Bovine tb ethiopia ejhd special 2008

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104 Ethiop.J.Health Dev. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 18. Skinner MA, Wedlock DN, de Lisle GW et al. The order of prime-boost vaccination of neonatal calves with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and a DNA vaccine encoding mycobacterial proteins Hsp65, Hsp70, and Apa is not critical for enhancing protection against bovine tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2005;73(7):4441- 4. 19. Klinman DM, Ishii KJ, Gursel M, Gursel I, Takeshita S, Takeshita F. Immunotherapeutic applications of CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides. Drug News Perspect 2000;13(5):289-96. 20. Wedlock DN, Skinner MA, de Lisle GW et al. Vaccination of cattle with Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate proteins and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces protection against bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005;106(1-2):53-63. 21. Wedlock DN, Denis M, Skinner MA et al. Vaccination of cattle with a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-formulated mycobacterial protein vaccine and Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces levels of protection against bovine tuberculosis superior to those induced by vaccination with BCG alone. Infect Immun 2005;73(6):3540-6. 22. Fifis T, Rothel JS, Wood PR. Soluble Mycobacterium bovis protein antigens: studies on their purification and immunological evaluation. Vet Microbiol 1994;40(1-2):65-81. 23. Vordermeier HM, Rhodes SG, Dean G et al. Cellular immune responses induced in cattle by heterologous prime-boost vaccination using recombinant viruses and bacille Calmette-Guerin. Immunology 2004;112(3):461-70. 24. Vordermeier HM, Huygen K, Singh M, Hewinson RG, Xing Z. Immune responses induced in cattle by vaccination with a recombinant adenovirus expressing Mycobacterial antigen 85A and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun 2006;74(2):1416-8. 25. Cockle PJ, Gordon SV, Lalvani A, Buddle BM, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. Identification of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens with potential as diagnostic reagents or subunit vaccine candidates by comparative genomics. Infect Immun 2002;70(12):6996-7003. 26. Vordermeier HM, Whelan A, Cockle PJ, Farrant L, Palmer N, Hewinson RG. Use of synthetic peptides derived from the antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for differential diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001;8(3):571-8. 27. Buddle BM, Parlane NA, Keen DL et al. Differentiation between Mycobacterium bovis BCGvaccinated and M. bovis-infected cattle by using recombinant mycobacterial antigens. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999;6(1):1-5. 28. Van Pinxteren LA, Ravn P, Agger EM, Pollock J, Andersen P. Diagnosis of tuberculosis based on the two specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP10. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000;7(2):155-60. 29. Gonzalez Llamazares OR, Gutierrez Martin CB, Alvarez Nistal D, de la Puente Redondo VA, Dominguez Rodriguez L, Rodriguez Ferri EF. Field evaluation of the single intradermal cervical tuberculin test and the interferon-gamma assay for detection and eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Spain. Vet Microbiol 1999;70(1-2):55-66. 30. Behr MA, Wilson MA, Gill WP et al. Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines by whole-genome DNA microarray. Science 1999;284(5419):1520-3. 31. Mahairas GG, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ, Singh DC, Stover CK. Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis. J Bacteriol 1996;178(5):1274-82. 32. Aagaard C, Govaerts M, Meng Okkels L, Andersen P, Pollock JM. Genomic approach to identification of Mycobacterium bovis diagnostic antigens in cattle. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(8):3719-28. 33. Mustafa AS, Cockle PJ, Shaban F, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1 region gene products in infected cattle. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;130(1):37-42. 34. Buddle BM, Wedlock DN, Denis M, Skinner MA. Identification of immune response correlates for protection against bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005;108(1-2):45-51. 35. Hope JC, Vordermeier HM. Vaccines for bovine tuberculosis: current views and future prospects. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005;4(6):891-903. Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2008;22(Special Issue)
“One health”: The potential of closer cooperation between human and animal health in Africa Jakob Zinsstag, Marcel Tanner Abstract Emerging zoonoses affect livestock and humans, which calls for closer cooperation between animal and public health. Conceptually ideal, such cooperation is difficult to achieve and the causative agents of ouTBreaks are often confused. A lack of awareness may very likely be due to limited capacity and resources for available for diagnosis and surveillance of zoonoses, but also owing to the clinical perspective that focuses on the patients and much less on their surroundings. Consequently governments often neglect zoonotic diseases, reflecting the separation between human and veterinary medicine. The present paper explores the concept of closer cooperation initially coined as “one medicine” and presents examples of its application and future potential emphasising the African context. Zoonoses are certainly the most prominent example of a compulsory interaction between human and animal health. The interaction of humans and animals in Africa is inextricably linked and hence needs a thorough rethinking of institutions, legislation, communication and funding of both sectors. There is a large untapped potential for new institutional and operational models to provide joint health services to remote populations; this is particularly relevant with regard to ongoing health sector reforms and the human resource crisis. Further, there is a potential for innovative, cost-effective approaches to the control of zoonoses. Pan-African networks would be the best justification for setting up a global fund for zoonoses, similar to and/or linked to the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. . [Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2008;22(Special Issue):105-108] Introduction Human and veterinary medicine still appear as well separated sectors and entities in most countries. Veterinarians are generally not allowed by law to treat humans and physicians only rarely treat animals. However, there are many overlapping issues, mostly in the realms of public health and in the control of diseases transmissible between animals and humans (zoonoses). In such cases cooperation between both sectors becomes crucial, e.g. ranging from informing each other on the emergence of new diseases to long term perspectives on integrated control. The cooperation between two well structured entities is not very easily achieved as by the examplehuman Rift Valley fever ouTBreaks in Mauritania that where mistakenly identified as Yellow fever. The correct diagnosis only occurred after contacts with the livestock services, who had observed abortions in livestock due to Rift Valley fever (1). In sub-Saharan Africa, clinicians attribute most fever to malaria, even though an estimated 50-80% of fevers result from other causes (2). In a case study on fever related diseases in Mali, physicians paid attention to potential zoonotic diseases only after veterinarians identified risk factors for transmission(3). A lack of awareness may very likely be due to limited capacity and resources for diagnosis and surveillance of zoonoses, and - equally importantly - the focus of the clinician on the patients and not on their surroundings. Consequently, governments often neglect zoonotic diseases. Here we will explore the concepts of closer cooperation between human and animal health initially coined as “one medicine”, and present examples of its application and future potential emphasising the African context. From “one medicine” to “one health” a brief historical background Ancient healers were priests and cared for both humans and animals (4). They gained anatomical and pathological skills from slaughtering sacrificial animals and deciding on their purity for sacrifice (Leviticus 1,3). Human medicine was integrated into the medieval universities, whereas veterinary medicine remained largely in the hands of equerries until the 18th century (5). Claude Bourgelat, the founder of the first veterinary school in Lyon (1762) was heavily criticised when he recommended human clinical training for the veterinary curriculum (6). However, in the 19th century, the advent of cellular pathology encouraged the pioneers of the microbiological revolution to (e.g. Rudolf Virchow cited in (7)) develop a strong interest in linking human and veterinary medicine as a form of comparative medicine based on discovering similar disease processes in humans and animals. In the 20th century, both sciences specialised to such an extent that their association was hardly visible and less often practiced. It was Calvin Schwabes’ thorough rethinking of the concept of “one medicine” in 1976, that fully recognized the close systemic interaction of humans and animals for nutrition, livelihood and health (4). Today, the earliest forms of healing of humans and animals are still widely practised in traditional pastoral societies. It is thus not surprising that the “one medicine” idea is actually of African origin. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Swiss Tropical Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland, Tel. +41 61 284 81 39, Fax: +41 61 284 81 05, email: jakob.zinsstag@unibas.ch
Page 1 and 2: Editor-in-Chief Yemane Berhane Asso
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Page 47 and 48: Summary of Working Group Discussion
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