Programska knjižnica 9. Lošinjskih dana bioetike - Hrvatsko ...

kon toga donesena je i Helsinška deklaracija koja jasno razdvaja terapijsko
od neterapijskog eksperimentiranja.
Etičke vrijednosti prisutne su u mnogim dokumentima: načelo solidarnosti,
načelo zaštite ljudskog života, slobodni i informirani pristanak, te načelo
totaliteta. Etička prosudba o zahvatima na fetusima i embrijima prije
svega treba voditi računa o uvjetima embrija ili fetusa (živog ili mrtvog) te
o ciljevima koji vode eksperimentiranje.
BIOETHICAL ASPECTS OF CLINICAL AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATION ON HUMANS
Experiments on human beings are researches which consider human
body as an object trying to discover unknown or not enough known effects
of certain drugs, vaccines or treatments. This insures certain degree of safety
in further application. Nevertheless, the problem appears because only
the experiments on humans are necessary for the final verdict. Although
the data from these experiments become common heritage, a risk of human
rights violations is often present and real, even today.
The power of test is emphasized in drugs as well as in experimentation.
Drugs represent the basic way of protection of health, which is understood
not only as an absence of sickness, but more as an aspiration towards complete
physical, mental and social welfare.
There are four phases in drug research: toxicological research, pilot–
therapy research, research on a large number of patients, and research after
commercialization of the drug. Experiment is finished when we get to
know all the factors, and deviations are minimal or nonexistent.
The first international document which regulates this kind of research
is the Nuremberg Code in 1947, created as a result of the shock of civil
awareness after dealing with criminal experiments conducted by Nazi doctors.
Soon after, the Declaration of Helsinki was brought, which clearly
differentiates therapeutic from non-therapeutic experimentation.
Ethical values are present in many of the documents: principle of solidarity,
principle of protecting human life, free and informed consent, and
principle of totality. Ethical judgment on experimentation on fetuses or
embryos should first of all consider the conditions in which embryos or
fetuses (alive or dead) are, as well as the goals of the experiments.
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