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150 ” PCRE Extension Escaping There may be instances where you want to include literal characters in patterns that are usually interpreted as meta-characters. This can be accomplished via a \ metacharacter. N o t e that it is necessary to double-escape ” in the second example because the string ’ ’ is interpreted to be a single backslash by PHP whether or not it is used in a regular expression. In other cases, no escaping of ” is needed for the escape sequence to be interpreted properly. i Double Escaping F o r more information on the reasoning behind the double-escape example in this section, see http://php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php#language.types.string and the Backslash section of http://php.net/manual/en/regexp.reference.php. Escape Sequences There are three ways to match a single character that could be one of several characters.
PCRE Extension ” 151 The first way involves using the . meta-character, which will match any single character except a line feed (“\n”) without use of modifiers (which will be covered later). This can be used with repetition just like any other character. The second way requires using special escape sequences that represent a range of characters. Aside from the escape sequences mentioned in the previous section’s examples, here are some that are commonly used. • \d: a digit, 0 through 9. • \h: a horizontal whitespace character, such as a space or a tab. • \v: a vertical whitespace character, such as a carriage return or line feed. • \s: any whitespace character, the equivalent of all characters represented by \h and \v. • \w: any letter or digit or an underscore. Each of these escape sequences has a complement. • \D: a non-digit character. • \H: a non-horizontal whitespace character. • \V: a non-vertical whitespace character. • \S: a non-whitespace character. • \W: a character that is not a letter, digit, or underscore. The third and final way involves using character ranges, which are characters within square brackets ([ and ]). A character range represents a single character, but like normal single characters they can have repetition applied to them.
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vi ” CONTENTS Referring URLs . .
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viii ” CONTENTS HTTP Authenticati
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Chapter 1 Introduction If you are l
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Introduction ” 3 in some instance
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Introduction ” 5 • Chapters 3-7
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8 ” HTTP R equests The HTTP proto
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HTTP Streams W rapper ” 33 ); ?>
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