bioethics is not only of the historiographic<br />

importance, but it can also get us closer to the notion of bioethics, i.e. help<br />

us answer the question about what bioethics actually is, moreover, what it<br />

could and should be. For this purpose, it is important to distinguish three<br />

levels through which the question of the beginning of bioethics can be<br />

thematised.<br />

1) When we talk about the beginning of bioethics and try to locate its<br />

origin in space and time, the opinions differ, but most of the historians<br />

of bioethics agree that the origin of bioethics was initiated by scientific<br />

and technological progress and the crisis of scientific-technological<br />

civilisation. In regards to this, the beginning of bioethics could be associated<br />

either with the crisis of medicine and the questioning of modern<br />

natural sciences, or with the discussion on the use of nuclear technology<br />

and ecological crisis.<br />

2) In discussions about the emergence of bioethics, concrete events that<br />

have contributed to the articulation of the issues that we now call bioethical<br />

are emphasized. In this sense, some specify putting into use the<br />

dialysis machine and the foundation of the first bioethical committee<br />

(Seattle, 1962), while others indicate the throwing of atomic bombs on<br />

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945).<br />

3) Finally, the emergence of bioethics should be connected with the emergence<br />

of the term ‘bioethics’ and the corresponding theoretical concept.<br />

Two articles by Van Rensselaer Potter (1970) and his book Bioethics:<br />

Bridge to the Future (1971) are the reason that this American bioche-<br />

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mist was named “the father of bioethics”. However, recently “discovered”<br />

article “Bio-Ethik. Eine Umschau über die ethischen Beziehungen<br />

des Menschen zu Tier und Pflanze” (1927) by German theologian Fritz<br />

Jahr must also be taken into consideration in attempt to date the beginning<br />

of bioethics and to write a (different) history of bioethics.<br />

IVAN KALTCHEV<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria /<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište Sv. Klimenta Ohridskog u Sofiji, Bugarska<br />

THANATOLOGY AND BIOETHICS<br />

Human history has developed a rather negative attitude to death. It has<br />

been treated as a supreme evil, the synonym of nothingness. People have<br />

always regarded death as a great inexplicable terror and this puts them<br />

in awe of it. Thanatology is the science of death. Modern thanatology is<br />

trying to emphasize the link between life and death. We have to put up<br />

with the fact that death is an element of life, and sooner or later we will<br />

inevitably face it. At the same time, people have put life on a pedestal always<br />

higher than death. Life has been treated as the greatest gift, and death<br />

has been regarded as inferior vague mystery. Life and death have always<br />

fought for priority.<br />

TANATOLOGIJA I BIOETIKA<br />

Ljudska povijest je razvila poprilično negativan stav prema smrti. Smrt<br />

se tretira kao vrhovno zlo, sinonim za ništavilo. Ljudi su je oduvijek promatrali<br />

kao veliki neobjašnjivi užas što je i uzrokovalo odbojnost prema<br />

njoj. Tanatologija je znanost o smrti. Moderna tanatologija pokušava staviti<br />

naglasak na vezu između života i smrti. Moramo se pomiriti s činjenicom<br />

da je smrt dio života, i da ćemo se prije ili kasnije morati suočiti s njom.<br />

Ljudi istovremeno stavljaju život na postolje uvijek više od smrti. Život se<br />

smatra najvećim darom, a smrt inferiornim mračnim misterijem. Život i<br />

smrt su se oduvijek borili za primat.<br />

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ŽELJKO KALUĐEROVIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Srbija /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Serbia<br />

ARISTOTELOVO RAZMATRANJE ŽIVOTINJA<br />

U radu se analizira Aristotelovo razmatranje životinja, a u središtu autorovog<br />

istraživanja bila su tri pitanja: prisustvo logosa kod životinja, mogu li životinje<br />

djelovati voljno i jesu li životinje odgovorne za ono što čine. Aristotelov<br />

generalni stav je da životinje nemaju vjerovanja, mnijenja, rasuđivanja, mišljenja,<br />

razuma i uma. Proučavanjem Stagiraninovih spisa utvrđeno je, zatim, da<br />

životinje mogu djelovati voljno. Odgovor na dilemu da li su životinje odgovorne<br />

za ono što čine zavisi od razumijevanja pojma odgovornosti kod Aristotela.<br />

Ako se odgovornost razumije kao reguliranje svih onih aktivnosti koje su<br />

učinjene hotimično, tj. voljno, životinje se tada mogu smatrati odgovornima. S<br />

druge strane, ako se opseg odgovornosti ograniči na moralnu evaluaciju nečijeg<br />

djelovanja, u koju je uključena aktivnost logosa, životinje će biti izuzete iz<br />

ovako razumljenog pojma odgovornosti. Autor je, na Aristotelovom tragu, zaključio<br />

da pošto životinje mogu imati phantasia-u da ono što rade jest ispravno<br />

ili pogrešno, one za svoje čini trebaju biti nagrađene odnosno kažnjene.<br />

ARISTOTLE’S TREATMENT OF ANIMALS<br />

This paper analyzes Aristotle’s treatment of animals and the author’s research<br />

focuses on three issues: the presence of logos in animals; can animals<br />

act voluntarily; and are they responsible for what they do. Aristotle’s general<br />

standpoint is that animals do not have beliefs, opinions, calculations, thoughts,<br />

thinking and reason. By studying Stagirites’ volumes it has been determined,<br />

subsequently, that animals can act voluntarily. Resolution to the dilemma<br />

whether animals are responsible for what they do depends on the understanding<br />

of the Aristotle’s concept of responsibility. If responsibility is understood<br />

as regulating all of those activities which were undertaken on purpose, i.e.<br />

voluntarily, animals can be considered responsible. On the other hand, if the<br />

scope of responsibility is limited to the moral evaluation of acts, including the<br />

activity of logos, animals will be excluded from thus understood concept of<br />

responsibility. The author concludes, following the Aristotle’s footsteps, that<br />

since animals can have phantasia about what is right or wrong regarding their<br />

actions, they should be either rewarded or punished for their acts.<br />

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SILVANA KARAČIĆ 1 , TEODORA NOT 2<br />

1<br />

Lječilište »Sveti Križ«, Trogir, Hrvatska /<br />

Sveti Križ Health Spa, Trogir, Croatia<br />

2<br />

Centar za rehabilitaciju »Zagreb«, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Zagreb Centre for Rehabilitation, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

EMOCIONALNA NEVJERA<br />

Darivanje muškarca i žene na način na koji se to događa u braku isključuje<br />

darivanje drugim osobama na isti takav način. Za muškarca i ženu,<br />

čija ljubav nije temeljito dozorila i nije se kristalizirala kroz punovrijedno<br />

sjedinjenje osoba, brak je golem rizik. Nakon nekog vremena, kad se osjećaji<br />

ohlade i nestane strasti, nastaje emocionalna praznina koja je uzrok<br />

nevjere. Nevjera nije samo znak stanovite slabosti, ona je i izraz egoizma,<br />

jer je ljubav odvojena od osjećaja odgovornosti za osobu. Kriterij za emocionalnu<br />

prijevaru je nerazvijenost etičke bîti ljubavi. Davanje pažnje, prisnosti<br />

i erotske privlačnosti nekom drugom, a ne osobi s kojom ste u vezi<br />

dovodi do dezintegracije ljubavi. Doživljaj emocionalne prijevare mnogim<br />

je ljudima mnogo neugodnije i bolnije iskustvo nego doživljaj seksualne<br />

prijevare. Bujnost emocionalnih doživljaja nastalih na tlu osjetilnosti skriva<br />

u sebi nedostatak istinske ljubavi pa emocionalna prijevara može olako<br />

prijeći u seksualnu, što nije često u obrnutom slučaju.<br />

EMOTIONAL INFIDELITY<br />

Giving between man and woman in the way that happens in marriage<br />

excludes giving to other persons in the same way. For men and women<br />

whose love did not mature and crystallise through full confluence of the<br />

two persons, marriage is substantial risk. After some time, when feelings<br />

cool down and passion vanishes, an emotional void appears which is the<br />

very cause of unfaithfulness. Infidelity is not only the sign of certain weakness,<br />

but also of egoism, because love is separated from the feelings of responsibility<br />

towards the other person. The criterion for emotional infidelity<br />

is poor development of the ethical core of love. Giving attention, closeness<br />

and erotic attractiveness to somebody else, and not to person with whom<br />

you are in relationship with, results with disintegration of love within that<br />

relationship. The experience of emotional betrayal is for some people much<br />

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more uncomfortable and painful than the one of sexual infidelity. Exuberance<br />

of emotional experiences found in the area of physical senses hides<br />

within itself the lack of true love, so emotional infidelity might easily pass<br />

into sexual, which is not frequent in the opposite case.<br />

MARINA KATINIĆ<br />

Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Zagreb, Croatia<br />

SVETO I PROFANO U KONTEKSTU<br />

BIOETIČKE PROBLEMATIKE<br />

Poremećaj ravnoteže biosustava<br />

u djelovanju ekotoksikologije moći<br />

Metodološki je temelj integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong> postavka kako, osim činjeničnog<br />

i tehničkog, postoji i orijentacijsko znanje. Usmjeriteljsko znanje<br />

kojem bioetika teži rezultat je ukrštanja različitih perspektiva: prirodoznanstvene,<br />

filozofske, teološke, pravne, kulturalne, svjetonazorske i drugih,<br />

koje onda tvore pluriperspektivan prostor promišljanja problema.<br />

Činjenice pokazuju da toksikacija izaziva negativan učinak na opstanak i<br />

kvalitetu života živih bića, uključujući i čovjeka. Bioetika u svojoj etimologiji<br />

upućuje na odgovornost spram biosa – onog živog. To pretpostavlja određeno<br />

ontološko utemeljenje. U tom smislu, stav da biosustav, kao složevina živog,<br />

može volju obvezati na moralnost nije nimalo samorazumljiv. Karakteristika<br />

je prednovovjekovnog svijeta – kao i tradicionalnih te malih društava – poimanje<br />

biosustava kao prostora sakralnog. Nasuprot pogledu u kojem je sveto<br />

važna kategorija, instrumentalna racionalnost novoga vijeka čini materijalni<br />

svijet područjem profanog. Kartezijanski dualizam i bejkonovski instrumentalizam<br />

promatraju prirodu kao prostor ispražnjen od svrhā – jedino je načelo<br />

u rukovanju njome najekonomičnijim sredstvima postići jedinu moguću,<br />

ljudsku svrhu. Iz subjekta, priroda postaje objekt. Kozmos od svrhovitog i<br />

posvećenog biva neutraliziran do profanog, mehaničkog – kojim se može po<br />

volji manipulirati. Svjetovnost (profanost svijeta) prate raščaravanje (Weber)<br />

prirode i sekularizacija kao proces obezboženja svijeta (Jaspers).<br />

H. Jonas, nastojeći utemeljiti bioetičku odgovornost za budućnost, reaktualizira<br />

pitanje svetog: Je li moguće bez ponovnog uspostavljanja kate-<br />

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gorije svetog koju je znanstveno prosvjetiteljstvo veoma temeljito razorilo<br />

imati neku etiku koja može obuzdati one ekstremne snage što ih imamo<br />

<strong>dana</strong>s i koje smo gotovo prisiljeni stalno povećavati i koristiti?<br />

THE SACRED AND THE PROFANE<br />

IN THE CONTEXT OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES<br />

Biosystem Balance Disorder<br />

in the Functioning of Ecotoxicology of Power<br />

Methodologically, the basis for integrative bioethics is a postulate<br />

that, apart from the factual and technical, there is also the orientational<br />

knowledge. The governing knowledge (Orientierungswissen), to which bioethics<br />

aspires, is a result of crossing of different perspectives; scientific,<br />

philosophical, theological, cultural, worldview and others, which in turn<br />

create pluriperspective horizons for the consideration of certain issues.<br />

The facts indicate that toxication causes a negative effect on survival<br />

and quality of life of living beings, including humans. The etymology of<br />

the term ‘bioethics’ refers to the responsibility towards bios – the living.<br />

This implies a certain ontological foundation. However, the attitude that<br />

the biosystem as a compositum of the living can bind will to morality is not<br />

evident. One of the characteristics of the pre-modern world, as well as a<br />

trait of traditional and small societies, is the understanding of the biosystem<br />

as an area of the sacred. As opposed to that, the instrumental rationality of<br />

the Modern Age makes the material world profane. Cartesian dualism and<br />

Baconian instrumentalism regard nature as a space void of purpose – the<br />

only principle in dealing with it is to achieve the only possible human purpose.<br />

The nature turns from a subject to an object. The consequence of this<br />

is the Disenchantment (Entzauberung) of the World (M. Weber) and its desacralization<br />

(Entgötterung) (K. Jaspers). Cosmos made of purposefulness<br />

and consecratedness gets neutralized to the point of profane, mechanic,<br />

which can be manipulated according to one’s will.<br />

H. Jonas, seeking to establish bioethical responsibility for the future, reactualises<br />

the question of the sacred: Is it possible, without re-establishing<br />

the category of sacred thoroughly destroyed by the scientific enlightenment,<br />

to have an ethics that can rein in those extreme forces which are present<br />

today and which we are almost forced to constantly increase and use?<br />

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BORIS KOZJAK<br />

Hrvatska lutrija, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Croatian Lottery, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

KOCKANJE I MORAL<br />

U radu se analiziraju razni aspekti moralnosti kockanja. Na osnovi rezultata<br />

dosadašnjih istraživanja moralnih aspekata kockanja, dva su se stajališta<br />

posebno učvrstila. Prvo, iza kojeg stoji velika skupina moralista, smatra da je<br />

pomoću apstraktnih argumenata vrlo teško utvrditi da je kockanje nemoralno.<br />

Prema njihovom mišljenju, svatko ima pravo raspolagati vlastitom imovinom<br />

prema svome nahođenju ako ga to ne ometa u ispunjavanju njegovih<br />

društvenih odgovornosti. Manji broj moralista, pak, smatra da je kockanje<br />

samo po sebi nemoralan čin, neovisno o tome može li si to čovjek financijski<br />

priuštiti ili ne. Oni odbacuju mišljenje o priuštivosti na temelju tvrdnje da<br />

se time stvara razlika između bogatih i siromašnih, čime ono što je moralno<br />

za bogataša postaje nemoralno za siromaha. Puritanski moralisti smatraju<br />

kako je kockanje suprotstavljeno temeljnim vrijednostima kapitalističkog<br />

gospodarskog sustava, a koje podupire protestantska etika. Među središnjim<br />

vrijednostima kapitalizma jest racionalno gospodarsko ponašanje, štedljivost,<br />

razboritost, samodisciplina, moralni osjećaj dužnosti i poziva, kao i<br />

pretpostavljena korelacija između truda i nagrade. Vrijednosti utjelovljene<br />

u kockanju su upravo suprotne ovakvim vrijednostima. Kockanje se oslanja<br />

na sreću, slučajnost koja je sama po sebi ne-etična (čak i anti-etična) kao<br />

osnova za distribuiranje nagrade. Kockanje je razorno za »razboritost«, a<br />

potiče praznovjerje i fatalizam. Sve u svemu, kockanje u načelu predstavlja<br />

kršenje temeljnih principa na kojima počiva kapitalizam, barem prema argumentaciji<br />

protestantskih moralista. Stav katolika prema kockanju jest da<br />

je ono, poput alkohola, prihvatljivo u umjerenim količinama, ali da ga se<br />

treba kloniti ako postane problem. Autor, međutim upozorava da nisu samo<br />

problematični kockari ti koji plaćaju cijenu sve veće ovisnosti o kockarskoj<br />

industriji. Kockanje pod pokroviteljstvom države najveći dio svojih prihoda<br />

dobiva od najsiromašnijih. Najveći broj ljudi koji se klade, koji se kockaju na<br />

automatima za igre i koji kupuju lutriju dolaze iz redova siromašne, radničke<br />

klase. Autor zatim konstatira kako kockanje postaje sve manje društveno.<br />

Zemaljske oblike kockanja sve više zamjenjuje Internet, a »stolove« za igru<br />

u casinima automati za igru. U usporedbi s tradicionalnim oblicima kockanja,<br />

aktivnost na automatima za igru je autistička – bezumna, usamljena i<br />

ovisnička – a njezina popularnost svakoga <strong>dana</strong> sve više raste.<br />

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GAMBLING AND MORALITY<br />

This paper analyzes different aspects of the morality of gambling. Based<br />

on the results of up-to-date research regarding moral aspects of gambling,<br />

two attitudes have become particularly firmly accepted. The first one is advocated<br />

by a large number of moralists who believe that it is very hard to use<br />

a set of abstract arguments in order to ascertain the immorality of gambling.<br />

In their view, every person has the right to use their own assets as they see fit,<br />

as long as it does not prevent them from fulfilling all their social responsibilities.<br />

A smaller number of moralists, on the other hand, believe that gambling<br />

is an act of immorality in itself, regardless of whether one can afford it financially<br />

or not. They reject the notion of affordability based on the claim that it<br />

differs between the rich and the poor, which makes something that is moral<br />

for rich people to be immoral for the poor. The Puritan moralists hold that<br />

gambling opposes the foundational values of the capitalist economic system,<br />

which is supported by Protestant ethics. Some of the main values of capitalism<br />

are rational economic behaviour, prudence, sensibility, self-discipline,<br />

moral feelings of duty and calling, as well as supposed correlation between<br />

effort and reward. The values which are embodied in gambling are quite the<br />

opposite of these values. Gambling relies on luck or chance, which is unethical<br />

in itself (antiethical, even) as a basis for reward distribution. Gambling<br />

is detrimental for “sensibility”, and it encourages superstition and fatalism.<br />

All in all, gambling represents the breaking of the fundamental principles on<br />

which capitalism rests, at least according to the arguments of the Protestant<br />

moralists. The Catholic attitude toward gambling is that it is, just like alcohol,<br />

acceptable in moderate amounts, but that it should be abstained from<br />

if it becomes a problem. The author, however, warns that it is not just the<br />

compulsive gamblers who are paying the price of increased addiction to the<br />

gambling industry. State-governed gambling gets most of its profits from the<br />

poorest classes. Most of those who bet, or who gamble on slot machines, or<br />

who buy lottery tickets, come from the poorest, blue-collar class. The author<br />

goes on to conclude that gambling is becoming less and less of a social activity.<br />

Ground-based forms of gambling are becoming increasingly replaced<br />

by the Internet while the gaming tables in casinos are being replaced by slot<br />

machines. Compared to the traditional forms of gambling, involvement with<br />

the slot machines is autistic: it is senseless, lonely and addictive – and its<br />

popularity increases on a daily basis.<br />

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UTE KRUSE-EBELING<br />

Institut für Philosophie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Deutschland /<br />

Institut za filozofiju, Tehničko sveučilište u Dortmundu, Njemačka<br />

TECHNIK, NATURZERSTÖRUNG UND -ENTFREMDUNG<br />

AUS BIOETHISCHER SICHT<br />

Umweltzerstörung ist ein (Neben-)Produkt menschlicher Kultur mit<br />

langer – auch vorindustrieller – Geschichte. Die weltweit wachsende Industrialisierung<br />

und Technologisierung haben jedoch zu einem Raubbau an der<br />

Natur beigetragen, der in ungeahntem Tempo und Ausmaß und mit unabsehbaren<br />

Folgen voranschreitet. Im philosophischen Diskurs sind dabei in<br />

den vergangenen Jahren zunehmend auch gesellschaftliche und politische<br />

Strukturen in den Blick geraten, die mitverantwortlich gemacht werden<br />

für wachsende Naturzerstörung und -entfremdung (Ökofeminismus, Social<br />

Ecology usw.). In meinem Vortrag diskutiere ich den Zusammenhang zwischen<br />

wachsender Technisierung des Lebens sowie verschiedenen Formen<br />

der Naturentfremdung und – zerstörung. Ich argumentiere, dass der bioethische<br />

Diskurs in diesem Bereich gleichermaßen individualethische und<br />

gesellschaftspolitische Dimensionen in den Blick nehmen muss.<br />

TEHNIKA, UNIŠTAVANJE PRIRODE I<br />

OTUĐENJE OD PRIRODE U BIOETIČKOJ PERSPEKTIVI<br />

Uništavanje okoliša je (nus)produkt ljudske kulture s dugom – pa i<br />

predindustrijskom – poviješću. No, ubrzavanje industrijalizacije i tehnologizacije<br />

diljem svijeta doprinijelo je iscrpljivanju prirode koje napreduje<br />

neslućenim tempom i u neslućenim razmjerima s nepredvidivim posljedicama.<br />

Istovremeno, u filozofijskim su raspravama prethodnih godina sve<br />

više bile uočavane društvene i političke strukture koje se smatra suodgovornima<br />

za napredujuće uništavanje prirode i otuđenje od prirode (ekofeminizam,<br />

socijalna ekologija, itd.). U svojem izlaganju raspravljam o povezanosti<br />

napredujućeg tehniziranja života s različitim oblicima uništavanja<br />

prirode i otuđenja od prirode. Argumentiram da bioetički diskurs u ovom<br />

području mora podjednako uzeti u obzir individualno-etičke i društvenopolitičke<br />

dimenzije.<br />

87


TOMISLAV KRZNAR<br />

Odjel lovstva i zaštite prirode, Veleučilište u Karlovcu, Hrvatska /<br />

Department of Gamekeeping and Environmental Protection, Polytechnic of<br />

Karlovac, Croatia<br />

LITURGIJA MEDICINSKOG SPEKTAKLA ILI:<br />

KAKO SUVREMENA MEDICINA LIJEČI BOLEST?<br />

U ovom je izlaganju ponajprije riječ o odnosu suvremenog čovjeka<br />

prema zdravlju, i to na način da je težište tog odnosa izmješteno iz osobne<br />

brige za zdravlje u brigu sustava za zdravlje sviju. Ovo sve se odvija u<br />

socijalnom, kulturnom, ekonomskom, medijskom i tehnološkom okružju<br />

koje donekle možemo nazvati spektaklom. U problemsko-sadržajnom pogledu<br />

ovo se izlaganje temelji na prilozima triju autora: Ivana Illicha, Guya<br />

Deborda i Lidije Gajski, od kojih svatko u svome području tematizira probleme<br />

koje nastojimo u ovom izlaganju prikazati u sklopu. Prvi daje kritiku<br />

institucija industrijskog društva koje čine čovjeku štetu jer transformiraju<br />

subjekt iz pojedinca u sustav. Drugi autor daje opširan i dubok prikaz spektakla<br />

kao mehanizma stvaranja lažne svijesti o čovjekovom životu. Treća,<br />

Lidija Gajski, daje izniman i obuhvatan prikaz funkcioniranja zdravstvenog<br />

sustava, posebno ističući probleme odnosa brige za zdravlje i utrke<br />

za profitom. Pitanje spektakla kao mehanizma prenošenja informacija koji<br />

funkcionira tako da ljude čini ovisnima, ovdje dobiva početnu poziciju interpretacije.<br />

LITURGY OF THE MEDICAL SPECTACLE, OR:<br />

HOW CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE CURES ILLNESS?<br />

In this paper the author tries to analyze some aspects of the relation<br />

between the contemporary human and health. The central problem is the<br />

transformation from the individual health care, which every human has<br />

towards his/her own health, to the systematic health care. This process is<br />

conducted in its social, cultural, economic, media and technological surroundings<br />

that we can call “spectacle”. Essentially, this paper is based on<br />

the work of Ivan Illich, Guy Debord and Lidija Gajski. Each of these authors<br />

has contributed to the inquiry of the problems that we try to show in<br />

the given context. Firstly, Ivan Illich criticises the institutions of industrial<br />

88


society which make enormous harm to the people because they transform<br />

subject from the human to the system. Secondly, Guy Debord makes a profound<br />

analysis of the spectacle as a creator of false consciousness on the<br />

human life. Thirdly, Lidija Gajski gives us a brilliant analysis of the contemporary<br />

health care system that shows us the role of profit in health care.<br />

The problems of the spectacle therefore attain a central position for the<br />

following interpretation.<br />

MISLAV KUKOČ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Splitu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, University of Split, Croatia<br />

BIOETIKA I FISP<br />

Međunarodna federacija filozofskih društava (FISP) krovna je svjetska<br />

filozofska asocijacija, a <strong>Hrvatsko</strong> filozofsko društvo je njezin član od<br />

2006. godine. 2007. godine FISP je, na poziv <strong>Hrvatsko</strong>g filozofskog društva,<br />

održao godišnji sastanak svojega upravnog odbora u Malom Lošinju,<br />

tijekom 6. Lošinjskih <strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong>, i tom je prilikom više članova vodstva<br />

FISP-a, na čelu s njegovim predsjednikom, nastupilo s referatima u kojima<br />

su problematizirali bioetičke teme. Jedan od osam stručnih odbora FISP-a<br />

bavi se bioetičkim pitanjima. Jedna od glavnih zadaća »Odbora za bioetiku<br />

i etiku znanosti« je promovirati bioetiku kao područje filozofskog promišljanja<br />

među nacionalnim filozofskim društvima diljem svijeta.<br />

BIOETHICS AND FISP<br />

The International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) is the<br />

world’s top philosophical association, and Croatian Philosophical Society<br />

(CPS) has been its member since 2006. In the year 2007, at the invitation of<br />

CPS, FISP held the annual meeting of the steering committee in the town of<br />

Mali Lošinj, during the 6th Lošinj Days of Bioethics, and on this occasion<br />

several members of the committee, led by its president, participated with papers<br />

on the subject of bioethics. One of the eight FISP committees deals with<br />

bioethical issues. On of the main tasks of the “Committee on Bioethics and<br />

the Ethics of the Sciences” is to promote bioethics as a field of philosophical<br />

reflection among national philosophical societies around the world.<br />

89


VANJA LEBER KAĆUNKO<br />

Split, Hrvatska /<br />

Split, Croatia<br />

BIOETIČKI ASPEKTI MOGUĆNOSTI IZBORA UMIRANJA<br />

I KONZEKVENCE ZA MODERNOG ČOVJEKA<br />

U zreloj ili posljednjoj fazi ljudskog trajanja, mogućnost ubrzavanja umiranja<br />

i načini koji se prakticiraju daju jednu novu dimenziju bivanja u vremenu.<br />

Iz toga proizlaze brojne etičke dileme koje će biti predmetom ovog izlaganja.<br />

Posebno treba ukazati na pravo na samoodređenje izbora kraja života,<br />

i to kako na pozitivne aspekte tako i na kritična mjesta.<br />

BIOETHICAL ASPECTS OF CHOOSING TO DIE<br />

AND THE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MODERN HUMAN<br />

In the late or the last stage of human life the possibility of expediting<br />

death and the methods used – present a new dimension of being in time.<br />

The result is a number of ethical dilemmas which will be the subject of this<br />

presentation. Special attention should be paid to the right to autonomy of<br />

the end-of-life choice, both on the positive aspects as well as the critical<br />

places.<br />

URŠULA LIPOVEC ČEBRON<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Ljubljani, Slovenija /<br />

Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia<br />

DOSTUPNOST ZDRAVSTVENIH USLUGA<br />

KAO POSLJEDICA PROCESA »CJENKANJA«<br />

Prilog se bavi analizom dostupnosti slovenskoga zdravstvenog sustava<br />

osobama bez zdravstvenog osiguranja u Sloveniji. Prezentacija se temelji<br />

na višegodišnjem medicinsko-antropološkom istraživanju, provedenom<br />

među zdravstvenim radnicima i osobama bez zdravstvenog osiguranja u<br />

Sloveniji (ponajviše među »izbrisanim« osobama, kojima su slovenske<br />

vlasti 1992. godine oduzele status stalnog prebivališta, a time i sva politič-<br />

90


ka, ekonomska, društvena i socijalna prava). Uz prikaz zakonskih odredbi,<br />

prilog analizira zdravstvenu politiku, koja poslije 1991. otežava pristup<br />

zdravstvenim uslugama osobama bez zdravstvenog osiguranja i posljedično<br />

doprinosi zdravstvenim rizicima te populacije. Uz iskustva osoba<br />

izbrisanih iz slovenskog zdravstvenog sustava, analizirane su i neke etičke<br />

dileme zdravstvenih radnika. Te dileme moguće je interpretirati kroz antropološki<br />

proces »cjenkanja«; kod odlučivanja o pristupu osobi bez zdravstvenog<br />

osiguranja suočavaju se, naime, liječnikova osobna odluka, načela<br />

profesionalne etike i utjecaj restriktivne zdravstvene politike.<br />

ACCESS TO HEALTH-CARE SERVICES<br />

AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE “BARGAINING” PROCESS<br />

The paper will analyze access to the health care system in Slovenia by<br />

people without any health care insurance in this country. The presentation<br />

is based on an extensive medical and anthropological research carried out<br />

among health care professionals and the uninsured population (especially<br />

individuals from the group of 25.671 “Erased people”, who were taken off<br />

the register of permanent residents after Slovenia had acquired independence<br />

in 1992; as a consequence they were left without any legal status<br />

and, therefore, without any political, economic and social rights). Besides<br />

dealing with the applicable legal framework, the paper also analyses health<br />

policies as from 1991 on, which hamper these individuals’ access to healthcare<br />

institutions, thus exposing such uninsured persons to higher health<br />

risks. Experience testified by the “Erased persons” will be complimented<br />

with an analysis of some ethical dilemmas faced by the health care professionals.<br />

These can be examined through the anthropological concept of<br />

“bargaining” since the decision as to whether to allow access to health<br />

care to uninsured people seems depend on a combination of issues, ranging<br />

from a doctor’s personal judgement, her/his understanding of the principles<br />

of professional ethics and the influence exerted by restrictive health care<br />

policies.<br />

91


DIJANA MAGĐINSKI<br />

Jastrebarsko, Croatia /<br />

Jastrebarsko, Hrvatska<br />

DOES A “HUMAN METEOR” HAVE A MORAL DUTY?<br />

The UN declared the year 2010 to be the International Year of Biodiversity<br />

under the slogan “Biodiversity is life, biodiversity is our life”<br />

and accompanied by a logo which portrays human life in harmony with<br />

nature and symbolizes human commitment to preserve biodiversity. This<br />

may seem contradictory to a critical mind. Because, if we are part of nature<br />

and are governed by the same natural laws like the rest of the beings,<br />

then we are in constant competition with these beings and it seems that<br />

we don’t have moral duty to preserve them. Proponents of this view assert<br />

that massive extinction, to which we bear witness today, is just a natural<br />

phenomenon that shows human’s efficiency as a competitor. On the other<br />

hand, “man as a governor and guardian” argument implies that we do have<br />

a moral duty for preserving biodiversity, but it seems to put human outside<br />

of nature. In this essay I will consider both arguments and try to reconcile<br />

them. Goal of this essay is to show that man is obligated to preserve biodiversity,<br />

although he is a part of nature.<br />

IMA LI »LJUDSKI METEOR« MORALNU DUŽNOST?<br />

UN je 2010. godinu proglasio Međunarodnom godinom bioraznolikosti,<br />

pod sloganom »Bioraznolikost je život, bioraznolikost je naš život« te<br />

s logom koji oslikava ljudski život u harmoniji s prirodom i simbolizira<br />

obvezu čovjeka da očuva bioraznolikost. Kritičkom umu se to može činiti<br />

kontradiktornim. Jer ako smo dio prirode i upravljani istim prirodnim zakonima<br />

kao i sva ostala bića, onda smo s tim istim bićima u neprestanoj<br />

kompeticiji i čini se kako nemamo moralnu dužnost očuvati ih. Zagovornici<br />

takvog stajališta ističu da je masovno izumiranje, kojemu smo svjedoci<br />

<strong>dana</strong>s, tek prirodni fenomen koji pokazuje uspješnost čovjeka kao kompetitora.<br />

S druge strane, argument čovjeka kao upravitelja i čuvara implicira<br />

da imamo moralnu dužnost očuvati bioraznolikost, ali čini se da postavlja<br />

čovjeka izvan prirode. U ovom radu ću sagledati oba argumenta te ih pokušati<br />

pomiriti. Cilj rada je pokazati da čovjek ima obvezu očuvanja bioraznolikosti,<br />

iako je dio prirode.<br />

92


IVAN MARKEŠIĆ<br />

Institut društvenih znanosti »Ivo Pilar«, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

EUTANAZIJA U SVJETLU ISUSOVE SMRTI NA KRIŽU<br />

Socijalna konstrukcija dostojanstvene smrti<br />

»Poslije toga Isus, svjestan da je sve već svršeno, reče,<br />

da bi se ispunilo Pismo: ‘Žedan sam.’ Tu bijaše posuda<br />

puna octa. Tada nataknuše na izopovu stabljiku spužvu<br />

punu octa i primaknuše je k Isusovim ustima. Kad Isus<br />

uze ocat, reče: ‘Svršeno je!’ te nakloni glavu i – predade<br />

duh.« (Iv 19, 28–30)<br />

Oslanjajući se na izvještaje o Isusovom vapaju na križu »Bože moj,<br />

Bože moj, zašto si me ostavio!«, autor problematizira osjećaj ostavljenosti<br />

suvremenoga čovjeka koji neizlječivo bolestan leži, npr. u bolnici, i kojemu,<br />

da bi se riješio svojih patnji, ne preostaje ništa drugo nego (za)moliti<br />

druge da mu pomognu umrijeti. Jesu li pomoć pri umiranju u vidu octa (ili<br />

možda otrova) pružili i rimski vojnici Isusu dok je on bespomoćno visio na<br />

križu, kako bi mu omogućili umrijeti dostojanstvenom smrću prije sabata<br />

(bez prebijanja golijeni)?<br />

Svoju raspravu o eutanaziji autor temelji na stajalištu da je ona društveno<br />

konstruirana činjenica koja je, kao i drugi oblici pomaganja ljudima pri<br />

umiranju, bila tijekom povijesti na različite načine tumačena. Jer, značenja<br />

koja je eutanazija imala i koje ona ima <strong>dana</strong>s određivana su prema potrebama<br />

dotičnih društava u danim vremenima, zbog čega autor posebnu pažnju<br />

i posvećuje »duhu vremena«, odn. društvenim i religijskim okolnostima u<br />

vrijeme Isusova života i načinima pružanja pomoći pri umiranju, te time i<br />

razlozima korištenja octa (odnosno otrova).<br />

Ovom raspravom autor se ne želi sporiti s kršćanskim teolozima i njihovim<br />

tumačenjima ovoga dijela Evanđelja, nego samo želi, koristeći se<br />

ovim dijelom Evanđelja, aktualizirati raspravu o »ljudskom dostojanstvu«<br />

i o eutanaziji kao »smrti dostojnoj čovjeka«, kao pojmovima koji su <strong>dana</strong>s<br />

postali otrcanom frazom svakodnevnoga govora.<br />

93


EUTHANASIA IN THE LIGHT OF<br />

JESUS’ DEATH ON THE CROSS<br />

Social Construction of a Dignified Death<br />

“Later, knowing that all was now completed, and so<br />

that the Scripture would be fulfilled, Jesus said, ‘I am<br />

thirsty.’ A jar of wine vinegar was there, so they soaked<br />

a sponge in it, put the sponge on a stalk of the hyssop<br />

plant, and lifted it to Jesus’ lips. When he had received<br />

the drink, Jesus said, ‘It is finished.’ With that, he bowed<br />

his head and gave up his spirit.” (John 19, 28–30)<br />

Relying on the reports of the Jesus’ wail on the cross “My God, my<br />

God, why hast thou forsaken me?!”, the author discusses the feeling of<br />

abandonment of the contemporary human who, for example, lies terminally<br />

ill in a hospital, and who has no choice, in order to get rid of the<br />

suffering, but to ask someone to help him die. Did the Roman soldiers assist<br />

Jesus, as he hung helpless on the cross, to die by giving him to drink<br />

vinegar (or maybe poison), in order to allow him to die a dignified death<br />

before the Sabbath (without breaking legs)?<br />

This discussion on euthanasia the author based on the view that it is<br />

a socially constructed fact which, like other forms of assisted dying, was<br />

interpreted in different ways throughout history. For the meanings, that euthanasia<br />

had and has today, have been determined according to the need of<br />

the specific societies in the given times, which led the author to pay special<br />

attention to the “spirit of time”, i.e. social and religious circumstances at<br />

the time of Jesus’ life and ways of providing assistance in dying, and therefore<br />

the reasons for using vinegar (or poison).<br />

With this discussion the author does not want to dispute with Christian<br />

theologians and their interpretations of this part of the Gospel, but only<br />

wants, using this part of the Gospel, to bring forward the discussion of<br />

“human dignity” and euthanasia as “a death worthy of the human” as terms<br />

which have become a corny phrase of everyday speech.<br />

94


NEVENA MILOSAVLJEVIĆ 1 , SVETLANA MIĆIĆ 2<br />

1<br />

Ivanjica, Srbija / Ivanjica, Serbia<br />

2<br />

Beograd, Srbija / Belgrade, Serbia<br />

BIOETIČKI ASPEKTI STAROSTI<br />

»Kada se ljupkost udruži sa borama – to je očaravajuće.<br />

Postoji neizrecivo svitanje u sretnom starenju.«<br />

(William Hazlitt)<br />

Čovjek je oduvijek nastojao da učini sebe besmrtnim ili se barem pitao<br />

koliko bi se maksimalno mogao produžiti običan ljudski vijek. Starenje je<br />

kompleksan proces koji počinje rađanjem i traje cijelog života, izazivajući<br />

niz promjena u organizmu. Broj starih ljudi je u stalnom porastu, posebno<br />

u razvijenim zemljama svijeta. Gerontologija predstavlja znanost koja<br />

istražuje kako fizičke procese starenja, tako i društvene i kulturne faktore<br />

koji su s tim u vezi, dok je pojam gerijatrije rezerviran za posebno područje<br />

medicine koje je usmjereno ka populaciji starih osoba. Karakteristična<br />

pojava za moderna društva – ejdžizam (engl. age – dob, uzrast) zapravo<br />

podrazumijeva nejednak tretman ili uskraćivanje nekog prava zbog godina<br />

starosti, od strane pojedinca ili organizacije. Osnovne komponente<br />

ejdžizma su predrasude, stereotipi i diskriminacija. Starost je široko polje<br />

djelovanja medicinskog radnika, u kojem lidersku ulogu preuzima izabrani<br />

liječnik u domovima zdravlja (u smislu izvaninstitucionalnog liječenja), u<br />

nastojanju da starijim osobama pruži maksimalnu podršku kako bi sačuvale<br />

svoju vitalnost i aktivnost. Osnovna etička načela obvezuju svakog<br />

zdravstvenog radnika da razvija i usavršava etičku svijest te da poštuje<br />

i dosljedno provodi osnovna načela etike, uvijek i isključivo u interesu<br />

zdravlja i života čovjeka. Umjesto zaključka, u referatu su prikazani ilustrativni<br />

primjeri koji ukazuju na eventualne bioetičke dileme koje se tiču<br />

starih pacijenata (umirući pacijent – eutanazija, saopćavanje loših vijesti,<br />

dostojanstvo, informirani pristanak, autonomija i volja pacijenta, gerijatrijski<br />

sindromi, itd.).<br />

95


BIOETHICAL ASPECTS OF SENILITY<br />

“When kindness aligns with wrinkles – it is charming.<br />

There is one unspeakable sunrise in the happy aging.”<br />

(William Hazlitt)<br />

Man has always been trying to make himself immortal, or at least he<br />

wondered to what maximum extent his life can be prolonged. Aging is a<br />

complex process which begins at birth and lasts throughout the life, causing<br />

a range of changes in our body. The number of old people is constantly<br />

increasing, especially in the developed countries. Gerontology is the<br />

study of social, psychological and biological aspects of aging, as opposed<br />

to geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that studies the disease of<br />

the elderly. The characteristic flaw of modern societies – ageism – is actually<br />

incorrect treatment or deprivation of certain rights because of the<br />

years of age, conducted either by the individual or the organization. Basic<br />

components of ageism are prejudices, stereotypes and discrimination. Old<br />

age represents wide spectrum of action of a medical worker, in which the<br />

chosen doctor (family doctor) undertakes the leading role, trying to provide<br />

maximal support to the elderly in preserving their vitality and activity. Basic<br />

ethic values oblige medical worker to develop and improve his ethical<br />

conscience and to adhere to and conduct basic ethic principles, always and<br />

exclusively with the aim of preserving man’s health and life. The illustrated<br />

examples which point out to possible bioethical dilemmas regarding<br />

the old patients (patient who is dying – euthanasia, announcing bad news,<br />

dignity, informed consent, patient’s will and autonomy, geriatric syndrome,<br />

etc.) are shown instead of the conclusion.<br />

96


NADA MLADINA, ŽARKO MLADINA<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Tuzli, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

ČOVJEK SE RAĐA PRERANO<br />

U prvim danima života čovjek je u puno nepovoljnijem položaju od<br />

brojnih drugih vrsta. Njegovo tijelo mu ne nudi mogućnost kretanja koje bi<br />

ga dovelo do izvora hrane, a njegov je duh nesposoban da izrazi potrebe za<br />

koje i ne znamo u kojoj ih mjeri može osjećati. Iskustvo koje je novorođenče<br />

doživjelo prelazeći iz intrauterinog miljea u vanjski svijet najznačajnija<br />

je promjena kroz koju će ikada morati proći. Jedino bi se još smrt mogla<br />

smatrati tako radikalnom promjenom stanja.<br />

Medicina i pedijatri znaju što su nedonoščad. Utvrđeni su i kriteriji<br />

mogućnosti preživljavanja koji se mijenjaju s vremenom i napretkom<br />

medicine. I drevni tekstovi, kao što je Talmud, sadrže rasprave o tome.<br />

No, jasno je uočljivo da nakon nekoliko godina obično ne ostaje traga od<br />

preranog rođenja. Osim u rijetkim slučajevima, ne postoji razlika između<br />

čovjeka rođenog prije vremena i onoga rođenog na vrijeme. To omogućava<br />

da se opravda i tvrdnja koju možemo izvući iz usporedne anatomije i<br />

fiziologije: čovjek se rađa prerano. Znači li to da intrauterini život čovjeka<br />

nije dovoljan da pripremi ljudsko biće za život i da se čovjek mora roditi<br />

prerano kako bi mu ekstrauterina sredina pružila neophodne dodatne mogućnosti<br />

razvoja?<br />

Pitanje o tome da li se i zašto čovjek rađa prerano bit će razmatrano<br />

iz perspektive medicine i u interdisciplinarnom i pluriperspektivnom horizontu<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong>.<br />

HUMANS ARE BORN TOO EARLY<br />

Human being is in a far less privileged position compared with all<br />

other species in the first couple of days of its life. His body is not yet able<br />

to move and find nutrition and at the same time, his spirit is not able to<br />

express needs.<br />

The most significant change for the newborn is the one that he or she<br />

experiences while crossing over from the intrauterine environment into the<br />

outside world. The only other change as radical as that one is death.<br />

97


Medicine in general and pediatrics in particular are clear about the<br />

definition of the premature babies. There are also well established criteria<br />

to determine the possibility of survival, which tend to change over time<br />

and progress of medicine itself. Even Talmud contains some discussions<br />

about this topic. Nevertheless, it is clear that after couple of years, there are<br />

almost no traces of the premature birth and in the vast majority of cases,<br />

there is no difference between someone who was born prematurely and the<br />

one who wasn’t. This also justifies the statement deriving from anatomy<br />

and physiology: human being is born too early. Does this mean that the<br />

intrauterine life is insufficient in preparing human being for the life and<br />

therefore humans are born too early in order to be provided with additional<br />

development possibilities by the extrauterine environment?<br />

Question of whether and why a man is born prematurely will be examined<br />

from the perspective of medicine, as well as in the interdisciplinary<br />

and pluri-perspective horizon of bioethics.<br />

ANA MRDOVIĆ<br />

NVO »FONDEKO«, Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

NGO “FONDEKO”, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

UKRASNE BILJKE U INTEGRATIVNOJ BIOETICI<br />

»Topiari« i otkidanje ocvjetalih cvjetova<br />

U hortikulturnoj praksi se često orezuju biljke u razne geometrijske<br />

forme ili skulpture u cilju ukrašavanja prostora. Isto tako se, radi produženja<br />

perioda cvjetanja, kontinuirano otkidaju ocvjetali cvjetovi sezonskog<br />

cvijeća i trajnica.<br />

Uvidom u literaturu i praksu dolazimo do saznanja da je »topiari«<br />

postupak ukroćivanja prirodnog habitusa grmova i drveća. U pravilu se<br />

koriste zimzelene biljke i crnogorica, i to vrste sporijeg i gušćeg rasta, manje<br />

površine lista ili iglica koje dobro podnose jače orezivanje. To je, po<br />

principima pristalica topiarija, umjetnost oblikovanja biljnog materijala s<br />

namjerom da se dođe do vizualno zanimljivog izgleda. Mada su najzastupljenije<br />

forme geometrijskog oblika, jer je do njih i najjednostavnije<br />

doći, oblikuju se i veoma složene kreacije, počevši od tipova ornamental-<br />

98


ne forme do maštovitih kreacija u obliku životinja, ljudskih likova, gdje<br />

se ograničenost »fantazije« bazira jedino na umješnosti samog oblikovatelja<br />

i kapacitetu sadnice. No, iako se čini da je topiari moderna tehnika<br />

umjetničkog izražavanja u živom materijalu, takav vid vrtne arhitekture<br />

seže još u doba starog Rima, da bi se snažnije intenzivirao u francuskim i<br />

talijanskim perivojima u periodu renesanse te u Engleskoj u viktorijansko<br />

vrijeme. Dakle, već od doba Rimljana, s više ili manje intenziteta uzgoj<br />

biljaka u formi topiari postoji, a <strong>dana</strong>s čak doživljava neki vid renesanse.<br />

U vječitoj borbi za što dužim periodom cvjetanja koje godi ljudskom oku,<br />

vrši se odmah iza uvenuća latica otkidanje cvjetova zajedno s plodnicom,<br />

da bi se spriječio razvoj sjemenki i prisililo biljke na intenzivniji rast i razvoj<br />

novih cvjetova.<br />

Nasilnim orezivanjem biljaka u strogo dirigiranu formu neprestano<br />

se izrezuju i odbacuju dijelovi biljaka (grančice i listovi), dakle, njihovi<br />

organi. Istovremeno se time biljke nasilno »kastriraju« jer tako orezane<br />

biljke skoro nikada ne cvjetaju pa ne mogu stvoriti genetsko potomstvo.<br />

Neprestanim odrezivanjem ocvjetalih cvjetova sezonskog cvijeća i trajnica<br />

nasilno se prekida stvaranje sjemenki, dakle, kod tih se grupa ukrasnih<br />

biljaka prave nasilni »abortusi«. Tko ima pravo na to?<br />

Čovjek, da bi sebi ugodio, vrši odstranjivanje grančica, listova i cvjetova<br />

(organa) sa živih biljaka jer ima niz nadmoći nad biljkama. Biljke se ne<br />

kreću pa ne mogu pobjeći, ne govore pa se ne mogu protiviti, ali to ne znači<br />

da ne osjećaju. Zaključujem da je potrebno stati u zaštitu biljaka, dozvoljavajući<br />

im njihov potpuni genetski razvoj ne praveći na njima »kastriranja«<br />

i nasilne »abortuse«.<br />

Što je alternativa? Zalagati se za primjenu biljaka koje su po svom<br />

genetskom kodu raznolikih habitusa (forma i struktura rasta, boja, oblik,<br />

veličina listova, cvjetova i plodova) i u tome uživati. Bogata biološka raznolikost<br />

biljaka nam to obilno nudi. Treba to samo prepoznati. To je istovremeno<br />

ušteda rada i energije.<br />

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN INTEGRATIVE BIOETHICS<br />

“Topiary” and Deadheading<br />

In the horticultural literature and practice, we can often find the pruning<br />

of the plants in a variety of geometrical or sculpture-like shapes for<br />

the decoration the space. We can also find the technique of a permanent<br />

99


deadheading of seasonal flowers and perennial plants in order to prolong<br />

the flowering season.<br />

From the literature and practical experience we can define topiary as<br />

the taming the natural habitus of shrubs and trees. Usually, evergreens and<br />

conifers are used, slow-growing and dens-growing plants primarily with<br />

smaller leaves and needles that can withstand hard (aggressive) pruning.<br />

Keen topiary lovers consider it as the art of shaping the plants to achieve<br />

a visually interesting look. Although the geometrical shapes are the favorite<br />

ones (being the easiest to create) there are some very complicated<br />

(demanding) shapes, as the ornamental and imaginative shapes of animals<br />

or humans, when the fantasy is limited only by skill of the artist (gardener)<br />

and the plant capacity. Even though it may seem that topiary is a modern<br />

technique of art expressing through the living material its history reaches<br />

back to the age of the ancient Rome as a style of landscape architecture<br />

and was even intensified at the age of renaissance at the French and Italian<br />

landscapes, and in England during the Victorian time. Recently, a long<br />

history of topiary technique even experiences some aspects of its own renaissance.<br />

In the eternal struggle for the longest flowering season possible,<br />

that pleases the human eye, deadheading is done instantly after fading of<br />

flowers, including the ovary, in order to prevent the development of seed<br />

and to force the plants to grow intensely and to flower again.<br />

By forced pruning, within a strictly desired shape, parts of plants<br />

(branches and leaves – their organs) are constantly cut off and thrown away.<br />

At the same time, the plants are violently “castrated” in order to prevent<br />

flowering and transfer of their genetic code. By permanent deadheading of<br />

fading seasonal and perennial plants, we forcibly stop the development of<br />

seed, i.e. we do “abortions” on these kinds of ornamental plants. Who is<br />

entitled to do such a thing?<br />

Being overpowering in so many aspects, we carelessly cut of branches,<br />

leaves and flowers – the organs on the living plants – for the sake our own<br />

enjoy. Plants do not move so they can not run away, plants do not speak<br />

so they can not protect themselves, but that does not necessarily mean that<br />

they do not feel. As a conclusion, we need to speak out for the protection of<br />

plants thus enabling their full genetic development and preventing forcible<br />

castration and abortion.<br />

Is there an alternative? Fortunately there is. We plead for using the<br />

kind of plants with specific habitus (forms, growth structure, colour, shape,<br />

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leaf size, flowers and seeds) which is the result of their own genetic code<br />

and enjoy them as they genuinely are. A rich biological variety of plants is<br />

generously offering us a great choice and is rewarding in so many ways.<br />

These facts require to be recognised and additionally appreciated because<br />

this alternative is at the same time significantly labour and energy saving.<br />

AMIR MUZUR, IVA RINČIĆ<br />

School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia /<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Hrvatska<br />

NEUROCRITICISM: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY<br />

OF THE ETIOLOGY, PHENOMENOLOGY, AND ETHICS<br />

OF THE USE AND ABUSE OF THE PREFIX ‘NEURO’<br />

The last few decades, beside being proclaimed “the decades of the<br />

brain” or “the decades of the mind”, have witnessed a fascinating explosion<br />

of new disciplines and pseudo-disciplines characterized by the prefix<br />

‘neuro’. To the “old” specializations of neurosurgery, neurophysiology,<br />

neuropharmacology, neurobiology, etc., some new ones have to be added,<br />

which might sound somehow awkward, like neurophilosophy, neuroethics,<br />

neuropolitics, neurotheology, neuroanthropology, neuroeconomy etc.<br />

Placing that curious phenomenon of “neuroization” of all fields of human<br />

thought and practice into a context of mostly unjustified and certainly<br />

too high – almost millenarianistic – expectations from the science of the<br />

brain and mind at the end of the 20th Century, the present paper tries to analyze<br />

when the use of the prefix ‘neuro’ is adequate and when it represents<br />

only a reflex and caricature of individual and collective frustrations.<br />

NEUROKRITIKA: PRILOG PROUČAVANJU<br />

ETIOLOGIJE, FENOMENOLOGIJE I ETIKE<br />

UPORABE I ZLOPORABE PREFIKSA ‘NEURO’<br />

Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, osim što je bilo proglašeno »desetljećima<br />

mozga« ili »desetljećima uma«, svjedoči fascinantnoj eksploziji<br />

novih disciplina ili pseudodisciplina koje se odlikuju prefiksom ‘neuro’.<br />

»Starim« specijalizacijama neurokirurgije, neurofiziologije, neurofarmako-<br />

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logije, neurobiologije itd., pridružile su se i neke koje mogu zazvučati<br />

pomalo nespretno, poput neurofilozofije, neuroetike, neuropolitike, neuroteologije,<br />

neuroantropologije, neuroekonomije i drugih.<br />

Stavljajući ovu kurioznu pojavu »neuroizacije« svih područja ljudske<br />

misli i prakse u kontekst uglavnom neopravdanih a svakako prevelikih<br />

– gotovo milenarističkih – očekivanja od znanosti o mozgu i umu potkraj<br />

XX. stoljeća, ovaj rad pokušava analizirati kada je uporaba prefiksa ‘neuro’<br />

primjerena, a kada predstavlja tek refleks i karikaturu individualnih i kolektivnih<br />

frustracija.<br />

ZAREMA OBRADOVIĆ 1 , IFETA ŠKORO 2 , AMER OVČINA 1,3<br />

1<br />

Fakultet zdravstvenih studija, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

2<br />

Regionalni medicinski centar »Dr. Safet Mujić«, Mostar, Bosna i<br />

Hercegovina /<br />

Dr. Safet Mujić Regional Medical Center, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

3<br />

Klinički Centar, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

102<br />

HIV/AIDS –<br />

STALNA ETIČKA DILEMA<br />

Od ranih osamdesetih godina prošlog vijeka, kad je AIDS prepoznat<br />

kao posebno oboljenje, pa sve do <strong>dana</strong>s, uz ovo se oboljenje vezuju različite<br />

etičke dileme.<br />

Prema podacima objavljenima u studenom 200<strong>9.</strong> godine, a koji se odnose<br />

na 2008. godinu, u svijetu je bilo 33,4 milijuna oboljelih. Oboljenje je<br />

rašireno u cijelom svijetu i predstavlja pandemiju koja traje već 30 godina.<br />

Zbog velikog broja oboljelih, teške kliničke slike i čestih smrtnih ishoda,<br />

HIV/AIDS je svrstan u grupu s malarijom i tuberkulozom, što su oboljenja<br />

koja imaju izuzetno veliki utjecaj na zdravlje u svijetu. Zbog toga se aktivnosti<br />

vezane za ova oboljenja financiraju sredstvima Globalnog fonda. I<br />

Bosna i Hercegovina je jedna od zemalja koja dobiva sredstva Globalnog<br />

fonda za HIV/AIDS i tuberkulozu, što značajno doprinosi provođenju adekvatnih<br />

preventivnih mjera, kao i pravovremenom otkrivanju oboljelih i<br />

njihovom liječenju.


Etičke dileme vezane za ovo oboljenje su mnogobrojne. Neke su iste<br />

kao i za neka druga zarazna oboljenja, a neke su specifične, vezane za<br />

testiranje, dostupnost testova, terapiju, podršku društva. Dileme postoje i<br />

oko informiranosti o HIV statusu. Tko i zašto treba znati HIV status druge<br />

osobe?<br />

Odgovori samo na prvi pogled izgledaju jednostavni. Osnovni razlog<br />

je to što je HIV/AIDS još uvijek stigmatiziran i mistificiran te je osnovni<br />

preduvjet za adekvatan odnos prema HIV-pozitivnima i oboljelima od<br />

AIDS-a dobra zdravstvena edukacija i poznavanje putova i načina prijenosa<br />

oboljenja.<br />

HIV/AIDS –<br />

A CONTINUOUS ETHICAL DILEMMA<br />

Since the early eighties, when AIDS was recognized as a disease, until<br />

now have appeared many ethical dilemmas related to it.<br />

According to the data released in November 2009, which refer to the<br />

year 2008, there were 33.4 million diseased. This disease is widespread<br />

throughout the world and it represents a pandemic which lasts for 30 years.<br />

Due to the large number of infected people, severe clinical symptoms and<br />

frequent deaths, HIV/AIDS has been placed in the group with malaria and<br />

tuberculosis as diseases that have particularly big importance to the health<br />

of people in the whole world. Therefore, activities related to these diseases<br />

are funded by the Global Fund. Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the countries<br />

that receive Global Fund resources for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis,<br />

which contributes significantly to the implementation of adequate preventive<br />

measures and timely detection of patients and their treatment.<br />

There are many ethical dilemmas associated with this disease. Some<br />

are the same as for other infectious diseases, and some specific – related<br />

to testing, availability of tests, treatment, support from society. Dilemmas<br />

also exist about the information of the HIV status. Who and why should<br />

know the HIV status of another person?<br />

The answers seem simple only in the first moment. The main reason<br />

is that the HIV/AIDS is still stigmatized and mystified, and the basic prerequisite<br />

for an adequate attitude towards HIV positive or suffering from<br />

AIDS is the quality health education and knowledge of ways and means of<br />

transmission of the disease.<br />

103


LUKA OMLADIČ<br />

Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia /<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Ljubljani, Slovenija<br />

WHAT WENT WRONG IN COPENHAGEN?<br />

Towards a Fair Sustainability<br />

Copenhagen Climate Change Conference failed to reach binding conclusions,<br />

despite the fact that all the parties involved now recognize human-caused<br />

climate change as a real and pressing issue. The cornerstone<br />

of the agreement was a concept which is in its essence an ethical imperative<br />

– the principle of sustainability. In Copenhagen, parties from developing<br />

countries put forward a very simple question: why should we limit<br />

our greenhouse emissions when yours are much larger by scale and historically?<br />

This is the unresolved question that prevented the agreement and<br />

which is in essence a question of fairness: fairness in distribution of natural<br />

resources and wealth. The task for us (bio)ethicists is thus to develop the<br />

concept of sustainability one step forward, towards a fairness in sustainability,<br />

or fair sustainability.<br />

ŠTO JE KRENULO KRIVO U KOPENHAGENU?<br />

Prema pravednoj održivosti<br />

Kopenhagenska konferencija o klimatskim promjenama propustila je<br />

donijeti obvezujuće zaključke, usprkos činjenici da sve uključene strane<br />

sada prepoznaju klimatske promjene koje je prouzročio čovjek kao stvarno<br />

i neodložno pitanje. Temeljac sporazuma bio je koncept koji je u svojoj biti<br />

etički imperativ – princip održivosti. U Kopenhagenu su sudionici iz zemalja<br />

u razvoju postavili vrlo jednostavno pitanje: zašto mi moramo ograničiti<br />

emisije stakleničkih plinova kada su vaše emisije mnogo veće i po stupnju<br />

i historijski? Ovo je neriješeno pitanje koje je onemogućilo postizanje<br />

sporazuma i koje je u bîti pitanje o pravednosti: pravednosti u distribuciji<br />

prirodnih resursa i bogatstva. Stoga je za nas (bio)etičare cilj daljnje razvijanje<br />

koncepta održivosti, prema pravednosti u održivosti, odnosno prema<br />

pravednoj održivosti.<br />

104


AMER OVČINA 1,2 , AJNIJA OMANIĆ 2 , HAJRUNISA OMANIĆ 3 ,<br />

ŠAHIM KAHRIMANOVIĆ 4 , NADA KOLUDER1<br />

1<br />

Klinički centar, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

2<br />

Fakultet zdravstvenih studija, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

3<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

4<br />

Terapijska zajednica »Kampus«, Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Therapeutic Community “Kampus”, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

ETIČKE DILEME U TERAPIJSKIM ZAJEDNICAMA<br />

ZA LIJEČENJE/RESOCIJALIZACIJU<br />

BIVŠIH OVISNIKA<br />

Društvena i politička zbivanja u Bosni i Hercegovini u proteklih petnaestak<br />

godina dovela su do niza okolnosti koje su rezultirale poremećajima<br />

duševnog zdravlja, naročito kod mladih ljudi. Posebno se ističu poremećaji<br />

ponašanja kod mladih osoba, zbog zloupotrebe sredstava navikavanja, posebno<br />

psihotropnih supstanci. Imajući u vidu potrebu liječenja ovisnika,<br />

otvoreni su centri za liječenje ovisnika o narkoticima, na odjelima bolnica,<br />

zavoda i kliničkih centara. Medicinski tretman liječenja ovisnika o narkoticima<br />

ne završava u centrima za narkomaniju ili odjelima neuropsihijatrijskih<br />

bolnica, nego se bivši ovisnici upućuju za nastavak tretmana u<br />

terapeutske zajednice u kojima se educiraju, rehabilitiraju i resocijaliziraju.<br />

Tretman osoba ovisnih o drogama predstavlja kompleksan i sistematičan<br />

proces. Terapijska zajednica kao oblik institucionalnog smještaja, rehabilitacije<br />

i tretmana ovisnih osoba sve se više aktualizira. Koncepti rada ovih<br />

ustanova trebaju sadržavati konstruktivan i afirmirajući program kojim se<br />

namjerava postići pozitivan utjecaj na samog klijenta u tretmanu i njegovo<br />

aktivno sudjelovanje, kako bi se promijenio ovisnički stil života. Terapeutske<br />

zajednice imaju različite metode resocijalizacije bivših ovisnika, od<br />

primjene vjerskih obreda kao terapije, do zajednica koje su zasnovane na<br />

modelu obiteljskog funkcioniranja s poticanjem kreativnih sposobnosti i<br />

unapređenjem mentalnog zdravlja klijenta.<br />

105


Bivšim ovisnicima potrebna je emocionalna, pravna, zdravstvena i<br />

socijalna zaštita. Etičke se dileme odnose na stigmatizaciju, prvenstveno<br />

iz tog razloga što ne postoje terapijske zajednice (komune) za liječenje<br />

osoba ženskog spola; zatim, diskriminacija bivših ovisnika pri ostvarivanju<br />

prava na zaposlenje, školovanje, te povratak obitelji i široj društvenoj<br />

zajednici.<br />

U radu će biti prikazana etička načela u radu sa ovisnicima o psihoaktivnim<br />

supstancama, suvremeni programi resocijalizacije bivših ovisnika i<br />

etičke dileme koje se javljaju nakon liječenja u Javnoj ustanovi Terapijska<br />

zajednica »Kampus« Kantona Sarajevo.<br />

ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN THE THERAPEUTIC<br />

COMMUNITIES FOR TREATMENT/RESOCIALIZATION<br />

OF FORMER ADDICTS<br />

Social and political developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina over<br />

the past fifteen years have led to a series of circumstances that resulted in<br />

mental health disorders in young people. Particularly interesting are the<br />

behavioral disorders in young adults, due to misuse of addictive substances,<br />

especially psychotropic ones. Bearing in mind the need for treatment of<br />

addicts, centers for the treatment at the hospital departments, institutes<br />

and clinical centers have been opened. Medical treatment of drug addiction<br />

does not end in the centers for drug addicts or neuropsychiatric hospital<br />

wards; instead the ex-addicts are being sent to continue the treatment<br />

in therapeutic communities in which they are educated, rehabilitated and<br />

resocialized. Treatment of addicted persons is a complex and systematic<br />

process. Therapeutic community, as a form of institutional accommodation,<br />

rehabilitation and treatment of addicted persons is increasingly being<br />

realized. Concepts of these institutions should include constructive and affirming<br />

program which aims to achieve a positive impact on the client in<br />

treatment and its active participation in order to change the lifestyle of an<br />

addict. Some therapeutic communities have different methods of resocialization<br />

of former addicts, from the application of religious ceremonies as<br />

a therapy, to communities that are based on a model of family functioning<br />

together with initiating creative abilities and improving mental health of<br />

the client.<br />

106


Former addicts need the emotional, legal, health and social care. Ethical<br />

dilemmas are related to stigmatization, primarily because there are no<br />

therapeutic communities – communes for the treatment of female addicts,<br />

discrimination of former drug addicts in achieving rights to employment<br />

and education, and the return to their families and community.<br />

The article will present ethical principles existing in work with psychoactive<br />

drugs addicts, contemporary programs for resocialization of former<br />

addicts and ethical dilemmas that occur after treatment in a public institution<br />

Therapeutic Community “Kampus” of the Canton of Sarajevo.<br />

ROMAN PAŠKULIN<br />

OMI Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia /<br />

Institut OMI, Ljubljana, Slovenija<br />

RIGHT TO CHOOSE HEALING AND CURE<br />

Empirical knowledge based on experience, often with trans-generational<br />

continuity, has a pejorative connotation in the age of rationalism.<br />

The paradox is most obvious in the sphere of medicines of natural origin,<br />

which are not developed by industrial medicine or pharmaceutical industry.<br />

They are the gift of nature or god who provides arguments in his own<br />

vocabulary and speaks a slow and mysterious language. And if someone<br />

listens, understands and respects them – who has the right to take away<br />

his right to choose his path to recovery? Even with scientific proof of efficiency,<br />

they are often classified as “alternative” because of their traditional<br />

origin and some are even prohibited by law!<br />

Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga) is a traditional remedy from Central Africa<br />

that is used in a number of pathologies that originate on a physical as well<br />

as a mental level. Spiritual and social equilibrium passed on by cultural<br />

rituals using this remedy, nicely rounds up a holistic view on health.<br />

In the West, in the last decades, the patient no longer plays a passive<br />

role but has an active one in the process of healing, with the doctor as an<br />

advisor. It’s all about taking the responsibility for one’s own health and at<br />

the same time for the freedom to choose. But, one has to have possibilities…<br />

107


In the year 2008 Croatia has placed ibogaine and the plant Tabernanthe<br />

iboga on the list of prohibited substances. This was claimed to be in accordance<br />

with the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances from 1971.<br />

But, this convention doesn’t mention ibogaine or iboga in its lists…<br />

PRAVO NA LIJEK I LIJEČENJE<br />

PO VLASTITOM IZBORU<br />

Empirijsko znanje, često s transgenim kontinuitetom, u doba racionalizma<br />

ima negativnu konotaciju. Paradoks je najočitiji u sferi lijekova iz<br />

prirodnog izvora, koji nisu produkt industrijske medicine odnosno farmaceutske<br />

industrije. Dar su prirode ili boga, koji ima argumente u vlastitom<br />

vokabularu i govori spor i misteriozan jezik. Ako ga netko sluša, razumije<br />

i poštuje – tko ima pravo zabraniti mu put do (samo)ozdravljenja i zdravlja?<br />

Iako često imaju znanstvene dokaze efikasnosti, ovi lijekovi su zbog<br />

tradicionalnog izvora prepoznati kao »alternativa«, a neki su i zakonom<br />

zabranjeni!<br />

Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga) je tradicionalni lijek središnje Afrike, gdje<br />

se koristi za brojna patološka stanja koja izviru iz fizičke, kao i psihičke<br />

razine. Duhovna i socijalna ravnoteža uz kulturno-obrednu uporabu toga<br />

lijeka zaokružuje holističko razumijevanje zdravlja.<br />

I na Zapadu se posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća pojavljuje novi pristup<br />

zdravlju, u kojemu pacijent nije više pasivan nego preuzima aktivnu ulogu<br />

u procesu ozdravljenja, a liječnik mu postaje savjetnik. Taj pristup ide za<br />

preuzimanjem odgovornosti za zdravlje i istodobno za pravo na izbor vrste<br />

i načina liječenja. A za nešto takvo moraju biti otvorene mogućnosti…<br />

Hrvatska je 2008. godine na popis zabranjenih supstancija stavila ibogain<br />

i biljku tabernanthe iboga. Navodno, sukladno s popisom Konvencije<br />

UN-a o psihotropnim supstancijama iz 1971. godine. No ta konvencija ibogain<br />

i ibogu ne spominje…<br />

108


JASMINKA PAVELIĆ<br />

Zavod za molekularnu medicinu, Institut »Ruđer Bošković«, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

HuntingtonOVA BOLEST:<br />

Carol Carr – ISTINITA PRIČA<br />

Huntingtonova bolest (HD) je fatalna nasljedna bolest koja pomalo<br />

razara tijelo i um bolesne osobe, a pogubno djeluje i na cijelu obitelj.<br />

Osobe se rađaju s defektnim genom, ali se simptomi bolesti obično pojavljuju<br />

tek u srednjim godinama. Rani simptomi HD su nekontrolirani<br />

pokreti, nespretnost i problemi s održavanjem ravnoteže. Nakon toga<br />

osobe gube sposobnost kretanja, govora, gutanja. Neke osobe više ne<br />

prepoznaju članove obitelji. Drugi oboljeli mogu biti svjesni okoline,<br />

ali ne mogu izraziti svoje emocije. Lijeka za usporavanje tijeka bolesti<br />

ili za izlječenje nema. Obitelji pogođene ovom bolešću moraju se nositi<br />

s brojnim emocionalnim i fizičkim stresovima. S obzirom da se bolest<br />

prenosi na dominantan način, djeca bolesnog roditelja nasljeđuju bolest<br />

s 50% vjerojatnosti. Slijedi priča o Carol Carr, ženi koja je 2002. godine<br />

ubila svoja dva sina koja su bolovala od HD. Na sudu je majka tvrdila<br />

da je ispunila želje sinova za okončanjem njihove patnje kada postanu<br />

prevelike, u kasnijoj fazi bolesti. Carol je dobro poznavala prirodu<br />

bolesti i njezin pogubni utjecaj na organizam oboljelog. Naime, i njen<br />

suprug i njegova majka su bolovali i umrli od posljedica HD. Kada je<br />

bolest dijagnosticirana i u njena dva sina, oni su odlučili da ne žele prije<br />

prirodne smrti proći iste patnje kao i njihov otac i baka. Carol Carr<br />

je prvo optužena za dva ubojstva I. stupnja. Nakon žalbe i priznavanja<br />

krivice za pomoć pri samoubojstvu, sud je bio milosrdan. Osuđena<br />

je na pet godina zatvora. U veljači 2004. godine, nakon 21-mjesečnog<br />

odsluženja kazne, puštena je iz zatvora. Obrazloženje komisije: Carol<br />

je kaznila samu sebe više no što bi je mogla kazniti bilo kakva kazna<br />

osuđivanja na zatvor.<br />

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Huntington’s disease:<br />

Carol Carr – the true story<br />

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal hereditary disorder that slowly<br />

destroys its victims’ minds and bodies as it ravages their families. People<br />

are born with the defective gene, but symptoms usually do not appear<br />

until middle age. Early symptoms of HD include uncontrolled movements,<br />

clumsiness or balance problems. Later, HD can take away the<br />

ability to walk, talk or swallow. Some people stop recognizing family<br />

members. Others are aware of their environment and are able to express<br />

emotions. Currently, there is no effective treatment to slow the progression<br />

of HD, and there is no cure. Families affected by HD must cope<br />

with physical and emotional stresses. Because the condition is a dominant<br />

genetic condition, a child of a HD patient has a 50% chance of also<br />

having the condition. In 2002, woman named Carol Carr fatally shot her<br />

two adult sons, HD sufferers, who were living in a nursing home. Carr<br />

claimed that she was honoring her sons’ wishes to end their suffering<br />

once they reached the later stages of the disease. Both her mother-inlaw<br />

and husband had already died from HD, and when her sons were<br />

diagnosed with the same disease, they decided that they did not want to<br />

succumb to the same type of death. Originally charged with two counts<br />

of first-degree murder with malicious intent, she pleaded guilty to assisted<br />

suicide and was sentenced to five years in a prison and five years<br />

of probation. On February 2, 2004, she was released on parole after serving<br />

21 months of her five-year prison sentence. A parole board member<br />

claimed that she had punished herself more than a prison sentence could<br />

ever punish her.<br />

110


VESNA PEŠIĆ 1 , EDUARD PAVLOVIĆ 2<br />

1<br />

Riječka nadbiskupija, Rijeka, Hrvatska /<br />

Rijeka Archbishopric, Rijeka, Croatia<br />

2<br />

Klinika za psihijatriju, Klinički bolnički centar Rijeka, Rijeka, Hrvatska /<br />

Psychiatric Clinic, Rijeka Clinical Hospital Centre, Rijeka, Croatia<br />

PSIHO-HAGIOTERAPIJSKI PRISTUP<br />

OSOBI TREĆE ŽIVOTNE DOBI<br />

Punina osjećaja zadovoljstva i korisnosti<br />

Radost, ljubav, samopoštovanje i samopouzdanje su temelj kvalitete<br />

života u svim životnim dobima. Stoga se i osobe treće životne dobi ne bi<br />

smjele osjećati odbačenima, zaboravljenima u samoći ili u osami svojih domova<br />

ili staračkih domova. Cilj ovog rada je kroz kratku osobnu anamnezu<br />

te napose kroz profesionalnu i umirovljeničku anamnezu približiti život<br />

jedne 71. godišnje umirovljene odgajateljice, nekadašnje ravnateljice jednog<br />

doma za djecu i mladež. Isto tako, cilj ovog rada je prikazati dijelove<br />

individualne hagioterapije kojoj se ista dragovoljno podvrgla zbog osjećaja<br />

odbačenosti i beskorisnosti nakon stanovitog vremena iza umirovljenja.<br />

Spočetka su se provodili psihoterapijski intervjui, a potom individualna<br />

hagioterapija u trajanju od 3 mjeseca, 45 minuta dvaput tjedno. U početku<br />

se je gledala osvijetliti aktualna bolna psihotopika, u sredini trajanja tretmana<br />

se radilo na suočavanju sa iznesenim sadržajima i na kraju tretmana<br />

se radilo na prorađivanju iznesenih sadržaja i na traženju rješenja. Dosta<br />

rano se uočilo značenje ugode i zadovoljstva u nekadašnjem aktivnom radu<br />

sa djecom i mladeži, pa i u rukovodnom radu. Potom je uslijedilo suočavanje<br />

s osjećajem gubitka radosti, ljubavi, samopoštovanja i samopouzdanja<br />

zbog odlaska u mirovinu. Na kraju se trudi naći u određenim aktivnostima<br />

u jednoj molitvenoj zajednici gdje savjetima pokušava pomoći (toj grupi<br />

pripadajućim) roditeljima glede njihovih roditeljskih problema, a izvan<br />

toga obilazi i skrbi za stare i nemoćne osobe za koje se zna u toj molitvenoj<br />

zajednici. Iz ovog kraćeg psiho-hagioterapijskog prikaza raspraviti je (a<br />

umjesto zaključka i predmnijevati) da se mi možda olako ne odričemo znanja,<br />

umijeća i iskustva starijih osoba, a napose njihove vjere, ljubavi i nade<br />

što itekako (u bilo kojim fazama života) i nama samima treba.<br />

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PSYCHO-HAGIOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACH<br />

TO THE PERSON IN THE THIRD AGE<br />

The Fullness of Feeling of Satisfaction and Efficiency<br />

Happiness, love, self-esteem and confidence have been the foundation<br />

of quality of life in all age groups. Therefore, any person of the third age<br />

also should not feel lonely, useless and forgotten in the seclusion of their<br />

homes or nursing homes. One aim of this paper is to present in short the<br />

life and the former professional life of a 71-year-old pensioner woman.<br />

She worked as the educator of children and youth at one educative house<br />

where she also was the headmaster. Another aim of this paper was to show<br />

pieces of the individual hagiotherapy this woman underwent because of<br />

the feeling of rejection and uselessness after certain period of her pension.<br />

The method of psychotherapeutic interview was used in the first phase of<br />

this treatment and after that the individual hagiotherapy was conducted for<br />

the next three months, twice a week for 45 minutes. The clarification of the<br />

actual psychotopical place was made in the first part of this hagiotherapy.<br />

The confrontation with the explored, often painful, materials was made in<br />

the middle part of the hagiotherapeutic treatment. Searching for the solutions<br />

was conducted at the end of this therapy. The importance of one’s<br />

satisfaction in the former active work was the result of the clarification.<br />

The awareness of the feelings of loneliness and uselessness after the retirement<br />

was the result of the confrontation. In the end, she is trying to find<br />

herself in certain activities of a prayer group where she consults members<br />

of that group who are parents with parental problems, and also by providing<br />

assistance to the elderly and infirm. This brief psycho-hagiotherapeutic<br />

review presents a basis for the disscusion (and maybe even a presumption<br />

instead of the conclusion) on our tendency not to renonuce ourselves of<br />

knowledge, skills and experience of the elderly people, and above all their<br />

faith, love and hope, which is more than important for us in any phase of<br />

our lives.<br />

112


DARKO POLŠEK<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia /<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska<br />

PRINCIPALISM AND THE REFLEXIVE<br />

EQUILIBRIUM IN BIOETHICS<br />

Some scholars (Clouser, Gert, Green, Hoffmaster, Jonsen, Toulmin)<br />

have tried to discard the value of principalism in bioethics exposed by<br />

Beauchamp and Childress, and tried to prove the following: that principalism<br />

lacks “theory”; that in bioethics a “bottom-up” approach is more<br />

viable and justified; that it amounts to a mere “reflexive equilibrium”,<br />

and the arguments of the kind. In this paper I am going to provide some<br />

arguments in favor of the view that principalism is still the best bioethical<br />

theory.<br />

PRINCIPALIZAM I REFLEKSIVNI<br />

EKVILIBRIJ U BIOETICI<br />

Neki su teoretičari (Clouser, Gert, Green, Hoffmaster, Jonsen, Toulmin)<br />

pokušali umanjiti vrijednost principalizma Beauchampa i Childressa<br />

u bioetici dokazivanjem: kako principalizam nije dovoljno teoretičan, kako<br />

nije dovoljno kontekstualiziran, kako je bioetičkim problemima načelno<br />

bolje pristupati bottom up, kako je riječ o najobičnijem refleksivnom ekvilibriju,<br />

i sličnim argumentima. U ovome radu pokušat ću pružiti argumente<br />

zbog kojih je principalizam i dalje najbolja bioetička teorija.<br />

113


SANDRA RADENOVIĆ<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Srbija /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia<br />

(BIO)ETIČKI DOKUMENTI I<br />

RAD ETIČKIH KOMITETA KAO POKAZATELJI<br />

TRENDA INDIVIDUALIZACIJE MEDICINE<br />

U ovom radu autorica razmatra trend individualizacije medicine koji je<br />

prisutan u suvremenoj medicini. Ovaj trend se očituje na mikro-, mezo- i<br />

makrosociomedicinskoj razini: prisutnost paradigme individualizirane, odnosno<br />

na pacijenta fokusirane medicine (patient-centred medicine); svaki<br />

konkretan odnos liječnik–pacijent je sui generis interakcija, neponovljiva<br />

i unikatna medicinska situacija. Naposljetku, autorica smatra da su i medicinskoetičke<br />

deklaracije i kodeksi, dokumenti iz područja <strong>bioetike</strong>, kao i<br />

rad etičkih komiteta pokazatelji trenda individualizacije medicine.<br />

(BIO)ETHICAL DOCUMENTS AND FUNCTIONING OF<br />

ETHICAL COMMITTEES AS THE INDICATORS OF<br />

INDIVIDUALIZING MEDICINE TREND<br />

In this paper the author considers the individualizing medicine trend<br />

which is present in the contemporary medicine. This tendency is noticeable<br />

at the micro-, meso-, and macrosociomedical level: the presence of the<br />

individualized/patient-centred medicine paradigm; every concrete physician-patient<br />

encounter is a sui generis interaction, unrepeatable and unique<br />

medical situation. Finally, the author thinks that the ethical declarations,<br />

codices, bioethical documents as well as the function of the ethical committees<br />

are the indicators of individualizing medicine trend.<br />

114


IVA RINČIĆ, AMIR MUZUR<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Hrvatska /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia<br />

FRITZ JAHR:<br />

PRILOZI ZA BIOGRAFIJU OSNIVAČA<br />

(EUROPSKE) BIOETIKE<br />

Zahvaljujući prvenstveno istraživanjima njemačkog bioetičara Hans-<br />

Martina Sassa, prije nepune tri godine dovedena je u pitanje teza da se utemeljiteljem<br />

<strong>bioetike</strong> kao termina i koncepta ima smatrati američki onkolog<br />

Van Rensselaer Potter koji ga je lansirao početkom 1970-ih godina. Sass<br />

je, naime, pokazao da je bioetiku domislio njemački teolog Fritz Jahr još<br />

1927. u članku naslovljenom »Bioetika: pregled etičkih odnosa čovjeka<br />

prema životinjama i biljkama« (»Bio-Ethik. Eine Umschau über die ethischen<br />

Beziehungen des Menschen zu Tier und Pflanze«), objavljenom u<br />

časopisu Kosmos. U godinama nakon Sassova otkrića, misao Fritza Jahra<br />

propagira se ponajviše i ponajbrže u <strong>Hrvatsko</strong>j, Čileu i Argentini, gdje se<br />

objavljuju i novi radovi koji analiziraju Jahrovo učenje i značaj, ali se o<br />

njegovom životu i okolnostima koje su utjecale na njegov pionirski prinos<br />

bioetici zna vrlo malo.<br />

Ovaj rad, osim pokušaja rezimiranja i valorizacije dosadašnjih publikacija<br />

o djelu Fritza Jahra, nastoji rekonstruirati najvažnije etape života<br />

Paula Maxa Fritza Jahra iz grada Halle, od njegova rođenja 1895., preko<br />

školovanja, braka, pastoralnog i učiteljskog rada, do prijevremenog umirovljenja<br />

1933. i smrti 1953. godine. Ova se rekonstrukcija zasniva na Jahrovim<br />

djelima, kao i na arhivskim dokumentima iz Arhiva Grada Halle,<br />

Arhiva Franckeove zaklade i Sveučilišne i zemaljske knjižnice pokrajine<br />

Sachsen-Anhalt.<br />

FRITZ JAHR:<br />

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOGRAPHY OF<br />

THE FOUNDER OF (EUROPEAN) BIOETHICS<br />

Thanks primarily to the investigations by the German bioethicist Hans-<br />

Martin Sass, less than three years ago, the thesis that the American oncologist<br />

Van Rensselaer Potter is supposed to be considered the founder of<br />

115


the term and concept of bioethics in the early 1970s has been brought into<br />

question. Sass, namely, has proved that bioethics had been conceived by<br />

the German theologian Fritz Jahr as early as in 1927, in a paper entitled<br />

“Bioethics: An Overview of Ethical Relations of the Man toward Animals<br />

and Plants” (“Bio-Ethik: Eine Umschau über die ethischen Beziehungen<br />

des Menschen zu Tier und Pflanze”), published in the journal Kosmos.<br />

In the years following Sass’ discovery, the ideas by Fritz Jahr have been<br />

propagated mostly and most rapidly toward Croatia, Chile, and Argentina,<br />

where new papers have been published, analyzing Jahr’s teaching and importance,<br />

but very little is known on Jahr’s life and the circumstances that<br />

had influenced his pioneering contribution to bioethics.<br />

The present paper, besides trying to summarize and evaluate former<br />

publications on the work by Fritz Jahr, ventures into a reconstruction of the<br />

most important stages of the life of Paul Max Fritz Jahr from the German<br />

city of Halle, from his birth in 1895, his schooling, marriage, pastoral and<br />

teacher work, to his premature retirement in 1933 and death in 1953. That<br />

reconstruction is based upon Jahr’s works, as well as upon documents from<br />

the archives of the City of Halle, the Francke Foundation, and the Sachsen-<br />

Anhalt Province University- and Country Library.<br />

JOS SCHAEFER-ROLFFS<br />

Ruhr University Bochum, Germany /<br />

Ruhrsko sveučilište u Bochumu, Njemačka<br />

ECOLOGY –<br />

THE ESSENTIAL CHALLENGE OF THE NEW EPOCH?!<br />

One of the essential challenges for the 21st Century will be to deal<br />

with the environment in a new way. It is increasingly obvious that it is not<br />

possible to enhance the capitalistic output anymore without thinking about<br />

the consequences on the environment that are part of the production, and<br />

how it might be possible to influence them.<br />

It is the claim of integrative bioethics and this conference in particular,<br />

to think about the new epoch, but the questions of ecology are not as much<br />

in the centre of the consideration as their relevance might suggest.<br />

116


The discourse should not only be about the contact and handling of<br />

the nature and the environment but we should also reconsider its relation<br />

to the human society. For only if we reconsider this relation and therefore<br />

criticise the social circumstances and the handling of the nature it can lead<br />

to a lasting change of the way we deal with the nature.<br />

EKOLOGIJA –<br />

GLAVNI IZAZOV NOVE EPOHE?!<br />

Jedan od glavnih izazova za 21. stoljeće je suočavanje s problemom<br />

okoliša na nov način. Postaje sve jasnije da više nije moguće povećati kapitalističku<br />

proizvodnju bez razmišljanja o posljedicama na okoliš koje su<br />

dio proizvodnje, te kako bi bilo moguće utjecati na njih.<br />

Zadatak je integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong>, a posebno ove konferencije, razmišljati<br />

o novoj epohi, no pitanja ekologije nisu toliko u centru pažnje koliko<br />

bi njihov značaj mogao sugerirati.<br />

Rasprava ne bi trebala podrazumijevati samo dodir s prirodom i odnos<br />

prema okolišu nego i odnos prirode prema ljudskom društvu. Jedino ako<br />

uzmemo u obzir ovaj odnos i u skladu s tim kritiziramo društvene okolnosti<br />

i odnos prema prirodi, može doći do promjena u našem pristupu prirodi.<br />

MARIJA SELAK<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

BIOETIKA I FILOZOFIJA SVIJETA<br />

Tradicionalnu kozmologiju, kojom se nekada objašnjavao svijet, istisnula<br />

je dominacija znanosti nad filozofijom nakon što je došlo do njihova<br />

odvajanja. Današnja, prirodoznanstvena kozmologija dobila je prednost u<br />

pružanju odgovora na pitanja o tome što je svijet, dok je neempirijska sveobuhvatnost<br />

– temeljna odrednica tradicionalne kozmologije – postala bespotrebnom.<br />

Poticaje povratku kategorije obuhvatnosti možemo pronaći u<br />

ideji integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong> s jedne strane i u filozofiji svijeta s druge strane.<br />

Nakana je ovog rada da, slijedeći te poticaje, uspostavi poveznicu između<br />

integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong> i filozofije svijeta na tragu rasprava koje su vođene u<br />

117


okviru Augsburško-zagrebačkih filozofskih razgovora (Augsburg, 1988.;<br />

Zagreb, 1990.; Augsburg, 1993.) i s osloncem na razumijevanju svijeta u<br />

filozofiji Karla Löwitha. Naime, možemo uočiti da integrativno mišljenje<br />

koje je u bioetičkom misaonom horizontu razvijeno do nove paradigme<br />

znanja poprima kozmološki (u smislu tradicionalne kozmologije) karakter,<br />

prvenstveno u smislu odmaka od antropocentričke tradicije moderne<br />

filozofije. Tako se čovjek u okviru integrativnog mišljenja kao i u okviru<br />

Löwithove filozofije svijeta ne nalazi više u centru iz kojeg podvrgava<br />

svijet (kao što podrazumijeva prirodoznanstveno promatranje) nego se razumije<br />

i pozicionira samo u supostojanju. Dok u okviru filozofije svijeta<br />

polazimo od obuhvatnog pojma svijeta i deduktivnim putem dolazimo do<br />

čovjeka kao njegova sastavnog dijela, dotle u okviru <strong>bioetike</strong>, koja linijom<br />

integrativnog mišljenja svoj vidokrug proširuje od čovjeka (medicinska<br />

etika) preko biosa do kosmosa (kao pretpostavke i uvjeta održanja života),<br />

induktivno dolazimo do obuhvatnog razumijevanja svijeta.<br />

118<br />

BIOETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE WORLD<br />

Traditional cosmology, once used to explain the world, was pushed out<br />

by the domination of science over philosophy that happened after their separation.<br />

Contemporary natural science cosmology was given an advantage<br />

in giving the answer what the world is, while nonempirical comprehensiveness<br />

– the basic determinant of traditional cosmology – became useless.<br />

Encouragement to return the category of comprehensiveness can be found<br />

in the idea of integrative bioethics on the one side and in philosophy of the<br />

world on the other side. Following the mentioned impulse this paper will<br />

try to establish the link between integrative bioethics and philosophy of<br />

the world. This examination will be based on discussions which were held<br />

during Augsburg-Zagreb philosophical conversations (Augsburg, 1988;<br />

Zagreb, 1990; Augsburg, 1993) and on the understanding of the world<br />

in philosophy of Karl Löwith. It can be said that integrative thought that<br />

developed in the new paradigm of knowledge in bioethical framework is<br />

receiving cosmological character (in sense of traditional cosmology). That<br />

can be seen primarily in its distance from anthropocentric tradition of modern<br />

philosophy. In integrative thought, as also in Löwith’s philosophy of<br />

the world, man is not standing in the centre from which he is subordinating<br />

the world anymore (as is the case in natural sciences). He is understood<br />

only in coexistence. In philosophy of the world we are starting from the


comprehensive notion of the world and by deduction coming to man as its<br />

component. On the other hand, in bioethics, which is expanding its horizon<br />

from man (medical ethics), from bios, to cosmos (as a precondition of the<br />

preservation of life), by induction we are coming to comprehensive understanding<br />

of the world.<br />

PETRA SKELIN<br />

Hrvatski studiji, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

University Centre for Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

MEDIJI I ZDRAVLJE<br />

Izvještavanje o potresu na Haitiju<br />

kao zemlji u razvoju<br />

Potres koji je pogodio Haiti, 12. siječnja 2010. godine u popodnevnim<br />

satima, potaknuo je medije da u svoje priloge uvrste i izvještaje o stanju<br />

na Haitiju. Naime, potres je bio katastrofalnih razmjera, odnio je nekoliko<br />

stotina tisuća života, a konačan broj još nije poznat, okoliš je devastiran,<br />

ostale su brojne žrtve, kao i izbjeglice te velik broj djece bez roditelja.<br />

Uslijed kaotične situacije veliki broj ljudi ostao je bez krova nad glavom,<br />

gladni, bespomoćni, čekajući međunarodnu pomoć. Iako je i do tada stanje<br />

na Haitiju bilo posve nezavidno, od nestabilne političke situacije u zemlji,<br />

do siromaštva, kao i epidemije bolesti poput AIDS-a, događaji na Haitiju<br />

baš i nisu bili zastupljeni u hrvatskom dnevnom tisku. Tek nakon strašnog<br />

potresa i gubitka brojnih života mediji su počeli (više) izvještavati o ovoj<br />

zemlji. Stoga se u radu analizira način izvještavanja o potresu na Haitiju<br />

u Jutarnjem listu i Večernjem listu, u periodu od 14. do 31. siječnja 2010.<br />

godine.<br />

MEDIA AND HEALTH<br />

Reporting on the Earthquake in Haiti<br />

as a Developing Country<br />

The earthquake that struck Haiti in the afternoon of 12th January 2010<br />

prompted the media to include in their contents articles, as well as reports,<br />

119


on the situation on Haiti. Namely, the earthquake had disastrous proportions,<br />

it took hundreds of thousands of lives, whose number is not yet finally<br />

known, the environment has been devastated, there are many victims<br />

left, refugees, as well as large number of children without parents. Due to<br />

the chaotic situation many people were left homeless, hungry, helpless,<br />

waiting for international help. Although the situation on Haiti before the<br />

earthquake was quite unenviable, considering the unstable political situation<br />

in country, poverty, epidemic diseases like AIDS, the situation on Haiti<br />

has not quite been represented in Croatian daily newspaper. Only after the<br />

terrible earthquake and loss of many lives media have begun reporting<br />

(more) on this country. Therefore, this paper analyzes the way of reporting<br />

on the earthquake in Haiti in Jutarnji list and Večernji list, between 14th<br />

and 31st of January 2010.<br />

VERONIKA SZÁNTÓ<br />

Hungarian Bioethics Association, Budapest, Hungary /<br />

Mađarska bioetička asocijacija, Budimpešta, Mađarska<br />

GENETIC ESSENTIALISM:<br />

STUMBLING BLOCK OF THE GMO CONTROVERSY<br />

The international debate over genetically modified organisms (GMOs)<br />

has reached a stalemate and chances for a rational discussion seem bleak.<br />

I argue that both pro- and con-GMO advocates endorse tacitly a shared<br />

presupposition that effectively hinders consensus. Both sides accept, for<br />

the most part unconsciously, a view of genes which can appropriately be<br />

called genetic essentialism. According to this view the genes of an organism<br />

comprise its very essence, implying causal and explanatory primacy of<br />

the genes. Genetic essentialism often involves the representation of genes<br />

as a blueprint containing both all information needed to “build” an organism<br />

and the effective agency required for its implementation. Pro-GMO<br />

advocates thus refer to the purportedly incomparable effectiveness of transgenesis<br />

as the justification of their view, whereas their opponents warn that<br />

genetic engineering interrupts the very essence of living organisms. I argue<br />

that this unfruitful debate can be overcome by the careful application of<br />

recent achievements in the criticism of genetic essentialism performed by<br />

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philosophers of biology, epigeneticists and others. I wish to demonstrate<br />

that, instead of dogmatic affirmation or rejection, a more inclusive organism-based<br />

view can help reasonably to assess the real merits and harms<br />

of genetic engineering and that it may contribute to the establishment of<br />

well-grounded criteria according to which cases where transgenesis may<br />

be advantageous can be distinguished from those where more traditional<br />

breeding methods are desirable.<br />

GENETIČKI ESENCIJALIZAM:<br />

KAMEN SPOTICANJA U SPORU OKO GMO-a<br />

Međunarodna raspravo o genetički modificiranim organizmima (GMO)<br />

došla je u pat poziciju, a šanse za racionalnu diskusiju postaju sve manje.<br />

Tvrdim da i zagovaratelji GMO-a i njihovi protivnici prešutno podržavaju<br />

zajedničku pretpostavku koja učinkovito sprečava konsenzus. Obje strane<br />

prihvaćaju, ponajviše nesvjesno, pogled na gene koji se prikladno može<br />

nazvati genetičkim esencijalizmom. Prema ovom gledištu, geni nekog organizma<br />

čine samu njegovu bit, implicirajući tako kauzalno i eksplanatorno<br />

prvenstvo gena. Genetički esencijalizam često uključuje shvaćanje<br />

gena kao nacrta koji sadržava sve informacije koje su potrebne kako bi se<br />

organizam »izgradio«, te kao učinkovitog posrednika potrebnog za njegovu<br />

provedbu. Zagovaratelji GMO-a se tako pozivaju na navodno neusporedivu<br />

učinkovitost transgeneze kao potvrdu njihovog stajališta, dok<br />

njihovi protivnici upozoravaju da genetičko inženjerstvo dira u samu bit<br />

živih organizama. Tvrdim da se ova besplodna rasprava može prevladati<br />

pažljivom primjenom nedavnih postignuća u kritici genetičkog esencijalizma<br />

od strane filozofa biologije, epigenetičara itd. Želim pokazati da jedan<br />

inkluzivniji, na organizme orijentiran pogled, umjesto dogmatske afirmacije<br />

ili odbijanja, može značajno pridonijeti procjeni stvarnih prednosti i<br />

ograničenja genetičkog inženjerstva te uspostavi dobro utemeljenih kriterija<br />

prema kojima se mogu razlikovati slučajevi gdje transgeneza može biti<br />

prednost od onih gdje je poželjnije tradicionalno uzgajanje.<br />

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LENART ŠKOF<br />

Faculty of Humanities, Koper, University of Primorska, Slovenija /<br />

Fakultet za humanističke studije, Koper, Sveučilište Primorske, Slovenija<br />

TOWARDS ETHICS OF SUSTAINABILITY<br />

Reflections on a Life<br />

The presentation will bring together environmental pragmatism, bioethics<br />

(including contemporary animal ethics) and theories of sustainable<br />

development by reflecting on a phenomenon and concept of life as well<br />

as related concept of environment (Dewey, Deleuze, Agamben, Braidotti,<br />

Irigaray). First, it will present the classical and contemporary pragmatist<br />

environmental theories (Dewey, environmental pragmatism). It will then<br />

reflect upon R. Braidotti’s Transpositions and present her model of the<br />

overcoming of the classical models of bioethics by establishing the holistic<br />

paradigm of valuing (bare) life beyond all dualistic and anthropocentric<br />

categories. In the concluding section it will reflect upon the possibilities<br />

of a new understanding of the co-dependence and biotic relatedness of beings/bodies<br />

within a habitat/ecosystem, and, as a consequence, the related<br />

socio-ethical connections among them (trans-species solidarity, care).<br />

PREMA ETICI ODRŽIVOSTI<br />

Refleksije o životu<br />

Izlaganje će spojiti okolišni pragmatizam, bioetiku (uključujući suvremenu<br />

zoo-etiku) i teorije održivog razvoja, reflektirajući o fenomenu i konceptu<br />

života, kao i o konceptu okoliša koji je s time povezan (Dewey, Deleuze,<br />

Agamben, Braidotti, Irigaray). Kao prvo, bit će prikazane klasične<br />

i suvremene pragmatističke okolišne teorije (Dewey, okolišni pragmatizam).<br />

Potom će se reflektirati o Transpozicijama R. Braidotti i prikazati<br />

njezin model prevladavanja klasičnih modela <strong>bioetike</strong> putem ustanovljavanja<br />

holističke paradigme vrednovanja (golog) života s onu stranu svih<br />

dualističkih i antropocentričkih kategorija. U završnom odsječku reflektirat<br />

će se o mogućnostima novog razumijevanja međuovisnosti i bioetičke<br />

odnosnosti bića/tijela unutar habitata/ekosistema, te kao posljedica toga, o<br />

socio-etičkim vezama između njih (trans-vrsna solidarnost, skrb).<br />

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KIRIL TEMKOV<br />

Skopje, Makedonija /<br />

Skopje, Macedonia<br />

JAVNOST ILI TAJNOST<br />

BIOETIČKIH NASTOJANJA I KAZIVANJA<br />

Tajna je <strong>dana</strong>s suprotna smislu i nastojanjima <strong>bioetike</strong>. Javnost je bitna<br />

ne samo u socijalnim i u političkim pitanjima, jer je demokracija jezgra<br />

najvažnijih svjetskih djelovanja i organizacija. Otvorenost je bitna za bioetičke<br />

spoznaje, istraživanja, vrednovanje i akcije zato što se te ideje i ciljevi<br />

tiču svih ljudi, ti problemi duboko uznemiruju duše i suvremenu misao,<br />

a odgovori na njih se ne mogu naći bez sudjelovanja i suosjećanja sviju.<br />

Koprena je raskinuta. Nitko nema prava na iluziju pred biološkim izazovima<br />

sadašnjice i sutrašnjice. Tako je otvorenost etička obveza suvremene<br />

cjelovite komunikacije. R. Carson je prije pola stoljeća istaknula da ne<br />

bi mogla živjeti ako zataji negativnu moć kemijskog otrova te opasnosti od<br />

našeg kemijskog neznanja i indolencije. Takva je inspiracija borbe protiv<br />

nuklearnog zračenja, slabe brige za zdravlje, zatomljivanja etičkog odgoja,<br />

skrivanja uništavajućeg oružja i planiranja neljudskih namjera… Svi, roditelji<br />

i škole, medicina, biologija i druge prirodne znanosti, te mediji i sve<br />

socijalne znanosti, prijatelji i bližnji međusobno, svi nužno djeluju otvoreno<br />

o svim spoznajama i posljedicama – da bi se ljudi osvijestili, znali istinu<br />

(koliko god ona bila teška) i poduzeli mjere da bi popravili svoje postupke<br />

i ispravili svoje negativno odnošenje spram Prirode. Drugog puta nema.<br />

Tajnovitog nikako!<br />

PUBLICITY OR SECRECY OF<br />

BIOETHICAL ENTERPRISES AND PROPOSITIONS<br />

Secret is nowadays opposite to the sense and the enterprises of bioethics.<br />

Publicity is important in social and political matters, as well as for<br />

the bioethical knowledge, investigations, evaluations and activities, because<br />

ideas and tasks of bioethics have significance for all people, its problems<br />

worry the human soul and the contemporary thought deeply, and also<br />

the answers to these problems can not be founded without participation,<br />

empathy, and compassion by all.<br />

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The curtain is broken. Nobody has right to illusion about biological<br />

challenges of today and tomorrow. So the publicity is the ethical duty of the<br />

recent complex communication. R. Carson said half century ago that she<br />

could not live if she masks the negative power of chemical poison as well<br />

as the danger of our chemical ignorance and indolence. It is an inspiration<br />

for all battles against radiation, the week care on health, the discrimination<br />

of modern and complete moral education, the hidden of destroying arms<br />

and the planning of inhuman purposes… Everyone, parents and schools,<br />

medicine, biology and other natural sciences as well as media and all kinds<br />

of social ideas and sciences, they all are necessary agents of publicity of<br />

complete knowledge and consequences – in order to bring the people to the<br />

sense, to know the truth (however it might be difficult), to take actions to<br />

ameliorate their acts and to correct their negative treatment of the Nature.<br />

There is no other way. Secrecy – no way!<br />

GUILLAUME THIERY, AMER IGLICA, AMER OVČINA,<br />

NERMINA BAJRAMOVIĆ, IRMA SLADIĆ,<br />

KENANA AGANOVIĆ, IRA TANČICA<br />

Klinički centar, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

124<br />

BRIGA NA KRAJU ŽIVOTA U INTENZIVNOJ NJEZI:<br />

FRANCUSKI PRISTUP<br />

Broj bolesnika koji umiru u bolnici povećava se u modernim društvima.<br />

Među njima je sve veći broj onih koji umiru u jedinicama intenzivne<br />

njege (JIN). Tokom proteklih 50 godina, u jedinicama intenzivne njege dramatično<br />

su se promijenili pristupi njezi najteže oboljelih pacijenata. Međutim,<br />

neizvjesnost agresivne i skupe terapije spašavanja života kod nekih<br />

pacijenata pokrenula je niz etičkih pitanja.<br />

U JIN smrt može nastupiti kada pacijent ne reagira niti na jednu<br />

terapiju. Međutim, u velikom broju slučajeva intenzivisti moraju procijeniti<br />

da li je intenziviranje ili nastavak terapije za održavanje života<br />

opravdano. Dakle, odluka može biti da se nastavi s punim liječenjem bez<br />

ograničenja, da se smanji ili se prekine terapija za održavanje života. Ova<br />

odluka uzima u obzir nekoliko stvari, kao što su želje pacijenta, obitelji,<br />

objektivna prognoza, pravda ili pravo.


Prije deset godina, anketa provedena u Francuskoj pokazala je da je<br />

kod više od 50% umrlih u JIN smrti prethodila odluka o uskraćivanju ili<br />

prekidu tretmana, unatoč njihovoj zabrani od strane francuskog zakonodavstva<br />

u to vrijeme. Nakon toga je pokrenuta nacionalna rasprava o ovom<br />

pitanju, u kojoj su intenzivisti i znanstveno društvo, Société de Réanimation<br />

Langue Française, odigrali važnu ulogu. Napokon je 2005. godine parlament<br />

usvojio zakon o bioetici, koji daje precizan okvir za pitanja o kraju<br />

života.<br />

Ovaj zakon i preporuke koje je objavilo Société de Réanimation Langue<br />

Française istakli su dva aspekta vezana za skrb na kraju života u<br />

JIN: sama odluka o uskraćivanju ili povlačenju liječenja, te konkretni menadžment<br />

okončanja života u JIN.<br />

Ovaj zakon podsjeća da je davanje bilo koje tvari s ciljem da se skrati<br />

život – zločin. Međutim, navodi da liječenje ne treba nastaviti zbog nerazumne<br />

tvrdoglavosti. Štoviše, pacijent ima pravo odlučiti kada će se odbiti<br />

ili prekinuti liječenje. Kao rezultat toga, zakon daje pravo liječniku da ne<br />

započinje tretmane za očuvanje života, pod uvjetom da se ta odluka donosi<br />

prema unaprijed utvrđenim pravilima, koja su navedena u zakonu. Palijativna<br />

skrb je stavljena na prvo mjesto u menadžmentu ovih pacijenata.<br />

END OF LIFE CARE IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT:<br />

THE FRENCH APPROACH<br />

The number of patients dying in the hospital is increasing in modern<br />

societies. Among them, an increasing number is dying in the intensive care<br />

unit (ICU). Over the last 50 years, intensive care units have dramatically<br />

changed the approach to care of the most seriously ill patients. However,<br />

the uncertainty of aggressive and expensive life-saving therapies for some<br />

patients has raised many ethical issues.<br />

In the ICU, death may occur when the patient is refractory to all therapies.<br />

However, in a large number of cases, intensivists have to evaluate<br />

whether the intensification or continuation of life-saving therapies is justified.<br />

Thus, the decision may be to continue a full treatment without restriction,<br />

to withhold or to withdraw life-saving therapies. This decision takes<br />

into account several items, such as the patient’s wishes, family’s experience,<br />

objective prognosis, distributive justice, or law.<br />

Ten years ago, a French survey has shown that more than 50% of<br />

deaths in the ICU were preceded by decisions to withhold or withdraw<br />

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the life-saving treatments, despite their prohibition by French legislation<br />

at that time. A national debate has then been set up on this matter, in which<br />

intensivists and the scientific society, the Société de Réanimation Langue<br />

Française, played a major role. Finally in 2005, the parliament passed a<br />

bioethics law which gives a precise frame for end-of-life issues.<br />

This law and the recommendations published by the Société de Réanimation<br />

de Langue Française, have pointed out two aspects of end-of-life<br />

care in the ICU: the very decision of withholding or withdrawing treatments,<br />

and the concrete management of end-of-life in the ICU.<br />

It reminds us that giving any substance in order to shorten one’s life is<br />

a crime. However, it states that treatment should not be continued due to an<br />

unreasonable obstinacy. Moreover, the patient has a right to decide when<br />

to reduce or stop his treatment. As a result, the law gives doctors the right<br />

not to introduce life-saving treatments, provided that this decision is taken<br />

according to pre-established rules, which are stated by the law. Palliative<br />

care has been placed as a priority in the management of such patients.<br />

DANIJELA TIOSAVLJEVIĆ MARIĆ<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Srbija /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia<br />

PROSTITUCIJA I AMORALNOST<br />

Prostitucija je uvijek bila smatrana »najstarijim zanatom na svijetu«,<br />

za čiji su se nastanak i održavanje većinom optuživali socijalni faktori. Iza<br />

te fraze se, s jedne strane, krila lažna fatalistička velikodušnost, a s druge<br />

strane, aristokratski prezir. Takva odrednica je koristila i onima koji su željeli<br />

izbjeći odgovornost, preispitivanje i krivnju.<br />

Vođeni mišljenjem da prirodu jedne »pojave« ne možemo spoznati bez<br />

spoznaje prirode pojedinca koji je čini, krenuli smo putem ispitivanja karaktera<br />

žena koje se bave prostitucijom.<br />

U predavanju će se moralno definirati prostitucija, te naglasiti naš stav<br />

protiv njene legalizacije.<br />

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PROSTITUTION AND AMORALITY<br />

Prostitution has always been considered “the oldest profession in the<br />

world”. Social factors have mostly been accused for its appearance and<br />

perpetuation. Behind that phrase hides, on the one hand, a falsely fatalistic<br />

generosity, and on the other hand, an aristocratic scorn. Such a notion was<br />

used by those who wished to avoid responsibility, rethinking and guilt.<br />

Guided by the view that the nature of a “phenomenon” can not be perceived<br />

without the knowledge of the nature of an individual who makes<br />

the phenomenon, we started the investigation by examining the character<br />

features of women involved in prostitution.<br />

In this presentation, we will define prostitution through the prism of<br />

morals, and emphasize our stance against the legalization of same.<br />

ZORAN TODOROVIĆ, MILICA PROSTRAN<br />

School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia /<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Srbija<br />

BIOETHICAL CHALLENGES<br />

IN BIOPHARMACEUTICAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT<br />

Unlike conventional, small molecular weight drugs, biopharmaceuticals<br />

are proteins with complex three dimensional structures obtained with<br />

the help of DNA technology and hybridoma techniques. Immunogenicity of<br />

biopharmaceuticals should always be tested in clinical settings due to low<br />

predictive value of preclinical animal models. However, non-human primates<br />

(NHP) and transgenic mice could be used to address certain aspects<br />

of immunogenicity. Substantial efforts have been made to reduce NHP use<br />

in biopharmaceutical drug development, e.g. study design improvements<br />

and changes in regulatory policy. In addition, several expert groups are active<br />

in this field (e.g. NC3Rs, BioSafe, and Biopharmaceutical Technical<br />

Group). Despite that, there is an increasing trend of use of NHP in preclinical<br />

safety testing of biopharmaceuticals, especially regarding monoclonal<br />

antibodies. Other potential bioethical issues related to biopharmaceutical<br />

drug development are their cost/effectiveness ratio, clinical safety assessment<br />

and production of biosimilars.<br />

127


BIOETIČKI IZAZOVI U RAZVOJU<br />

BIOFARMACEUTSKIH LIJEKOVA<br />

Za razliku od standardnih lijekova male molekulske mase, biofarmaceutski<br />

lijekovi su proteini složene, trodimenzionalne strukture, dobiveni<br />

DNK tehnologijom i tehnikama hibridoma. Imunogenost biofarmaceutika<br />

treba uvijek ispitati u kliničkim studijama zbog male prediktivne vrijednosti<br />

pretkliničkih animalnih modela. Međutim, primati (non-human primates,<br />

NHP) i transgeni sojevi miševa mogu se koristiti u cilju proučavanja<br />

pojedinih aspekata imunogenosti. Značajni se napori poduzimaju u<br />

cilju smanjenja upotrebe NHP u razvoju biofarmaceutskih lijekova, npr.<br />

poboljšanja dizajna pretkliničkih studija i izmjene zakonske regulative.<br />

Osim toga, nekoliko ekspertnih grupa aktivno je u rješavanju ovog problema<br />

(npr. NC3Rs, BioSafe i Biopharmaceutical Technical Group). Usprkos<br />

tome, postoji rastući trend korištenja NHP u pretkliničkim studijama sigurnosti<br />

biofarmaceutika, posebno kad se radi o monoklonskim antitijelima.<br />

Druga potencijalna bioetička pitanja vezana za razvoj biofarmaceutskih<br />

proizvoda su odnos njihove cijene i efikasnosti, procjena sigurnosti u kliničkim<br />

uvjetima i proizvodnja biološki sličnih lijekova.<br />

MARIJA TODOROVSKA<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Macedonia /<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište Sv. Ćirila i Metoda u Skopju, Makedonija<br />

AUTHORITY OF LAW AND ISSUES OF BIOETHICS<br />

The “mystical authority of law” in biomedical context and in public<br />

policy can be worthy of bioethical discussion. The performative and paradigmatic<br />

strength of such authority in these fields is necessary for the upholding<br />

of some of the norms and values of the society but could also be<br />

quite limiting in terms of exercising personal autonomy. The pluriperspective<br />

approach of integrative bioethics can be applied to the understanding<br />

of the manner in which medicine, public policy and law are intertwined.<br />

In the frame of a comprehensive philosophy of law, medical sociology and<br />

the theory of integrative bioethics several issues can be tackled – starting<br />

from the treatment of the human body and its medical well-being, coming<br />

to the citizens’ law-abidingness and liability, and to the complex discourse<br />

128


on the constituting and sustaining elements of human dignity. Integrative<br />

bioethics can help to better identify the factors that most influence decision-making<br />

in life sciences, especially medicine and genetic technologies,<br />

and recognise the extent to which the authority of law can modify attitudes,<br />

actions and worldviews.<br />

AUTORITET PRAVA I BIOETIČKA PITANJA<br />

Mistički autoritet prava u biomedicinskom kontekstu i u javnim odrednicama<br />

može biti vrijedan bioetičke diskusije. Performativna i paradigmatička<br />

snaga ovog autoriteta u ovim poljima je neophodna za održavanje<br />

određenih normi i vrijednosti društva, međutim, mogla bi isto tako biti<br />

i sasvim ograničavajuća u smislu izražavanja osobne autonomije. Pluriperspektivni<br />

pristup integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong> mogao bi se primijeniti za razumijevanje<br />

načina kojim su medicina, javne odrednice i pravo međusobno<br />

isprepleteni. U okviru sveobuhvatne filozofije prava, medicinske sociologije<br />

i teorije integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong>, mogla bi se istraživati određena pitanja<br />

– od tretmana čovjekova tijela i njegovog dobrobiti u medicinskom<br />

smislu, do građanskog poštovanja zakona i odgovornosti pred zakonom,<br />

kao i kompleksnog diskursa oko konstitutivnih i održavajućih elemenata<br />

čovjekova dostojanstva. Integrativna bioetika može pomoći u boljoj identifikaciji<br />

faktora koji utječu najviše u procesu donošenja odluka u prirodnim<br />

znanostima, osobito u medicini i genetičkim tehnologijama, i u prepoznavanju<br />

stupnja do kojeg autoritet prava može promijeniti stavove, djelovanja<br />

i poglede na svijet.<br />

DANIJEL TOLVAJČIĆ<br />

Katolički bogoslovni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Catholic Faculty of Theology, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

LJUBAV, MOĆ I PRAVDA<br />

Etika Paula Tillicha<br />

Nakana je ovoga izlaganja analizirati etičke elemente u misli njemačko-američkog<br />

teologa i filozofa religije Paula Tillicha (1886.–1965.).<br />

129


Etičkoj je problematici posvetio dva svoja zapažena spisa: Love, Power<br />

and Justice i Morality and Beyond. Tillich zastupa tzv. »teonomnu etiku«<br />

– etiku koja proizlazi iz čovjekove participacije u »moći bitka samog«<br />

(Bogu). Takva etika – koja je najdublje povezana s ontologijom – teži prevladati<br />

relativizam i kruti moralizam. Tillichova etička istraživanja osobito<br />

su koncentrirana oko tri temeljna pojma: ‘ljubav’, ‘moć’ i ‘pravednost’.<br />

Prema Tillichu, ‘ljubav’, ‘moć’ i ‘pravednost’ centralne su kategorije ne<br />

samo teologijske i filozofijske etike, već imaju prominentnu ulogu također<br />

u pravnim, odgojnim pa i medicinskim znanostima. Tematizirajući ova tri<br />

pojma, Tillich nastoji dati temelje kako individualne tako i socijalne etike,<br />

ali i drugih bitnih etičkih problema.<br />

LOVE, POWER AND JUSTICE<br />

Paul Tillich’s Ethics<br />

The aim of the paper is to analyse the ethical elements in Paul Tillich’s<br />

(1886–1965) thought. He developed his ethics in two books: Love, Power<br />

and Justice and Morality and Beyond. Tillich’s ethics is “theonomous”: it<br />

emerges from man’s participation in “power of being-itself” (God). Such<br />

an ethics – in deep connection with ontology – aims to overcome relativism<br />

and crude moralism. Special areas of Tillich’s ethical interest are concepts<br />

of ‘love’, ‘power’ and ‘justice’. According to Tillich, ‘love’, ‘power’ and<br />

‘justice’ are fundamental concepts not only in theological and philosophical<br />

ethics, but they also have a prominent role in jurisprudence, educational<br />

science and medicine. In elaboration of these concepts Tillich’s aim is to<br />

provide basis for individual and social ethics, but also for all other fundamental<br />

ethical problems.<br />

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MARKO TRAJKOVIĆ 1 , NIKO JOSIĆ 2<br />

1<br />

Pravni fakultet, Univerzitet u Nišu, Srbija /<br />

Faculty of Law, University of Niš, Serbia<br />

2<br />

Katolička crkva Presveto Srce Isusovo, Niš, Srbija /<br />

Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church, Niš, Serbia<br />

ETIČKI ASPEKT ZAHTJEVA PACIJENTA DA UMRE<br />

I ODLUKE LIJEČNIKA O TOM ZAHTJEVU<br />

Naša stvarnost vidjela je dramatične promjene u moralnim stavovima<br />

ljudi. U svjetlu tih i takvih promjena, nastojimo kršćanskim i filozofskopravnim<br />

pristupom promišljati pitanje etičkog aspekta zahtjeva kompetentnog<br />

pacijenta da umre, te odluke liječnika povodom tog zahtjeva. Ističemo<br />

da ljudsko dostojanstvo nije određeno vanjskim uzrocima i da ne zavisi od<br />

stanja čovjekovog zdravlja ili bolesti. Ono je nešto unutrašnje, bitno i neotuđivo.<br />

Dakle, izvire iz cjelokupne kvalitete života čovjeka kao osobe, kao<br />

duhovno-tjelesnog bića, obdarenog razumom, slobodom i samoodgovornošću,<br />

ukoliko prihvaćamo da je stvoren na sliku Božju (Post 1, 26–27).<br />

Na pitanje što je temelj kršćanskog pogleda na čovjeka, odgovorit ćemo<br />

na sljedeći način: čovjek je određen za vječnost. Naše je polazište da s kršćanske<br />

razine ne postoji nešto kao život bez vrijednosti. Tako određena,<br />

čovjekova sloboda nije lišena odgovornosti. Valja istražiti, motive, razloge<br />

i socijalne fenomene koji prate odluku kompetentnog pacijenta i liječnika,<br />

te njihovu aksiološku skalu, pri čemu mislimo na shvaćanje dostojanstva,<br />

milosrđa, autonomije, kvalitete života, vrijednosti obitelji, zajednice, liječničke<br />

etike, pravne sigurnosti, pravde i svrsishodnosti življenja. Neophodno<br />

je utvrditi da položaj liječnika najprije treba biti određen zakonom, kako<br />

bi ionako težak položaj pri odluci o nečijem životu ili smrti bio olakšan,<br />

saznanjem da li postoje osnove za krivično-pravno gonjenje, iako uvijek<br />

ostaje kršćansko-moralna dilema o učinjenom, na čemu insistiramo.<br />

ETHICAL ASPECT OF PATIENT’S REQUEST TO DIE<br />

AND PHYSICIAN’S DECISION ABOUT THE REQUEST<br />

Our reality has faced the dramatic changes in the moral attitudes of<br />

people. In the light of these changes, we’re trying to consider the issue<br />

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of the ethical aspect of competent patient’s request to die and physician’s<br />

decision about it by both Christian and philosophical-legal approach. We<br />

would like to emphasize the fact that human dignity is not determined by<br />

external causes and does not depend on whether a person is healthy or<br />

sick. Human dignity is something integral, essential and inalienable. Thus,<br />

human dignity springs from the quality of human life as a unique human<br />

being, as a spiritual and physical being gifted with reason, freedom and<br />

self-responsibility, if we accept that man is created in the image and likeness<br />

of God (1Mos 1, 26–27).<br />

Our answer to the question what is the foundation of the Christian view<br />

of man would be the following: a man is meant for eternity. We begin with<br />

the standpoint that from the Christian point of view there is no such a thing<br />

as a life without value. Taking this into account, human freedom is not<br />

without responsibility. It would be good to make a research on motives,<br />

reasons and social phenomena that are overwhelming in the decision of the<br />

competent patient and the physician, as well as their axiological scale, by<br />

that we mean the understanding of dignity, charity, autonomy, quality of<br />

life, family values, community, medical ethics, legal security, justice and<br />

the purpose of life. It is important to determine that the physician’s position<br />

should be defined by law so that it facilitates an already difficult position<br />

of having to decide about someone’s life. This would determine whether<br />

or not there are grounds for legal prosecution, although Christian, moral<br />

dilemma always remains, which we insist upon.<br />

TIJANA TRAKO<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia /<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska<br />

132<br />

THE HUMAN BODY AND INTEGRATIVE BIOETHICS<br />

The Meaning of the Body as a Symbolic Construct<br />

The human body was understood differently throughout the history of<br />

modern post-industrial society, as well as other societies and cultures. Also,<br />

the ways in which we understand and approach the human body differ<br />

across various scientific disciplines: medicine, sociology, theology, phi-


losophy, psychology, etc. Different meanings are attributed to the body<br />

with regards to different contexts, as well as to the subjects who ascribe<br />

the meanings. This is important to take into consideration, especially when<br />

examining issues regarding the relation towards life within bioethical perspective<br />

– abortion, euthanasia, death penalty, disability, etc. The paper<br />

therefore places particular emphasis on the human body as the key component<br />

of the nature/human dichotomy integral to bioethical considerations.<br />

The body is observed through three main categories in contemporary scientific<br />

theory:<br />

a) the body as an object (law, medicine, theology; regulated, institutionalized<br />

power over the body; e.g. Foucault, Descartes);<br />

b) the body as an abject (psychology, belief systems; spiritual, psychological<br />

power over the body; Douglas); and<br />

c) the body as a subject (integrative disciplines, connection between<br />

the body and the mind; body as self-constructed, self-regulated;<br />

Gregan, 2006).<br />

The main thesis of the paper is that, only with the understanding of<br />

the ways in which different groups approach the body, the meanings they<br />

attribute to it, and how they (mis)use it, we can better understand different<br />

attitudes in bioethical discussions, and truly develop bioethics as an integrative<br />

discipline.<br />

Furthermore, the symbolism of the body can be widened to include<br />

the symbolism of animal bodies, as well as plants (Visković, 1996; 2001;<br />

2009). Symbolism, inherent only to humans, is crucial in the understanding<br />

of selves and our natural environment, because a group makes its decisions<br />

on generally accepted meanings. Only with the understanding of the<br />

symbolism of the body, as the basis of the relation of different disciplines<br />

towards the issues of life, we can enter into deeper discussions regarding<br />

contemporary bioethical issues.<br />

LJUDSKO TIJELO I INTEGRATIVNA BIOETIKA<br />

Značenje tijela kao simboličkog konstrukta<br />

Ljudsko tijelo je različito shvaćano kroz povijest, kako tijekom razvoja<br />

suvremenog post-industrijskog društva tako i kroz povijesne promjene drugih<br />

društava i kultura. Također, načini na koje razumijevamo i pristupamo<br />

133


ljudskom tijelu razlikuju se i u različitim znanstvenim disciplinama: medicina,<br />

sociologija, teologija, filozofija, psihologija i sl. Tijelu se pripisuju<br />

značenja s obzirom na kontekst, odnosno subjekta koji značenje pripisuje,<br />

što je važno uzeti u obzir u brojnim pitanjima koja se tiču odnosa prema<br />

životu iz bioetičke perspektive – pobačaj, eutanazija, smrtna kazna, stupanj<br />

invaliditeta i sl. U radu se smatra da stoga ljudskom tijelu, kao ključnoj<br />

sastavnici dihotomije priroda/čovjek integralnoj za bioetička razmatranja,<br />

treba biti posvećena posebna pozornost. Tijelo se u znanstvenim teoretiziranjima<br />

<strong>dana</strong>s promatra kroz tri osnovne kategorije:<br />

a) tijelo kao objekt (pravo, medicina, teologija; regulirana, institucionalizirana<br />

moć nad tijelom; npr. Foucault, Descartes);<br />

b) tijelo kao objekt (psihologija, sustavi vjerovanja; duhovna, psihološka<br />

moć nad tijelom; Douglas); i<br />

c) tijelo kao subjekt (integrativne discipline; povezivanje uma i tijela;<br />

tijelo kao samo-stvoreno, samo-konstruirano; Gregan, 2006).<br />

Glavna teza rada je da tek sa shvaćanjem kako različite grupe razumijevaju<br />

tijelo, značenja koja mu pridaju i načina korištenja (iskorištavanja)<br />

tijela, možemo bolje razumjeti različite stavove u bioetičkim diskusijama,<br />

te zaista govoriti o sveobuhvatnosti <strong>bioetike</strong> kao integrativnog pristupa.<br />

Nadalje, simboliku tijela možemo gledati i šire te govoriti i o simbolici<br />

životinjskog tijela, a zatim i biljaka (Visković, 1996; 2001; 2009).<br />

Simbolizam, svojstven samo čovjeku, ključan je za razumijevanje sebe i<br />

svoje prirodne okoline jer se na njemu baziraju shvaćanja određene grupe<br />

na temelju kojih grupa donosi odluke. Zaključujemo stoga da tek razumijevanjem<br />

značenja simbola tijela, koje je temelj odnosa različitih znanosti<br />

prema pitanjima o životu, možemo ući u dublje rasprave o određenim bioetičkim<br />

problematikama koje nas <strong>dana</strong>s pogađaju.<br />

134


ZVONIMIR TUCAK 1 , IVANA TUCAK 2 ,<br />

DOMAGOJ TUCAK 3 , ANA TUCAK 4<br />

1<br />

Poljoprivredni fakultet, Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Agriculture, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia<br />

2<br />

Pravni fakultet, Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Law, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia<br />

3<br />

Klinička bolnica, Osijek, Hrvatska /<br />

Clinical Hospital, Osijek, Croatia<br />

4<br />

Hrvatske šume, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Croatian Forests, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

PONEKAD DODIRNI VJETAR…<br />

Pažljivo je pratio profesorovo predavanje na engleskom jeziku, koje je<br />

na hrvatski prevodio njegov asistent. Kao većina javnih predavanja tako je<br />

i ovo trajalo nešto manje od jednog sata. Bilo je razumljivo heterogenom<br />

skupu koji se odazvao pozivu na tribinu. Promotor tribine poslije završenog<br />

izlaganja pozvao je slušateljstvo da postavi upite predavaču. Nekoliko<br />

slušatelja postavilo je pitanje i zadovoljilo se odgovorom. Na posljednji<br />

poziv promotora za postavljanje pitanja podigao je ruku. Promotor iznenađen,<br />

oslovivši slušatelja imenom i titulom, što nije uobičajeno za ovakve<br />

skupove, zamoli da postavi upit. Neka slabost ovladala je njezinim tijelom.<br />

Bila je pripremljena na najrazličitije postupke i reakcije pojedinaca, ali ovo<br />

nije očekivala. Zašto? Gdje sam u pripremi pogriješila upitala se i okrenula<br />

onom zbog kojeg ovdje boravi i sada upućuje upit…<br />

Pohvalio je profesorovo predavanje i zamolio može li iznijeti svoje<br />

mišljenje o tome kako je mnogoboštvo nestalo sa svjetske religiozne pozornice.<br />

Naglasio je da je profesor u svojem predavanju citirao brojne filozofe,<br />

književnike i druge umjetnike koji su živjeli u periodu mnogoboštva<br />

i stvorili djela neprolazne duhovne i materijalne vrijednosti. Nastala je tišina<br />

u dvorani. To nije bila tišina trenutka, izazvana nesrećom, prirodnom<br />

katastrofom ili bolom pojedinca, koja je tražila sućut i zaprepaštenje, već<br />

vulkan koji je mirovao tisućljećima i sada zaprijetio da poruši ono što je<br />

stoljećima stvarano. Prevodilac je treći put prevodio postavljeno pitanje<br />

uglednom predavaču.<br />

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TOUCH THE WIND FROM TIME TO TIME…<br />

He was carefully following the professor’s lecture in English which<br />

was being translated into Croatian by his assistant. Like the majority of<br />

public lectures, this one also lasted for just under an hour. The lecture was<br />

comprehensible to various people who had responded to the organisers’<br />

invitation and showed up in the hall. Following the final segment, the host<br />

of the event called upon the audience to ask questions. Some of the listeners<br />

did and were happy with the answers. On the last call for questions, he<br />

raised his hand. The host surprisingly addressed him by his name and title<br />

which was unusual for this kind of event, and invited him to ask his question.<br />

A weakness came over her body. She had been prepared for all kinds<br />

of different procedures and reactions from individuals but she hadn’t expected<br />

this. Why? Where in all these preparations had she made a mistake<br />

she asked herself and turned around to him. It was because of him that she<br />

was here. He then asked his question…<br />

He praised the lecture and asked professor to voice his own personal<br />

opinion as to how polytheism (the worship of many gods) had disappeared<br />

from the religious world’s arena. He emphasised that the professor had<br />

quoted a number of philosophers, writers and other artists who had lived<br />

in the time of ‘polytheism’ and created deeds of everlasting spiritual and<br />

material value. Silence fell over the hall. It wasn’t a silence of the moment,<br />

an accident outside, a natural catastrophe or the pain of some individuals<br />

looking for condolence/sympathy nor was it fright. It was like a volcano<br />

that had been quiet for thousands of years and now threatened to destroy<br />

everything that had been achieved over centuries. The assistant translated<br />

the question three times for the lecturer.<br />

136


KAREL TURZA<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Srbija /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia<br />

O BIOETIČKOJ EPISTEMOLOGIJI<br />

Objašnjenje, razumijevanje ili integrativna paradigma?<br />

Filozofija znanosti (i/ili epistemologija) dugo se bavila pitanjem najsvrsishodnije<br />

spoznajne paradigme. Danas (i dalje) poglavito nastoji riješiti<br />

problem koji je ozbiljno počeo okupirati pažnju znanstvenika i filozofa<br />

još prije više od 120 godina. Unutar društvenih znanosti, problem je najprije<br />

eksplicitno stavljen na dnevni red u poznatom sukobu pozitivizma i<br />

historizma u Njemačkoj, u takozvanoj borbi oko metode (Methodenstreit),<br />

koja je počela krajem XIX. stoljeća kada su W. Diltey, W. Windelband, H.<br />

Rickert i dr. odbacili pozitivistički koncept prema kojem je objašnjenje, to<br />

jest otkrivanje kauzalnosti osnovni zadatak istraživanja društvenog života,<br />

odnosno historijskog procesa. Prema rečenim protivnicima pozitivizma,<br />

svijet društva/kulture, kao i historijska stanja i procesi mogu (samo) da<br />

se razumiju i umjesto pozitivističkih metoda, takozvane duhovne znanosti<br />

(Geisteswissenschaften), odnosno kulturna znanost (Kulturwissenschaft),<br />

odnosno, kasnije, sociologija razumijevanja (verstehende Soziologie) do<br />

relevantnih spoznaja mogu doći samo ako se oslone, prije svega, na hermeneutiku,<br />

drugim riječima i u krajnjoj liniji, na razumijevanje. Ovaj je sukob,<br />

zapravo, proizlazio iz dvije bitno drukčije ontološke zamisli. Prema jednoj<br />

(pozitivističkoj), sve postojeće, i prirodno i društveno/kulturno/historijsko<br />

postojeće, nije ništa drugo doli više ili manje kompleksan sistem odnosa<br />

uzroka i posljedica; prema drugoj, opozitnoj zamisli, društvo, kultura, historija<br />

radikalno se razlikuju od prirodno postojećeg, jer u njima ne vlada kauzalnost,<br />

nego vrijednosti, slobodna volja itd. Ovaj se sukob, nekoliko decenija<br />

kasnije, na specifičan način, doduše, prenio i u same prirodne znanosti,<br />

točnije u najrazvijeniju znanost, fiziku: Einstein vs. Heisenberg/Bohr. Einsteinovoj<br />

koncepciji posvemašnje uređenosti univerzuma (»Bog se ne igra<br />

kockicama«) suprotstavljene su spoznaje kvantne fizike, po kojima u intrai<br />

inter-atomskim prostorima ne vlada kauzalnost. Ovi problemi, iako apstraktni<br />

i naizgled vrlo udaljeni od praktičnog svijeta života (Lebenswelt),<br />

imaju mnoge implikacije i za njegovo duhovno prisvajanje i u praktičnom<br />

djelovanju. Moderna medicina, koja je u svom biomedicinskom, <strong>dana</strong>s pre-<br />

137


vladavajućem konceptu apsolutno utemeljena na pozitivističkoj paradigmi,<br />

iako često ne uspijeva izgraditi pouzdane spoznaje kojima može predviđati<br />

posljedice bolesti, odnosno postupanja u dijagnostici, terapiji, rehabilitaciji<br />

itd. Što se <strong>bioetike</strong> tiče, isti se set spoznajnih problema može prepoznati<br />

kao krucijalan. Prvi korak u njegovom razrješavanju učinjen je od strane<br />

koncepta integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong>. Autora ovog rada zanima je li moguća izgradnja<br />

jedne integrativne epistemologije <strong>bioetike</strong>?<br />

ON BIOETHICAL EPISTEMOLOGY<br />

Explanation, Understanding or Integrative Paradigm?<br />

Philosophy of science (and/or epistemology) has dealt with the issue<br />

of the most appropriate paradigm for a long time. Nowadays it is engaged<br />

mostly in solving the problem which occupied the attention of scientists<br />

and philosophers some hundred and twenty years ago. Within social sciences<br />

it was firstly explicitly put on the agenda in the clash of the two<br />

paradigms: positivism vs. historism in Germany, in the so-called Methodenstreit,<br />

which started at the end of the 19th Century when W. Dilthey,<br />

W. Windelband, H. Rickert and others denied the positivist conception according<br />

to which explanation, i.e. revealing causality, was the main task in<br />

researches into social life and historical processes, arguing that social/cultural<br />

world and historical states and processes could only be understood,<br />

and that instead of positivistic methods, the Geisteswissenschaften, Kulturwissenschaft,<br />

or, later, verstehende Soziologie and so on, should, in their<br />

researches, rely only (and/or mostly) upon hermeneutics (ultimately, and in<br />

short, upon understanding).<br />

In fact, the clash was a result of two radically different ontological conceptions.<br />

According to one (positivism), the entire reality, both natural and<br />

social/cultural/historical, is nothing but a more or less complex system of<br />

relations of cause and effect, whereas according to the other social/cultural/<br />

historical realities fundamentally differ from nature, because causality has<br />

no crucial role within them. A few decades later, however, a similar clash<br />

occurred within the most developed science, namely, physics: Einstein vs.<br />

Heisenberg and Bohr; on the one hand, the idea of strict and inevitable<br />

causality in the universe (“God does not play dice”), and on the other, the<br />

idea of absence of cause-effect relations within the so-called micro-world<br />

(atomic and subatomic particles).<br />

138


Those problems, though abstract and, at the first sight, far from practical<br />

issues, have many implications for both spiritual appropriation and<br />

practical actions within the life-world (Lebenswelt). Modern medicine, for<br />

instance, which is, in its biomedical variant (which, by the way, still is<br />

predominant), absolutely founded on a positivistic (explanation) paradigm,<br />

very often lacks reliable knowledge to predict the outcomes of many diseases<br />

(and as logics suggests, prediction is the strongest proof that a knowledge/scientific<br />

law or theory is true). Regarding bioethics, the same set of<br />

problems can be recognized as a crucial one. The first step in solving it was<br />

made with a new concept, the concept of integrative bioethics. This raises<br />

the question whether an integrative epistemology of bioethics can be built.<br />

ANA VOLARIĆ-MRŠIĆ<br />

Hrvatski studiji, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

University Centre for Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

ETIČKA PITANJA VEZANA UZ KLINIČKO<br />

I FARMAKOLOŠKO EKSPERIMENTIRANJE NA ČOVJEKU<br />

Bioetika je već od samog početka svoju pažnju fokusirala na klinička<br />

istraživanja, a osobito na kliničke pokuse koji su uključivali sudjelovanje<br />

ljudskih bića, te je kao takva, znanost koja pokreće žive rasprave i konfrontacije<br />

mišljenja, osobito u gospodarski razvijenijim zemljama. Sustavno<br />

etičko razmišljanje glede kliničkih pokusa na čovjeku, osobito kada je u<br />

pitanju odlučivanje unutar etičkih povjerenstava, zahvaljujući točno postavljenim<br />

kriterijima objektivnosti, provjere i reproduktibilnosti, uvelike<br />

može smanjiti rizik zloupotreba. Tome treba nadodati i sve prisutniji fenomen<br />

vezan uz kulturu zaštite i promicanja ljudskih prava. Javne rasprave,<br />

potaknute događajima iz svakodnevnoga života, uvelike mogu podići svijest<br />

građana o tome da o svakom pojedincu ovisi sudbina velikog broja ljudi.<br />

Nadalje, zahvaljujući činjenici da lijekovi sve više gube karakteristiku<br />

»čarobne formule kao rješenja za sve probleme« i time poprimaju realniju<br />

vrijednost kao molekule dobivene radi pokretanja biokemijskih dinamizama<br />

žive materije, sve su stroži zahtjevi eksperimentalnog dokazivanja njene<br />

učinkovitosti, kako u laboratoriju in vitro, tako i na živom biću in vivo.<br />

Svemu tome, dakako, treba prethoditi znanstvena pretpostavka uspješnosti,<br />

139


koja se utvrđuje i dokazuje tek primjenom na posljednjem korisniku lijeka,<br />

tj. samom čovjeku. Unatoč dobronamjernosti većine znanstvenika i stručnjaka<br />

u ovome području, nije nam nepoznata činjenica da je često glavni<br />

faktor štetnosti mnogih dobrih projekata upravo profit, koji beskrupulozno<br />

gazi temeljna načela svih poznatih konvencija o ljudskim pravima, skrivajući<br />

se pod različitim krinkama dobro umreženih poslovnih partnera.<br />

ETHICAL QUESTIONS RELATED TO CLINICAL AND<br />

PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATION ON HUMANS<br />

Bioethics has focused its attention on clinical research from its beginnings,<br />

especially on clinical experiments which involved the participation<br />

of human beings, and as such, it is the science which starts lively<br />

discussions and confrontations of opinions, especially in economically<br />

more developed countries. Systematic ethical thinking concerning clinical<br />

experiments on humans, when decision-making within the ethical commissions<br />

is in question, thanks to exactly established criteria of objectivity,<br />

verification and reproductiveness, can considerably reduce the risk of<br />

abuse. Add to this the ever-growing phenomenon related to the culture of<br />

protection and promotion of human rights. Public discussions, caused by<br />

the events from everyday life, may considerably raise the citizens’ awareness<br />

of their potential influence on the destiny of a great number of people.<br />

Furthermore, thanks to the fact that medicines are constantly losing their<br />

characteristic of “magic formula” for solving all the problems and in this<br />

respect they acquire more realistic value as molecules obtained to start<br />

biochemical dynamisms of live matter, the requirements of experimental<br />

verification to prove its effectiveness, are more and more rigorous, both in<br />

laboratory in vitro and on human beings in vivo. A scientific study of effectiveness<br />

should naturally precede all this – effectiveness which is defined<br />

and proved only by application on the last user of the medicine, i.e. the man<br />

himself. Despite the good intentions of most scientists and experts in this<br />

field, it is not an unknown fact to us that the profit is often the main factor<br />

of harmfulness of good projects, because it unscrupulously tramples on the<br />

basic principles of all known conventions on human rights, hiding behind<br />

different masks of well connected business partners.<br />

140


GENTIAN VYSHKA, GËZIM BOÇARI<br />

Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Albania /<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Sveučilište u Tirani, Albanija<br />

TRADITIONAL DEPICTION AND EQUIVALENCIES<br />

OF THE OEDIPAL COMPLEX<br />

IN THE ALBANIAN POST-COMMUNIST ERA<br />

The Albanian tradition contains several implicit references in Oedipal<br />

terms. According to the blood feud law, the maternal figure remains inexistent.<br />

She is treated merely as a servant; women and men that have not<br />

reached sexual maturity are not subject to the canonical law, therefore cannot<br />

be murdered in revenge. The fact that the son becomes subject to the<br />

blood feud law immediately upon his sexual maturity, is an echo of the ver<br />

sacrum and other rituals that apply sacrificial rules upon the son; the birth<br />

chronology is respected also.<br />

The mother–son relationship is depicted through a resonant remembrance<br />

of the lactation period in some epical songs (the hero fed with maternal<br />

milk will be proportionally stronger the longer the lactation is).<br />

The massive fugue following the fall of communism has been elsewhere<br />

treated in terms of psychopathology (HJ Maaz). Albanian literature,<br />

painting and cinematography have tried to depict the Albanian male in<br />

the period of its gender and social maturity, even inside a canonical frame<br />

(Broken April and the movie based upon it).<br />

TRADICIONALNA SLIKA I EKVIVALENCIJE<br />

EDIPOVOG KOMPLEKSA U POST-KOMUNISTIČKOJ ERI<br />

U ALBANIJI<br />

U albanskoj je tradiciji nekoliko implicitnih referenci u edipovskim<br />

terminima. Prema zakonu krvne osvete, majčinska je figura nepostojeća.<br />

Nju se tretira tek kao sluškinju; žene i muškarci koji nisu dostigli spolnu<br />

zrelost nisu subjekti kanonskog prava i stoga ne mogu biti ubijeni u znak<br />

osvete. Činjenica da sin postaje subjekt zakona krvne osvete kad dostigne<br />

svoju spolnu zrelost, odjek je ver sacrum i drugih rituala koji primjenjuju<br />

žrtvena pravila na sina, a poštuje se i kronologija rađanja.<br />

141


Odnos između majke i sina oslikan je u nekoliko epskih pjesama kroz<br />

rezonantno prisjećanje na period laktacije (junak koji je hranjen majčinim<br />

mlijekom bit će jači što je duža laktacija).<br />

Masivna fuga koja slijedi nakon pada komunizma drugdje je bila<br />

razmatrana u terminima psihopatologije (HJ Maaz). Albanska literatura,<br />

slikarstvo i kinematografija nastojali su prikazati albanskog muškarca u<br />

periodu njegove rodne i društvene zrelosti, čak i unutar kanonskoga okvira<br />

(Slomljeni travanj Ismaila Kadarea i film nastao na temelju te knjige).<br />

MIRKO WISCHKE<br />

Lehrstuhl für Philosophie, Taras Shevchenko Universität Kyiv, Ukraine /<br />

Katedra za filozofiju, Sveučilište Tarasa Ševčenka u Kijevu, Ukrajina<br />

SCHULD ZWISCHEN VERHÄNGNIS UND RISIKO<br />

Über Gedächtnis und Verantwortung bei Jaspers<br />

Die Kritik an der ‚naturalistischen ökologischen Ethik’, wie Kritiker<br />

Hans Jonas’ Verantwortungsethik in bioethischen Diskussionskontexten<br />

der letzten Jahre in Deutschland zuweilen titulieren, rückte die Orientierungsproblematik<br />

in den Vordergrund der Diskussion, um die Grenzen des<br />

Verantwortungsbegriffs bei der Einschätzung von Risiken abzustecken.<br />

Der Zusammenhang von Verantwortung und Schuld, auf deren eigentümlich<br />

komplexe Problematik bereits Hans Jonas eindringlich hingewiesen<br />

hatte, wurde im Kontext dieses Diskussionsspektrums mehr oder minder<br />

auf reziproke Verhältnisse angewendet. Der Blickwinkel auf die Schuldfrage,<br />

wenn sie denn überhaupt explizit zur Sprache gebracht wurde, verengte<br />

sich auf kausal anmutende Handlungsrelationen: Handeln Personen<br />

unverantwortlich in der Weise, dass sich ihrer Verantwortung (gewollt oder<br />

ungewollt) nicht gerecht werden, so machen sie sich schuldig. Die mit den<br />

Anwendungs- und Orientierungsproblemen von Verantwortung verbundene<br />

Frage nach der Schuld blieb auf diese Weise unterbelichtet.<br />

Aber ist Schuld darauf zu reduzieren, dass Personen ohne Verantwortung<br />

handeln? Ist Schuld mit der Folge unverantwortlichen Handelns<br />

gleichzusetzen? Macht man sich allein durch Handlungsdefizite (aufgrund<br />

mangelnder Verantwortung), falsche Einschätzung von Handlungsfolgen<br />

(Risikoeinschätzung) oder unterlassenes Tun (Hilfeleistungen) schuldig?<br />

142


In den Ausführungen meines Vortrages suche ich nach Antworten, indem<br />

ich diese Fragen in den Kontext der Frage nach dem Gedächtnis der<br />

Schuld einbette.<br />

KRIVNJA IZMEĐU SUDBINE I RIZIKA<br />

O sjećanju i odgovornosti kod Jaspersa<br />

Kritika ‘naturalističke ekološke etike’ – kako su kritičari u bioetičkim<br />

diskusijskim kontekstima u Njemačkoj posljednjih godina titulirali etiku<br />

odgovornosti Hansa Jonasa – vraća u prvi plan rasprave problematiku orijentacije,<br />

kako bi se odredile granice pojma odgovornosti u procjeni rizika.<br />

Povezanost odgovornosti i krivnje, na čiju je osobito kompleksnu problematiku<br />

upečatljivo ukazao već Hans Jonas, bila je, u kontekstu ovog diskusijskog<br />

spektra, manje ili više primijenjena na recipročne odnose. Kut gledanja<br />

koji je uključivao pitanje krivnje, ako je ono uopće bilo eksplicitno<br />

izrečeno, sužavao se na odnose djelovanja koji se pojavljuju kao kauzalni:<br />

djeluju li osobe neodgovorno na taj način da se njihova odgovornost (s njihovom<br />

voljom ili bez nje) ne izvršava, one bivaju krivima. Pitanje o krivnji<br />

povezano s aplikacijskim i orijentacijskim problemima odgovornosti na<br />

ovaj način ostaje nedovoljno osvijetljeno.<br />

No, može li se krivnja reducirati na to da osobe djeluju bez odgovornosti?<br />

Može li se krivnju izjednačiti s posljedicom neodgovornoga djelovanja?<br />

Biva li čovjek kriv jedino zbog deficita djelovanja (na temelju<br />

manjkave odgovornosti), krive procjene posljedica djelovanja (procjena<br />

rizika) ili propuštenog djelovanja (pružanje pomoći)?<br />

U ovom ću izlaganju tragati za odgovorima postavljajući ova pitanja u<br />

kontekst pitanja o sjećanju na krivnju.<br />

143


HANS-BERNHARD WUERMELING<br />

Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Erlangen, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,<br />

Deutschland /<br />

Institut za medicinsko pravo, Erlangen, Sveučilište Erlangen-Nürnberg,<br />

Njemačka<br />

FÜR NEURO-ENHANCEMENT<br />

ODER GEGEN HIRN-DOPING?<br />

In den USA und in Deutschland nehmen immer mehr Gesunde Medikamente<br />

zur Steigerung der psychischen Leistungsfähigkeit ein. Das ist<br />

mit Doping im Sport vergleichbar. Einstweilen gilt ein Doping-Verbot im<br />

Interesse des Sportlers, um Gesundheitsschäden zu vermeiden. Die Verbotspraxis<br />

im Sport ist auf Neuro-Enhancement nicht übertragbar, da es keine<br />

befriedigende Definition von „Doping” gibt. Das Verbot im Sport beruht<br />

auf bloßen Vereinbarungen über bestimmte Verfahren und Stoffe.<br />

Für Neuro-Enhancement werden unschädliche Stoffe und Verfahren<br />

gesucht. Soll entsprechende Forschung zugelassen, gefördert oder als unethisch<br />

abgelehnt werden? Soll die Anwendung gebilligt, abgelehnt oder<br />

gefördert werden? Dies ist nur zu beantworten, wenn die ethische Bewertung<br />

von Doping, sei es im Sport, sei es im Berufsleben oder in der Schule,<br />

gelingt. Das Ergebnis wird kein einfaches Ja oder Nein sein, vielmehr einer<br />

differenzierten Untersuchung bedürfen. Die Gesichtspunkte dazu beziehen<br />

die gesellschaftlichen Folgen von in Zukunft etwa gefahrlosen Neuro-Enhancement-Pharmaka<br />

ein.<br />

ZA NEURO-POBOLJŠANJE<br />

ILI PROTIV DOPINGA MOZGA?<br />

U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i u Njemačkoj sve više zdravih<br />

ljudi uzima medikamente za povećanje psihičkih sposobnosti. To je usporedivo<br />

s dopingom u sportu. Istovremeno je na snazi zabrana dopinga u<br />

interesu sportaša, u svrhu izbjegavanja zdravstvene štete. Praksa zabrane<br />

u sportu ne može se prenijeti na neuro-enhancement (neuro-poboljšanje),<br />

budući da nema zadovoljavajuće definicije »dopinga«. Zabrana u sportu<br />

počiva na pukoj suglasnosti oko određenih postupaka i supstanci.<br />

Za neuro-poboljšanje koriste se supstance i postupci koji nisu štetni.<br />

Treba li stoga određeno istraživanje biti dopušteno, podržano ili odbijeno<br />

144


kao neetično? Treba li primjena biti odobrena, odbijena ili podržana? Na<br />

ova se pitanja može odgovoriti ako postoji zadovoljavajuće etičko vrednovanje<br />

dopinga, bilo u sportu ili u profesionalnom životu ili u školi. Rezultat<br />

neće biti jednostavno Da ili Ne, nego će, naprotiv, biti potrebno jedno diferenciranije<br />

istraživanje. Gledišta o tome uključuju društvene posljedice<br />

lijekova za neuro-poboljšanje koji bi u budućnosti bili bezopasni.<br />

IVANA ZAGORAC<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

BIOETIČKA MISAO ALBERTA SCHWEITZERA<br />

Protest protiv nuklearnog naoružanja<br />

Albert Schweitzer, teolog, glazbenik, liječnik, misionar i filozof ostao<br />

je zapamćen po svome ustrajnome promoviranju holističkog zahvaćanja<br />

pojma ‘život’ iz kojeg proizlazi njegova specifična etička koncepcija temeljena<br />

na brizi i odgovornosti. Os Schweitzerove etike je koncept ‘strahopoštovanja<br />

prema životu’ kao pokretačke snage naše samorealizacije, ali<br />

i osjećaja empatije prema svim živim bićima. Posebnost Schweitzerove<br />

bioetičke misli osnažena je njegovim kontinuiranim humanitarnim radom,<br />

kao i političkim angažmanom u društvenim pokretima 1950-ih godina.<br />

Izlaganje se usmjerava na ulogu Alberta Schweitzera u anti-nuklearnim<br />

i anti-ratnim pokretima koji su obilježili društvenu klimu nakon Drugog<br />

svjetskog rata. Testiranje prve hidrogenske bombe (1954.) potaklo je<br />

Schweitzera, tada već laureata Nobelove nagrade za mir, na javni angažman<br />

protiv daljnjih pokusa i ulaganja u naoružanje te na promoviranje<br />

odgovornog odnosa prema nadolazećim generacijama. U izlaganju se tematiziraju<br />

njegovi govori, pisma i apeli kojima se pridružio istaknutim<br />

svjetskim znanstvenicima i humanitarcima u anti-nuklearnim i anti-ratnim<br />

djelovanjima.<br />

145


BIOETHICAL THOUGHT OF ALBERT SCHWEITZER<br />

His Commitment against Nuclear Weapons<br />

Albert Schweitzer, a theologian, musician, doctor, missionary worker,<br />

and a philosopher, has been remembered by his permanent promotion of<br />

holistic comprehension of the term ‘life’, which was followed by a specific<br />

ethical conception based on caring and responsibility. Core of his ethics is a<br />

concept of ‘reverence for life’ as a moving force of our self-realization and<br />

empathy towards all living creatures. Uniqueness of Schweitzer’s bioethical<br />

thought is invigorated with his continuous humanitarian work as well as<br />

his political undertaking in social movements during 1950’s.<br />

This paper focuses on Schweitzer’s role in anti-nuclear and anti-war<br />

movements which marked years after the Second World War. After the first<br />

hydrogen bomb test in 1954, Schweitzer, who was already a laureate of a<br />

Nobel peace prize, began with intense public engagement against further<br />

testing and weapon development and for promotion of responsibility towards<br />

our successors. Paper deals with his speeches, letters, and public appeals<br />

by which he engaged in anti-nuclear and anti-war activities alongside<br />

with a distinguished world scientists and humanitarians.<br />

DAMIR ŽUBČIĆ<br />

Veterinarski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

146<br />

HOLISTIČNI PRISTUP LIJEČENJU<br />

U VETERINARSKOJ MEDICINI<br />

U suvremenom svijetu zbog promjene svjetonazora, kao i zbog niza<br />

nedostatnosti i neučinkovitosti, dolazi do zaokreta u procesima liječenja u<br />

humanoj medicini. Sličan se postupak otčitava i u procesima liječenja na<br />

području veterinarske medicine. Time neki tradicionalni postupci liječenja,<br />

prisutni u svijetu već tisućama godina, intenzivnije prelaze iz misaonih<br />

sustava u terapijsku praksu. Ovome vrijedi dodati da je, barem kada je<br />

riječ o okolnostima u <strong>Hrvatsko</strong>j, prvi korak ostvaren stvaranjem legislativnog<br />

okvira vezanog uz djelatnost ekološke poljoprivrede. Tim zakonskim<br />

mjerama propisano je preveniranje i liječenje bolesti životinja na ekološ-


kim farmama. Tome možemo dodati i poseban aspekt svjetonazorâ koji<br />

uključuju holistični pristup životu, koji se očituje kroz prihvaćanje zdrave<br />

prehrane, odnosa prema okolišu, te kroz cjeloviti pristup prema vlastitom<br />

zdravlju, što ponekad uključuje odnos prema kućnim ljubimcima kao elementu<br />

svakodnevnog ljudskog življenja. Ovo otvara potrebu stvaranja novog<br />

horizonta liječenja u veterinarskoj medicini koji mora uzeti u obzir zahtjeve<br />

cjelovitosti života u svim okolnostima ljudskog življenja. U tom se<br />

pogledu horizont <strong>bioetike</strong>, posebno integrativne <strong>bioetike</strong>, sa svim njenim<br />

sadržajnim i metodološkim specifičnostima, čini kao nezaobilazan poligon<br />

za cjelovito istraživanje ovih problema.<br />

HOLISTIC APPROACH TO TREATMENT<br />

IN VETERINARY MEDICINE<br />

In the modern world, due to changes in worldview, as well as a number<br />

of deficiencies and inefficiencies, there is a shift in the treatment process in<br />

human medicine. Similar procedure is reflected in the treatment process in<br />

veterinary medicine. Thus some traditional methods of treatment, present<br />

throughout the world for thousands of years, are intensely moving from<br />

thought systems to therapeutic practice. It is important to add that, at least<br />

when it comes to the circumstances in Croatia, the first step was achieved<br />

by creating a legislative framework related to the activities of ecological<br />

agriculture. These legal actions prescribe the prevention and treatment of<br />

animal diseases at the organic farms. We can also add a special aspect of<br />

the worldview that includes the holistic approach to life, which is reflected<br />

in the adoption of a healthy diet, attitude towards the environment, and<br />

through a comprehensive approach to our own health, which sometimes<br />

involves attitude toward pets as an element of our everyday life. This raises<br />

the need to create new horizons of treatment in veterinary medicine,<br />

which has to take into account the requirements of the integrity of life in<br />

all circumstances of human life. In this respect, the horizon of bioethics,<br />

especially the one of integrative bioethics, with all its content and methodological<br />

characteristics, seems inevitable as a training ground for a comprehensive<br />

study of these issues.<br />

147


Studentska bioetička radionica<br />

BIOETIKA I UMJETNOST<br />

Student Bioethics Workshop<br />

BIOETHICS AND ART<br />

SONJA ANTONIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Srbija /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Serbia<br />

BIOETIČKO U TELEVIZIJSKIM SERIJAMA<br />

Autorica se u radu bavi podobnošću televizijskih serija, prije svega onih<br />

s medicinskom tematikom, kao medija kroz koji se povremeno prelamaju<br />

bioetički problemi. Iako se umjetnička vrijednost televizijskih serija može<br />

dovesti u pitanje, njihova je edukativna uloga sve očitija. Najvažniji aspekt<br />

ovih serija za autoricu je njihova edukativna uloga u okvirima bioetičkih pitanja.<br />

Pažljiva ekranizacija medicinskih intervencija koje za sobom povlače<br />

bioetičke dileme, kao što su eutanazija, transplantacija i doniranje organa,<br />

abortusi i slično, približava spomenute bioetičke probleme gledateljstvu.<br />

Stoga serije moraju zadržati najviši mogući nivo vjerodostojnosti, jer bi u<br />

suprotnom mogle postati medij pogodan za manipulaciju javnim mnijenjem.<br />

Osnovna karakteristika televizijskih serija je stvaranje privida zbiljskog života,<br />

uz izvjesni nivo dramatizacije koji odstupa od realnog života, stvarajući<br />

tako vakuum, u kojem donošenje etičkih sudova lako može biti nametnuto. S<br />

druge strane, pitanje je da li bi i same serije morale zadovoljiti nekakve etičke<br />

norme, budući da prikazuju sadržaje koji su podložni etičkoj prosudbi.<br />

BIOETHICAL ISSUES IN TELEVISION SERIES<br />

In this paper the author reflects on the competency of TV shows, especially<br />

those concerning medical topics, as a medium that occasionally<br />

149


ings to light bioethical issues. Although the artistic value of these shows is<br />

questionable, their educational value is highly recognizable. In the author’s<br />

opinion, the most important aspect of TV shows is their educational potential<br />

concerning bioethical issues. Medical interventions such as euthanasia,<br />

organ transplantation and donation, abortion, etc., with their bioethical implications,<br />

are carefully displayed, and as such they become familiar to the<br />

audience. Hence, these TV series must highly correlate to reality, otherwise<br />

they might become an instrument of manipulating the public opinion. The<br />

basic intention of these shows is to create a sense of reality, with a certain<br />

level of dramatization, which deviates from real life, leading to a vacuum<br />

where ethical judgments can be imposed. On the other hand, the question<br />

that arises is whether the shows themselves should satisfy certain ethical<br />

norms, since they present ethically questionable contents.<br />

IVAN CEROVAC, ANDREA MEŠANOVIĆ,<br />

MIRELA FUŠ, HELENA MODERČIN<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Rijeka, Croatia<br />

UMJETNOST I KLONIRANJE<br />

Stvarna mogućnost kloniranja ljudskih organizama, kao i prvi znanstveno-fantastični<br />

romani koji se bave ovom tematikom, javljaju se tek u drugoj<br />

polovici prošlog stoljeća. Svjesni da umjetnička djela mogu značajno<br />

utjecati na naše poimanje određenih moralnih dilema, ukratko ćemo, slijedeći<br />

argumentaciju Marthe Nussbaum, izložiti probleme i prigovore koji<br />

se vezuju uz ideju kloniranja, kao i moguće odgovore na njih. Zatim ćemo<br />

analizirati kako je <strong>dana</strong> tema prikazana u nekim umjetničkim djelima, poput<br />

knjige Mogućnost otoka francuskog novelista Michela Houellebecqa, te<br />

znanstveno-fantastičnih filmovima Gattaca i The Island, a na primjeru posljednjeg<br />

pokazati negativne utjecaje koje pojedina umjetnička djela mogu<br />

imati za rješavanje moralnih problema ili za moralno učenje uopće.<br />

ART AND CLONING<br />

Real possibility of human cloning, as well as first science fiction novels<br />

concerning this issue, appeared only fifty years ago. Recognising that<br />

150


works of art can have significant influence on our moral reasoning, we<br />

shall briefly, following the argumentation suggested by Martha Nussbaum,<br />

present some possible challenges and objections to the idea of human cloning,<br />

as well as possible answers to these objections. We shall then analyse<br />

how our subject is presented in some works of art, such as the novel The<br />

Possibility of an Island by French novelist Michel Houellebecq, and in science<br />

fiction films Gattaca and The Island. Considering the latter example,<br />

we will show how some works of art can have negative influence on our<br />

moral reasoning.<br />

IVANA ČOVIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Splitu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, University of Split, Croatia<br />

BIOPOETIKA I BIOETIKA<br />

U DJELU ŽIVOT ŽIVOTINJÂ J. M. COETZEEA<br />

Cilj je ovog izlaganja ukratko definirati pojam biopoetike, te potom s<br />

toga gledišta promotriti djelo Život životinjâ J. M. Coetzeea. Autor u djelu<br />

svestrano tematizira jedan od najizazovnijih problema u suvremenoj bioetičkoj<br />

raspravi – problem humanog postupanja prema životinjama. Obzirom<br />

da je u središtu njegova razmatranja odnos ljudi prema životinjama,<br />

prikazan iz različitih perspektiva koje ne daju konačnu istinu i rješenje,<br />

nego se pluriperspektivno pristupa problemu, djelo poziva na otvorenost<br />

mišljenja u pristupanju tematici i na nepretencioznost u traženju jedinstvene<br />

istine, koja bi isključivala drugačija stajališta.<br />

BIOPOETICS AND BIOETHICS<br />

IN J. M. COETZEE’S THE LIVES OF ANIMALS<br />

The aim of this paper is to briefly define the concept of biopoetics, and<br />

observe the work The Lives of Animals by J. M. Coetzee from that point<br />

of view. The author comprehensively deals with one of the most challenging<br />

problems in contemporary bioethical debate – the problem of humane<br />

treatment of animals. Considering that the center of his reflection is the relation<br />

of humans towards animals given from different perspectives, which<br />

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never offer ultimate truth and the solution, but a pluriperspective approach,<br />

the work calls for openness of thought in approaching the subject and unpretentiousness<br />

to find a single truth, which would exclude different points<br />

of view.<br />

MILIJANA ĐERIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Srbija /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Serbia<br />

BIOETIKA NA FILMU<br />

Već duže vrijeme film zaokupljaju bioetičke teme. Ključnim bioetičkim<br />

dilemama koje su vezane, na primjer, za praksu genetičkog unapređivanja<br />

ljudi, kloniranje i eutanaziju bave se razni filmski žanrovi, od znanstvene<br />

fantastike, preko komedije, do drame. Diskusija ovog rada fokusira<br />

se na filmove Multiplicity, The 6th Day, Blade Runner, Alien Resurrection<br />

i Gattaca. Glavni cilj rada je rasvjetljavanje činjenice da je film, pored<br />

toga što predstavlja važnu umjetničku formu i izvor zabave, također moćan<br />

izvor edukacije, ali i moćna metoda indoktrinacije. Objašnjeni su razlozi<br />

koji film čine korisnim medijem za učenje i istraživanje bioetičkih tema i<br />

dilema. Međutim, skrenuta je pažnja na činjenicu da u svom prikazivanju<br />

bioetičkih tema, na primjer, različitih aplikacija i implikacija biotehnologije,<br />

film nije neutralan i da on oblikuje opće mnijenje o ovim temama.<br />

Zbog toga je istaknut značaj načina na koji film u sebe uključuje posljednja<br />

znanstvena otkrića i debate o bioetičkim temama. Primijećeno je da taj<br />

način često nije »bioetičan«, u smislu da posljednja znanstvena otkrića i<br />

bioetičke debate u film nisu uključeni na dosljedan način. Zaključak rada<br />

je da za razliku od filmova Multiplicity, The 6th Day, Blade Runner i Alien<br />

Resurrection, film Gattaca može služiti kao uspješan bioetički tekst. Naime,<br />

iako je u ovom filmu tehnologija genetičkog inženjeringa prikazana daleko<br />

naprednijom nego što je <strong>dana</strong>s, skrenuta je pažnja na činjenicu da on, za<br />

razliku od ostalih, ne prigovara tehnologijama humane genetike. On samo<br />

upozorava da će ove tehnologije dovesti do problema u slučaju da društvo<br />

prihvati ideologiju genetskog determinizma, koja ljude vidi samo kao skup<br />

njihovih gena.<br />

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BIOETHICS IN FILM<br />

For some time, film has been attracted by bioethical issues. Key bioethical<br />

dilemmas, concerning, for example, the practice of human genetic enhancement,<br />

cloning or euthanasia, are subjects of various film genres, from<br />

science fiction, through comedy to drama. The discussion in this paper is<br />

focused on films Multiplicity, The 6th day, Blade Runner, Alien Resurrection<br />

and Gattaca. The main goal of the study is to shed the light on the fact<br />

that the film, besides being an important art form and source of popular<br />

entertainment, is also a powerful source of education, but simultaneously<br />

a powerful method of indoctrination. The reasons which make film a useful<br />

medium for study and exploration of a wide range of bioethical themes<br />

are explicated. However, attention is drawn to the fact that, in representing<br />

bioethical themes, for example, different applications and implications of<br />

biotechnology, film is not neutral and that it forms the public opinion on<br />

these topics. Therefore, the importance of fashion in which movie incorporates<br />

the latest scientific discoveries and the debates on bioethical issues is<br />

emphasized. It has been noticed that quite often this fashion is not “bioethical”<br />

in a sense that films do not incorporate the latest scientific discoveries<br />

and bioethical debates in a consistent manner. The conclusion of work is<br />

that unlike the Multiplicity, The 6th day, Blade Runner and Alien Resurrection,<br />

Gattaca can work as a successful bioethical text. Namely, although<br />

the technology of genetic engineering in this movie is depicted far more<br />

advanced than it is in present state, the attention is turn to the fact that this<br />

movie, unlike the others, does not criticise human genetic technologies.<br />

Rather, the film warns that these technologies will create problems only if<br />

society accepts a genetic determinism ideology that sees humans as nothing<br />

more than the sum of their genes.<br />

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NINA ĐIKIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

ANESTEZIRANO TIJELO<br />

KAO MEDIJ UMJETNIČKOG OBLIKOVANJA<br />

S obzirom na polazište da je bioetika, prije svega, određena pluriperspektivizmom<br />

u njezinom metodološkom pristupu problemima, pokušat ću<br />

u ovom izlaganju, na temelju analize rada francuske umjetnice Orlan, uputiti<br />

na mogućnost rasvjetljavanja bioetičkih problema kroz diskurs carnal arta.<br />

Moje je izlaganje fokusirano na kritički pristup strukturi moći patrijarhalnog<br />

društva, te njegovih normi i ideala koji se uvijek iznova legitimiraju i<br />

učvršćuju znanošću i biomedicinskim praksama. Orlanina strategija dekonstrukcije<br />

postojećih ideala jest autoportretiranje kroz kiruršku transformaciju<br />

vlastitog tijela, koja ima za cilj slobodnu umjetničku kreaciju fluidnog<br />

identiteta koji nadilazi binarnu strukturu patrijarhalnog koncepta ideala »lijepog«.<br />

Pored navedenog, osvrnut ću se ukratko i na koncept seciranja tijela<br />

kao pučke zabave u okviru renesansnih anatomskih teatara, carnal art kao<br />

topos javne debate te multiplicitet identiteta kao njegov krajnji cilj.<br />

THE ANAESTHETIZED BODY<br />

AS A MEDIUM OF ARTISTIC MOLDING<br />

Considering the standpoint that bioethics is primarily determined by<br />

pluriperspectivism in its methodological approach, in this presentation I will<br />

try to demonstrate the potential for explicating bioethical issues through the<br />

discourse of carnal art by analyzing the work of the French artist Orlan.<br />

The focus of my presentation is placed upon a critical approach to the power<br />

structures of patriarchal society, its norms and ideals which are repeatedly<br />

legitimized and reinforced by science and biomedical practices. Orlan uses a<br />

strategy of deconstructing existing ideals through self-portraits, by utilizing<br />

surgical transformation of her own body, the goal of which is a free artistic<br />

creation of a fluid identity that overcomes the binary structures of the patriarchal<br />

concepts of the ideal of “the beautiful”. Aside from the above-mentioned,<br />

I will briefly look into the concept of body dissection as a means of populist<br />

entertainment in the Renaissance anatomy theatres, carnal art as a common<br />

place of public debate and the multiplicity of identity as its ultimate goal.<br />

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MARIJANA PAULA FERENČIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

ŽIVOTINJE KAO OBJEKT UMJETNIČKE PRAKSE<br />

Pitanje korištenja životinja kao objekta umjetničke prakse izuzetno je<br />

provokativno i kompleksno. Ovaj rad razmatra područje interakcije umjetnosti<br />

i etike koncentrirajući se na primjere domaćih autora koji u svojim<br />

performansima koriste životinje kao svojevrsnu žrtvu »u ime umjetnosti«.<br />

U radu će se nastojati ukazati na osjetljivost, kontroverznost i aktualnost<br />

ove teme u suvremenim bioetičkim raspravama, kao i na granice umjetnosti.<br />

Definirat će se sastavnice ove specifične umjetničke prakse, kao i<br />

kritički pristupi na više razina.<br />

ANIMALS AS OBJECTS OF ARTISTIC PRACTICE<br />

The issue of using animals as objects of artistic practice is extremely<br />

provocative and complex. This paper examines the area of interaction between<br />

art and ethics, focusing on the examples of Croatian authors who use<br />

animals in their performances as a sort of sacrifice “in the name of art”. The<br />

paper will try to call attention to the sensitivity, controversy and importance<br />

of this subject in the contemporary bioethical discussions, as well as to the<br />

the boundaries of art. The components of this specific artistic practice will<br />

be defined, together with certain critical approaches on several levels.<br />

FEĐA GAVRILOVIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

TJELESNE TEKUĆINE U SUVREMENOJ UMJETNOSTI<br />

U tjelesne tekućine ubrajaju se: proizvodi žlijezda s vanjskim lučenjem,<br />

egzokrinih žlijezda, tzv. sekreti ili izlučevine (slina, znoj); proizvodi<br />

žlijezda s unutarnjim lučenjem, endokrinih žlijezda, tzv. inkreti (žuč, sperma)<br />

i krv, tekućina koja služi prenošenju hranjivih tvari po tijelu.<br />

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Tjelesne tekućine pokretački su sok života, međutim smatraju se nečim<br />

zazornim. Ovaj rad razmotrit će podrijetlo te zazornosti, te nakon toga pojavljivanje<br />

tjelesnih tekućina kao sastavnica umjetničkih djela suvremenih<br />

umjetnika u kontekstu body arta, htijenja svakog pojedinog umjetnika te<br />

u kontekstu simulacije svetoga, okultnoga ili, s druge strane, onog što nas<br />

definira u osobnom i ljudskom smislu. Rad će razmotriti djelovanje Hermanna<br />

Nitscha i bečkih akcionista koji su u svojim performansima koristili<br />

tjelesne izlučevine kako bi oživjeli dionizijske misterije, preko britanskog<br />

dvojca Gilbert & George koji radi litografije od mikroskopski uvećanih<br />

sekreta, sve do suvremenog umjetnika Marca Quinna koji je napravio svoj<br />

autoportret od zamrznute krvi, čineći od krvi ekvivalent vlastite osobe. Uz<br />

njih će se analizirati rad još nekoliko umjetnika koji u svojem radu koriste<br />

tjelesne tekućine ili izlučevine, poput Zlatka Kopljara, Wima Delvoyea,<br />

Andresa Serrana.<br />

BODY FLUIDS IN CONTEMPORARY ART<br />

Body fluids include: products of glands with external secretion – exocrine<br />

glands, so called excretions (drool, sweat); products of endocrine<br />

glands or secretions (gallbladder, sperm); and blood, a liquid used to transport<br />

nutritive matter through the body.<br />

Although body fluids are the juices that power life, they are considered<br />

something repugnant. This paper will review the origin of this repugnancy,<br />

and after that the emergence of body fluids in their role as works of art<br />

by contemporary artists in the context of body art, the intention of each<br />

particular artist in the context of simulation of the sacred, the occult or, on<br />

the other hand, of that which defines us in a personal and human way. The<br />

paper will review the activities of Hermann Nitsch and the Viennese Actionists<br />

who used body fluids in their performances to reenact Dionysian<br />

mysteries, the British duo Gilbert & George who print lithographies of microscopically<br />

enlarged secretions, and the contemporary artist Marc Quinn<br />

who made his own self-portrait using frozen blood, creating an equivalent<br />

of his own person out of blood. Alongside them the paper will analyse the<br />

work of several other artists who used body fluids or excretions like Zlatko<br />

Kopljar, Wim Delvoye and Andres Serrano.<br />

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MATEJA KOVAČIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

TREŠNJIN CVAT I ROBOTI S DUŠOM<br />

Anime je proizvod japanske/globalne popularne kulture. Njegova se<br />

jedinstvenost sastoji od raznolikosti mnoštva žanrova, od kojih mecha i<br />

cyberpunk tematiziraju bioetičku problematiku, pitanja ekološke krize,<br />

tehnologizacije i budućnosti čovječanstva. No anime nije »puki proizvod«,<br />

već umjetnička forma s višestoljetnom poviješću.<br />

Anime oblikuje sasvim novi imaginarij koji uvjetuje drugačiju percepciju<br />

suvremenoga svijeta u očima konzumenata; oblikuje nove i drugačije<br />

vizije budućnosti i kulture, ali otkriva i probleme i dileme te kulture i budućnosti<br />

– kako bi im kroz njih razotkrio mogućnosti budućega svijeta, tj.<br />

različite verzije mogućega svijeta. Cijeli se taj proces odvija kroz veoma<br />

specifične animirane leće, koje tako postaju važno sredstvo u suočavanju s<br />

novim znanstvenim paradigmama.<br />

Intencija ovoga rada jest ukazati na važnost <strong>bioetike</strong> uopće, ali isto<br />

tako i prokazati proizvode popularne kulture koji u sve većoj mjeri postaju<br />

glavni izvor informacija o svijetu koji nas okružuje. Ti proizvodi oblikuju<br />

naš svijet i uvjetuju način na koji ćemo taj svijet promatrati i oblikovati ga<br />

(kako u vlastitim kognitivnim shemama, tako i u djelovanju koje poduzimamo<br />

naspram svijeta svaki put kada zadiremo u našu stvarnost vlastitom<br />

aktivnošću).<br />

CHERRY BLOSSOM AND ANDROIDS WITH SOUL<br />

Anime is a Japanese/global popular culture product. Its uniqueness<br />

consists of a variety of genres, of which mecha and cyberpunk deal with<br />

bioethical issues such as ecological crisis, technologisation and the future<br />

of mankind. However, anime is not a “mere product”, but an art form with<br />

a centuries-long history.<br />

Anime forms an entirely new imagery and different perception of the<br />

modern world in the minds of anime fans. Besides that, anime forms new<br />

visions of future and culture, reveals its issues and dilemmas and confronts<br />

the audience with vast new possibilities the future brings. All this happens<br />

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through quite specific animated lenses, which are thus becoming an important<br />

vehicle to the future demands and challenges in education, science<br />

and cultural studies.<br />

This paper will try to show the importance of bioethics in general, but<br />

also expose the popular culture products, which are becoming the main<br />

source of information about the world that surrounds us. These products<br />

shape our world and the way we see and form it (as in our own cognitive<br />

blueprints, and in the actions we commence versus the world every time<br />

we interfere with our own reality).<br />

EMIL KUŠAN<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Splitu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Philosophy, University of Split, Croatia<br />

POBJEDA »LEPTIR«<br />

Djelo Skafander i leptir jedno je od rijetkih svjedočanstva »sa granica<br />

života«, u kojemu se, kroz jedan jednostavan, šarmantan i nadasve pristupačan<br />

stil, nadaje mnoštvo filozofskih problema ujedinjenih, između ostalog,<br />

pod zajedničkim nazivkom filozofije egzistencijalizma. Jean-Dominique<br />

Bauby, autor i protagonist, priča nam priču u iščekivanju smrti, priču<br />

koja, iako često tragična i turobna, uvijek ostaje pozitivna. U tom bismo<br />

smislu djelo mogli promatrati kao pobjedu leptirâ, tj. duha nad skafanderom,<br />

odnosno tijelom; radi se zapravo o klasičnoj bioetičkoj temi dostojanstvenog<br />

života i isto takve smrti, koju ćemo nastojati pobliže promotriti iz<br />

perspektive subjekta.<br />

VICTORY OF “BUTTERFLIES”<br />

The Diving Bell and the Butterfly is one of the few examples of literature<br />

from the “brinks of life”, which, with its simple, charming and highly<br />

accessible style, reveals plenty of philosophical problems united under the<br />

notion of exsistentialist philosophy. Jean-Dominique Bauby, the author<br />

and protagonist, tells his story anticipating death, a story which, though<br />

often tragic and mournful, always remains positive. In this sense the work<br />

can be seen as a victory of butterflies, i.e. the spirit over the diving bell,<br />

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epresenting the body; it is, in fact, a classic bioethical issue of a dignified<br />

life and a becoming death, which we will try to examine more closely from<br />

the perspective of the subject.<br />

ANDREA MATIĆ<br />

Filozofski fakultet & Akademija likovnih umjetnosti, Sveučilište u Zagrebu,<br />

Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences & Academy of Fine Arts,<br />

University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

PERFORMANS I BODY ART<br />

Naziv ‘performativ’ izveden je iz engleskog glagola ‘to perform’, što<br />

znači ‘izvršiti’. Performativni obrat u vizualnim, tj. likovnim umjetnostima<br />

različito je interpretiran: kao dematerijalizacija umjetničkog objekta,<br />

kao teatralizacija i direktno iskušavanje životnih situacija. U performans<br />

artu publika prestaje imati ulogu pasivnog promatrača, te postaje bitna<br />

komponenta koja svojim reakcijama su-djeluje u stvaranju/izvođenju<br />

čina. Etička problematika performansa i body arta transformira publiku iz<br />

sadističke pozicije u poziciju žrtve (R. Rosenthal). Posebni pod-tip performansa<br />

u kojem je ljudsko tijelo i sredstvo i krajnji cilj performativnog čina,<br />

ili body art, bit će stavljen u širi kontekst novih izvedbenih umjetnosti koje<br />

inzistiraju na deinstitucionalizaciji klasičnih umjetničkih formi, posebice u<br />

tradicionalnim koncepcijama likovnih i kazališnih djela, te njihovom eventualnom<br />

spajanju i teorijskoj dezintegraciji.<br />

U ovom radu pokušat ću prezentirati odnos subjekt–objekt u performans<br />

artu i body artu te razmotriti konstruiranje umjetničke kompozicije<br />

performansa (kako on funkcionira i čemu služe elementi od kojih se on<br />

sastoji).<br />

PERFORMANCE AND BODY ART<br />

The term ‘performative’ is derived from the English verb ‘to perform’<br />

which means ‘execute’. Performative turn in visual arts has been interpreted<br />

differently: as the dematerialisation of the art object as well as theatricalisation<br />

and direct experience of life situations. In performance art,<br />

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the audience ceases to act as a passive observer, and becomes an essential<br />

component, for their reactions take part in the creation/execution of the act.<br />

Ethical problems of performance and body art transform the audience from<br />

the sadistic position in the position of the victim (R. Rosenthal). Specific<br />

sub-type of performance in which the human body is both the means and<br />

the ultimate goal of the performative act, i.e. body art, will be placed in the<br />

broader context of the new performance arts which insist on the deinstitutionalization<br />

of classical art forms, especially in traditional conceptions of<br />

painting and theater works, and their possible fusion and theoretical disintegration.<br />

In this paper I will try to present the subject–object relationship in the<br />

performance and body art and consider the design of artistic composition<br />

of performance (how it works and what is the puropose of the elements of<br />

which it consists).<br />

TANJA PRIBEG<br />

Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

LAND ART I BIOETIKA<br />

Je li mijenjanje okoliša u ime umjetnosti (bio)etično? Kako znamo<br />

kada umjetničko djelo predstavlja prijetnju okolišu a kada ne? Možemo li<br />

to ikada znati? Trebaju li se land art umjetnici educirati o prirodi i iz kojih<br />

izvora? Treba li uzeti u obzir motiv land artista da se bavi svojom umjetnošću?<br />

Hoće li određivanje land arta kao ne(bio)etične aktivnosti dovesti<br />

do daljnjeg razdvajanja čovjeka i njegovog prirodnog okoliša povećavajući<br />

na taj način njegov strah i neznanje? Je li land art ustvari jedina (bio)etična<br />

grana umjetnosti pošto ne proizvodi nove stvari već povezuje umjetnike<br />

sa proizvodima prirode? Hoće li planinaru koji je otišao na planinu da se<br />

odmori od ljudskih aktivnosti i bude u divljini biti drago kada se susretne<br />

sa land artom na putu? Moraju li se land artisti baviti land artom? Je li<br />

umjetnost hrana za umjetnika? Koliko daleko idu land art intervencije? Je<br />

li građenje brane radi hidroelektrane land art? Ovo su neka pitanja koja bismo<br />

si mogli postaviti pri određivanju (bio)etičnosti land arta. A vjerojatno<br />

će ih biti još.<br />

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LAND ART AND BIOETHICS<br />

Is the changing of the environment in the name of art (bio)ethical?<br />

How do we know when a work of art is a threat to the environment and<br />

when it is not? Can we ever know that? Should land artists be educated<br />

about the nature and by whom? Should we take the motive of the land artist<br />

into account? Will the defining of land art as an un(bio)ethical activity<br />

lead to further separation of man and his natural environment increasing in<br />

that way his fear and ignorance? Is land art actually the only (bio)ethical<br />

from of art because it does not produce more things but makes artists more<br />

involved with the products of nature? Will a hiker who went to the mountains<br />

to take a break from human activity and be in the wilderness be glad<br />

to meet land art on the way? Do land artists really have to perform land<br />

art? Is art a form of nourishment for the artist? Just how far do land art<br />

interventions go? Is building a hydroelectric dam land art? These are some<br />

of the questions that we could ask ourselves in defining (bio)ethics of land<br />

art. And there will probably be more.<br />

IGOR SALOPEK, VUK PRICA<br />

Medicinski fakultet, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Hrvatska /<br />

School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia<br />

MEDICINA KAO UMJETNOST I<br />

UMJETNOST U MEDICINI<br />

Smještanje medicine u temu Bioetika i umjetnost ima dvostruki cilj.<br />

Prvi je otkrivanje razloga zbog kojih se bavljenje medicinom, od starogrčkih<br />

medicinara do doba <strong>bioetike</strong>, proglašava umjetnošću (ars medica) te<br />

koje su to vještine tijekom obrazovanja usvajali studenti medicine kako bi<br />

postajali umjetnici svog poziva. Drugi cilj izlaganja je podsjećanje na liječnike<br />

koji su, uz postignuća u medicini, prepoznatljivi i kao umjetnici. Iz<br />

tog razloga u ovom izlaganju predstavlja se rad studentske skupine Asklepiju<br />

i Orfeju u čast, koja djeluje pri Medicinskom fakultetu u Rijeci.<br />

Olakšanje tjelesne boli, liječenje ozljeda, istraživanje uzročnika i otkrivanje<br />

novih bolesti medicini je odredilo status umjetnosti. Napredak<br />

znanosti i tehnologije mijenja status medicine iz umjetnosti u medicinu<br />

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znanosti. S nastankom <strong>bioetike</strong> i aktualizacijom zahtjeva humanističkih<br />

znanosti za poštivanjem individualnosti pacijenta, uvažavanjem društvenih<br />

uvjeta u kojima živi i djeluje pacijent, uvođenjem u medicinski postupak<br />

subjektivnih, objektivnih i kulturnih čimbenika koji utječu na pacijentova<br />

promišljanja i donošenje odluke medicini se određuje novi status, a liječnicima<br />

nova uloga. U skladu s tim nužno im je stjecati vještine s kojima<br />

će tradicionalni neravnopravni položaj pacijenata i liječnika transformirati<br />

u odnos poštivanja i suradnje te prihvaćanja dužnosti o zaštiti pacijentove<br />

osobnosti.<br />

U zaključku izlaganja naglašava se da umjetnost može doprinijeti prihvaćanju<br />

pozitivnog stava o zdravlju i kvaliteti života, te se zbog toga predlaže<br />

osmišljavanje i uvođenje izbornih kolegija koji će obuhvatiti umjetničke<br />

sadržaje, a čija bi realizacija poticajno djelovala na kvalitetu i ishode<br />

studiranja na medicinskim fakultetima.<br />

MEDICINE AS ART AND ART IN MEDICINE<br />

Placing medicine in the theme of Bioethics and Art has a twofold objective.<br />

The first is to discover the reason why practicing medicine, from<br />

ancient Greece to the time of bioethics, is being considered as art and what<br />

are the skills that medical students have gained in order to become the artists<br />

of their profession during their education. The other goal is to present<br />

those physicians who were recognised both as doctors and artists. Because<br />

of that in this lecture we present the work of the medical students group<br />

at the School of Medicine in Rijeka, called In the honour of Asclepius and<br />

Orpheus.<br />

Alleviation of physical pain, treatment of injuries, exploring the pathogens<br />

and discovering new diseases appointed medicine the status of art.<br />

The development of science and technology changes the status of medicine<br />

from art to medicine of science. The genesis of bioethics and the actualisation<br />

of demands which were introduced by the humanistic sciences to<br />

respect the patients’ individuality, to understand the social surrounding in<br />

which they live and work, to import in the medical approach subjective,<br />

objective and cultural factors that influence the patients deliberation and<br />

the ability of deciding – brought medicine a new status, and a new vocation<br />

to physicians. Accordingly, the physicians need to acquire skills which will<br />

help to transform the traditional unequal position of the patient in regard to<br />

162


the physician into a relationship of respect and cooperation, and acceptance<br />

of the duty to protect the patient’s personality.<br />

In conclusion it is emphasized that art can contribute to the acceptance<br />

of a positive attitude towards the health and the quality of life. Therefore, it<br />

is proposed that the new facultative courses – which will include different<br />

forms of art, and whose realisation would be stimulating to the quality and<br />

outcome of the study at the School of Medicine – should be designed and<br />

implemented.<br />

NERMINA TRBONJA<br />

Centar za interdisciplinarne postdiplomske studije, Univerzitet u Sarajevu,<br />

Bosna i Hercegovina /<br />

Center for Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies, University of Sarajevo,<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

MOJE, TVOJE, NAŠE/A TIJELO/A?<br />

Mnogi će reći da tijelo smatraju jedinim sigurnim utočištem, jedinim<br />

suštinski intimnim mjestom. Mjestom u kojem utihne svaki drugi glas,<br />

koje predstavlja naše istinsko vlasništvo, ili mjestom kojeg jednostavno<br />

možemo zvati »Ja«. Opet, mnogi se »ne osjećaju dobro u svojoj koži«,<br />

tvrde da im je to tijelo dodjeljeno greškom, odlika svega osim »Ja«. Tijelo,<br />

kao realnost predstavljena našem biću, doima se istovremeno potpuno<br />

opipljivim i cjelovitim, ali i uvijek iznova podijeljenim na objekt i subjekt.<br />

Oslonac onoga »Ja«, ali i onoga »Ti« i »Oni«, predstavlja inkarnaciju, ali<br />

u istu ruku i reprezentaciju. To čvorište, u kojem se artikuliraju značenja<br />

između prirode i kulture, slobode i prohibicije, individue i zajednice, koje<br />

svakodnevno pripada nama, kao i medicini, u svoj svojoj kompleksnosti<br />

značenja, ništa manje ne pripada ni umjetnosti. Nastojat ću u ovom izlaganju<br />

»prošetati« kroz djela/tijela umjetnika/ca poput Marine Abramović,<br />

Gine Pane i Fakira Musafara, gdje se pitanja estetike pokoravaju pitanjima<br />

etike i kojima se žele promisliti temelji svakodnevnog života uključujući<br />

njegove konstruirane i proizvoljne dimenzije.<br />

163


MINE, YOUR, OUR BODY/IES?<br />

Many will say that they consider the Body to be the only safe harbor,<br />

the only intrinsically intimate place. The place, where other voices become<br />

silent, our only possession, or the place that can simply be called “Me”.<br />

However, many “do not feel comfortable in their skin”, claiming that this<br />

body has been given to them by mistake – that it is the expression of everything<br />

else except the “Me”. The Body, as the reality that was presented to<br />

our being, seems to be tangible, comprehensive, and simultaneously divided<br />

between the object and the subject. The reliance of the “Self”, and also<br />

of the “You”, and the “They”, represents incarnation and the illustration.<br />

This nucleus, in which the meanings are articulated between nature and<br />

culture, freedom and prohibition, individual and society, which belongs<br />

to us as well as the medical science, belongs no less to the Art. In this lecture,<br />

I will try to walk through the art works/bodies of artists like Marina<br />

Abramović, Gina Pane, and Fakir Musafar, in which aesthetics faces ethics<br />

and the foundations of everyday life and its constructed and arbitrary<br />

dimensions are being reflected.<br />

164


Okrugli stol<br />

LIJEKOVI IZMEĐU PROFITA I ZDRAVLJA<br />

Round Table<br />

MEDICAMENTS BETWEEN PROFIT AND HEALTH<br />

LIDIJA GAJSKI<br />

Dom zdravlja Zagreb-Centar, Zagreb, Hrvatska /<br />

Health Center Zagreb-Center, Zagreb, Croatia<br />

MEDICINA U SLUŽBI KORPORACIJSKIH INTERESA<br />

Zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća privatni je sektor, odnosno poduzetništvo<br />

ušlo u medicinu i zdravstvene sustave. Na tom zahvalnom području za<br />

zaradu, na kojem im nisu postavljene nikakve granice, proizvođači različitih<br />

medicinskih proizvoda ovladali su značajnim dijelom medicinske<br />

znanosti, izobrazbe, kliničke prakse i politike. Najmoćnija među njima,<br />

farmaceutska industrija, <strong>dana</strong>s već jasno zlorabi sustav, pa njegov cilj i<br />

pokretač postaje zarada, dok liječenje i sprječavanje bolesti odlazi u drugi<br />

plan. Zdravstveni sustavi troše sve više novca na lijekove, u primjeni je<br />

mnoštvo preparata bez dokazane djelotvornosti, a šteta od farmaka raste.<br />

Nema napretka u liječenju i eradikaciji bolesti, već se one održavaju kroničnima.<br />

Štoviše, umjetno se stvaraju nove, čime velike populacije ljudi<br />

bez ikakvih zdravstvenih tegoba postaju podložne farmakoterapiji. Pod<br />

utjecajem industrije kompleksni pojam liječenja i sprječavanja bolesti<br />

reducira se na uzimanje tableta, odnos između liječnika i bolesnika se<br />

dehumanizira, a sama medicina mijenja svoju paradigmu iz tradicionalno<br />

kurativne u preventivnu.<br />

165


MEDICINE IN SERVICE OF CORPORATE INTERESTS<br />

In the last few decades the private sector, i.e. private enterprise has<br />

entered the medicine and health systems. In this rewarding area, in which<br />

no boundaries were set for them, manufacturers of various medical products<br />

have taken over a considerable part of the medical science, education,<br />

clinical practice and politics. The most powerful among them, the<br />

pharmaceutical industry, already clearly misuses the system, hence profit,<br />

not curing and preventing disease becomes its main aim and motive.<br />

Health systems spend more and more money on drugs, a lot of medicines<br />

in use lack evidence of effectiveness, while harm caused by medication is<br />

increasing. There is no progress in treating and eradicating diseases; they<br />

are kept chronic and the new ones are being artificially created, making<br />

large populations of people without health difficulties eligible for pharmacotherapy.<br />

Under the influence of industry, the complex concept of curing<br />

and preventing disease becomes reduced to taking pills, physician-patient<br />

relationship gets dehumanized and medicine itself changes its paradigm<br />

from traditionally curative to preventive.<br />

ŽIVKA STANIČIĆ<br />

Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

MOGU LI LJEKARNICI U DRUŠTVU<br />

DEREGULIRANOG KAPITALIZMA POMIRITI SVOJ<br />

KOMERCIJALNI INTERES I PROFESIONALNU ETIKU?<br />

Ili: Kako ljekarnik kotira<br />

u predodžbenom svijetu suvremenog čovjeka?<br />

Hoće li izostanak farmaceutske profesionalne etike biti tek primjer pojedinačne<br />

i iznimne, iako nimalo naivne pokvarenosti ili će, pak, postati<br />

stanje pokvarenosti koje se nezadrživo i kapilarno širi u društvu, u krajnjoj<br />

konzekvenciji ovisi o tome da li postoji optimum regulacije.<br />

Zakon o deregulaciji lijekova to, zacijelo, nije; on, naime, omogućava<br />

farmaceutskoj industriji i ljekarnicima da se »odmetnu« od svog primar-<br />

166


nog cilja (općeg dobra), tj. da ostvaruju više moći i novca nego korisnici<br />

njihovih usluga zdravlja.<br />

Držimo, dakle, da <strong>dana</strong>šnje društvo dereguliranog kapitalizma, odnosno<br />

njegovi zakoni o liberalizaciji tržišta lijekova, postulira asimetričnu<br />

privilegiju farmaceutske industrije/ljekarnika, usprkos tome što i <strong>dana</strong>s<br />

postoje duboki razlozi zbog kojih grčka riječ pharmakon znači i lijek i<br />

magiju i otrov.<br />

Središnju ulogu koju je ljekarnik imao u kontinuitetu izgradnje »totalnog<br />

učinka« lijeka, tržište čini ništavnom, dok ljekarnikovu humanost čini<br />

slabašnom.<br />

CAN THE PHARMACISTS RECONCILE<br />

THEIR COMMERCIAL INTEREST AND THE PROFESSIO-<br />

NAL ETHICS IN THE DEREGULATED CAPITALISM?<br />

Or: What is the Status of Pharmacists in the Imagery of the<br />

Contemporary Man?<br />

Will the lack of pharmaceutical professional ethics be merely an example<br />

of individual and exceptional, although not at all naive corruption or<br />

will it, in turn, become a state of depravity which is inexorably and capillary<br />

spread in society, in the end depends on whether there is an optimum<br />

of regulation.<br />

The act on deregulation of drugs certainly is not an example; in fact, it<br />

enables the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacists to distant themselves<br />

from their primary goal (the common good), i.e. to generate more power<br />

and profit than the users of their health services.<br />

We hold, therefore, that today’s society of deregulated capitalism, and<br />

its laws passed to liberalize the market of drugs, postulates an asymmetric<br />

privilege to pharmaceutical industries/pharmacists, despite the fact that<br />

even today there are deep reasons why the Greek word pharmakon means<br />

‘medicine’, and ‘magic’, and ‘poison’.<br />

The central role that the pharmacist had in the continuity of building<br />

the “total effect” of a drug, is nullified by the market together with rendering<br />

the pharmacist’s humanity weak.<br />

167


VALERIJE VRČEK<br />

Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatska /<br />

Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia<br />

EKOLOŠKA SUDBINA LIJEKOVA<br />

Zagađenje površinskih, podzemnih i pitkih voda lijekovima i njihovim<br />

razgradnim produktima predstavlja gorući ekološki problem u čitavome<br />

svijetu. U otpadnim vodama, u rijekama, jezerima i morima, ali i u vodovodnim<br />

cijevima nalazi se čitav arsenal farmaceutskih proizvoda: antibiotici,<br />

kemoterapeutici, sedativi, analgetici, kontraceptivi, statini, kozmetički<br />

preparati…<br />

Lijekovi, koji u obliku pilula ili tableta čine temelj industrijske i institucionalizirane<br />

brige o ljudskome zdravlju, postali su važan čimbenik nove<br />

ekološke krize. Konzumacija farmaceutskih proizvoda, odnosno redovita<br />

procedura terapije ili prevencije neke bolesti, pretvorila se u nekontrolirano<br />

ispuštanje lijekova u kanalizacijske i otpadne vode. To predstavlja alarmantan<br />

oblik kemijskog nasilja nad prirodom. Usprkos tehnološkoj obradi<br />

kanalizacijskih ili otpadnih voda (npr. kloriranje ili ozonoliza vode), lijekovi<br />

i njihovi metaboliti redovito završavaju u podzemnim i pitkim vodama.<br />

Uzrok tom farmaceutskom zagađenju voda nisu, dakle, povremeni industrijski<br />

incidenti, već redovita i masovna potrošnja lijekova u društvu. U<br />

pozadini ovakvih ekoloških incidenata s lijekovima krije se poseban oblik<br />

ljudske pohlepe za zdravljem.<br />

ECOLOGICAL FATE OF PHARMACEUTICALS<br />

Contamination of surface, underground and drinking waters with pharmaceuticals<br />

and their degradation products becomes an emergent ecological<br />

issue all around the world. In wastewaters, rivers, lakes and seas, but<br />

also in water supply lines one can find the whole arsenal of pharmaceutical<br />

products: antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, antidepressants, analgesics, contraceptives,<br />

statins, cosmetics…<br />

Pharmaceuticals, which in forms of pills and tablets make basis for<br />

industrial and institutionalized care of human health, have become an important<br />

factor of a new ecological crisis. Consummation of pharmaceutical<br />

products, which represents regular procedure of therapy or prevention,<br />

168


has converted into uncontrolled release of pharmaceuticals in drainage<br />

and wastewaters. This all has turned into alarming form of chemical assault<br />

on nature. In spite of technological treatments of wastewaters (e.g.<br />

chlorination or ozonolysis of water), pharmaceuticals and their metabolites<br />

regularly enter underground and drinking waters. However, pharmaceutical<br />

contamination of waters is not caused solely by occasional industry<br />

incidents, but more by inducing regular and massive consumption of pharmaceuticals<br />

in society. A particular form of human greed for health lies in<br />

the background of these ecological disasters with pharmaceuticals.<br />

SVETLANA VUKAJLOVIĆ<br />

Fond zdravstvenog osiguranja Srbije, Beograd, Srbija /<br />

Health Insurance Fund of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia<br />

MORALNA DILEMA<br />

Svaka država raspolaže ograničenim sredstvima za pokrivanje troškova<br />

zdravstvene zaštite. Moralno je pitanje kako potrošiti ta sredstva uz<br />

maksimalnu efikasnost. Na ovaj ili onaj način, to mora obuhvatiti mjerenje<br />

benefita koji dobivamo za ono što trošimo.<br />

MORAL DILEMMA<br />

Each state has limited funds to cover the cost of health care. The moral<br />

question is how to spend those funds with maximum efficiency. In one<br />

way or another, it must include measuring the benefits gained for what we<br />

spend.<br />

169


SUZANA VULETIĆ<br />

Katolički bogoslovni fakultet u Đakovu, Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u<br />

Osijeku, Hrvatska /<br />

Catholic Faculty of Theology in Đakovo, J. J. Strossmayer University of<br />

Osijek, Croatia<br />

OPSESIVNO-KONZUMISTIČKI KULT ZDRAVSTVENE<br />

HIPERTROFIJE I MITOVI SVEMOĆNE MEDICINE<br />

Pod ovim bih naslovom nastojala progovoriti o suvremenoj ideologiji<br />

medikamentalizacije života, shvaćenog kao zdravstveno blagostanje, u kojoj<br />

hedonističke tendencije potpunog psiho-fizičkog zadovoljenja nastoje<br />

preuzeti centralno mjesto na ljestvici suvremenih vrednota postmodernog<br />

biomedicinskog društva.<br />

Ta nastojanja posljedično uzrokuju sve veći naglasak na »kvaliteti života«<br />

koja potiče razvoj »medicine želja« i »farmakoloških ovisnosti/medikamentalohondrije«,<br />

nudeći mit slijepog »zdravstveno-religioznog obožavanja«<br />

kulta vječne mladosti. Povodeći se za tim irealnim idealima, njeni<br />

hipohondrično-opsesivni sljedbenici postaju »bolesni od aspiracijskog blagostanja«<br />

i ovisni o »vitalnim dinamizmima« koji im se nude ekonomskom<br />

propagandom i menadžmentom farmaceutskih kuća, ne mogavši razaznati<br />

irealne ponude zdravstvene hipertrofije tzv. medicinske svemoćnosti, koja<br />

se više ne zadovoljava samo nužnim parametrima zdravlja (prevencije/terapije/rehabilitacije),<br />

već teži prema utopiji potpunog psiho-fizičkog blagostanja.<br />

Kroz tendenciju tog ostvarenja, često bivaju ignorirane ostale<br />

antropološke, duhovne i moralno-religiozne vrijednosti.<br />

OBSESSIVE-CONSUMPTIONIST CULT OF HEALTH<br />

HYPERTROPHY AND MYTHS OF OMNIPOTENT MEDICINE<br />

The main idea of this presentation is to offer basic outlines of contemporary<br />

ideology of medicalization, its impact on the quality of human life,<br />

and its image of absolute health prosperity in which are hidden hedonistic<br />

tendencies of the entire psycho-somatic satisfaction, which are attempting<br />

to take over the central position on the scale of human values of the contemporary<br />

postmodern biomedical society.<br />

170


These efforts are putting heavy accent on the “quality of life” which<br />

stimulates the development of “medicine of desires” and “pharmacological<br />

dependencies/medicalmentalochondry”, offering a myth of “blind well-being<br />

adorations” and a cult of eternal youth. Following those unrealistic<br />

ideals, its hypochondriac-obsessive followers are becoming “sick of aspirational<br />

prosperity” and subordinated by the “vital dynamisms” which<br />

have been proposed by economical propaganda and by the management<br />

of pharmaceuticals industries, unable to recognize the unrealistic offers<br />

from health hypertrophy (that is, medical omnipotence), which is not satisfied<br />

anymore with exclusively necessary parameters of health (prevention/<br />

therapy/rehabilitation), but tends towards the utopia of complete psychophysical<br />

well-being.<br />

Through those tendencies of actualization, important anthropological,<br />

spiritual and moral values are often forgotten and neglected.<br />

171


adresar<br />

sudionika<br />

addresses of the<br />

participants


simpozij<br />

INTEGRATIVNA BIOETIKA I NOVA EPOHA<br />

Symposium<br />

INTEGRATIVE BIOETHICS AND NEW EPOCH<br />

Danijela Ajduković<br />

Ilica 462<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: danijela888@net.hr<br />

Sead Alić<br />

Centar za filozofiju medija<br />

www.centar-fm.org<br />

e-mail: sead.alic@phenomedia.org<br />

Miroslav Artić<br />

Lermanova 53<br />

HR–10090 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: miroslav.artic@inet.hr<br />

Zvonimir Bošković<br />

Kvaternikova 10<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: borna.boskovic@ri.t-com.hr<br />

Jasna Burić<br />

Hrvatska radiotelevizija<br />

Prisavlje 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: jasna.buric@hrt.hr<br />

Ivan Cifrić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Odsjek za sociologiju<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: icifric@ffzg.hr<br />

Igor Čatić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje<br />

Ivana Lučića 5, p.p. 102<br />

HR–10002 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: igor.catic@fsb.hr<br />

Josip Čulig<br />

Veleučilište u Karlovcu<br />

Trg J. J. Strossmayera 9<br />

HR–47000 Karlovac<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: jculig@vuka.hr<br />

Dejan Donev<br />

Euro College<br />

Ul. »Done Božinov« 41<br />

MK–1300 Kumanovo<br />

Macedonia<br />

e-mail: d_donev@yahoo.com<br />

175


Amela Džubur<br />

Univerzitet u Sarajevu<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Institut za javno zdravstvo<br />

Čekaluša 90<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: ameladzubur@gmail.com<br />

Igor Eterović<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Braće Branchetta 20<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: igor.eterovic@gmail.com<br />

Heda Festini<br />

Tizianova 35<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: heda.festini@ri.htnet.hr<br />

Aleksandra Frković<br />

Strossmayerova 18<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

Srećko Gajović<br />

Hrvatski institut za istraživanje mozga<br />

Šalata 12<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: srecko.gajovic@hiim.hr<br />

Michael George<br />

St. Thomas University<br />

Religious Studies Department<br />

Fredericton, New Brunswick<br />

Canada<br />

E3B 5G3<br />

e-mail: mgeorge@stu.ca<br />

Nada Gosić<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Braće Branchetta 20<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ngosic@medri.hr<br />

Ivana Greguric<br />

Josipa Marohnića 4c<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ibanez_ivana@yahoo.com<br />

Goran Grgec<br />

Donje Vrapče 47<br />

HR–10090 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ggrgec@gmail.com<br />

Jana Hodžić<br />

Klanjčić 36<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: janahodzic@gmail.com<br />

176


Amer Iglica<br />

Univerzitet u Sarajevu<br />

Klinički centar<br />

Bolnička 25<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: drameriglica@yahoo.co.uk<br />

Dragan Ilić<br />

Bulevar oslobođenja 78<br />

RS–11000 Beograd<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: drilic@sezampro.rs<br />

Abdollah Jamshidi<br />

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad<br />

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine<br />

Department of Food Hygiene<br />

Azadi Square<br />

Mashhad<br />

Iran<br />

e-mail: ajamshid@um.ac.ir<br />

Reza Jamshidi<br />

Vakilabad Blvd.<br />

Hashemieh 12, No. 1<br />

Mashhad<br />

Iran<br />

e-mail: jamshidi45@gmail.com<br />

Franka Jelavić-Kojić<br />

Klinička bolnica »Sveti Duh«<br />

Sveti Duh 64<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: franka.kojic@zg.t-com.hr<br />

Vladimir Jelkić<br />

Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u<br />

Osijeku<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Odsjek za filozofiju<br />

Lorenza Jägera 9<br />

HR–31000 Osijek<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: vjelkic@ffos.hr<br />

Hrvoje Jurić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Odsjek za filozofiju<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: hjuric@ffzg.hr<br />

Ivan Kaltchev<br />

St. Kliment Ohridski University of<br />

Sofia<br />

Faculty of Philosophy<br />

15, Tzar Osvoboditel Blvd.<br />

BG–1504 Sofia<br />

Bulgaria<br />

e-mail: ivan_kaltchev@yahoo.com<br />

Željko Kaluđerović<br />

Univerzitet u Novom Sadu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Odsek za filozofiju<br />

Dr. Zorana Đinđića 2<br />

RS–21000 Novi Sad<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: zeljko.kaludjerovic@gmail.com<br />

177


Silvana Karačić<br />

Lječilište Sveti Križ<br />

Ulica domovinske zahvalnosti 1<br />

HR–21224 Trogir – Arbanija<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: hotel-sveti-kriz@st.t-com.hr<br />

Marina Katinić<br />

Kneza Borne 1<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: marina_katinic@yahoo.com<br />

Boris Kozjak<br />

Ul. Brune Bušića 20<br />

HR–10020 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: boris.kozjak@lutrija.hr<br />

Katarina Kraljić<br />

Marina Bemba 10<br />

HR–52470 Umag<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: kkatarina87@yahoo.com<br />

Ute Kruse-Ebeling<br />

Technische Universität Dortmund<br />

Institut für Philosophie<br />

Emil-Figge-Str. 50<br />

R. 2.210<br />

D–44227 Dortmund<br />

Germany<br />

e-mail: ute.kruse-ebeling@<br />

tu-dortmund.de<br />

Tomislav Krznar<br />

A. Šercera 17<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: tomislav_krznar@yahoo.com<br />

Mislav Kukoč<br />

Sv. Roka 17<br />

HR–21000 Split<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: mkukoc@ffst.hr<br />

Vanja Leber Kaćunko<br />

Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 74<br />

HR–21000 Split<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: vanya29@bluewin.ch<br />

Uršula Lipovec Čebron<br />

Univerza v Ljubljani<br />

Filozofska fakulteta<br />

Oddelek za etnologijo in<br />

kulturno antropologijo<br />

Zavetiška 5<br />

SI–1111 Ljubljana<br />

Slovenia<br />

e-mail: ursula.lipovec@gmail.com<br />

Dijana Magđinski<br />

Trg kardinala Alojzija Stepinca 7<br />

HR–10450 Jastrebarsko<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: dijana_magdinski@yahoo.com<br />

Ivan Markešić<br />

Institut društvenih znanosti »Ivo Pilar«<br />

Marulićev trg 19/II<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ivan.markesic@pilar.hr<br />

178


Davorka Milat<br />

Poliklinika »Sunce«<br />

Kranjčevićeva 63<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: davorkamilat@net.hr<br />

Nevena Milosavljević<br />

Venijamina Marinkovića 42<br />

RS–32250 Ivanjica<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: milonev@gmail.com<br />

Nada Mladina<br />

Ismeta Mujezinovića 6<br />

BA–75000 Tuzla<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: nada.m@bih.net.ba<br />

Ana Mrdović<br />

Petrakijina 20<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: amrdovic@bih.net.ba<br />

Amir Muzur<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Braće Branchetta 20<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: amirmuzur@yahoo.com<br />

Teodora Not<br />

Vinka Vrusta 4<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: tea_not@yahoo.com<br />

Zarema Obradović<br />

Univerzitet u Sarajevu<br />

Fakultet zdravstvenih studija<br />

Bolnička bb<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: zobradovic9@gmail.com<br />

Luka Omladič<br />

Breg 22<br />

SI–1000 Ljubljana<br />

Slovenia<br />

e-mail: luka.omladic@guest.arnes.si<br />

Amer Ovčina<br />

Univerzitet u Sarajevu<br />

Klinički centar<br />

Bolnička 25<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: medicusba@yahoo.com<br />

Roman Paškulin<br />

OMI Institute<br />

Trnovska 8<br />

SI–1000 Ljubljana<br />

Slovenia<br />

e-mail: roman.paskulin@siol.net<br />

Jasminka Pavelić<br />

Institut »Ruđer Bošković«<br />

Bijenička cesta 54<br />

HR–10002 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: jpavelic@irb.hr<br />

179


Vesna Pešić<br />

Nadbiskupija Rijeka<br />

D. Cesarića 1<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: edopav@excite.com<br />

Darko Polšek<br />

Vramčeva 2<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: dpolsek@ffzg.hr<br />

Sandra Radenović<br />

Univerzitet u Beogradu<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Dr. Subotića 8<br />

RS–11000 Beograd<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: sandrar@med.bg.ac.rs<br />

Iva Rinčić<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Braće Branchetta 20<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: irincic@medri.hr<br />

Jos Schaefer-Rolffs<br />

Berliner Str. 205<br />

D–45144 Essen<br />

Germany<br />

e-mail: jos@schaefer-rolffs.de<br />

Marija Selak<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Odsjek za filozofiju<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: marija.selak@gmail.com<br />

Petra Skelin<br />

D. Golika 34<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: sskela@gmail.com<br />

Veronika Szántó<br />

Puskin u. 3<br />

HU–1088 Budapest<br />

Hungary<br />

e-mail: santov@gmail.com<br />

Lenart Škof<br />

Univerza na Primorskem<br />

Fakulteta za humanistične študije<br />

Oddelek za filozofijo<br />

Titov trg 5<br />

SI–6000 Koper<br />

Slovenia<br />

e-mail: lenart.skof@guest.arnes.si<br />

Kiril Temkov<br />

Bojmija 4/58<br />

MK–1000 Skopje<br />

Macedonia<br />

e-mail: etika1894@yahoo.com<br />

180


Guillaume Thiery<br />

Univerzitet u Sarajevu<br />

Klinički centar<br />

Bolnička 25<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: guillaume.thiery.bih@<br />

gmail.com<br />

Danijela Tiosavljević Marić<br />

Pasterova 2<br />

RS–11000 Beograd<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: danijela.tiosavljevic.maric@<br />

gmail.com<br />

Zoran Todorović<br />

Univerzitet u Beogradu<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Institut za farmakologiju,<br />

kliničku farmakologiju i toksikologiju<br />

Dr. Subotića 1, p. fah 38<br />

RS–11000 Beograd<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: ztodorovic@med.bg.ac.rs<br />

Marija Todorovska<br />

Kozara 34<br />

MK–1000 Skopje<br />

Macedonia<br />

e-mail: brilhonosolhos@yahoo.fr<br />

Danijel Tolvajčić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Katolički bogoslovni fakultet<br />

Vlaška ulica 38<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: dtolvajcic@gmail.com<br />

Marko Trajković<br />

Trg 14. oktobar 4/39<br />

RS–18000 Niš<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: trajkovicmarko@yahoo.com<br />

Tijana Trako<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Odsjek za sociologiju<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ttrako@ffzg.hr<br />

Zvonimir Tucak<br />

Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u<br />

Osijeku<br />

Poljoprivredni fakultet<br />

Trg Svetog Trojstva 3<br />

HR–31000 Osijek<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ztucak@pfos.hr<br />

Karel Turza<br />

Univerzitet u Beogradu<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Dr. Subotića 8<br />

RS–11000 Beograd<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: turza@med.bg.ac.rs<br />

Ana Volarić-Mršić<br />

Avenija Dubrava 167<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: avmrsic@gmail.com<br />

181


Gentian Vyshka<br />

Lagja 1 Rruga Kostaq Cipo,<br />

pall. 2/19<br />

AL–Tirana<br />

Albania<br />

e-mail: gvyshka@yahoo.com<br />

Mirko Wischke<br />

Bayerischer Platz 12a<br />

D–10779 Berlin<br />

Germany<br />

e-mail: mwischke@t-online.de<br />

Hans-Bernhard Wuermeling<br />

Fichtestr. 5<br />

D–91054 Erlangen<br />

Germany<br />

e-mail: hans-bernhard@wuermeling.de<br />

Ivana Zagorac<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Odsjek za filozofiju<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ivana.zagorac@gmail.com<br />

Damir Žubčić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Veterinarski fakultet<br />

Klinika za unutrašnje bolesti<br />

Heinzelova 55<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: dazubcic@vef.hr<br />

182


Studentska bioetička radionica<br />

BIOETIKA I UMJETNOST<br />

Student Bioethics Workshop<br />

BIOETHICS AND ART<br />

Sonja Antonić<br />

Dr. L. Mijatova 49<br />

RS–23000 Zrenjanin<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: sonja.antonic@gmail.com<br />

Mateja Borgudan<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: matejaborgudan@gmail.com<br />

Ivan Cerovac<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Omladinska 14<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: sepulcralis@gmail.com<br />

Ivana Čović<br />

Sveučilište u Splitu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Sinjska 2<br />

HR–21000 Split<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: ivana.covic@hotmail.com<br />

Milijana Đerić<br />

Ljiljane Krstić 2e<br />

RS–11080 Zemun<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: janed3004@yahoo.com<br />

Nina Đikić<br />

Grbavička 15<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: ninadikic@hotmail.com<br />

Nikola Erceg<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: nikolaerceg2000@yahoo.com<br />

Marijana Paula Ferenčić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: m.p.ferencic@gmail.com<br />

183


Mirela Fuš<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Omladinska 14<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: mirela.fus@gmail.com<br />

Feđa Gavrilović<br />

Ilirski trg 5a<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: fgavrilo@gmail.com<br />

Matija Iviček<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: apoljone@yahoo.co.uk<br />

Aleksandar Kostić<br />

Rajka od Rasine 30<br />

RS–11030 Beograd<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: akikostic@yahoo.com<br />

Mateja Kovačić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: mateja5kovacic@gmail.com<br />

Emil Kušan<br />

Sveučilište u Splitu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Sinjska 2<br />

HR–21000 Split<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: emil.kusan@gmail.com<br />

Andrea Matić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: amatic2@ffzg.hr<br />

Natalija Melnjak<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: natalija.melnjak@gmail.com<br />

Andrea Mešanović<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Omladinska 14<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: probabilitas@gmail.com<br />

Helena Moderčin<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Omladinska 14<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: helena.modercin@ri.t-com.hr<br />

184


Bojan Mucko<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: naboj017@gmail.com<br />

Martina Nekić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: nekic.martina@gmail.com<br />

Katarina Pećarina<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: katarinapecarina@gmail.com<br />

Zdravko Popović<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: zdrail@yahoo.com<br />

Tanja Pribeg<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: tanjapribeg@hotmail.com<br />

Vuk Prica<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Braće Branchetta 20<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: vuk.prica@gmail.com<br />

Mihaela Richter<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: miheus@yahoo.com<br />

Igor Salopek<br />

Sveučilište u Rijeci<br />

Medicinski fakultet<br />

Braće Branchetta 20<br />

HR–51000 Rijeka<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: igor.salopek@gmail.com<br />

Tamara Sertić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: tamara.sertic@gmail.com<br />

Alen Sućeska<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: asuceska@ffzg.hr<br />

185


Nermina Trbonja<br />

Džemala Bijedića 92<br />

BA–71000 Sarajevo<br />

Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />

e-mail: nermina.trbonja@gmail.com<br />

Ana Vračar<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Filozofski fakultet<br />

Ivana Lučića 3<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: vracar.ana@gmail.com<br />

186


Okrugli stol<br />

LIJEKOVI IZMEĐU PROFITA I ZDRAVLJA<br />

Round Table<br />

MEDICAMENTS BETWEEN PROFIT AND HEALTH<br />

Lidija Gajski<br />

Vlaška 120<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: lidija-gajski@zg.t-com.hr<br />

Živka Staničić<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet<br />

A. Kovačića 1<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: zstanicic@pharma.hr<br />

Svetlana Vukajlović<br />

Jovana Marinovića 2<br />

RS–11000 Beograd<br />

Serbia<br />

e-mail: svetlana.vukajlovic@rzzo.rs<br />

Suzana Vuletić<br />

Eugena Kumičića 27<br />

HR–31221 Josipovac/Osijek<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: suzanavuletic@yahoo.com<br />

Valerije Vrček<br />

Sveučilište u Zagrebu<br />

Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet<br />

A. Kovačića 1<br />

HR–10000 Zagreb<br />

Croatia<br />

e-mail: valerije@pharma.hr<br />

187


predstavljanje<br />

recentnih bioetičkih<br />

izdanja<br />

presentation<br />

of recent bioethical<br />

publications


Predstavljanje recentnih bioetičkih izdanja<br />

održat će se u ponedjeljak, 17.<br />

svibnja 2010., u Malom Lošinju (hotel<br />

»Aurora«, Velika dvorana), s početkom<br />

u 21 sat. Bit će predstavljeno<br />

sljedećih dvanaest izdanja:<br />

Presentation of recent bioethical publications<br />

will be held on Monday,<br />

May 17, 2010, in Mali Lošinj (Aurora<br />

Hotel, Great hall), at 9:00 p.m. The<br />

following twelve publications will be<br />

presented:<br />

Walter Schweidler (Hrsg./ed.): Wert und Würde der<br />

nichtmenschlichen Kreatur / Value and Dignity of the<br />

Nonhuman Creature (Academia Verlag, Sankt Augustin,<br />

2009)<br />

Predstavljačica / Presenter: UTE KRUSE-EBELING<br />

Velimir Valjan (ur./ed.): Integrativna bioetika i interkulturalnost<br />

/ Integrative Bioethics and Interculturality<br />

(Bioetičko društvo u BiH, Sarajevo, 2009)<br />

Predstavljačica / Presenter: NADA MLADINA<br />

191


Matija Iviček (ur./ed.): Bioetika i feminizam. Zbornik<br />

radova studentske bioetičke radionice s 8. Lošinjskih<br />

<strong>dana</strong> <strong>bioetike</strong> / Bioethics and Feminism. Proceedings of<br />

the Student Bioethics Workshop at the 8th Lošinj Days<br />

of Bioethics (Udruženje studenata filozofije Filozofskog<br />

fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2010)<br />

Predstavljač / Presenter: ZDRAVKO POPOVIĆ<br />

Tomislav Krznar: Bioetički mozaik. Pokušaj prikaza<br />

okolišne problematike u bioetičkom kontekstu / Bioethical<br />

Mosaic. Attempt of a Review of Environmental Issues<br />

in Bioethical Context (Veleučilište u Karlovcu, Karlovac,<br />

2009)<br />

Predstavljač / Presenter: BORIS KOZJAK<br />

192


Tomislav Reškovac: Bioetika. Udžbenik etike za<br />

treći razred srednjih škola / Bioethics. Study Book of<br />

Ethics for the Second Grade of Secondary Schools<br />

(Profil International, Zagreb, 2009)<br />

Predstavljač / Presenter: HRVOJE JURIĆ<br />

Aleksandra Frković: Medicina i bioetika / Medicine<br />

and Bioethics (Pergamena, Zagreb, 2010)<br />

Predstavljačica / Presenter: IVANA ZAGORAC<br />

193


Valerije Vrček: GMO između prisile i otpora / GMOs<br />

between Coercion and Resistance (Pergamena, Zagreb,<br />

2010)<br />

Predstavljač / Presenter: ŽELJKO KALUĐEROVIĆ<br />

Dražen Gorjanski et al.: Korupcija u hrvatskom<br />

zdravstvu / Corruption in the Croatian Healthcare<br />

System (Fond Hipokrat – Zaklada Slagalica, Osijek,<br />

2010)<br />

Predstavljač / Presenter: VALERIJE VRČEK<br />

194


Amir Muzur: Tajne mozga / Secrets of the Brain<br />

(Medicinska naklada, Zagreb, 2010)<br />

Predstavljač / Presenter: SREĆKO GAJOVIĆ<br />

Michele Aramini: Uvod u bioetiku / Introduction to<br />

Bioethics (Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb, 2009)<br />

Predstavljačica / Presenter: ANA VOLARIĆ-MRŠIĆ<br />

195


Joan Dunayer: Specizam / Speciesism (Dvostruka<br />

duga, Čakovec; Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku,<br />

Zagreb, 2009)<br />

Predstavljač / Presenter: TOMISLAV KRZNAR<br />

Jahr – Godišnjak Katedre za društvene i humanističke<br />

znanosti u medicini Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci<br />

/ Jahr – Annual of the Department of Social Sciences<br />

and Medical Humanities, University of Rijeka School<br />

of Medicine (Medicinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci,<br />

Rijeka, 2010)<br />

Predstavljačica / Presenter: IVA RINČIĆ<br />

196


sponzori<br />

sponsors


STALNI SPONZOR LOŠINJSKIH DANA BIOETIKE /<br />

REGULAR SPONSOR OF THE LOŠINJ DAYS OF BIOETHICS<br />

Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske /<br />

Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia<br />

OVOGODIŠNJI SPONZORI LOŠINJSKIH DANA BIOETIKE /<br />

THIS YEAR’S SPONSORS OF THE LOŠINJ DAYS OF BIOETHICS<br />

Hrvatska turistička zajednica /<br />

Croatian National Tourist Board<br />

Jadranka hoteli d.o.o.


IZDAVAČ / PUBLISHER<br />

<strong>Hrvatsko</strong> filozofsko društvo / Croatian Philosophical Society<br />

ZA IZDAVAČA / FOR PUBLISHER<br />

Lino Veljak<br />

UREDNIK / EDITOR<br />

Hrvoje Jurić<br />

PRIJEVODI I KOREKTURA / TRANSLATIONS AND PROOFREADING<br />

Krešimir Babel, Hrvoje Jurić, Ivana Zagorac<br />

DIZAJN NASLOVNICE / COVER DESIGN<br />

Inventa design studio, Zagreb<br />

SLIKA NA NASLOVNICI / COVER ILLUSTRATION<br />

Brončani kip antičkog atlete Apoksiomena (iz 4. st. pr. Kr.),<br />

pronađen 199<strong>9.</strong> godine u lošinjskom akvatoriju<br />

(Fotodokumentacija <strong>Hrvatsko</strong>g restauratorskog zavoda, snimio: Vid Barac)<br />

Bronze statue of ancient Greek athlete Apoxiomenos (from 4th century B.C.),<br />

found in 1999 in the seascape of Lošinj<br />

(Photo-documentation of Croatian Conservation Institute, photograph by Vid Barac)<br />

PRIJELOM TEKSTA / LAYOUT<br />

OCEAN GRAF, Zagreb<br />

TISAK / PRINT<br />

GRAFOMARK, Zagreb<br />

NAKLADA / VOLUME<br />

500<br />

CIP zapis dostupan u računalnom katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne<br />

knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 738779<br />

ISBN 978-953-164-143-2

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