Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus
Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus
Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus
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129<br />
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology <strong>and</strong> Environmental Sciences, 2011, 1(2):125-144<br />
Disinfectants USA 133592 160949 138240 157938 167465 152179 168294<br />
Germany 236162 212920 252310 325167 363040 373486 436890<br />
France 53945 57064 65504 79035 103269 119894 137146<br />
Japan 7416 6085 10096 13272 16241 15527 13694<br />
Australia 5031 3996 8376 9256 8512 6254 8530<br />
S. Africa 4264 7410 6078 7102 6126 8020 10175<br />
Data from FAO (2010)<br />
Crop<br />
Herbicides<br />
Table 3 Pesticide sales in the United States in 2005 <strong>and</strong> 2007 (million US dollars)<br />
2005 2007<br />
Insecticides<br />
Fungicides<br />
& Bactericides<br />
Total Herbicides Insecticides<br />
Fungicides<br />
& Bactericides<br />
Maize 1239 338 6 1583 1385 320 130 1835<br />
Fruits/Vegeta. 369 486 393 1248 369 468 314 1151<br />
Potato 34 84 49 167 19 107 62 188<br />
Grape 40 35 53 128 32 48 32 112<br />
Pear 30 57 36 123 43 28 27 98<br />
Others 265 310 255 830 275 285 193 753<br />
Soybean 811 3 60 874 730 85 65 880<br />
Cotton 269 178 6 453 200 180 3 383<br />
Cereals 390 42 40 472 390 40 37 467<br />
Rice 115 8 25 148 82 5 18 105<br />
Beet 70 13 11 94 72 14 10 96<br />
Sunflower 40 8 0 48 35 6 0 41<br />
Sugarcane 32 6 0 38 28 5 0 33<br />
Rape 12 2 0 14 13 2 0 15<br />
Others 778 225 175 1178 610 120 55 785<br />
Total 4125 1309 716 6150 3914 1245 632 5791<br />
Percent (%) 67.1 21.3 11.6 100 67.6 21.5 10.9 100<br />
Data from Bo <strong>and</strong> Zhang (2009)<br />
Total<br />
Pesticide <strong>consumption</strong> h<strong>as</strong> been reducing in the United States to protect the environment. As early <strong>as</strong> in<br />
1972, the uses of DDT <strong>and</strong> related organochlorinated insecticides were banned in the United States. During the<br />
late 20th century, <strong>pesticide</strong> <strong>consumption</strong> in the United States declined by 35% <strong>with</strong>out reducing crop<br />
production (SDNX, 2005).<br />
2.2 Europe<br />
Germany is the largest producer <strong>and</strong> second largest consumer of <strong>pesticide</strong>s in Europe. France is the largest<br />
<strong>pesticide</strong> consumer in Europe, followed by Germany (Table 4). Other major <strong>pesticide</strong> consumers in Europe<br />
include Italy, Spain <strong>and</strong> UK.<br />
2.2.1 Germany<br />
According to historical records, herbicides dominated the <strong>pesticide</strong> markets in Germany. In 2006, Germany<br />
exported herbicides worth of 830 million US dollars. Consumption of herbicides is the largest (Table 2, 5).<br />
IAEES<br />
www.iaees.org
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