Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus

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Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 1(2):125-144 134 Pesticides can not only cause death but also induce various diseases. It is estimated that cancer patients resulted from pesticide poisoning account for nearly 10% of the total cancer patients (Gu and Tian, 2005). Chen (2004) found that the incidence of breast cancer was linearly correlated with the frequency of pesticide uses, and organochlorined pesticide, DDT, and its derivative, DDE, is likely responsible for breast cancer. Table 10 Environmental persistency of some organochlorined pesticides Pesticide Required time for 5% residual (years) Mean (years) DDT 4~30 10 Dieldrin 5~25 8 Lindane 3~10 6.5 Chlordane 3~5 4 Telodrin 2~7 4 Heptachlor 3~5 3.5 Aldrin 1~6 3 Data from Tang and Li (1998) In general, detailed data are still lacking on the impact of pesticides on human health and the environment (Pimentel, 2009a). We thereafter discuss the situation of pesticide pollution and impact in China. Organochlorined pesticides (OCPs) are parts of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which include HCH, DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, heptachlor, toxaphene, HCB, etc. POPs are much different from other pesticides in these aspects: they are environmentally persistent (Table 10), semi-volatile, high-bioaccumulative and high toxic (Yu et al., 2005). According to the “Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants”, nine in twelve POPs are organochlorined pesticides. For this reason we will mainly focus on OCPs and POPs in the following discussion. 3.1 Pesticide pollution in the environment 3.1.1 Soil pollution According to the residual surveys of OCPs in China (Table 11), OCPs were detected in various soil types, including cultivated fields, vegetable fields, forest lands, etc. Since the use of OCPs has been banned in 1983, the residual OCPs have been declining but in some regions they are still abundant (Wang et al., 2008a). Region Monitoring year Urumuqi 2004 Cultivated fields Various Yingchuan 2007 types Mianyang, Chengdu Weishanhu Lake Table 11 Residual levels of OCPs in the soils of China Soil type HCH DDT OCPs (μg·kg -1 ) (μg·kg -1 ) 2006 Forest lands、 Cultivated fields 2007 DDT, HCH DDT, HCH, HCB, etc. 0.194~6.947 (Mean: 4.395) 0.306~74.219 (Mean: 0.852) 0.52~10.438 (Mean: 3.416) 0.284 ~ 1068.428(Mean: 2.236) Source Lui et al., 2006 Wang et al., 2008a DDT, HCH 0.01~0.60 0.01~7.10 Li et al., 2008 Various types DDT, HCH 0.46~4.83 0.20~3.06 Ding, 2008 IAEES www.iaees.org
135 Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 1(2):125-144 IAEES Xixi Wetland Northwest Sichuan to Chongqing Beijing 2004 Central Jilin 2007 Haihe River, estuary region 2007 Wetlands DDT, HCH 14.56~29.43 (Mean: 18.44) 2006 Various types 2007 Tangshan 2008 Nanjing 2002 ~ 2003 Nanjing 2002 ~ 2003 Northeast Hunan Northeast Hunan Xiangjiang River Valley Various types Various types DDT, HCH DDT, HCB, chlordane, aldrin, etc. DDT, HCH, and their metabolites 0.06~2.10 (Mean: 0.66) 0.47~13.47 (Mean: 2.00) Various types DDT, HCH nd~1728 (Mean: 93.9) Various types DDT, HCH 2.73~32.2 (Mean: 5.015) DDT, Croplands Industrial lands 2006 Rice fields 2006 Vegetable fields 2004 Guangdong 2002 ~ 2005 Pearl Delta Leizhou Peninsula River 2008 2004 Kunming 2002 ~ 2003 Various types Agri. soils HCH, and their metabolites DDT, HCH, and their metabolites DDT, HCH, chlordane, aldrin, etc. DDT, HCH, Chlordane, aldrin, etc. DDT, HCB, chlordane, aldrin, etc. DDT, HCH, chlordane, aldrin, etc. 2.7~130.6 (Mean: 13.6) 13.8~26.1 (Mean: 19.8) 1.7~25.3 (Mean: 18.2) 0.15~16.8 (Mean: 7.39) nd~104.38 (Mean: 5.90) Various types DDT, HCH 0.19~42.3 (Mean: 4.42) Various types Various types DDT, HCH, chlordane, aldrin, etc. DDT, HCH, methamido phos, nd~65.93 (Mean: 3.43) 0.08~2.33 (Mean: 1.05) 12.82~47.36 (Mean: 20.80) 0.12~27.04 (Mean: 4.87) 0~1830 (Mean: 76.8) 0.02~69.35 (Mean: 3.01) nd~288 (Mean: 34.4 ) 11.09~141.07 (Mean: 66.4) 6.3~1050.7 (Mean: 64.1) 11.2~61.7 (Mean: 31.3) 10.5~40.4 (Mean: 23.8) 6.05~57.91 (Mean: 37.77) 0.33~3244 ( Mean: 132.31) nd~157.75 (Mean: 10.18) 3.58~831 (Mean: 82.1) 0.04~52.0 (Mean: 3.83) nd~153.00 (Mean: 20.89) Shao et al., 2008 Wang et al., 2008b Shi et al., 2007 Yu et al., 2007 Zhao et al., 2009 Liao et al., 2008 An et al., 2005 An et al., 2005 Zhang et al., 2008a Zhang et al., 2008b Chen et al., 2008a Yang et al., 2007 Ma and Ran., 2009 Guan et al., 2006 Chen et al., 2004 www.iaees.org
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