Porto Digital: on the way to the knowledge based society City of ...

<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>: on the way to the knowledge based society
City of <strong>Porto</strong>, Portugal
SYNTHESIS
The <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> project, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund,
aimed to broaden the use of the Internet by the citizens of the city of <strong>Porto</strong>. It aspired to
boost the quality in education, particularly through an increased use of information and
communication technologies on all levels of education; reduce bureaucracy and increase
efficiency of the city council services; decrease the number of information-deprived people
particularly those with social problems; and contribute to a better quality of life in the
urban area for inhabitants, workers and tourists.
To achieve this objective, <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> implemented a number of complementary
initiatives from January 2005 to June 2007, namely:
− building a broadband network infrastructure based on 93 km of optical fibres and
several aerials for wireless communication;
− development of interactive websites on topics such as employment, culture, tourism,
social support and real estate;
− e-government activities, in particular online services of the city council;
− establishment of free Internet access spots in public places;
− lending computer equipment to a number of selected schools and social institutions
during short periods on a rotating basis;
− gathering and dissemination of information on employment, vocational training and
tele-working in the city of <strong>Porto</strong>.
<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> has four main promoters: <strong>Porto</strong> City Council, University of <strong>Porto</strong>,
Portuguese Business Association, and the <strong>Porto</strong> Light Rail Company. These partners
decided to create a non-profit association named <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association to implement
the project. Along with the four promoters, 33 other partners joined the project and are
responsible for several activities within <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>’s 10 sub-projects. These partners
include higher educations institutions, vocational training companies, business
associations, museums and other cultural institutions, information technology and
multimedia companies, state agencies, research organisations, financial institutions,
organisations supporting social inclusion and the regional development agency.
A number of results underline the importance of the project to the city. Broadband
connection covers now about 55 sites including premises of local, regional and national
administration, museums and cultural organisations, public library, the city park, primary
schools, high schools, university faculties and the chamber of commerce. The broadband
infrastructure has been built in such a way to guarantee a geographical coverage of most of
the city. In 2008 and 2009, if funding is available, it is intended to connect an additional
213 sites (as of December 2007, only one third of the needed funding has been secured).
The Internet is now accessible by a wider public including young people, poorer
communities, and people with physical or mental disabilities (provision of specific
hardware and software). Moreover, a resource centre was created with the mission of

providing and distributing to schools (in the framework of temporary working groups and
special events) about 150 computers, 100 laptops, 100 interactive whiteboards, 15 video
cameras, 45 digital cameras and 12,500 information technology magazines (one per
student at the primary school level). In the first nine months of 2008 the resource centre is
to support an initiative of the <strong>Porto</strong> City Council in order to place 100 interactive
whiteboards in 50 primary schools together with additional help-desk and training services
for about 500 teachers spread all over the city.
The project concentrated information on employment, vocational training, company
creation, e-learning, tele-working as well as vocational guidance services in just one place
- the “City of Jobs” building. As a result, the <strong>Porto</strong> City Council has new e-services such
as online services to the citizens and e-procurement system as well as an Intranet for
internal services of the city. A digital map containing the location and information about
the most interesting cultural sites in <strong>Porto</strong> was to be operational in October 2007, but due
to the interest of the other 13 city councils which, together with <strong>Porto</strong> City Council, form
the <strong>Porto</strong> Metropolitan Area (1,575 Km 2 and 1.6 million inhabitants), it has been
rescheduled to mid 2008, so as to encompass information about all the 14 city councils.
Moreover, an electronic prototype system was set up to perform real estate business in real
time through the Internet, which is believed to be the first system of this kind in the world.
The <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> project demonstrates that critical mass can be an important factor for the
success of innovative regional projects. Gathering together an impressive number of
partners and resources, the project managed to implement a high number of actions with a
visible impact on the city and its citizens.
Background information
Country:
Region:
Project title:
Key words:
Portugal
City of <strong>Porto</strong>
<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>
information society: ICT access, e-inclusion, services and applications for
citizens; social issues: education and training, life long learning,
employment and labour market, social inclusion and equal opportunities;
tourism; urban areas
Duration of project: January 2005 – December 2007
Funding: Total budget €9,127,000
ERDF contribution €4,107,150
National budget €2,738,100
Private contribution €2,281,750
ERDF Objective: Objective 1
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1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The overall objective of the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> project is to contribute to making the city of
<strong>Porto</strong> an information- and knowledge-based society. To achieve this objective, <strong>Porto</strong>
<strong>Digital</strong> gathers a number of complementing initiatives to be implemented during a period
of 36 months. The main objectives of <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> are:
− to connect electronically the majority of the local administrations and schools;
− to contribute to making local administration less bureaucratic and increasing its
efficiency;
− to promote the use of the Internet in various types of local communities;
− to centralise all information related to jobs, vocational training, e-learning and
telecommuting;
− to make updated information available on the conditions of the city regarding traffic
conditions, transportation, parking spaces, noise and pollution;
− to promote the city of <strong>Porto</strong> as a leisure destination through a series of initiatives related
to the cultural and tourism fields.
The activities of the project consist of developing and implementing 10 sub-projects
organised within five main categories:
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Infrastructure
- building a broadband network infrastructure consisting of cable, optical fibres
and WiFi, supporting the services provided by the city council, schools, and
other public sites;
- creating a <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> portal and respective technological platform integrating
all subprojects’ content and activities, thus creating a central point capable of
providing the information generated by the different subprojects.
Promoting the use of the Internet
- <strong>Porto</strong> de Reencontro (“Meeting <strong>Porto</strong>”): a set of actions to help the
disadvantaged social groups to access the Internet and services provided by
<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>.
Improving virtual accessibility
- establishment of 16 free Internet access spots in places where the public at
large can easily access the Internet, such as leisure and study places. This also
includes access to the Internet through WiFi and Bluetooth technologies in
public places.
e-Government
- e-Citizenship, i.e. activities to modernise <strong>Porto</strong>’s city council services,
including an Extranet to interact with other public entities, an Intranet for the
internal services of the city, electronic management of documents, and
provision of information to the public by electronic means;
- research to identify new services that can be offered online;
- electronic procurement, through the creation of an electronic system to support
procurement activities.
Sectoral subprojects:
- the “City of Jobs” building (“Cidade das Profissões”) offering access to all the
information on vocational training, employment, creation of companies, e-
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learning and teleworking. It also includes individual vocational guidance
sessions;
- cultural and tourism digital map containing all the interesting cultural spots,
(particularly museums), as well as information on the wine industry;
- real estate e-market that intends to build up a prototype system for the purchase
of real estate property (houses, flats, land) through electronic means in real
time.
A range of key public institutions of <strong>Porto</strong> and the inhabitants of the city can be considered
as the main beneficiaries of <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>. The citizens of <strong>Porto</strong> will be able to take
advantage of a number of outcomes of the project, such as the use of public services
provided by the city council via the Internet, cost reduction for accessing the Internet,
centralisation of information on employment, vocational training and entrepreneurship, as
well as better traffic information. Also a number of institutions based in <strong>Porto</strong> are
beneficiaries of the initiative. These include the City Council that will be endowed with
new e-communication infrastructures allowing the provision of new services; universities,
high schools and primary schools will be connected to the city broadband network; social
institutions will receive IT equipment for free; and museums and other cultural institutions
will benefit from the new cultural digital map and web-based virtual visits.
The following can be considered the main results of the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> project:
- a broadband infrastructure with coverage of most of the city comprised of almost 93
km of optical fibres connecting local administration premises, universities, primary
and secondary schools, research laboratories, museums, etc.;
- one data centre (at the <strong>Porto</strong> City Council) that contains the servers which host the
websites of the project;
- a number of interactive sites available through the Internet (e.g. digital city services,
employment, culture, tourism, real estate, business, etc.);
- a number of information sites available though the Internet (e.g. counselling and
social support, virtual visits with 3-D modulation, etc.);
- IT equipment available for free during short periods on a rotating basis in a number
of selected schools and non-profit institutions;
- the “City of Jobs”, the key reference in the city of <strong>Porto</strong> in the employment,
vocational training and teleworking fields.
The project is expected to have an impact on the following main fields:
- Education – boost the quality of the infrastructure available to support the use of ICT
technologies in all levels of education, from primary education through university;
- Employment and vocational training – increase the competitiveness of the local
human resources market and make it more attractive for national and foreign
investment;
- Public administration – increase the efficiency of the public administration services
and bring them closer to the public at large.
- Quality of life – increase the quality of life of the inhabitants living in the urban area,
the workers of and visitors to the city of <strong>Porto</strong>.
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2. POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC CONTEXT
In order to increase the quality of education, skills and knowledge of the population toward
an information and knowledge society, and to keep in line with the Lisbon Strategy and the
i2010 European Commission policy guidelines for the information society 1 , the Portuguese
government created the Operational Programme for Information Society (POSI). The
Programme was implemented between 2000 and 2006 under the responsibility of the
Ministry for Science and Technology. POSI was funded by the ERDF, the European Social
Fund (ESF) and the Portuguese state.
One of the nine priorities established by POSI was called Portugal <strong>Digital</strong>, which had as its
main objectives: increasing the use of the Internet; improving the quality and efficiency of
public services by supporting the modernisation of the public administration; increasing
the competitiveness of industry through higher use of ICT; and promoting a digital culture.
Under the Portugal <strong>Digital</strong> banner, the government launched a €231m initiative called
<strong>Digital</strong> Cities and Regions to support projects that promoted an information society at local
and regional levels with the involvement of a wide range of regional and local
organisations. Twenty-eight Portuguese cities and regions were funded by this initiative in
order to develop e-communication infrastructures and e-content, launch vocational training
actions, reinforce the modernisation of public administration, induce more and better e-
government and e-business activities etc. <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> was one of these projects.
Located in the northeast of Portugal, <strong>Porto</strong> has an area of 41.5 km 2 (predominantly urban
and industrialised) and approximately 265,000 inhabitants. It is the second largest
Portuguese city, just after the capital Lisbon. <strong>Porto</strong>’s economy has traditionally been
dominated by the commerce and, in particular, by the famous <strong>Porto</strong> Wine. The service
sector has experienced a booming development in recent decades.
The industrial structure of the region is based on small and medium sized enterprises
(SMEs). The main industries include metal-mechanics, ceramics, furniture, textile,
footwear and jewellery, among others. These industries have become more and more open
to the integration of new technological development.
There were a number of reasons leading to the launch of <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>. First, the city
council had around 50 services scattered all over the city and the existing
telecommunications infrastructure was too weak for online services and collaborative
work. Second, schools had just a few computers and made little use of Internet connection.
Third, the northern Portugal region (which includes the <strong>Porto</strong> sub-region) has the highest
unemployment rate of the country. Although ICT is not the answer to this problem, it was
seen a potential contributor to somewhat decrease this inequality. Finally, the tourist sector
is quite underdeveloped if compared to other Portuguese regions, particularly in the central
and southern parts of the country.
1 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/index_en.htm
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3. IMPLEMENTATION
3.1. Project design and planning
The <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> project was initiated by four important organisations of the city of <strong>Porto</strong>:
<strong>Porto</strong> City Council; University of <strong>Porto</strong>; AEP – Portuguese Business Association; and the
<strong>Porto</strong> Light Rail Company (“Metro do <strong>Porto</strong>”).
In the preparatory phase the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> project partners had individual meetings with
around 25 independent services of the local administration and all departments from the
city council, four social institutions and several schools. The meetings had a goal to better
define the objectives of the project. After selecting priority sub-projects more than 50
public and private organisations were invited to participate as partners in <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> to
carry out planned activities. A number of criteria were taken into account for the selection,
such as: available skills, technical capacity, expertise, proximity to certain social groups,
etc. A common aspect is that the partners had to contribute financially to the project which
was 75% publicly financed. When the project started, 38 partners initially agreed to
participate in <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>, hence some of the invited institutions did not take part in the
end.
The project design and planning phase was fully undertaken by technical staff of the four
promoters of <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> supported by private consultants.
The issue of sustainability was taken into account at the beginning of the design phase.
Given the significant public investment to be made, the institutional promoters decided to
establish a specific entity to look after this investment, the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association. The
commercial exploitation of the broadband network was seen as the primary way of
generating some revenue for the Association in the post-project phase.
3.2. Management, monitoring and evaluation system
The project manager selected by the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> consortium had participated in the
preparation of the proposal as a consultant and had a prior relevant experience in
coordinating a similar project (Maia <strong>Digital</strong>, co-financed under the same national
programme) in a town nearby <strong>Porto</strong>.
The project monitoring is undertaken by the management team and by the board of the
<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association. The board comprises representatives of each member institution
of the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association. The City Council has two members, University of <strong>Porto</strong> –
one member, Portuguese Business Association - one, and the Light Rail Company - also
one member. In order to follow the implementation of the 10 sub-projects, the project
manager has held regular meetings with partners responsible for each subproject. The
meetings usually take place once a month. The sub-projects leaders are different
institutions and include: the <strong>Porto</strong> City Council (four sub-projects), AEP – Portuguese
Business Association (one), University of <strong>Porto</strong> (one), cultural institution Serralves
Foundation (one), and multimedia company AEIOU (two). The <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association
itself is the leading partner of one sub-project.
Apart from the evaluation to be undertaken by the programme managing authority at the
end of the project and the final assessment of the board, no other particular actions for
evaluation are foreseen.
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3.3. Governance: partnership and leadership
Taking into consideration the high number of sub-projects to be implemented and in order
to guarantee consistency and inter-operability between the project results, the four main
promoters decided to create a specific entity, the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association. This non-profit
association was responsible for coordination and assumed full responsibility for the <strong>Porto</strong>
<strong>Digital</strong> project.
The main responsibilities of the association are to nominate the project manager, to set
objectives for the short-, medium- and long-term as well as to define strategies and launch
initiatives to secure the sustainability of the project after the end of public financing.
All in all, 38 partners participate in the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> project, that is the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>
Association, its four founder institutions and 33 other organisations. Other participants
include: public and private higher educations institutions, consulting companies, vocational
training companies, business associations, museums and other cultural institutions,
information technology and multimedia companies, local state agencies, research
organisations, financial institutions, the regional development agency, organisations
supporting social inclusion as well as the wine institute and wine trade associations, etc.
These partner organisations are responsible for specific tasks in the sub-projects. The <strong>Porto</strong>
<strong>Digital</strong> Association signed an internal consortium agreement with every partner involved
in the project. According to their technical capabilities, skills and experience, the partners
play different roles in the implementation of the 10 sub-projects. A common aspect is that
everybody had to contribute financially.
The project had a very strong political backing from the <strong>Porto</strong> City Council, which headed
four sub-projects and supported the project management team in difficult decisions
regarding changing time management or financial aspects. Furthermore, as some subprojects
were directly related to the implementation of new services at the city council, the
top managers of the city made particular efforts towards the quick implementation of the
subprojects (e.g. e-procurement).
The contribution of the <strong>Porto</strong> University was also very enthusiastic through the direct
participation of its rector on the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association Board. The university is one of
the institutions to benefit from the project as its premises, located in different sites of the
city, will also be connected by the broadband network.
3.4. Innovative elements and novel approaches to implementation
There are a number of innovative elements worth mentioning as regards the project
implementation.
Commercialisation
The commercial exploitation of the broadband network has been considered since the
project outset. This infrastructure has potentially a high economic value as it is of interest
to Internet service suppliers. The establishment of commercial agreements with Internet
suppliers will cover the maintenance costs and generate income to the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>
Association. For the time being, the exploitation of the network is not generating revenues
as the entities that are using it receive the service for free.
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Intellectual property
A very innovative product was developed: the real estate e-system (still at a prototype
stage), which will allow buying and selling real estate property through the Internet. This
required innovative intellectual property mechanisms. The ownership of the system
belongs to the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association.
Partners’ financial contribution
Being financed 75% by public money, the project had to find the remaining 25% among
their partners. Instead of asking the same level of contribution from all of them, the project
management called for differentiated efforts according to the financial capacity and
relevance of participation of the partners. Thus, some of them agreed in contributing more
than 25% of their budget, while others gave a symbolic contribution of 1%.
3.5. Key implementation obstacles and problem-solving practices
The structure of the national programme within which the project was financed, Portugal
<strong>Digital</strong>, had a rather small team, which led to delays in the approval of intermediate reports
and subsequently delays in the payments. Furthermore, the Portugal <strong>Digital</strong> national
programme had no specific guidelines, which led to different interpretations about the
procedures to be followed.
In order to alleviate these problems, the project manager tried to make sure that every
reporting document sent to the project officer had no formal mistakes in order to be
processed more quickly. For this purpose, he created a software programme based on
Excel spreadsheets, which detected errors whenever any partner introduced wrong
information (e.g. mistaken figures, lack of figures) in the spreadsheets. With this, the
partners had to correct the information before submitting their part of the report to the
project manager. The project officer was informed about this procedure and the way it
worked. This led to a faster processing of all the reports submitted by the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>
consortium to the national programme managing authority.
Late payments caused delays in the project implementation. For instance, the financial
execution of the project was quite low at the beginning (in the first year less than 15%). In
order to overcome this major difficulty the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association, with the agreement
of its four founders, had to take bank loans to proceed.
4. INNOVATION RESULTS
Wide coverage of a broadband network infrastructure throughout the city
While the Portugal <strong>Digital</strong> national programme was applied in 28 Portuguese cities and
regions, only <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> managed to build an infrastructure on such a scale. The network
will allow the connection of the schools in the city at all levels, establishing e-
communications between them for free. This infrastructure is to be commercially exploited
in the future (planned to start in the first semester of 2008) through business agreements to
be established with Internet service provider companies.
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Real estate electronic system to be available on the Internet
The real estate electronic system will allow the purchase of real estate property (houses,
flats, land) in real time: this system, which implies the coordination of several public and
private organisations (e.g. registry and land registry offices, other state services, deeds
offices, real estate agencies, etc.), will be the first in the world when operational. It will
offer a fast and safe service to the potential customers and will prevent tax evasion.
New e-services available at the city council
The new services include general online services for the public (e.g. request of documents
and payments), e-procurement system, and an Intranet for internal services of the city.
Working against social exclusion
The project is helping disadvantaged social groups to access the Internet and services
provided by <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>, namely making computer equipment available for easy and free
access to the Internet at institutions that support groups suffering from social exclusion.
For the moment, seven institutions use the equipment provided by the project. This figure
is expected to grow to 50 organisations by the end of the project, as more machines will be
made available. There are also members of the project technical staff who are helping the
beneficiaries. These technicians work also at the “City of Jobs”. As part of the <strong>Porto</strong>
<strong>Digital</strong> Training Programme (budget of €0.5m) more facilitators are trained to promote the
use of information and communication technologies.
The mobilisation of the city and of such a large number of actors toward the
implementation of the project activities is also worth mentioning. This allowed the
combination of a variety of human, physical and financial resources, which were
fundamental to intervene in such a wide range of fields and achieve the ambitious goals of
<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>. Today, the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association is commonly considered in the city as
an added-value entity for <strong>Porto</strong>. The Association has become a privileged forum where the
main actors of the city (e.g. city council, university, and business association) meet and
discuss the relevant themes of the community. The project has therefore created a strong
momentum.
5. SUSTAINABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY
5.1. Sustainability
The project promoters decided in November 2007 to provide extra funding to <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>
for the year 2008 in order to guarantee the continuation of some activities. In particular, the
promoters are planning the expansion of the broadband communications infrastructure to
<strong>Porto</strong>'s Metropolitan Area (14 city councils, about 1.6 million people), the creation of
<strong>Porto</strong>'s Metropolitan Area events portal, and the continuation of the City of Jobs. Contacts
are also being made with the Portuguese government, so as to gather support for launching
the world’s first Real Estate Electronic Market.
Moreover, some other elements should support the continuation of <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>. The
Association has no more than 10 full-time employees and relatively low operational costs.
On the other hand, the broadband network infrastructure, which costs approximately

€2.5m, holds great potential for the future. It can be economically optimised through
commercial agreements with companies (Internet service providers).
The Business School of <strong>Porto</strong> prepared a sustainability plan for the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong>
Association, which concluded that the continuation of the association is economically
viable. The infrastructure and equipments owned by the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association could
commercially be exploited around services such as video surveillance systems (home and
business), remote monitoring and control of buildings across the Internet, city traffic
control, noise monitoring, air pollution monitoring, corporate TV, among others.
Furthermore, the “City of Jobs” could be self-sustainable if it operates not at local but on a
regional scale.
5.2. Transferability
The internal management tools developed by the project management team to help partners
undertake the right procedures regarding administrative and financial issues (i.e. project
implementation manual and the spreadsheets for collecting financial information) are
documents that could be of interest to projects co-funded by the Structural Funds (although
the manual is written in Portuguese).
All the results that were identified as the most innovative ones could be transferred to other
places, namely the broadband network infrastructure, the e-government services at the city
council, social inclusion via free access to ICT technologies, and the real estate electronic
system available on the Internet which will allow the purchase of real estate property.
However, regarding the real estate e-system, it is important to note this system, which is
still going through an experimental phase, could be an object of intellectual property
protection.
6. CONCLUSIONS: MAIN SUCCESS FACTORS
Project critical mass
Perhaps paradoxically, the project size and resources helped to make it a success rather
than leading to complications in implementation: 38 partners, 10 sub-projects and a budget
of more than €9m helped to concentrate the minds of all involved to ensuring success.
<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> is a big and well-financed project with a rather impressive amount of results,
which have helped to make it a well-recognised initiative in the city.
Governance
The fact that there was a very strong group of promoters composed of prominent and
influential institutions in the city seems to be a very relevant aspect for the execution of a
quite complex project (i.e. many activities and actors). The involvement of these strong
entities in the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association, other than simply the city council, proved to be a
wise strategy. The high-ranking representatives from the founder institutions that
participate in the <strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association board are also significant asset.
Experienced project manager
The information technology profile of the project manager as well as his previous
experience in a similar project co-funded by the Portugal <strong>Digital</strong> programme, was decisive
in overcoming several difficulties related to technical problems, payment delays, slow
response from the programme managing authority, and the larger dimension of the project.
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PROJECT CONTACT DETAILS
Name:
Position:
Organisation:
Mr. Alexandre Sousa
Project Director
<strong>Porto</strong> <strong>Digital</strong> Association
Address: Rua das Flores 152
P - 4050-263 <strong>Porto</strong>
Telephone: +351 223 392 360
Fax: +351 223 392 369
Email:
avs@portodigital.pt
Further information: http://www.portodigital.pt
The information contained in this case study is up to date as of: December 2007
This case study has been prepared by Augusto Ferreira in the framework of a study carried out by
Technopolis Group on behalf of the European Commission. The contents and views expressed in this case
study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of the European
Commission.
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