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102 ” DOM Extension ties include firstChild and lastChild. Leaf nodes are nodes that have no children, which can be checked using the hasChildNodes method of DOMNode. All nodes in a tree have a single parent node, with one exception: the root node from which all other nodes in the tree stem. If two nodes share the same parent, they are appropriately referred to as sibling nodes. This relationship is shown in the previousSibling and nextSibling properties in DOMNode. Lastly, child nodes of a node, child nodes of those child nodes, and so on are collectively known as descendant nodes. Likewise, the parent node of a node, that parent node’s parent node, and so on are collectively known as ancestor nodes. An example may help to showcase this terminology. Foo Bar • html is the root node. • body is the first (and only) child of html. • ul is the first (and only) child of body. • The li nodes containing Foo and Bar are the first and last child nodes of ul respectively. • The li node containing Bar node is the next sibling of the li node containing Foo. • The li node containing Foo is likewise the previous sibling of the li node containing Bar. • The ul and li nodes are descendants of the body node.
DOM Extension ” 103 Elements and Attributes At this point, the DOM transcends the tree analogy. There are multiple types of nodes, or to phrase that within the context of the DOM extension, DOMNode has multiple subclasses. The main two you’ll be dealing with are DOMElement for elements and DOMAttr for attributes. H e r e are how these concepts apply to the example in the last section. • ul is the name of an element. • id is the name of an attribute of the ul element. • thelist is the value of the id attribute. • Foo and Bar are the values of the li elements. Locating N o d e s T w omethods of the DOMDocument class allow you to reduce the number of nodes you have to traverse to find the data you want fairly quickly. getElementById attempts to locate a single element that meets two criteria: 1) it is a descendant of the document’s root element; 2) it has a given id attribute value. If such an element is found, it is returned as a DOMElement instance; if not, null is returned. getElementsByTagName attempts to locate all elements that meet two criteria: 1) it is a descendant of the document’s root element; 2) it has a given element name (such as ul). This method always returns a DOMNodeList of any found elements. The DOMNodeList class has a length property that will be equal to 0 if no elements are found. It is also iterable, so it can be used as the subject of a foreach loop. The DOMElement class also has a getElementsByTagName method, which functions the same way with the exception that located elements will be descendants of that element instead of the document’s root element.
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