Bovine tb ethiopia ejhd special 2008

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116 Ethiop.J.Health Dev ______________________________________________________________________________________ Advances in Parasitology. Control of Human Parasitic Diseases. 2006;61:509-566. 28. Flisser A, Rodriguez-Canul R, Willingham AL. Control of the taeniosis/ cysticercosis complex: future developments. Veterinary Parasitology 2006;139:283-292. 29. Foote S, Iraqi F, Kemp SJ. Controlling Malaria and African Trypanosomiasis: the role of the mouse. Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics 2005;4(3):214-224. 30. Hernandez-Valladares M, Naessens J, Gibson JP, Musoke AJ, Nagda S, Rihet P, Ole-MoiYoi OK, Iraqi F. 2004a. Confirmation and dissection of QTL controlling resistance to malaria in mice. Mammalian Genome 2004;15: 390-398. 31. Hernandez-Valladares M, Naessens J, Nagda S, Musoke AJ, Rihet P, Ole-MoiYoi OK, Iraqi FA. 2004b. Comparison of pathology in susceptible A/J and resistant C57BL/6J mice after infection with different sub-strains of Plasmodium chabaudi. Experimental Parasitology 2004;108(3-4):134-141. 32. Hernandez-Valladares M, Naessens J, Iraqi F. Genetic resistance to malaria in mouse models. Trends in Parasitology 2005;21:352-355. 33. Dessie T, Kassa T, Jobre Y. Potential threat of avian influenza to Ethiopia: a review of available literature. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2005;9(1):1- 6. 34. Omore A, Staal SJ, Osafo ELK, Kurwijila L, Barton D, Mdoe N, Nurah G, Aning G. Market mechanisms, efficiency, processing and public health risks in periurban dairy product markets: synthesis of findings from Ghana and Tanzania. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. 2004;131 pp. 35. Mutave M, Lore T, Omore A. The role of milk bars in Nairobi in exposing consumers to milk-borne infections through the sale of naturally fermented milk. Paper presented at the ninth Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) annual scientific conference and agricultural research forum, Nairobi, Kenya, 12 November 2004. http://www.smallholderdairy.org/publications/Confe rence/KARI2004/Mutave%20et%20al-2004-Nairobi %20milk%20bars-KARI.pdf. 36. Arimi SM, Koroti E, Kang’ethe EK, Omore AO, McDermott JJ. Risk of infection with Brucella abortus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with marketing of unpasteurized milk in Kenya. Acta Tropica 2005;96(1):1-8. 37. Kang’ethe EK, Aboge GO, Arimi SM, Kanja LW, Omore AO, McDermott JJ. Investigation of the risk of consuming marketed milk with antimicrobial residues in Kenya. Food Control 2005;16(4):349- 355. 38. Kurwijila LR, Omore A, Staal S, Mdoe NSY. Investigation of the risk of exposure to antimicrobial residues present in marketed milk in Tanzania. Journal of Food Protection 2006;69(10):2487-2492. Ethiop.J.Health Dev. <strong>2008</strong>;22(Special Issue)
Towards effective control of bovine tuberculosis in Africa: A case for public engagement in science Jakob Zinsstag The present paper summarizes a presentation given at the first stakeholder meeting on bovine tuberculosis held in Addis Ababa in June 2007. Reflections refer to animal health as a whole but are particularly applicable to the case of bovine tuberculosis in Africa. Innovation in research requires open spaces to evolve. Numerous examples show us that it is often the unexpected detail, observed by a prepared mind that leads to discoveries and innovative approaches to problem solving (1). This is not disputed and remains also a principle for applied research and for development oriented projects. On the other hand we face a huge gap between increased research capacity in Africa and persistent pressing problems of poverty, disease and hunger (2). There appears to be an evident disconnection between research and development action. At least some research should reflect the actual needs of society and produce outcomes that can be applied fast. This is increasingly recognized and existing initiatives require to be assessed for their effectiveness. One such example is the REACH policy initiative between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania (www.idrc.ca/geh/ev-101251-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html) aiming at the development of an evidence brokerage for health policy in East Africa. The REACH initiative recognizes the current failure on the one hand of research to reach the level of policy making and the development of effective interventions, and on the other hand of policy problems which are not taken up by research. Its approach is to create a cyclical process involving scientists and policy makers, connecting policy and practice questions via research and development questions, advocacy for evidence, new research agendas, policy-relevant research funds to research action. At the same time research studies are synthesized to summarize evidence and package it for policy development by appropriate advocacy. In turn new policies may undergo another iteration of scrutiny, producing new sets of policy relevant research questions. This process however requires active involvement and brokerage, negotiating actual priorities. Another comparable approach has evolved in the framework of the National Competence Centre for Research North-South (NCCR North-South) on research for health services to nomadic pastoralists in Sahelian countries of Africa. Thereby a trans-disciplinary process (connecting science and society) established continuous dialogue between researchers, the concerned population and government authorities, which validated iterative cycles of research and pilot interventions leading to the formulation of a new integrated policy for nomadic pastoralists in Chad (3). What now is the potential of the above examples to work towards effective control of bovine tuberculosis in Africa? <strong>Bovine</strong> tuberculosis is still largely unknown or under-diagnosed in many African countries. Its cost to livestock production and its impact on public health are not known, or limited to only a few countries (4). Control strategies are mostly limited to the inspection of carcasses at slaughterhouses. Effective compulsory “test and slaughter” strategies are virtually non-existent in most countries of the continent. Governments are not able to compensate for slaughtered animals, which is a central condition for the successful elimination of bovine tuberculosis in many industrial countries. Diagnosis of tuberculosis relying essentially on sputum microscopy cannot identify human Mycobacterium bovis infection. Since national governments do not have sufficient capacity and means, effective action against bovine tuberculosis needs participation and ownership by all the public and private stakeholders involved. A participative stakeholder process involving livestock holders, veterinary and public health authorities and decision makers started in 2007 with initial funding from the Wellcome Trust Livestock of Life initiative. It aims to strengthen efforts of capacity building and policy development to assess and control BTB in Africa as North-South and South-South networks. Currently over 25 countries have participated in two workshops in Bamako and Arusha with the specific objectives: (a) to identify and collate all available data on M. bovis in both human and animal populations in each country, (b) determine on-going diagnostic capacity and protocols in each country, together with national policies and strategies relating to the treatment, prevention and control of disease in human and animal populations, (c) develop capacity in diagnosis and epidemiology and control policy, (d) initiate surveillance of BTB with the aim of establishing the burden to the livestock production and human health in order to assess the cost of disease to society, (e) raise awareness of M. bovis as a potential zoonotic component of the human tuberculosis epidemic and the consequences for disease control and prevention, (f) establish a policy dialogue between African countries with a view to identifying locally adapted control policy ______________________________________________________________________________________ Swiss Tropical Institute, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, Email: jakob.zinsstag@unibas.ch
Page 1 and 2: Editor-in-Chief Yemane Berhane Asso
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