From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities - ICT Digital Literacy

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Jorge, S. (2002b) “Telecentres for Universal Access: Engendered Policy Options”, Women in Action, No. 2, ISIS International. Jorge, S. (2005) Email message to Nancy Hafkin, 30 March 2005. Joshi, I. (2005) “Highways Towards Empowering Women”, http://www.orbicom.uqam.ca/in_focus/columns/en/ archives/2005_janvier.html Jupiter Media Metrix (2002) “Usage of the Internet’, US. Kanwar, A. and Taplin, M. (eds.) (2001) “Brave New Women of Asia: How Distance Education Changed Their Lives”, Commonwealth of Learning, http://www.col.org/resources/publications/BraveNew.pdf Kennedy, T. Wellman, B. and Klement, K. (2003) “Gendering the Digital Divide”, IT and Society, I, 5, 72-96. http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/itandsociety/v01i05/v01i05a05.pdf Kiplang’at, J. (2004) “Bringing agricultural information to rural women via ICTs in South Africa”, paper presented at AITEC conference on Women and ICT: Challenges and Opportunities on the Road to Tunis 2005, 20 – 22 October. Lall, M. (2005) “The challenges for India’s Education System”, Asia Program Briefing Paper (ASP BP 05/03), Chatham House. Lee, K. (2003) “ICT for Women: Opportunities and Challenges”, http://www.globalknowledge.org/gkps_portal/ view_file.cfm?fileid=1104 Lerner, J. and Tirole, J. (2001) “The open source movement: Key research questions”, European Economic Review, 45. Lessig, L. (2002) “Open source baselines: Compared to what?”, in Hahn, R. (ed). Government Policy toward Open Source Software, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for RegulatoryStudies, Washington, DC. From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities - REFERENCES LinuxChix (2004) “Linuxchix Africa Launches An Organization That Will Position African Women Within The Free And Open Source (Foss) Movement”, http://www.linuschix.org. Look@World Foundation (2003) “Internet Training Project Report”, Koolitusprojekti kokkuvote, Estonia. Lynn, R. (2005), “Tech Does It Better”, Wired.com, 11 February. http://wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,66565- 2,00.html?tw=wn_story_page_next1 Maindiratta, Y.A. and Maindiratta, R. (2004) “ICT for Development: Does culture play a role?”, http://www.i4donline.net/issue/may04/culture_play.htm Makunike-Sibanda, J. (2001) “Improving Access to Rural Radio ‘By Hard-To-Reach’ Women Audiences”, paper presented at FAO International Workshop on Farm Radio Broadcasting, ICTs Servicing Farm Radio: New Contents, New Partnerships. http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/003/x6721e/x6721e15.htm Marcelle, G. (2000), “Getting Gender into African ICT Policy: A Strategic View,” in Eva Rathgeber and Edith Ofwona Adera, Gender and the Information Revolution in Africa, IDRC, Ottawa. Margolis, J. and Fisher, A. (2001), “Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing”, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. McKemey, K., Scott, N., Souter, D., Afullo, T., Kibombo, R. and Sakyi-Dawson, O. (2003), “Innovative Demand Models for Telecommunications Services. Final Technical Report”, http://www.telafrica.org/pdfs/ FinalReport.pdf MCMC (2004) “Communications and Multimedia: Selected Facts and Figures (Q4, 2004)”, Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. MDG (2004) “Malaysia Achieving The Millennium Development Goals: Success and Challenges”, published by the United Nations Country Team, Malaysia, UNDP. 221
From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities - REFERENCES Meinzen-Dick, R., Adato, M., Haddad, L. and Hazell, P. (2003) “Impacts of Agricultural Research on Poverty: Findings of an Integrated Economic and Social Analysis”, International Food Policy Research Institute, FCND discussion paper 164, Washington, DC. Melymuka, K. (2004) “Women in Tech Restless Over Industry’s Demands”, WomensEnews, October 1, http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm?aid=512 MIMOS Berhad of Malaysia (2003) “The 2002 Internet Subscriber Study”, Volume 1 in the Info Age Stats Series, June. Minges, M. (2003) “Gender and ICT Statistics”, presentation at the 3 rd World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Meeting, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva. Ministry of Information and Communication (2004) National Internet Development Agency of Korea (NIDA), Survey on the Computer and Internet Usage, September. MIT (1999) “A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/fnl/women/women.html#Real%20progress Mitter, S. (2000) “Teleworking and teletrade in India; Diverse perspectives and visions”, Economic and Political Weekly, June 24-30, Vol. XXXV No. 26, pp 2241-2252. Mitter, S. (2002) “Preface”, in Ng, Cecilia (ed.), Teleworking and Development in Malaysia, UNDP(Malaysia), and Southbound, Penang, Malaysia. Mitter, S. (2003) “Globalisation and ICT: Employment Opportunities for Women”, Gender Advisory Board, UNCSTD, Toronto, http://gab.wigsat.org/policy.htm MOE (2005) “Overview of Education in China”, Ministry of Education. MOEK (2004) “Education in Korea 2003-2004”, Ministry of Education, http://www.moe.go.kr/en/etc/education.html MoTC (1997) “Postal and Telecommunications Sector Policy Statement”, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Nairobi. Mottin-Sylla, M-H. (2002) “Participation of Senegalese Civil Society in the Formulation of ICT Policies”, APC Africa ICT Policy Monitor Project, http://africa.rights.apc.org Mozambique (2002) “ICT Implementation Strategy”, Government of Mozambique, http://www.infopol.gov.mz/pdf/strg_eng.pdf Mufune, J. (2001) “Broadcasting in Zimbabwe”, http://www.niza.nl/uk/campaigns/media/08/index.html Mureithi, M. (2002) “Africa Monitor Project Report – Kenya”, Association of Progressive Communications, http://www.wpc.org Nainwal, R. (2003) “Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra (RLEK), Dehra Dun, India: case study summary report”, http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/70348/1/?PrintableVersion=enabled National Computer Board, Mauritius (2003) ICT Penetration with the Mauritian Society, February. National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of Cambodia (2004), Inter-Censal Population Survey. National Science Foundation (2003) “Gender Differences in the Careers of Academic Scientists and Engineers: A Literature Review”, National Science Foundation, 03-322, Arlington, VA. National Statistics Office, Malta (2003), Survey on ICT Usage in Households 2002, http://www.cimu.gov.mt/documents/ICTSURVEYALL.pdf NECTEC (2003a) “Moving Towards the Information Society, Series I’, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, October. 222 NECTEC (2003b) “IT for Poverty reduction: Sample cases from Thailand”, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, http://www.nectec.or.th/pub/book/itforpovertyreduction.pdf
Page 2 and 3:
Publisher: Claude-Yves Charron Copy
Page 4 and 5:
Acknowledgements This ORBICOM-ITU v
Page 6 and 7:
Table of Contents Chapter 5 REGIONA
Page 8 and 9:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The catalytic rol
Page 10 and 11:
Based on the compilation of the bes
Page 12 and 13:
A Global Endeavour in Direct Respon
Page 14 and 15:
Foreword - HAMADOUN I. TOURÉ time
Page 16 and 17:
Preface - RICHARD P. FUCHS As the s
Page 18 and 19:
Chapter 1 - INFOSTATES AND THE DIGI
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL TREN
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL TREN
Page 30 and 31:
Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATION A
Page 32 and 33:
16 Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATIO
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
30 Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATIO
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS i
Page 64 and 65:
Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS I
Page 66 and 67:
Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS l
Page 68 and 69:
Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS M
Page 70 and 71:
Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS a
Page 72 and 73:
Chapter 5 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES The
Page 74 and 75:
Chart 5.1 Evolution of Infostates,
Page 76 and 77:
denomination airtime packages. Civi
Page 78 and 79:
In summary, African countries have
Page 80 and 81:
in tariffs for access to satellite
Page 82 and 83:
The introduction of broadband netwo
Page 84 and 85:
Generally, uptake of ICT services h
Page 86 and 87:
Internet as a tool for governance a
Page 88 and 89:
SENEGAL Prof. Olivier Sagna - Unive
Page 90 and 91:
under 30% of households. There is a
Page 92 and 93:
- reflected in the declining enrolm
Page 94 and 95:
etween 2000 and 2002. The steady in
Page 96 and 97:
country except for one university 6
Page 98 and 99:
New Internet service providers are
Page 100 and 101:
Chart 5.3 Evolution of Networks, se
Page 102 and 103:
South Korea followed a traditional
Page 104 and 105:
growth in mainlines slowed down. Ho
Page 106 and 107:
zero to 6.3 per 100 inhabitants, an
Page 108 and 109:
that of the northern states. For ex
Page 110 and 111:
INDONESIA Onno W. Purbo Networks: E
Page 112 and 113:
MALAYSIA Ramasamy Ramachandran, MIM
Page 114 and 115:
introduced several initiatives to i
Page 116 and 117:
Philippines in 1991 using analog (1
Page 118 and 119:
While it was the government that fi
Page 120 and 121:
the Korean society and the strong c
Page 122 and 123:
The extraordinary expansion of tele
Page 124 and 125:
period. There are also easy payment
Page 126 and 127:
Development Plan (2002-2006) has pl
Page 128 and 129:
In terms of broadband access, there
Page 130 and 131:
Chart 5.6 Increases in Infostate* 1
Page 132 and 133:
Chile began and ended the period as
Page 134 and 135:
structural obstacles (mainly in inf
Page 136 and 137:
access. Furthermore, broadband thro
Page 138 and 139:
CHILE Infodensity: Following the pr
Page 140 and 141:
education enrolment increased throu
Page 142 and 143:
GUATEMALA Infodensity: Growth in te
Page 144 and 145:
Info-use: Fixed telephone line serv
Page 146 and 147:
There was also a huge increase in t
Page 148 and 149:
period from 2000 to 2003, when the
Page 150 and 151:
Chapter 6 WOMEN IN THE INFORMATION
Page 152 and 153:
Project rationale and structure Wit
Page 154 and 155:
in 2001. Women head of households w
Page 156 and 157:
The gender divide persists as we mo
Page 158 and 159:
Chart 6.7 Female Internet use as a
Page 160 and 161:
The following observations become i
Page 162 and 163:
only Turkey and Italy had a bigger
Page 164 and 165:
More detailed data were used to con
Page 166 and 167:
Another important observation from
Page 168 and 169:
Since literacy rates reflect the to
Page 170 and 171:
Gender Digital Divide in Francophon
Page 172 and 173:
Differences between men and women a
Page 174 and 175:
Further examination reveals that th
Page 176 and 177:
Chart 6.20 Internet users by sex an
Page 178 and 179:
6.1.8 The evolving gender digital d
Page 180 and 181:
Chart 6.28 Internet use by sex, Chi
Page 182 and 183:
DEFINITIONS Active participation in
Page 184 and 185:
access. The tendency of young men i
Page 186 and 187: Designed for women… ICTs FOR DEVE
Page 188 and 189: Several features of this telecentre
Page 190 and 191: eject the non-social, technical obs
Page 192 and 193: ICTs AND GENDER IN FORMAL EDUCATION
Page 194 and 195: 6.2.3 Employment and occupation The
Page 196 and 197: Age: women tend to be younger than
Page 198 and 199: income than men in general, they ha
Page 200 and 201: The attraction of FOSS 120 is that
Page 202 and 203: Women’s advocacy groups have call
Page 204 and 205: Internet stalking is more public, i
Page 206 and 207: On the other hand, ICTs can also he
Page 208 and 209: 6.2.8 The impact of ICTs on gender
Page 210 and 211: According to a project leader in th
Page 212 and 213: Introduction Chapter 7 FREE AND OPE
Page 214 and 215: Open source code Software is writte
Page 216 and 217: standpoint. From a development pers
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 8 METHODOLOGY, DATA SOURCES
Page 220 and 221: It is for the same reason, the para
Page 222 and 223: Data on broadband users were availa
Page 224 and 225: Having moved from the raw data to a
Page 226 and 227: 8.2 Data Sources and Definitions De
Page 228 and 229: Note that telephone traffic measure
Page 230 and 231: REFERENCES AAUW (2000) “Tech-Savv
Page 232 and 233: China Internet Network Information
Page 234 and 235: Gillwald, A. and Kane, S. (2003)
Page 238 and 239: New Report (2004) “New report Fir
Page 240 and 241: Slater, D. and Tacchi, J. (2004a)
Page 242 and 243: STATISTICAL ANNEX 227
Page 244 and 245: 229 From the Digital Divide to Digi
show all

From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities - ICT Digital Literacy

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?