A Primer on Japanese Hell Imagery and Imagination - Occidental ...
A Primer on Japanese Hell Imagery and Imagination - Occidental ...
A Primer on Japanese Hell Imagery and Imagination - Occidental ...
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14<br />
M<strong>on</strong>umenta Nipp<strong>on</strong>ica 63:1<br />
Figure 2. Enmaten. Nati<strong>on</strong>al Treasure.<br />
Courtesy of Daigoji, Kyoto.<br />
Image reproduced from Josei to<br />
bukkyô.<br />
grinding st<strong>on</strong>es, brushes, <strong>and</strong> documents. Assistants read from records, take<br />
notes, or st<strong>and</strong> by ready to serve. In fr<strong>on</strong>t of the desks, sinners cower—tied up,<br />
shackled, <strong>and</strong> manh<strong>and</strong>led by dem<strong>on</strong>s—as they await judgment. The leg, h<strong>and</strong>,<br />
<strong>and</strong> neck restraints they wear resemble instruments described in Chinese pris<strong>on</strong>management<br />
regulati<strong>on</strong> manuals <strong>and</strong> sketched out in Shiwang jing. 56 Beneath<br />
China. See Kw<strong>on</strong> 1999; Kw<strong>on</strong> 2000; Miyazaki 1999; <strong>and</strong> Takasu 1999–2000, p. 68. Kw<strong>on</strong> also<br />
suggests that ten-king paintings in the former Packard collecti<strong>on</strong> predate the Ningbo images. See<br />
Kw<strong>on</strong> 2005. One popular form of Korean ten-king ic<strong>on</strong>ography developed from Chinese models<br />
of Jizô flanked by the kings. Such images arrived in Japan, but were not widely copied. See<br />
below for the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between Jizô <strong>and</strong> Enma that became prevalent in Japan.<br />
56 For a study of these disciplinary devices, see Niida 1980, pp. 597–614.
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