(Coturnix coturnix japonica) during rearing and laying periods - IBNA

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Analele IBNA vol. 26, 2010 77 particular is improved. However the use of growth-promoting antibiotics is being placed under more and more Pressure as consumers increasingly fear that their use in feed rations of productive live stocks leads to the formation of resistance against bacteria which are pathogenic to humans (Langhout, 2000). Some prebiotics are an alternative to antibiotic to be used exclusively as a growth stimulant and for improvement of the feed conversion rate in farm animals (Esteive et al., 1997).A prebiotic compound was defined by Gibson and Roberfroid(1995) as " a nondigestible feed ingredient that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the grows and/or activity one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon and then improves got health. Whey can be used as a prebiotic. Lactose that is a major compound of whey, is a prebiotic but since poultry are lacking lactase (harms et al., 1997), lactose can not be digested or absorbed efficiently and almost reaches to ceca and large intestine intact (Langhout, 1989). In ceca, the population of useful bacteria likes lactobacillus and bifidobacteria (Zigger, 2000) increases and the pH of the GIT, due to increasing production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), decreases. Therefore the environment of GIT becomes unsuitable for the activity and proliferation of pathogens like salmonella. On the other hand, a small decreasing in intestinal pH can improve nutrient digestibility. Studies with broiler chicks were indicated a positive response to dietary supplementation of prebiotic on nutrient digestibility (Biggs and parsons, 2007; Biggs, Parsons and Fahey, 2007). Kermanshahi and Rostami observed significant improvements in positive bacteria population for broiler chicks fed dried whey powder as a prebiotic. The review of literature showed that, fermentation of dried whey powder in the GIT produce CO2 that can be harmful for broiler. Fermented whey is a kind of whey that is fermented during producing process and can decrease the gas production in the intestine. Because of this, in the present study, we used two kinds of whey (fermented and dried whey powder) as new prebiotic on performance and nutrient digestibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, totally 280, day-old Ross 308 chicks were used. The chicks were divided into 7 groups, 6 treatment groups and a control group, with 10 chicks in each. Each group was housed separately in individual. Forty two stainless steel cages 40 × 65 × 98 cm were used to accommodate 10 chicks per m 2 . Plastic holed flooring was used as bedding. The chicks were fed standard starter (from 1 to 21 d), and grower (from 22 to 42 d) diets according to NRC (1994) (Table 1 and 2). Groups were randomly assigned to following treatment groups, (1) Basal diet-no additives (control), (2) Basal diet + 1.5 % dried whey powder, (3) Basal diet + 3 % dried whey powder, (4) Basal diet + 4.5 % dried whey powder, (5) Basal diet + 1.5% fermented whey, (6) Basal diet + 3% fermented whey and (7) Basal diet + 4.5% fermented diet. Each experimental group was fed ad libitum with its own diet for 42 d. The temperature of the
78 M. M. Nagharchi et al. room with continuous lighting was maintained at 33˚ C initially, and reduced by 3˚ C/wk until reached 21˚ C, at which the room temperature was maintained for the end of experiment. Light was provided 24 h a day. Body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency (feed: gain) were checked weekly. At the end of the study period (day 42), one bird was randomly selected from each replicate of each treatment group and moved to metabolic cage and reared for 7 days. During this period, chicks were fed by their diet with 0/3% chromic oxide. 3 days of the beginning of this period was as adaptation period and after than fecal samples were collected daily. At the end of this period (7 days), all chicks were slaughtered and ileum (from Meckel’s diverticulum to 1 cm above ileocaecal junction) samples were collected. All of the samples weighted in aluminum foil and were dried in an oven at 60˚ C. After 48 hours, they ground in a mixer and heated in an oven at 600˚ C to remove organic matter. The grounded samples were used to measurement quantities of protein, fat and dry matter. The protein content (N×6.25) of diet and individual samples of excreta was determined by the Kjeldahl method after acid digestion. Ileum and fecal chromium (Cr) were analyzed by the procedure described by Fenton and Fenton (1979), using spectrophotometry. Fat and protein digestibility were calculated using the following formula: 100% - [100% × (Cr concentration in feed ÷Cr concentration in excreta) × (fat or protein concentration in excreta ÷ fat or protein concentration in feed)] Table 1: Starter diet composition Ingredients Diet Diet with (%) without 1.5% whey dried whey Corn 58.0 Soybean 37.9 Fat 0 DCP 1.65 CaCO3 1.31 Salt 0.2 Methionine 0.2 Lysine 0.04 Additive 0.55 Sodium bi 0.1 carbonate Whey 0 Calculated analysis ME kcal/kg) 2879 CP % CA % AP% MET % LYZ % 21.81 0.95 0.47 0.55 1.3 57.1 37.4 0 1.61 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.55 0.1 1.5 % 2864 21.69 0.95 0.47 0.55 1.3 Diet with 3% dried whey 56.1 37.0 0 1.56 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.55 0.1 3% 2850 21.59 0.95 0.47 0.55 1.3 Diet with 4.5% dried whey 54.9 36.6 0 1.52 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.55 0.1 4.5% 2840 21.51 0.95 0.47 0.55 1.3 Diet with 1.5% fermented whey 56.9 37.6 0 1.63 1.29 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.55 0.1 1.5% 2855 21.63 0.95 0.47 0.55 1.3 Diet with 3% fermented whey 55.8 37.2 0 1.6 1.28 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.55 0.1 3% 2831 21.45 0.95 0.47 0.55 1.3 Diet with 4.5% fermented whey 53.6 37.5 0 1.58 1.26 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.55 0.1 4.5% 2830 21.43 0.95 0.47 0.55 1.3
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(Coturnix coturnix japonica) during rearing and laying periods - IBNA

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