Acute_myocardial_infarction_Definition_Etiology_SIGNS_AND_SYMPTOMS_Acute_myocardial_infarction.pdf

Acute myocardial infarction, Definition, E...
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Acute myocardial infarction, Defi
nition, Etiology, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Acute myocardial
infarction
Acute myocardial infarction
A. Acute myocardial infarction DEFINITIONS
Myocardial infarction refers to the process of the destruction of heart tissue due to
inadequate blood supply so that coronary blood flow is reduced.
(Brunner & Sudarth, 2002)
Acute myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis caused by blood flow to the heart muscle
impaired. (Suyono, 1999)
B. Acute myocardial infarction Etiology (cassowaries, 2002)
1. factor:
a. Reduced myocardial oxygen supply due to 3 factors:
Vascular factors: Atherosclerosis,Spasms,arteritis,
Factors circulation: Hypotension, Stenosos aurta,insufficiency,
Blood Factor: Anemia,Hypoxaemia, polycythemia
b. Increased cardiac output:
- Excessive activity
- Emotions
- Eating too much
- Hypertiroidisme
c. Increased myocardial oxygen demand:
- Damage miocard
- Hypertropimiocard
- Hypertension diastolic
2. Predisposing factors:
a. biological risk factors can not be changed:
- Age over 40 years
- Gender: a high incidence in men, whereas in women increases after menopause
- Heredity
- Race: higher incidence in blacks.
b. Risk factors that can be changed:
- Mayor: hyperlipidemia, hypertension, Smoking, Diabetes, Obesity, A diet high in saturated
fat, calories
- Minor: Physical In actifity, pattern type A personality (emotional, aggressive, ambitious,
competitive),excessive psychological stress.
C. Acute myocardial infarction SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
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Acute myocardial infarction, Definition, E...
by garest - http://garest.net/acute-myocardial-infarction-definition-etiology-signs-and-symptoms-acute-myocardial-in
farction.html
Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction (TRIAD) is:
1. Pain:
a. Chest pain that occurs suddenly and constantly not subside, usually above the sternal
region and upper abdomen, this is the main symptom.
b. The severity of pain can increase secaara settled until the pain becomes unbearable.
c. Pain is very sick, such as punctured and needles that can spread to the shoulder and
continues down the arm (usually the left arm).
d. The pain began spontaneously (not happening after the activity or emotional disturbance),
persist for several hours or days, and not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin assistance (NTG).
e. The pain may spread to the jaw and neck.
f. Pain is often accompanied by shortness of breath, pale, cold, severe diaphoresis, dizziness
or head was floating, and nausea and vomiting.
g. Patients with diabetes mellitus will not experience severe pain because of neuropathy that
accompanies diabetes can interfere neuroreseptor (accumulated experience of pain).
2. Laboratory
Examination Cardiac enzymes:
a. CPK-MB/CPK
Isoenzymes were found in the heart muscle to increase between 4-6 hours, peaks within 12-24
hours, returning to normal within 36-48 hours.
b. LDH / HBDH
Increased within 12-24 hours dam takes longer to return to normal
c. AST / SGOT
Increases (less real / special) occurs within 6-12 hours, culminating in 24 hours, returning to
normal within 3 or 4 days
d. Troponin
3. ECG
ECG changes that occur in the early phase of the T wave height and symmetrical. After this
there is ST segment elevation. Change happens then is the wave Q / QS which indicates
necrosis
Pain scores Acute myocardial infarction according to White:
0 = no pain
1 = pain on one side without disturbing activity
2 = more pain in one place and lead to disruption of activities, such as difficulty getting out of
bed, it’s hard to bend the head and others.
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