From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities - ICT Digital Literacy

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Publisher: Claude-Yves Charron Copyright © Orbicom, 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or modified without the prior permission of the publisher. Free PDF copy available on Orbicom’s website: http://www.orbicom.uqam.ca Orbicom International Secretariat Université du Québec à Montréal P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station Montreal (Quebec), Canada, H3C 3P8 ITU The International Telecommunication Union is an international organization and a specialized agency of the United Nations created with the objective of facilitating peaceful relations, international cooperation among peoples and economic and social development by means of efficient telecommunication services with the purpose, among others, of fostering international cooperation in the delivery of technical assistance to developing countries to promote the development of their telecommunication networks and services. Orbicom Orbicom, the International Network of UNESCO Chairs in Communications is a specialized network of UNESCO with consultative status with UN-ECOSOC. It embodies 26 chairs in communication and over 250 associate members in 73 countries with representation from communication research, ICT for development, journalism, multi-media, public relations, communications law, and more. The Network established in 1994 with a view to promoting communications’ development through a multidisciplinary approach. Published in association with NRC Press, Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information. ISBN 2-922651-05-3 Version française aussi disponible. Legal deposit - Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 2005 Legal deposit - National Library of Canada, 2005
From the Digital Divide to DIGITAL OPPORTUNITIES Measuring Infostates for Development Scientific Director and Editor: George Sciadas Project Manager: Pierre Giguère Contributing authors Lishan Adam Dimo Calovski Heather Dryburgh Heidi Ertl Stephen Esselaar Godfred Kwasi Frempong Alison Gillwald Seow Hiong Goh Vanessa Gray Nalaka Gunawardene Nancy Hafkin Sophia Huyer Jong-Sung Hwang Hugh Thaweesak Koanantakool Diana Korka Emmanuel C. Lallana Gustavo Lugones Esperanza Magpantay Sikaaba Mulavu Muriuki Mureithi Floyd Mwenda Olivier Nana Nzepa Fernando Peirano Onno W. Purdo Ramachandran Ramasamy Madanmohan Rao Oliver Sagna George Sciadas Irene Kaggwa Sewakambo Susan Teltscher F.F. Tusubira Kalaya Udomvitid Jian Yan Wang Supervision: Magda Fusaro Layout: Valérie Harvey Cover Design: Jimmy Gagné
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgements This ORBICOM-ITU v
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Chapter 5 REGIONA
Page 8 and 9: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The catalytic rol
Page 10 and 11: Based on the compilation of the bes
Page 12 and 13: A Global Endeavour in Direct Respon
Page 14 and 15: Foreword - HAMADOUN I. TOURÉ time
Page 16 and 17: Preface - RICHARD P. FUCHS As the s
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1 - INFOSTATES AND THE DIGI
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL TREN
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL TREN
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATION A
Page 32 and 33: 16 Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATIO
Page 46 and 47: 30 Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATIO
Page 52 and 53:
Chapter 3 - EMPIRICAL APPLICATION A
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Page 58 and 59:
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS i
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS I
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS l
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS M
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Chapter 4 - MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS a
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Chapter 5 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES The
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Chart 5.1 Evolution of Infostates,
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denomination airtime packages. Civi
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In summary, African countries have
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in tariffs for access to satellite
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The introduction of broadband netwo
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Generally, uptake of ICT services h
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Internet as a tool for governance a
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SENEGAL Prof. Olivier Sagna - Unive
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under 30% of households. There is a
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- reflected in the declining enrolm
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etween 2000 and 2002. The steady in
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country except for one university 6
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New Internet service providers are
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Chart 5.3 Evolution of Networks, se
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South Korea followed a traditional
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growth in mainlines slowed down. Ho
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zero to 6.3 per 100 inhabitants, an
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that of the northern states. For ex
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INDONESIA Onno W. Purbo Networks: E
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MALAYSIA Ramasamy Ramachandran, MIM
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introduced several initiatives to i
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Philippines in 1991 using analog (1
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While it was the government that fi
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the Korean society and the strong c
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The extraordinary expansion of tele
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period. There are also easy payment
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Development Plan (2002-2006) has pl
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In terms of broadband access, there
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Chart 5.6 Increases in Infostate* 1
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Chile began and ended the period as
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structural obstacles (mainly in inf
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access. Furthermore, broadband thro
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CHILE Infodensity: Following the pr
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education enrolment increased throu
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GUATEMALA Infodensity: Growth in te
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Info-use: Fixed telephone line serv
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There was also a huge increase in t
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period from 2000 to 2003, when the
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Chapter 6 WOMEN IN THE INFORMATION
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Project rationale and structure Wit
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in 2001. Women head of households w
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The gender divide persists as we mo
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Chart 6.7 Female Internet use as a
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The following observations become i
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only Turkey and Italy had a bigger
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More detailed data were used to con
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Another important observation from
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Since literacy rates reflect the to
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Gender Digital Divide in Francophon
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Differences between men and women a
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Further examination reveals that th
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Chart 6.20 Internet users by sex an
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6.1.8 The evolving gender digital d
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Chart 6.28 Internet use by sex, Chi
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DEFINITIONS Active participation in
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access. The tendency of young men i
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Designed for women… ICTs FOR DEVE
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Several features of this telecentre
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eject the non-social, technical obs
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ICTs AND GENDER IN FORMAL EDUCATION
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6.2.3 Employment and occupation The
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Age: women tend to be younger than
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income than men in general, they ha
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The attraction of FOSS 120 is that
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Women’s advocacy groups have call
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Internet stalking is more public, i
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On the other hand, ICTs can also he
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6.2.8 The impact of ICTs on gender
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According to a project leader in th
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Introduction Chapter 7 FREE AND OPE
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Open source code Software is writte
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standpoint. From a development pers
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Chapter 8 METHODOLOGY, DATA SOURCES
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It is for the same reason, the para
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Data on broadband users were availa
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Having moved from the raw data to a
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8.2 Data Sources and Definitions De
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Note that telephone traffic measure
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REFERENCES AAUW (2000) “Tech-Savv
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China Internet Network Information
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Gillwald, A. and Kane, S. (2003)
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Jorge, S. (2002b) “Telecentres fo
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New Report (2004) “New report Fir
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Slater, D. and Tacchi, J. (2004a)
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STATISTICAL ANNEX 227
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229 From the Digital Divide to Digi
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