From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities - ICT Digital Literacy

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Table of Contents Chapter 5 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 57 5.1 The Development of Information Societies in Africa 58 5.1.1 Regional Overview 59 5.1.2 African Country Reports 63 Cameroon 63 Ethiopia 65 Ghana 67 Kenya 69 Senegal 73 South Africa 76 Uganda 78 Zambia 81 5.2 Monitoring and Evaluating Infostates in Asia 83 5.2.1 Overview of salient facts 83 5.2.2 Asian Country Reports 88 China 88 India 91 Indonesia 95 Malaysia 97 Philippines 100 South Korea 103 Sri Lanka 105 Thailand 109 5.3 Information Societies in Latin America and the Caribbean 114 5.3.1 Regional Overview 114 5.3.2 Country Reports for Latin America and the Caribbean 119 Argentina 119 Brazil 121 Chile 123 Costa Rica 124 Cuba 125 Guatemala 127 Jamaica 128 Mexico 129 Uruguay 131 Venezuela 133
Table of Contents Chapter 6 WOMEN IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 135 Project rationale and structure 137 6.1 Statistical evidence and analysis of the gender digital divide 137 6.1.1 Magnitude of the gender digital divide 138 6.1.2 Relationship between the gender and the overall digital divide 144 6.1.3 Location of use 146 6.1.4 Patterns of use 147 6.1.5 ICT literacy, education and skills 151 6.1.6 Men and women digitally divided at the workplace 156 ICT employment 158 6.1.7 Comparisons of the gender divide with the other digital divides 159 6.1.8 The evolving gender digital divide 163 6.2 The many dimensions of the gender digital divide 166 6.2.1 Social and cultural barriers to ICT infrastructure and access 166 6.2.2 Education and skills 173 6.2.3 Employment and occupation 179 6.2.4 Financial barriers and universal access 182 6.2.5 Media and content 185 6.2.6 Privacy and security 187 6.2.7 ICT policy and governance 191 6.2.8 The impact of ICTs on gender equality 193 Conclusions 195 Chapter 7 FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE 197 Introduction 197 Software matters 197 FOSS Definitions 198 Open source code 199 FOSS licences 199 The economics of FOSS 200 FOSS and human resources development 200 FOSS, intellectual property and innovation 201 FOSS and government policy 201 Conclusions 202 Chapter 8 METHODOLOGY, DATA SOURCES AND DEFINITIONS 197 8.1 Methodological issues 197 8.2 Data Sources and Definitions 211 REFERENCES STATISTICAL ANNEX 215 227
Page 2 and 3: Publisher: Claude-Yves Charron Copy
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgements This ORBICOM-ITU v
Page 8 and 9: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The catalytic rol
Page 10 and 11: Based on the compilation of the bes
Page 12 and 13: A Global Endeavour in Direct Respon
Page 14 and 15: Foreword - HAMADOUN I. TOURÉ time
Page 16 and 17: Preface - RICHARD P. FUCHS As the s
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1 - INFOSTATES AND THE DIGI
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL TREN
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL TREN
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATION A
Page 32 and 33: 16 Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATIO
Page 46 and 47: 30 Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATIO
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Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATION A
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS i
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS I
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS l
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS M
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS a
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Chapter 5 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES The
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Chart 5.1 Evolution of Infostates,
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denomination airtime packages. Civi
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In summary, African countries have
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in tariffs for access to satellite
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The introduction of broadband netwo
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Generally, uptake of ICT services h
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Internet as a tool for governance a
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SENEGAL Prof. Olivier Sagna - Unive
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under 30% of households. There is a
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- reflected in the declining enrolm
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etween 2000 and 2002. The steady in
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country except for one university 6
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New Internet service providers are
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Chart 5.3 Evolution of Networks, se
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South Korea followed a traditional
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growth in mainlines slowed down. Ho
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zero to 6.3 per 100 inhabitants, an
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that of the northern states. For ex
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INDONESIA Onno W. Purbo Networks: E
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MALAYSIA Ramasamy Ramachandran, MIM
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introduced several initiatives to i
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Philippines in 1991 using analog (1
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While it was the government that fi
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the Korean society and the strong c
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The extraordinary expansion of tele
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period. There are also easy payment
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Development Plan (2002-2006) has pl
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In terms of broadband access, there
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Chart 5.6 Increases in Infostate* 1
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Chile began and ended the period as
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structural obstacles (mainly in inf
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access. Furthermore, broadband thro
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CHILE Infodensity: Following the pr
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education enrolment increased throu
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GUATEMALA Infodensity: Growth in te
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Info-use: Fixed telephone line serv
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There was also a huge increase in t
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period from 2000 to 2003, when the
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Chapter 6 WOMEN IN THE INFORMATION
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Project rationale and structure Wit
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in 2001. Women head of households w
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The gender divide persists as we mo
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Chart 6.7 Female Internet use as a
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The following observations become i
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only Turkey and Italy had a bigger
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More detailed data were used to con
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Another important observation from
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Since literacy rates reflect the to
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Gender Digital Divide in Francophon
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Differences between men and women a
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Further examination reveals that th
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Chart 6.20 Internet users by sex an
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6.1.8 The evolving gender digital d
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Chart 6.28 Internet use by sex, Chi
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DEFINITIONS Active participation in
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access. The tendency of young men i
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Designed for women… ICTs FOR DEVE
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Several features of this telecentre
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eject the non-social, technical obs
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ICTs AND GENDER IN FORMAL EDUCATION
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6.2.3 Employment and occupation The
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Age: women tend to be younger than
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income than men in general, they ha
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The attraction of FOSS 120 is that
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Women’s advocacy groups have call
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Internet stalking is more public, i
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On the other hand, ICTs can also he
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6.2.8 The impact of ICTs on gender
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According to a project leader in th
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Introduction Chapter 7 FREE AND OPE
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Open source code Software is writte
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standpoint. From a development pers
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Chapter 8 METHODOLOGY, DATA SOURCES
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It is for the same reason, the para
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Data on broadband users were availa
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Having moved from the raw data to a
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8.2 Data Sources and Definitions De
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Note that telephone traffic measure
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REFERENCES AAUW (2000) “Tech-Savv
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China Internet Network Information
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Gillwald, A. and Kane, S. (2003)
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Jorge, S. (2002b) “Telecentres fo
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New Report (2004) “New report Fir
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Slater, D. and Tacchi, J. (2004a)
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STATISTICAL ANNEX 227
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229 From the Digital Divide to Digi
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