Bovine tb ethiopia ejhd special 2008

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140 Ethiop.J.Health Dev. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Shoa, Ethiopia. 1988; Master’s thesis, Freie Universitaet Berlin and Addis Ababa University, Debre-Zeit. 8. Barwinek F and Taylor NM. Assessment of the socio-economic importance of bovine tuberculosis in Turkey and possible strategies for control and eradication. Bakanliklar, Ankara, Turkey: Turkish- German Animal Health Information Project, General Directorate of Protection And Control. 1996. 9. Ayele WY, Neill SD, Zinsstag J, Weiss MG and Pavlik I. Bovine tuberculosis, an old disease but new threat to Africa. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. 2004;8(8):924-937. 10. Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Roth F, Kazwala R. Economics of bovine tuberculosis. In: Mycobacterium bovis, infection in animlas and humans. Eds Thoen C.O., Steele J. H., Gilsdorf M.J. Blackwell Publishing, IOWA USA. 2006; 68-83. 11. Roth F, Zinsstag J, Orkhon D, Chimed-Ochir G, Hutton G, Cosivi O, Carrin G and Otte J. Humans health benefits from livestock vaccination for brucellosis: case study. Bull.World Health Organ, 2003;81:867-876. 12. Zinsstag J, Roth F, Orkhon D, Chimed-Ochir G, Nansalmaa M, Kolar J and Vounatsou P. A model of animal-human brucellosis transmission in Mongolia. Prev Vet Med. 2005;69:77-95. Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2008;22(Special Issue)
Summary of Working Group Discussions Four working groups discussed key aspects of the zoonotic problem in Ethiopia. The recommendations of each group were discussed further at the plenary meeting. A summary of each of the discussions is presented below. Working Group A: Setting bovine TB in the animal health context in Ethiopia: Animal health and husbandry practices Discussion leaders: Getachew Abebe, Rudovick Kazwala Rapporteur: Rea Tschopp Major threats to the health of livestock and wildlife in Ethiopia Ethiopian livestock faces many infectious diseases, most of them being listed by the OIE (Organisation Internationale des Epizooties). The list of diseases is very exhaustive. To name some of them: Foot and Mouth disease (FMD), Chronic Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Trypanosiomasis, Brucellosis, Anthrax etc. They are summarized into four categories depending on their degree of threat (livestock health/public health) and economic importance on a national and/or international level. Ethiopia has a monthly reporting system according to OIE formats; reports that are delivered to the federal Ministry of animal development. Diseases often do not occur uniformly throughout the country but are more often associated with different agro-ecological zones, e.g. pastoral areas of the lowlands, highlands. However, diseases are not the only threat to the health of livestock and wildlife. Poor husbandry practice, inadequate (qualitative and quantitative) nutrition due to overgrazing, recurrent droughts and lack of feed supplementation, lack of proper breeding system, absence of animal research, poor to inexistent veterinary service, poor market access and legal framework are all major threats to livestock health. Wildlife in Ethiopia faces other challenges and has other priorities regarding its threat to health than livestock. The steady population growth leads to an increased need of grazing land for their cattle (over 80% of the Ethiopian population is rural and linked to livestock). Deforestation and encroaching on habitat leads to habitat loss for wildlife, and forces wildlife to move to other areas. Besides diseases (e.g. rabies, anthrax), also climatic factors are a threat to the health of wildlife (e.g. drought, flooding) as well as lack of legal actions against poachers and, last but not least, the threat of genetic loss (e.g. interbreeding wildlife/domestic animals as described for the Ethiopian wolf). Table 1: Ranking by the participants of the 5 majors threats to livestock and wildlife by decreased importance Ranking of threats Livestock wildlife 1 Diseases Human population growth 2 Feed/nutrition Deforestation/overgrazing 3 Husbandry practices Poaching 4 Breeds/breeding policy Diseases 5 Animal health Interbreeding Impact of bovine TB on animal health in Ethiopia Bovine TB belongs to List B of the OIE and has been frequently reported in Ethiopia from small scale studies. However, the magnitude of the impact of BTB on animal health in Ethiopia is largely unknown. Since the disease is known to affect a large host range (cattle, goat, sheep, camel, humans, wildlife) it makes its assessment difficult. Pathological lesions are seen in abattoirs during meat inspection, and the disease has been described in cattle and in wildlife. Up to 50% of dairy farms in Addis Ababa were shown to be positive. M. bovis was also isolated from humans. BTB is present but what is its impact? From the nature of the disease we can assume that it will have an impact on livestock production (weight, milk yield, fertility). BTB is a chronic debilitating disease, therefore affecting directly animal health and indirectly leading to loss of power traction, loss of carcasses and abattoir profits. The presence of BTB in diary farms suggests that BTB might have an important impact on the dairy product market and development of a dairy milk industry (cross breeding program), not to forget its zoonotic importance. Comparison of the pattern of BTB with that described in other Sub-Saharan countries There is a crucial lack of information regarding BTB in Ethiopia. Some studies have been conducted but mostly focusing on the highlands (dairy farms located in Shoa region). It is therefore difficult to describe a geographical Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2008;22(Special Issue)
Page 1 and 2: Editor-in-Chief Yemane Berhane Asso
Page 3 and 4: Tuberculosis: A Global Overview Dou
Page 5 and 6: Tuberculosis: A Global Overview 99
Page 7 and 8: Development of cattle TB vaccines b
Page 9 and 10: Development of cattle TB vaccines b
Page 11 and 12: “One health”: The potential of
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Page 15 and 16: Cross-disciplinary and participator
Page 17 and 18: Cross-disciplinary livestock and hu
Page 23 and 24: Towards effective control of bovine
Page 25 and 26: Mycobacterial genomics and its appl
Page 27 and 28: Mycobacterial genomics and disease
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Page 31 and 32: Animal Health in the Developing Wor
Page 33 and 34: The role of bovine tuberculosis as
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