U∞≈U SÃ⁄U ∑ § ÁfllÊÁÕ¸ÿÊ ¥ ∑§Ë ¬Ê∆˜Uÿ-‚„UªÊË Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
* ©U¬ÊøÊÿ¸, Á‡ÊˇÊʇÊÊSòÊ Áfl÷ʪ, ŒËŸŒÿÊ‹ ©U¬ÊäÿÊÿ ªÊapple⁄Uπ¬È⁄U Áfl‡√ÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ªÊapple⁄Uπ¬È⁄U
vkt ls dqN le; iwoZ [ksy&dwn] okn&fookn] ukVd] laxhr lgHkkfxrk dk v/;;uA 2-fofHkUu ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa
vkfn fØ;kvksa dks ikB~;Øe ds {ks= ls ckgj dh oLrq ekuk tkrk b.VjehfM,V dh Nk=kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk dk v/;;uA 3-dyk
Fkk] vkSj mudks vfrfjDr ikB~;Øe fØ;kvksa ¼Extra Curricular rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa
Activities½ ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk FkkA ml le; fo|ky; lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;uA4-dyk rFkk foKku oxZ dh
vf/kdkjh bu fØ;kvksa esa dksbZ :fp ugha ysrs Fks vkSj dHkh&dHkh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed
budks 'kfDr vkSj le; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls O;FkZ ekurs FksA vk/kqfud v/;;uA 5- dyk oxZ ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh
dky esa f'k{kk 'kkL=h bl ckr ij lger gks x;s gS fd ;fn fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;uA 6- foKku oxZ
bu fØ;kvksa dks leqfpr :Ik ls iFk&iznf'kZr fd;k tk, rks cM+s ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk
gh 'kSf{kd egRo dh fl) gksaxhA vkt dy budks ikB~;Øe rqyukRed v/;;uA7-dyk oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk foKku oxZ dh
lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ds :Ik esa ns[kk tkrk gS rFkk budks ikB~;Øe Nk=kvksa dk ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk
dk ,d vfHkUu vax ekuk tkus yxk gSA tks Hkh vuqHko ;k fØ;k] rqyukRed v/;;uA 8-dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa rFkk foKku oxZ
'kSf{kd egRo j[krh gS] og ikB~;Øe dk ,d vax gSA vr% ;s ds Nk=ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk
fØ;k;sa oLrqr% ikB~;Øe&lgxkeh fØ;k,a gSaA fo|ky;ksa dh rqyukRed v/;;uA 9-lEiw.kZ Nk=ksa rFkk Nk=kvksa dh
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k;sa mldh thou 'kfDr gSaA budk ckydksa ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;uA
ds thou esa cgqr egRo gS] D;ksafd muds O;fDRo fodkl esa budk ifjdYiuk %&
cM+k ;ksxnku gSA bu fØ;kvksa }kjk ckydksa dk 'kkjhfjd] 'kks/k dk;Z dks mn~ns';ksa ds vuqlkj lEikfnr djus ds fy,
ekufld] uSfrd ,oa lkekftd fodkl gksrk gSA buds egRo fuEukafdr 'kks/k ifjdYiukvksa dh lajpuk dh x;h&
ds fo"k; esa ek/;fed f'k{kk&vk;ksx dk fopkj gS fd ^;s fØ;k;sa 1- b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh
ckydksa dks vius oS;fDrd xq.kksa] {kerkvksa rFkk vkRe&fo'okl ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA
dks fodflr djus ds fy, volj iznku djrh gSA buds lkFk 2- b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa rFkk foKku oxZ
gh ;s vuq'kklu ,oa usr`Ro ds lg;ksxh xq.kksa esa ckydksa dks dh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd
izf'k{k.k nsrh gSaA* izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z gsrq ek/;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn vUrj gSA 3- b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds dyk oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk
}kjk lapkfyr b.VjehfM,V ds Nk=ksa ,oa Nk=kvksa ds dyk rFkk Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd
foKku oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ij vk/ vUrj gSA 4- b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk
kkfjr gSA bu fofHkUu p;fur lewgksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u gsrq Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd
fuEukafdr izdj.k dk p;u fd;k x;k gS&^^b.VjehfM,V Lrj vUrj gSA 5- b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds dyk oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk foKku
ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd
dk v/;;u** fo|ky;ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k;sa mldh vUrj gSA 6- b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa rFkk foKku
thou&'kfDr gSaA budk ckydksa ds thou esa cgqr egRo gS] oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd
D;ksafd muds O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa budk cM+k ;ksxnku gSA vUrj gSA
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k,a ckydksa esa lg;ksx] lgdkfjrk] ijksidkj 7- b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds lEiw.kZ Nk=ksa rFkk lEiw.kZ Nk=kvksa dh
vkSj lekftdrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djrh gSaA vr% izLrqr ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA
'kks/kdk;Z dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds b.VjehfM,V ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa 'kks/k fof/k %& izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z fooj.kukRed 'kks/k ds
dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa D;k dksbZ lkFkZd vUrxZr losZ{k.k izdkj dk vuqla/kku gSA losZ{k.k vuqla/kku fdlh
vUrj gS \ bldk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA leqnk; ds dk;Z] O;ogkj] orZeku fLFkfr rFkk Hkfo"; dh
v/;;u dk mn~ns’; bl 'kks/k dk;Z dks lEiUu djus ds fy, izR;k'kkvksa dk vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij fy;k x;k fu.kZ; gSA bl
'kks/k mn~ns’;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gS tks fuEukafdr gS& 1- izdkj losZ{k.k vuqla/kku ,d izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk fdlh
fofHkUu ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa b.VjehfM,V ds Nk=ksa dh leqnk; dh jpuk rFkk fØ;kvksa ds lkekftd i{k ds lEcU/
SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
43
‡ÊÊappleäÊ ¬òÊ- Á‡ÊˇÊʇÊÊSòÊ
ßUá≈U⁄U◊ËÁ«U∞≈U SÃ⁄U ∑apple§ ÁfllÊÁÕ¸ÿÊapple¥ ∑§Ë ¬Ê∆˜Uÿ-‚„UªÊ◊Ë
Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Êapple¥ ◊apple¥ ‚„U÷ÊÁªÃÊ ∑§Ê •äÿÿŸ
* «UÊÚ. ⁄UÊ¡apple‡Ê ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U Á‚¥„U
August, 2010

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
k esa x.kukRed rF; ladfyr fd;s tkrs gSaA vk¡dM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k esa fofHkUu oxksZa ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa }kjk izkIr
losZ{k.k vuqla/kku esa ?kfVr gks pqdh ?kVukvksa vFkok py jgh
ijEijkvksa] vfHko`fRr;ksa] ekudksa vkfn dk losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij
dHkh&ugha dHkh&dHkh vusd&ckj
orZeku oLrqfLFkfr dk v/;;u rFkk Hkfo"; dh izR;k'kkvksa dk 1- vki u`R; izfr;ksfxrk esa ¿ À ¿ À ¿ À
vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA
s fdruh ckj Hkkx fy;s gSa \
2- vkius eksuks ,fDVax fd;k gS \ ¿ À ¿ À ¿ À
tula[;k rFkk izfrn'kZ %&izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z dh tula[;k ds 3- vki okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk ¿ À ¿ À ¿ À
fy, xksj[kiqj e.My esa b.VjehfM,V Lrj ij laLFkkxr esa Hkkx ysrs gSa \
laLFkkvksa esa v/;;ujr Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks gh fy;k x;k gSA vadksa dk e/;eku] izekf.kd fopyu rFkk t&ijh{k.k ds vk/kkj
izfrn'kZ %&izfrn'kZ ds p;u gsrq xksj[kiqj e.My ds pkj ftyksa ij fd;k x;k gSA rqyukRed v/;;u gsrq dqy N% lewg cuk;s
xksj[kiqj] nsofj;k] egjktxat] dq'khuxj esa ls ,d tuin x;s gSa rFkk bu lewgksa ds e/;eku rFkk izekf.kd fopyu fuEuor~
xksj[kiqj dk p;u ;kn`fPNd izfrp;u fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k gSa&
rFkk iqu% ;kn`fPNd izfrp;u fof/k }kjk ,d ckyd rFkk ,d mijksDr N% lewgksa esa ls izFke pkj lewgksa dh ijLij ,d nwljs
ckfydk fo|ky; dk p;u fd;k x;kA ftlesa jktdh; tqfcyh ls rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] tcfd lEiw.kZ Nk=ksa rFkk
b.Vj dkyst] xksj[kiqj] ckyd oxZ ds fy, rFkk Hkxorh Nk=kvksa dk ijLij ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk
ckfydk b.Vj dkyst] xksj[kiqj] ckfydk oxZ gsrq p;fur fd;k rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
x;k gSA bu fo|ky;ksa ls 50 dyk oxZ o 50 foKku oxZ ds b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa
lkj.kh & 1
ckyd rFkk blh izdkj 50 dyk oxZ o 50 foKku oxZ dh
Lkewg e/;eku Ikzekf.kd fopyu
ckfydkvksa dk p;u Øec) ;kn`fPNd izfrp;u fof/k ¼Systematic
dyk oxZ ds Nk= M
Sampling½ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dqy b.VjehfM,V
1
= 17.3 σ 1
= 13.6
foKku oxZ ds Nk= M
Lrj ds 100 ckyd rFkk 100 ckfydkvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k
2
= 20.0 σ 2
= 12.4
dyk oxZ dh Nk=k,as M
gSA
3
= 15.8 σ 3
= 8.7
foKku oxZ dh Nk=k,sa M
'kks/k dk;Z esa iz;qDr ekiuh %&ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa
4
= 20.3 σ 4
= 10.4
lEiw.kZ Nk= M
lgHkkfxrk dk ekiu djus ds fy, ^ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k
5
= 18.6 σ 5
= 13.1
lEiw.kZ Nk=k,as M
lgHkkfxrk ekiuh* dh lajpuk dh x;h gSA ftlds izkjfEHkd
6
= 18.0 σ 6
= 9.88
izk:Ik esa 45 in lfEefyr fd;s x;s FksA t&ijh{k.k }kjk dh fofHkUu ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk
in&fo'ys"k.k ds mijkUr vfUre izk:Ik esa dqy 37 inksa dks j[kk rqyukRed v/;;u&
x;k gSA
1- dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
iz;qDr lkaf[;dh fof/k;k¡ %&vk¡dM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq e/;eku] esa lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;u x.kuk }kjk izkIr t dk eku
izekf.kd fopyu rFkk t&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx nks e/;ekuksa ds vUrj 0-82 gS tks -05 rFkk -01 Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA blls Li"V
dh lkFkZdrk Kku djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA gksrk gS fd iwoZ esa fufeZr 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohdkj dh tk;sxhA
'kks/k dk;Z dh ifjlhek,a
vFkkZr dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh
izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z xksj[kiqj ds m0iz0 ek/;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk yxHkx ,d leku gS rFkk iwoZ esa fufeZr
ekU;rk izkIr b.VjehfM,V Lrj ds laLFkkxr dyk rFkk foKku 'kks/k ifjdYiuk vLohdkj dh tk;sxhA e/;ekuksa ds chp tks
oxZ ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k 2-7 dk vUrj izkIr gqvk gS ;g izfrp;u =qfV }kjk mRiUu gqvk
lgHkkfxrk ekiuh esa dqy 37 inksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA izrhr gksrk gSA
;s in laxhr] fp=dyk] isafVax] ukVd] vfHku;] [ksy&dwn] 2- dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
okn&fookn] lkfgfR;d dk;ZØe vkSj lkekftd fØ;k&dykiksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;u
ds {ks=ksa esa Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ls lEcfU/kr gSA ;g bu nksuksa lewgksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ds
,d rhu fcUnq ekiuh gSA ftlesa ^dHkh&ugh* ij 'kwU; ¼0½ vad rqyukRed v/;;u gsrq t dk eku 2-09 izkIr gqvk gS tks -05
^dHkh&dHkh* ij ,d ¼1½ vad rFkk ^vusd&ckj* ij nks ¼2½ vad Lrj ij lkFkZd gS vFkkZr iwoZ esa fufeZr 'kks/k ifjdYiuk Lohdkj
j[ks x;s gSaA ekiuh ds dqN inks ads mnkgj.k fuEuor~ gSa&
vk¡dM+ksa dk fo’ys"k.k rFkk O;k[;k
vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu ^ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k lgHkkfxrk ekiuh*
H
ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA ;s vk¡dM+s dyk rFkk foKku oxZ 1 : m 1 ≠ m 2
ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds izkIrkadksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA
dh tk;sxhA vFkkZr dyk rFkk foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh
lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA pw¡fd bl fLFkfr esa foKku oxZ
44
‘’kks/k leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu
H
0

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
Lkkj.kh & 2 ij lkFkZd ugha gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk
n Mean S.D. σ m
σ d
t eku lkFkZdrk Lrj gS fd dyk oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa
.05 ij . 01 ij
esa ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd
dyk Nk= 50 17.3 13.6 2.15 2.91 0.82 Ukgha gS Ukgha gS
foKku Nk= 50 20.0 12.4 1.97
vUrj ugha gSA vr% iwoZ esa fufeZr 'kks/k ifjdYiuk fd
^^dyk Nk=ksa rFkk foKku Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh
fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa vUrj gS** vLohdkj dh
Lkkj.kh & 3
n Mean S.D. σ m
σ d
t eku lkFkZdrk Lrj
.05 ij . 01 ij
dyk Nk=k,sa 50 15.8 8.7 1.38 2.15 2.09 Ukgh gS Ukgha gS
foKku Nk=k,as 50 20.3 10.4 1.65
Lkkj.kh & 4
n Mean S.D. σ m
σ d
t eku lkFkZdrk Lrj
.05 ij .01 ij
dyk Nk= 50 17.3 13.6 2.15 2.55 1.50 Ukgha gS Ukgha gS
dyk Nk=k,sa 50 15.8 8.7 1.38
dh Nk=kvksa dk lgHkkfxrk dk e/;eku dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa x.kuk }kjk izkIr t dk eku -05 rFkk -01 Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha
ls vf/kd gS] vr% foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dk ikB~;&lgxkeh gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dyk oxZ dh
fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk] dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa ls csgrj gSA
tcfd lkFkZdrk ds -01 Lij ij 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohdkj dh
x;h gS vFkkZr dyk rFkk foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk
esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij tks e/
;ekuksa ds chp 4-5 dk vUrj izkIr gqvk gS ;g izfrp;u =qfV
Nk=kvksa rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
}kjk mRiUu gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA
esa lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj yxHkx ,d leku gSA vr% iwoZ esa fufeZr
3- dyk oxZ ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa
'kks/k ifjdYiuk fd nksuksa lewgksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa vUrj gS]
lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;u
vLohdkj dh tk;sxhA
H SHODH 1 0 : : m 15 32 ≠
SAMIKSHA =
m
34
62
4
AUR MULYANKAN
7- lEiw.kZ Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk
dk rqyukRed v/;;u
mijksDr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij x.kuk }kjk izkIr t dk eku1-
50 izkIr gqvk gS] tks fd -05 rFkk -01 Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha
gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS dyk Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa
dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk yxHkx ,d leku
gSA vFkkZr iwoZ esa fufeZr 'kks/k ifjdYiuk vLohdkj dh tk;sxh
rFkk 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohdkj dh tk;sxhA
4- foKku oxZ ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
esa lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;ubu nksuksa lewgksa dhrqyuk
gsrq izkIr t dk eku 0-117 gS tks fd -05 Lrj rFkk -01 Lrj
ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vFkkZr nksuksa lewgksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh
fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj yxHkx leku gSA vr% iwoZ esa
fufeZr 'kks/k ifjdYiuk vLohdkj dh tk;sxh vkSj 'kwU;
ifjdYiuk Lohdkj dh tk;sxhA
5- dyk oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh
45
H 0 : m 2 = m 4
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk rqyukRed v/;;u
x.kuk }kjk izkIr t dk eku 1-11 gS tks fd -05 rFkk -1 Lrj
tk;sxhA
6- dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk dk
rqyukRed v/;;u
mijksDr x.kuk }kjk izkIr t dk eku -05 rFkk -01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
ugha gSA bl vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd lEiw.kZ Nk= rFkk
Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ
lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vr% iwoZ fufeZr 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohdkj
gksxh rFkk 'kks/k ifjdYiuk vLohdkj dh tk;sxhA
ifj.kke rFkk fu"d"kZ
iwoZ fufeZr 'kks/k ifjdYiukvksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke
rFkk fu"d"kZ izkIr gq,& 1- dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj
ugha gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd dyk rFkk foKku
oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk yxHkx
,d tSlh gSA 2- dyk rFkk foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk esa lkFkZd vUrj -05 Lrj
ij izkIr gqvk gS] blls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd 95 izfr'kr fLFkfr
esa foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa
lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa ls csgrj gSA D;ksafd
foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dk e/;eku izkIrkad dyk oxZ dh
Nk=kvksa ds e/;eku izkIrkad ls vf/kd gS] fdUrq lkFkZdrk ds

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
-01 Lrj ij vFkkZr 99 izfr'kr fLFkfr;ksa esa dyk rFkk foKku 3 vad dk tks vUrj izkIr gqvk gS og izfrp;u =qfVo'k mRiUu
oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA
dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 3- dyk oxZ ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh 6- dyk oxZ dh Nk=kvksa rFkk foKku oxZ ds Nk=ksa dh
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj
ugha gS] D;ksafd x.kuk }kjk izkIr t dk eku 1-50 lkFkZd ugha ugha gSA ;gk¡ ij rqyuk gsrq iz;qDr t ijh{k.k dk eku 1-74 lkFkZd
gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd dyk oxZ ds Nk= rFkk ugha gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd dyk oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk
Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk yxHkx ,d foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh
leku gSA 4-foKku oxZ ds Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh lgHkkfxrk yxHkx ,d leku gSA ;gk¡ ij nksuksa lewgksa ds e/
Lkkj.kh & 5
n Mean S.D. σ m
σ d
t eku lkFkZdrk Lrj
.05 ij .01 ij
foKku Nk= 50 20.0 12.4 1.97 2.57 0.117 Ukgha gS Ukgha gS
foKku Nk=k,sa 50 20.3 10.4 1.65
Lkkj.kh & 6
n Mean S.D. σ m
σ d
t eku lkFkZdrk Lrj
.05 ij.01 ij
dyk Nk= 50 17.3 13.6 2.15 2.71 1.11 Ukgha gS Ukgha gS
foKku Nk=k,sa 50 20.3 10.4 1.65
Lkkj.kh & 7
n Mean S.D. σ m
σ d
t eku lkFkZdrk Lrj
.05 ij .01 ij
dyk Nk=k,sa 50 15.8 8.7 1.38 2.41 1.74 Ukgha gS Ukgha gS
foKku Nk= 50 20.0 12.4 1.97
Lkkj.kh & 8
n Mean S.D. σ m
σ d
t eku lkFkZdrk Lrj
.05 ij .01 ij
lEiw.kZ Nk= 100 18.6 13.1 1.47 1.84 0.33 Ukgha gS Ukgha gS
lEiw.kZ Nk=k,sa 100 18.0 9.88 1.102
fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS] D;ksafd
bu nksuksa lewgksa dh rqyuk gsrq izkIr t ijh{k.k dk eku 0-117
lkFkZd ugha gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd foKku oxZ
ds Nk=ksa rFkk Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk
yxHkx ,d leku gSA 5- dyk oxZ ds Nk=ksa ,oa foKku oxZ
dh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ
lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS] ;gk¡ ij rqyuk gsrq iz;qDr iz;qDr t ijh{k.k
dk eku 1-11 lkFkZd ugha gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd dyk
oxZ ds Nk=ksa rFkk foKku oxZ dh Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh
fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk yxHkx ,d leku gSA e/;ekuksa ds chp
;ekuksa ds chp 4-2 dk vUrj izfrp;u =qfVo'k
mRiUu gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA
7- lEiw.kZ Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
dh lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS]
D;ksafd ;gk¡ ij nksuksa lewgksa dh rqyuk gsrq iz;qDr
t ijh{k.k dk eku 0-33 izkIr gqvk gS tks fd
lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd
lEiw.kZ Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh
fØ;kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj yxHkx
,d leku gSA
'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ
dyk rFkk foKku oxZ ds leLr
Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fofHkUu lewgksa ds rqyukRed
v/;;uksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd
Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh fofHkUu oxksZa dh ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa
lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij yxHkx ,d leku
gSA ikB~;Øe lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ds vUrxZr fo|ky; dh os lHkh
fØ;k;sa vkrh gS tks fo|kFkhZ ds fodkl ds fy, mruh gh vf/
kd egRoiw.kZ gSa] ftruh fd ikB~;Øe lEcU/kh fØ;k;saA vkt
dh f'k{kk dk mn~ns’; fo|kFkhZ dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djuk gSA
vr% nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ikB~;Øe ds }kjk
rks fo|kFkhZ dks dsoy lS)kfUrd Kku gh fn;k tkrk gS tcfd
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ dks O;ogkfjd vuqHko
iznku fd;s tkrs gSa ftuds fy, fo|kFkhZ dks lewg ,oa usr`Ro
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
‘’k
‚¥Œ÷¸ ª˝¥Õ
1-vxzoky] okbZ0 ih0 ¼1988½ % ^LVsfVfLVDl eSFkM~l dUlsIV~l ,Iyhds'ku ,.M dEI;wVs'ku* LVfyZax ifCy'kj izkbosV fyfeVsM] U;w nsgyh] i`"B 134&136A 2- vLFkkuk] ch0
,oa vkj0 ,u0 vxzoky] ¼1981½ % euksfoKku vkSj f’k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu] fouksn iqLrd eafnj vkxjk] i`"B 126&127A 3- dfiy] ,p0 ds0 ¼1986½ %lkaf[;dh ds ewy
rRo( fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk] i`"B 177A 4-djfyaxj] ,Q0 ,u0 ¼1978½ % ^Qkm.Ms’ku vkWQ fogsfo;jy fjlpZ(* U;w;kdZ ;qfuoflZVh lqjthr ifCyds'kUl] deykuxj] fnYyh]
i`"B 311A 5-xqIrk] ,l0 ih0 ¼1997½ % lkaf[;dh fof/k;k¡( 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn] i`"B 309A 6-xSfjV] bZ0 gsujh ¼1989½ % f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa lkaf[;dh ds iz;ksx]
dY;k.kh ifCy’klZ & ch & 15] 16 lsDVj 8 uks,Mk] mRrj izns’k] i`"B 236A 7-tks'kh] jtuh ¼2005½ % ^fo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa laxBu]* 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn] i`"B 111A
8- cqp] ,e0 ch0 ¼1983½ % ^FkMZ losZ bu ,twds'ku* ,u0 lh0 bZ0 vkj0 Vh0] ubZ fnYyhA 9- cqp] ,e0 ch0 ¼1983&1988½ % ^QksFkZ losZ vkWQ fjlpZ bu ,twds'ku* okY;we 1
o 2A 10-csLV] tkWu0 MCY;w ¼1982½ % ^fjlpZ bu ,twds'ku* ubZ fnYyh] izsafVl gkWy vkWQ bf.M;k] izk0 fyfeVsM] i`"B 270A 11- lqf[;k] ,l0 ih0 ¼1996½ % fo|ky; iz'kklu]
laxBu ,oa LokLF; f'k{kk] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk] i`"B 136A 12-‘kekZ] ,0 ds0 ¼1997½ %
46

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
‡ÊÊappleäÊ ¬òÊ-Á‡ÊˇÊÊ
vkSfpR; %
x.kos”k] detksj oxksZa dks Nk=o`fr] izfrHkkoku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
** f”k{kk jfgr ukjh dk lekt esa dksbZ vfLrRo ugha Nk=o`fÙk ,oa ,d fdyksehVj dh ifjf/k esa izkFkfed fo|ky;]
gksrk gSA vr% f”kf{kr ukjh lekt dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj rhu fdyksehVj dh ifjf/k esa ek/;fed fo|ky;] lkr fdyksehVj
vf”kf{kr ukjh lekt ,oa jk’Vª dh mUufr esa vojks/kd gksrh gSA dh ifjf/k esa gkbZLdwy] X;kjg fdyksehVj dh ifjf/k esa gk;j
f”kf{kr efgyk;sa gh jk’Vª ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh lsds.Mjh fo|ky;] fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa dU;kvksa ds fy;s dLrwjok
gSaA ukjh f”k{kk ds lEcU/k eas lu~ 1902 esa **bf.M;u ,T;wds”ku fo|ky;] detksj oxksZa ds Nk= Nk=kvksa ds fy;s vkJe “kkyk,W¡
deh”ku** ds ;s “kCn mYys[kuh; gSa] **ukjh f'k{kk cgqr fiNM+h ,oa Nk=kokl tSls izksRlkgu tud dk;ZØeksa ls “kr izfr”kr
gqbZ fLFkfr esa gSA izR;sd oS/kkfud rjhds ls bldk lq/kkj gksuk f”kf{kr ,oa l`tu”khy ukxfjd cukus ds lrr~ iz;kl py jgs
pkfg;sA** Lora=rk ds i”pkr~ fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ,oa gSaA
mUufr ds lHkh lEHko iz;Ru fd;s x;sA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds thou ds izR;sd {ks= &egkfo|ky;ksa] foKku dh iz;ksx”kkykvksa]
vuqlkj Hkkjr Lora=] yksdra=kRed jkT; gS tks fd U;k;] cSadksa] vLirkyksa vkfn esa viuh dk;Z{kerk fn[kkdj mUgksaus fl)
Lora=rk] lekurk] vkSj Hkzkr`Ro ds pkj iq’V LrEHkksa ij vk/kkfjr dj fn;k gS fd os iq:’kksa ds led{k gh ugha dHkh&dHkh muls
gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 15 ds vuqlkj nksuksa fyaxksa dks leku Js’B izn”kZu Hkh djrh gSaA orZeku le; eas dsUnz “kklu ,oa jkT;
vf/kdkj izkIr gaSA fL=;ksa dks fo”ks’k lqfo/kk;sa iznku djus ds fy;s “kklu }kjk la;qDr :i ls ckfydkvksa ds fgr esa fofo/k
jkT;ksa dks iw.kZ vf/kdkj gSA ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds lEcU/k esa fooj.k dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,sa pykbZ tk jgh gSaA bu ;kstukvksa esa
nsrs gq;s vuqPNsn 14] 15] 16 esa fcuk fdlh fyax Hksn ds lHkh fo”ks’kr% ckfydk f”k{kk] efgyk l”kDrhdj.k] efgyk i

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
mn~ns’; %
rkfydk Øekad&1 ,oa xzkQ&1 ls Li’V gS fd x.kuk
1- gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij ckydksa dh
339.5
miyfC/k dk irk yxkukA 2-gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk ds ifj.kkeksa
350
300
300
ds vk/kkj ij ckfydkvksa dh Js’B miyfC/k dk irk yxkukA 3-
250
gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk esa ckfydkvksa dh Js’B miyfC/k ds dkj.kksa
200
dk irk yxkukA 4- gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk esa xzkeh.k ,oa “kgjh
150
72 77.5
Lrj ij ckydksa dh miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
100
5- gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk esa xzkeh.k ,oa “kgjh Lrj ij
50
0
ckfydkvksa dh miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
e/;eku ekud fopyu
ifjdYiuk,¡ %
ckfydk,¡ ckyd
1- ckyd rFkk ckfydkvksa ds gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kkvksa dh miyfC/ ls izkIr C.R. dk eku 3-73 vk;k gS tks fd lkFkZdrk Lrj 0-
k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gksrkA 2- xzkeh.k ckyd] ckfydkvksa 05 ;k 5% ds eku 1-97 rFkk 0-01 ;k 1% ds eku 2-60 ls
ds gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kkvksa dh miyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha
gksrkA 3- “kgjh ckyd] ckfydkvksa ds gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kkvksa dh
miyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gksrkA 4- ckydksa dh rqyuk esa
ckfydkvksa esa f”k{kk ds izfr psruk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
fof/k %
“kks/k v/;;u gsrq losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
U;kn’kZ %
U;kn”kZ gsrq ;kn`fPNd fof/k dks viuk;k x;k ,oa bl “kks/
k v/;;u dks dsoy f”koiqjh ftys ds “kkldh; fo|ky;ksa ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd lhfer fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u esa dsoy f”koiqjh
ftys ds 05 “kgjh ,oa 05 xzkeh.k d{kk&9 ls 12 rd ds fo|ky;ksa
dks “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA p;fur fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds d{kk&10 ds
gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk ¼o’kZ 2008&2009½ ds ijh{kk ifj.kkeksa dks
vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gSA izR;sd fo|ky; ls 20 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk
p;u fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ 10 ckyd ,oa 10 ckfydkvksa dks
izR;sd fo|ky;ksa ls fy;k x;k gSA izR;sd fo|ky; ls 4 f”k{kd
rFkk ,d izkpk;Z vFkkZr~ 40 f”k{kd rFkk 10 izkpk;ksaZ dks v/;;u
esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
midj.k %
f”k{kdksa rFkk izkpk;kZsa gsrq midj.k ds :i esa LofufeZr iz”ukoyh
,oa lajfpr lk{kkRdkj izi= dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
lkaf[;dh; fof/k;k¡ %
“kks/k fu’d’kksZa dh izkfIr gsrq e/;eku] izkekf.kd fopyu
,oa Økafrd vuqikr dk vkJ; fy;k x;k gSA
izeq[k miyfC/k;k¡ %
rkfydk Øekad&1
xzkeh.k ,oa “kgjh ckyd&ckfydkvksa ds gkbZLdwy cksMZ
ijh{kk ds izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku] ekud fopyu dk
rqyukRed v/;;u
S.No. Student M S.D. S.E d.
C.R.
1- ckfydk,sa 339-5 72 10-58 3-73
2- ckyd 300 77-5
xzkQ Øekad&1
O;k[;k %
60
T;knk izkIr gqvk gSA vr% nksuksa gh fo”okl Lrjksa ij izFke
ifjdYiuk ^^xzkeh.k ,oa “kgjh ckyd rFkk ckfydkvksa ds
gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kkvksa dh miyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha
gksrkA** vlR; izekf.kr gksrh gSA blfy;s “kwU; ifjdYiuk dks
vLohd`r fd;k tkrk gS
rkfydk Øekad&2
xzkeh.k ckyd&ckfydkvksa ds gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk ds
izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku] ekud fopyu dk rqyukRed
v/;;u
S.No. Student M S.D. S.E d.
C.R.
1- ckfydk,sa 326 66-5
2- ckyd 270 62
xzkQ Øekad&2
O;k[;k %
rkfydk Øekad&2 ,oa xzkQ&2 ls Li’V gS fd x.kuk ls
‘’kks/k leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu
3 5 0
3 0 0
2 5 0
2 0 0
1 5 0
1 0 0
5 0
0
3 2 6
2 7 0
e /; e ku
c kfy d k, ¡
6 6 .5 6 2
e ku d fop y u
c ky d
izkIr C.R. dk eku 4-35 vk;k gS tks fd lkFkZdrk Lrj 0-05
;k 5% ds eku 1-98 rFkk 0-01 ;k 1% ds eku 2-63 ls T;knk
izkIr gqvk gSA vr% nksuksa gh fo”okl Lrjksa ij gekjh f}rh;
ifjdYiuk & ^^xzkeh.k ckyd] ckfydkvksa ds gkbZLdwy cksMZ
ijh{kkvksa dh miyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gksrk gSA** vlR;
izekf.kr gksrh gSA blfy, “kwU; ifjdYiuk dks vLohd`r fd;k
tkrk gSA rkfydk Øekad&3 “kgjh ckyd&ckfydkvksa ds

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk ds izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku] ekud fopyu
iznf”kZr djrk gS fd ckfydkvksa esa f”k{kk ds izfr psruk ckydksa
dk rqyukRed v/;;u
dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA 5- rkfydk Øekad&1 esa xzkeh.k
S.No. Student M S.D. S.E d.
C.R.
,oa “kgjh Lrj ij ckyd ,oa ckfydkvkas dh miyfC/k dk
1- ckfydk,sa 353 74-5
rqyukRed v/;;u muds gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk ds izkIrkadksa ds
2- ckyd 330 79-5
e/;eku ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;kA blls ;g fu’d’kZ fudyrk
xzkQ Øekad&3
gS fd “kgjh {ks= ds ckydksa dk izn”kZu xzkeh.k {ks= ds ckydksa
O;k[;k %
ls vf/kd Js’B gSA lkFk gh “kgjh {ks= dh ckfydkvksa dk izn”kZu
rkfydk&3 ,oa xzkQ&3 ls Li’V gS fd C.R. dk eku 1-
xzkeh.k {ks= dh ckfydkvksa ls Js’B gSA
lq>ko % izkIr iznÙkksa ds fo”ys’k.k ls fu’d’kZ ds vk/kkj ij
4 0 0
3 5 3
3 3 0
3 5 0
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vPNs ijh{kk ifj.kke ds fy;s fo|kfFkZ;ksa] f”k{kdksa]
3 0 0
izkpk;ksaZ ,oa iz”kklu gsrq dqN Bksl ,oa izk;ksfxd lq>ko fuEu
2 5 0
2 0 0
gSa &
1 5 0
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s lq>ko % 1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo|ky; fu;fer
7 4 . 5 7 9 . 5
1 0 0
vkuk pkfg;sA 2-fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izfrfnu fu;fer :i ls xzgdk;Z
5 0
0
djuk pkfg;sA 3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe dh iw.kZ rS;kjh
e / ; e k u e k u d f o p y u
c kfy d k, ¡
c ky d
djuk pkfg;sA 4- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le;≤ ij lacaf/kr fo’k;
49 vk;k gS tks fd lkFkZdrk Lrj 0-05 ;k 5% ds eku 1-98 rFkk f”k{kd ls fo’k; ij fopkj foe”kZ djuk pkfg;sA 5- fo|ky;
0-01 ;k 1% ds eku 2-63 ls de izkIr gqvk gSA vr% nksuksa gh dh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysuk pkfg;sA 6- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
fo”okl Lrjksa ij gekjh r`rh; ifjdYiuk & ^^”kgjh ckyd] vius v/;;u ds izfr #fp tkxzr djuk pkfg;sA 7- ckfydkvksa
ckfydkvksa ds gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kkvksa dh miyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd
varj ugha gksrk gSA** lR; izekf.kr gksrh gSA blfy;s “kwU; ifjdYiuk
dks Lohd`r fd;k tkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ ladfyr iznÙkksa ds fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa ds
vk/kkj ij ifjdYiuk dh lR;rk dh tk¡p dh xbZ] ftleas
fuEufyf[kr fu’d’kZ izkIr gq;s %&
1-rkfydk Øekad&1 ls fu’d’kZ fudyrk gS fd gkbZLdwy cksMZ
ijh{kk esa “kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k Lrj ij ckfydkvksa dk miyfC/k Lrj
ckydksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gSA 2-rkfydk Øekad&2 ls fu’d’kZ
fudyrk gS fd xzkeh.k Lrj ij gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk esa
ckfydkvksa dk miyfC/k Lrj ckydksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gSA
3-rkfydk Øekad&3 ls ;g fu’d’kZ fudyrk gS fd “kgjh Lrj
ij gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk esa e/;eku ds vk/kkj ij ckfydkvksa
dk miyfC/k Lrj ckydksa dh vis{kk vf/kd rks gS fdUrq mlesa
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 4- “kks/k dh rkfydk Øekad&14 esa f”k{kdksa
ls izkIr vfHker ls ;g fu’d’kZ fudyrk gS fd d{kkxr xfrfof/
k;ksa rFkk ekfld] =Sekfld] v)Zokf’kZd ,oa okf’kZd ijh{kkvksa esa
ckfydkvksa dk izn”kZu ckydksa dh rqyuk esa mÙke jgk gS tks
dks “kklu }kjk muds fgr esa pykbZ tk jgh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa
dk iwjk&iwjk ykHk mBkdj vkSj vf/kd tkx#d ukxfjd cuus
dk lrr~ iz;kl djuk pkfg;s rkfd os ns”k dh eq[;/kkjk ls
tqM+dj ns”k ds fodkl esa viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku ns ldsaA
f'k{kdksa ds fy;s lq>ko %
1- f”k{kdksa dks mfpr ,oa O;kid f”k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg;sA 2- f”k{k.k dk;Z i)fr #fpdj rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vf/
kdkf/kd lgHkkfxrk ;qDr gksuh pkfg;sA 3-fu/kkZfjr le; lhek
esa ikB~;Øe iw.kZ djokdj iqujko`fÙk djkuk pkfg;sA 4-le;≤
ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ewY;kadu dj mudh leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k
djuk pkfg;sA 5-fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds izfr ,d ekxZn”kZd o lg;ksxh ds
:i esa Lo;a dks izLrqr djuk pkfg;sA 6-fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fo’k; ds izfr
#fp tkxzr djus gsrq le;≤ ij fofHkUu fØ;kdyki
vk;ksftr djuk pkfg;sA
7- f”k{kdksa dks uohu Kku ls voxr gksdj f”k{k.k esa mldk
iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA 8- le;≤ ij fn;s tkus okys izf”k{k.kksa
ls vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk mBkdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fgr esa mudk
iz;ksx djsaA9- fo’k;oLrq dk v/;;u djkrs le; mls vkl&ikl
ds ifjos”k ls tksM+us dk iz;kl djuk pkfg;sA
‚¥Œ÷¸ ª˝¥Õ
1- v’Bkuk fofiu ,oa vxzoky jkeukjk;.k] euksfoKku vkSj f”k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu]fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk 2 HkVukxj lqjs”k] f”k{kk euksfoKku] lw;kZ ifCyds”ku] esjB 1996
3- HkVukxj ,oa HkVukxj] f”k{kk vuqla/kku] ykW;y cqd fMiks] esjBA 4-ikBd ih-Mh-] f”k{kk euksfoKku] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk 1985 5-ik.Ms; jke”kdy] ubZ f”k{kk uhfr] fouksn
iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk 6-JhokLro jekdkUr] Hkkjrh; f”k{kk izdk”ku xxZ cznlZ izFke laaLdj.k 19607-lqf[k;k ,l-ih-] “kSf{kd vuqla/kku ds ewy vkj- yky cqd fMiks] esjBA9-JhokLro]
MkW- Mh-,u-]vuqla/kku izfof/k;k¡]lkfgR; Hkou izdk”ku] vkxjkA 10-jk;] ikjlukFk] vuqla/kku ,d ifjp; y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky] vkxjkA 11-jk; ikjlukFk]f”k{kk vuqla/kku vkj-ykycqd
fMiks esjB 12-oekZ] MkW- izhfr euksfoKku vkSj f”k{kk esa lkaf[;dh;] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjkA
61
SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
Research Paper—Commerce
GENERATION OF EMPLOYABILITY
THROUGH COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION : OPPORTUNITIES &
CHALLENGES
* Dr. M. N. Sondge
* Deptt. of Commerce & Management, Dnyanopasak College, Parbhani (M.S.)
Introduction :
Education is an effective tool of social and
economic change. Creative education encourage the
original thoughts and inventions to remove social evils.
Dr. Vijay Bhatkar, stated that education is essential to
make India supper power, accordingly quality education,
is essential using modern techniques. A senior
educationist Dr. Ram Takwale said that educational facility
not to confined to a particular because of cost based
education. Dr. Radhakrishnan stated that education
solves the major problems of the society and country as
a whole. The then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru opined that nothing can happen wrong with the
nation, if all is well with colleges and universities. Indeed
India is struggling for 8% GDP, removal of poverty &
unemployment and secure atleast one percent share in
international trade.
Govt. of India spent about 4.3% of GDP on
education against required investment of 6%. Negligible
expenditure incurred on higher education for example
0.37% in 2003-04. Unfortunately, India ranks 115th all
over world in expenditure on education. Though, India
have 348 universities, 18000 colleges and about 5 lakh
teachers, the enrollment in higher education is about 9%
of students in the age group of 18-25 yrs. as compared
to over 50% in developed countries, 30% in middle income
countries and 23% world average. It is great
disappointment, that no one Indian university secured
place in top 100 universities in the world. Being first, the
Sydenham commerce college established in Mumbai in
1939, then number of colleges offering commerce
education reached to 1600 in 1999 of which about 150
were merely commerce college. About 1400 B. schools
having intake capacity 70000-85000 seats play leading
role in management education. A recent study disclosed
that just 40% college have 2F and 12B position and 20%
face NAAC. Only 9 universities and 97 colleges secured
CPE status of UGC, acknowledging the severe problem
of higher education in the country.
Education on Agenda : Dr. Radhakrishnan said that
national integration not built by bricks and mortar, it can
August, 2010
done by education. After 61 yrs of independence, UPA
Govt. passed resolution to implement free and
compulsory education to children in the age group of 6
to 14 yrs. It has great significance because India is home
to one of the largest contingents of un-lettered people
in the world. So, overall funding for education in XI plan
amount to Rs. 2.5 lakh crores a four-fold increase over
Xth plan and Rs. 84774 crores for higher education may
considered fruitful. WB, recognized that basic education
is a key to removing poverty. PM Manmohan Singh
rightly said that at least a fifth of our children will go to
college as compared to one tenth now, for that we have
taken revolutionary decision to have 5 Indian institutes
of sciences and research, 20 Indian institutes of IT, 8 IIT,
7 IIM, 30 central universities, 6000 high quality schools,
370 colleges, 10000 vocational schools and 50000 new
skill development centres.
Challenges :
It is obvious that, Govt. is withdrawing the
financial support from higher education and favours
FDI, PPP in education, cost base education and nonaided
institutes. As tuition fees is the main source of
funds, private institutions charges heavy fees, where
common students can't offered losing the opportunities
and employability. How we can talk about public good?
Majority academic institutions could not offer quality
education like IIT and IIM. In such a poor academic
atmosphere, we can't expect skill development and
employability of the students in India.Teaching is
purposeful imparting of information and skills to another
individual or group. Prominent institutions like IIM, IIT
discarded lecture method and concentrated on practicals.
But many colleges face acute problems in introducing
and implementing practical as part of syllabus. Govt.
should take it seriously and make special financial
provision for both the syllabus and personality
development-based practicals especially in Arts and
Commerce faculty. This will help to encourage the
development of skills and employability among the
students. In addition educational institutions, teachers,
parents and students even should take initiative in the
10
‘’kks/k leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
same direction.Different curricular, co-curricular and extra and understand the situation for success. Soft skills can
curricular activities like industrial visit, seminar, test, be taught as part of curriculum. There is ample scope to
tutorial, assignment, college day, guest lectures, group develop skills through practical based courses in
discussions, interviews, competitive exams, industrial commerce and management.
and social survey, student-parent meet, report writing, Conclusions : No country can render quality education
students conference and work shops, on job training, and employability of the students unless the teachers
project work, quiz, students forum, wall posters, are competent and committed to job. Teachers should
educational tour etc. will enhance the employability of adopt modern teaching techniques, audio visual aids,
the students if we implement it strictly and honestly. Soft case study, LCD projectors etc for effective teaching.
skills development programmes like communication skill, Laboratory concept be introduced in Arts and Commerce
negotiation, problem, solving, role play, computer like Science and special funds to be provided for well
awareness, English language, team building, stress furnished and equipped laboratories. The step taken by
management, self esteem, time management, develop UPA Govt. in education and skill development in XIth
positive attitude, adaptability, self discipline, common plan is no doubt appreciable in the interest of nation.
sense, reading, understanding, writing, listening etc. They have to raise sufficient funds to do so, and not to
skills will enrich the quality of education and employability avoid responsibility in such important field like education
of the students. Sirini Krishnamurty observed that India and training. It is said that a picture is equal to 1000
has substantial work force, about 3.5 million graduates words, a visit is equal to 10000 words, accordingly
pass out from colleges every year, but they are not practicals should be introduced in course content, to
translated in to an employable talent pool. Nikhil fulfil the requirement of skill development, which was
Indrasenan Head MA FOI academy, pointed that almost favoured in national education policy 1986. Under the
50% of today's graduates are considered unemployable. name of GATS, education becoming tradable commodity.
Hence, the teaching faculties, students, management, We require globally competent institutions to satisfy
principals, parents, corporate leaders, training world wide requirement of skilled man power. It calls
institutions, management committees and Govt. itself great attention from policy maker to invest funds in
should contrive intensively for an effective education education considering significant results and declare
and skill development programme, so that India will the incentives to teachers, academic leaders, contributing
become academically and economically super power in efforts in this regard. The country is now in the urgent
the world.
need of trained and skilled manpower to continue the
Opportunities : This is the age of commerce and units efficiently with competence.
management education. It play positive role in economic Soft skills development programme, placement
development of the nation, allocating and using available cells, industry-institution interface, faculty exchange
resources at optimum level. It helps to under stood programme from leading academic institutions like IIM,
factors influencing the organization by providing tools counseling and guidance centres on job training etc at
and techniques for the success. It provides employment college and institution level will add more in making
and self employment opportunities and reduces the gap available competent manpower, ensuring employability
between haves and have nots. Management institution of Arts and commerce students. Govt. is expected to
produce skilled manpower to satisfy the need, in and out boost financial support to introduce and implement such
side the country. It is matter of pride that IIM ranked at programmes in the interest of students.Management
68th position in the top 100 universities in the world.Soft committees, principal, and teacher also required to
skills improves communication skills, quality of formulate prudential plan for skill development and take
relationship, making people ready to accept changes the responsibility to implement the same.
R E F E R E N C E
1. Philip G. Altbach & N. Naryan, Creation of World Class universities Business Line, 23.10.2008. 2.Deshpande S.G., WTO, GATS
and Comm. Edu. ICA, Indore, 26-28 Dec. 2004 3. Desai Jeewan, Higher Education, Kirti Prkashan, A'bad, 2004. 4. Kochhar S.
K. Methods and Techniques of Teaching, Sterling Pub. Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 1988, p.10 5.Chakraborty Manishankar, Soft Skills
and Employability, Ind.Exp. 25.9.2008. 6.Vasnik N.S, Employability Index, Ind.Exp. 6.12.2007 7.Sudhakar Ram, Tomorrows
Talent, B. Line 15.9.2008 8.Pawar R.S, Educate the Mass, Time of India, 9.10.2007 9.Patil J.F. & etc. Indian Higher Education,
Samaj Probodhan, Prakashan, Oct-Nov. 2007 10.News, Modern Educaiton, Ind. Exp. 17.8.2007
11 SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
Research Paper- Commerce
Establishment:-
Kolhapur Zilla Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh
Ltd., a Co-operative organization that is radically known
for its most prominent brand ‘Gokul’ which makes the
day of millions of Indians early in the morning. It is the
brand which remains one of the most cherished and
delightful… whose every drop in itself is an authentic
evidence of impeccable taste, highest purity and
unmatched quality. The brand GOKUL made its foray on
16 th march,1963 through a small beginning but envisioned
immense vigor, enthusiasm and striking speed for
growth. The Gokul Co-op milk union has enthusiastically
implemented professional management funda to bring
Socio-Economic change in milk producer farmers life.
The Growth of Organisation :
After initial hiccups, in the year 1978, the
National Dairy Development Board selected the
Kolhapur Milk Union for their ambitious ‘Operation
Flood Programme’ (OF). As a pre-requisite condition for
the funding, the Government Dairy with a capacity of
40,000 liters per day, was to be handed over to the
cooperative. The State Govt. agreed for the same,
however, because of certain issues, the actual handing
over was completed in the year 1985. During this period,
i.e. from 1978 to 1985, the OF Programme took up and the
milk collection which was in the range of 2.5 lakh liters
per day, reached to a peak of 4.5 llpd. Because of the
delay in the handing over of the dairy plant, NDDB
agreed to provide funds for establishment of a new dairy
plant with a capacity of 2.00 llpd. The State Govt. gave
a collateral guarantee for the funds given by NDDB to
Kolhapur Milk Union under OF programme. While
handing over the dairy plant, the State Govt. contributed
a share capital of Rs.35,47,200/- in the form of land,
building & machinery of this plant, which was returned
by the Kolhapur milk union in the year 2001.
Existing:
At present the Gokul dairy has got a capacity
to handle 7.00 lakh liters of milk on daily basis. In
addition, the main dairy can also produce 40 MTs of Milk
Powder on daily basis, making a total handling capacity
of around 11.00 lakh liters of milk per day. Besides, the
dairy has milk products manufacturing capacities for
25
KOLHAPUR ZILLA SAHAKARI DUDH UTPADAK
SANGH LTD. KOLHAPUR GOKUL DAIRY – A
REVIEW.
*Mr. Jaywant R. Patil
E-2, Nirupam Housing Society No. 1, Pune – (Maharashtra)
August, 2010
Butter, Ghee, Shrikhand and some indigenous products,
the details of the same are given below:
Since the Kolhapur Dudh Sangh is operating in the
district of Kolhapur, apart from the main dairy at Kolhapur,
Milk & Milk products manufacturing
capacities Vs. Production: (2008-09)
Name of the Capacity MT/Day Production
Product
White butter 24 2723 MT
Ghee 6 449 KL
Table Butter 3 498 MT
Srikhand 1 119 MT
Milk Powder 40 2401 MT
Paneer 1 21 MT
Curd 2 38 MT
Lassi 2 33 KL
Cooking Butter 0.5 37 MT
there are four Chilling Centers with a capacity to chill
50,000 to 1.00 lakh liters of milk per day, and the same are
located at Bidri, Gadhinglaj, Tawarewadi and Gogave.
The milk is collected from about 3500 village level primary
cooperative member societies through 227 hired tempos.
The entire milk is processed at main dairy, Kolhapur, and
then sent for marketing in the cities of Pune and Mumbai,
where milk union has a modern Packing Station. From
the main dairy, milk is sold in consumer pack for the cities
like Kolhapur, Ratnagiri & Konkan, and adjoining towns
of Sangli, Satara, Karad, Belgaum etc.
STATIONWISE MILK SALES (2008-09)
Brand Name " Gokul Milk"
During the year 2008-09, the milk union collected 5.09
lakh liters of milk on daily basis, with a peak of 6.12 lakh
liters per day and minimum of 4.42 lakh liters per day from
3054 DCS. Out of the total milk collected, nearly 70% is
Particulars
Milk Sale(LPD)
Local sale 1,09,710
Pune 55,300
Mumbai 4,30,770
Loose sale(Mahasangh) 3,200
Total 6,27,780
SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
from Buffalo, having average quality of Buffalo milk-
7.4% Fat & 9.5% SNF, and that of Cow is 4.2% Fat & 8.6%
SNF. To meet this market demand of liquid milk, Gokul
purchased 1.05 lakh liters of milk daily from other Co-op.
dairies.
TECHNICAL INPUT ACTIVITIES:
Animal Husbandry :- In order to improve and maintain
the health of the Cows and Buffaloes of the district,
Gokul provides Animal Treatment facility through 60
well-qualified Veterinary Doctors operating from 36
different centers located in the district of Kolhapur.
Through these services, Milk Union’s Doctor visits
every village society, once in fortnight. Besides, Gokul
also operates emergency Veterinary Services on call
basis and these services are offered round the clock and
through out the year. On an average, around Rs.4.5
Crores are spent on animal husbandry activities.
The Veterinary Section also undertakes vaccination
drives and also celebrates “Deworming Week” as a step
towards preventive measures against Diseases.
A.I. Services: Besides the Veterinary Services, Gokul
has full-fledged division to look after the breeding
TECHNICAL INPUT ACTIVITIES:- (2008-09)
Animal Husbandry :
Title
Nos.
• Mobile Veterinary Clinics 36
• Mobile Veterinary Clinic
26
- Cases Treated 2,29,759
- Emergency Cases 1,04,388
• Societies Covered Under 3,054
A.H. Services
• Villages Covered Under 1,505
A.H. Services
• Artificial Insemination 401
Centers
- Cluster Centers
• Artificial Insemination Done 53,770
- Cow
- Buffalo 1,03,800
activities. At present, the A.I. Services are provided
through around 401 centers, which are manned by welltrained
A.I. Workers. On a average, 1.5 lakh A.I.s are
performed and annually 30,000 to 35,000 improved
varieties female calves are borne.
Fodder Development Activities: In order to provide
proper nutrition to the animals, Gokul also provides
support for Fodder Development activities through
supplying improved varieties Fodder Seeds, and also
Fodder Saplings along with Chaff Cutter. During the
year 2008-09, a total of 130 tonne of fodder seeds were
distributed and 35,000 Sets of Saplings and 2600 hand
fodder cutters and 110 machine driver Chaff Cutters
were provided to the farmers.
Calf Rearing Scheme: In order to increase the production
and procurement of milk, the above-mentioned activities
has not given desired results. As such, in order to boost
the per animal productivity, Gokul has started a unique
Calf Rearing Scheme. Under this scheme, a subsidy of
Rs.2,000/- for Cow heifer and Rs.4,000/- for Buffalo heifer,
is given to the beneficiary. Once the A.I. borne calf gates
pregnant by 22 months (18+4) in case of Cow and 40
months (36+4) in case of Buffalo. As on date Gokul has
got registered nearly 86,000 Cows under this scheme.
Milk Replacer and Calf Starter: The local animal yield
2-3 liters of milk per day. A newly born calf needs approx
2 to 3 liters of milk, depending on the body weight and
growth. Since the farmer gets about Rs.10/- per liter for
Cow milk and around Rs.17/- per liter for Buffalo milk, he
normally sales entire quantity of milk and deprives the
calf of nutritious. In order to salvage the situation,
Gokul, through its own R&D has developed and filed for
patent, a unique product named as “Milk Replacer”. The
cost of milk manufactured with the help of Milk Replacer,
works out to Rs.4.00 to Rs.5.00 per liter. It may be noted
that Gokul is the first cooperative in the country has got
patent registered with govt. of India. The patent No. is
228679.
Calf Starter: In order to help the speedy development
of the Rumen of the calf, Gokul has also introduced a
feed called “Calf Starter”. This feed triggers the
development of four compartments of the rumen of
newly borne calves.
Mineral Mixture: Gokul has also developed area specific
mineral mixture compound based on the soil mapping
exercise conducted with the help of National Dairy
Development Board.
Cattle Feed: To meet the Nutritional requirement of the
animals, the Cattle Feed plant of 200 MT per day capacity
was commissioned under the OF programme of NDDB.
This plant is being used on full capacity and presently
we are purchasing daily around 25-30 MT of Cattle Feed
from other Cooperatives as well as private Cattle feed
Plants in the vicinity. The work for new 300 MT per day
capacity Cattle Feed plant with a total outlay of Rs.23
Crores, is under construction at MIDC (five star) Kagal.
Gokul Gram Vikas Yojana: With an aim to improve the
overall living condition of the farmer, a unique ‘Gokul
Gram Vikas Yojana’ was initiated by Gokul in the year
1989. Under this scheme, various programmes like Clean
Milk Production, Men Development, Women
Development ,Training for the Society members,
Training of the Society Office Bearers etc., is being
‘’kks/k leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
CATTLE FEED PLANT ( 2008-09 )
• Plant Capacity
200 MT /DAY
• Brand Name
Mahalaxmi
• Production
74,722.00 M.T.
• Per day average own 64.00 M.T.
production
• Sales
73,832.00 M.T.
• Per day average sale 204.00 M.T.
• Societies Covered
conducted. As on date nearly 2.5 lakh farmers, both men
as well as women are trained under this scheme. Since
2005 the structure of Gokul gram vikas yojana works
under two segments given in table below.
Women Self Help Group: Through the Women Dairy
Programme, Gokul has organized more than 991 SHG of
Women with a total membership of around 19,243 women.
During 2008-09, these SHG’s have handled more than
Rs.2.5 Crore through their Savings.
P.F.Scheme for Milk Producers: In order to help the
farmer in his old age, a unique P.F.Scheme for the milk
producers was initiated during 2005. Under this scheme,
for a every liter of milk supplied by the farmer, contribution
of 10 paise per liter is collected and 10 paise from the
village society and 10 paise per liter from milk union is
Gokul Gram Vikas Yojana (2008-09)
• The programme was in operation from 1989
to 2005
• The main highlight was “Extensive Extension
Education”
• No. of Villages covered - 1076
• Details of Participants - 2,74,473
Society Building Programme (w.e.f. 2005)
Training Typ Programmes Participants
Men Training 319 16,063
• Women Training 331 23,864
• Committee Visioning 343 3,873
Prog.
3,050.00 Nos
• Cleanliness Contests 302 4,779
• Sahakarmanch Porg. 329 6,658
added to this kitty. The entire amount along with the
interest would be paid back to the farmer on his attaining
the age of 60 years.
Financial Position: Out of Rs.51 Crores authorized
Share Capital, Gokul has nearly Rs.35 Crores paid-up
Share capital. Against this, reserve fund of Rs.35 Crores
have been created. Though the sale of milk and milk
DETAILS OF WOMEN DAIRY PROJECT (2008-09)
• The programme is in 1,995
operation Since
• No. of Villages Covered 395
• No. of Thrif Groups 991
(Bachat Gat)
• No. of Prog. Organized 3,414
• No. of Participants 1,47,012
products, Gokul receives around Rs.One Crore on daily
basis and payment to milk producers on per day basis
works out to be Rs.80/- lakh, which is paid to the farmers
on every 10 th days. The turnover is about 700 Crores and
6.00 Crores profit for 2008-09.
Since last 20 years Gokul is getting Audit Class “A”
for its financial statements Training Centre : Gokul is
having its own training centre established in 1984 funded
by NDDB, its utility is 100%. Including Maharashtra the
adjacent States like Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh are
taking advantage of Anand Pattern Dairy Co-op.
working.
Awards : Since 1988-89, Gokul has received 13 National
Productivity Council Awards by Govt. of India, New
Delhi for its exclusive work in milk quality, milk products,
milk production, cattle feed production and extensive
Sr. Training Programme
No.of Participants
No.
1 AI & First Aid Trg. 1478
2 Dairy Co-op Secretary 3182
3 Dairy co-op women Secretary Trg. 415
4 Management Committee Trg. 3419
5 Women Committee Member Trg. 421
6 Ext. Supervisor Trg. 527
7 Milko Tester Trg. 974
8 Milk Collectors Trg. 167
9 Women Milk Producer Trg. 575
10 Personality Dev. Trg. Prog. .
827
11 Fodder Dev. Trg. 357
12 Refresher Trg.& need base 610
13 Farmers induction Prog. 4331
Total 17283
Extension Work. As Gokul is market leader, we more
concentrate on quality under the guidance and
assistance of NDDB. Gokul has to its cap the credit of
being an IS/ISO 9000:2000 & IS:15000:1998 Quality
Management and Food Safety System certified dairy
which is also approved by Export Inspection Council.
Gokul is on its way towards capturing the global market.
We have exported our quality products to Srilanka and
Gulf countries.
27
SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
‡ÊÊappleäÊ ¬òÊ- flÊÁáÊíÿ
n¥Ïdr Vbmda _mZdOmV gd©loð> Amho. `m _mZdmg ~wpÜX {_imbobr
Agë`mZo AmXr_ AdñWoV AgVm§ZmM _mZdmZo gm_m{OH$ H$ama Ho$bm
H$maU _mZd OmVrMo g§ajU ìhmdo d gdmªZm gwì`dpñWV OrdZ OJVm
`mdo åhUyZ gdmªÀ`m h¸$m§gmR>r gm_m{OH$ H$ama H$aÊ`mV Ambm. nwT>o
amÁ`ì`dñWm Ambr Ë`mV amOm d ZmJ[aH$ (àOm) `m§À`mV amOmZo
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$mhr A{YH$ma {Xbo. J«rH$ ZJa `m amÁ`mV bmoH$emhr_Ü`o
ZmJarH$m§Zr h¸$m§{df`r MMm© H$ê$Z h¸$ R>adbo. B§½bS>_Ü`o _°ÁZmH$mQ>m©Mr
gZX (Bill of Right) _wio `oWrb ZmJarH$m§À`m h¸$m§Zm _mÝ`Vm
{_imbr. A_oarHo$À`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m OmhraZmå`mZo ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`mMm
nwañH$ma Ho$bm `m gd©o AWH$ à`ËZm§Mr 10 {S>g|~a 1948 amoOr g§`wº$
amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Am_g^oV _m§S>boë`m _mZdr h¸$m§À`m gZXog ñdrH¥$V
Ho$bo d 1950 _Ü`o _mZdr h¸$m§À`m gZXog _mÝ`Vm {_imbr. `wZmoÀ`m
OmhraZmå`mZwgma ZmJarH$m§Zm Amnë`m h¸$m§Mr OmUrd ìhmdr `mgmR>r
10 {S>g|~a hm {Xdg _mZdr h¸$ {XZ åhUyZ nmibm OmVmo.
g§H$ënZm -
$ _mZd h¸$ hr g§H$ënZm Wm°_g noZ `m§À`m H$m°_Z goÝg `m
J«§WmV _m§S>Ê`mV Ambr. A_o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í` `wÜXmZ§Va _mZdr h¸$m§À`m
OmhraZm_m àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 1976 gmbÀ`m `m H«$m§VrZ§Va
13 dfmªZr \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrZo ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm d gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`
`m H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m nmíMmË` XoemVrb CXma_VdmXr MidirMm
{dH$mgm~amo~a órnwéf g_mZVm hm `wamonmVrb gZmVZr {dMmam§Mmhr
ór_wº$s {dMmam§Zm H$_mbrMm {damoY hmoVm. n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmn`ªV
B§½bS>n`ªV {ó`m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm ZìhmVm.
_mZdr h¸$ / A{YH$ma hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVm§Zm EZgm`Šbmo{nS>r`m
{~«Q>mZrH$mV åhQ>bo Amho.()""_mZd åhUyZ ì`º$sbm {ZgJ© {Z`_mZoM Oo
A{YH$ma {_imbobo AgVmV Ë`mbmM _mZdr A{YH$ma () Ago åhUVmV.''
_Zwî`mMr à{Vð>m, ór -nwéfm§Mr g_mZVm Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_Vm d
ñdmV§Í` `mgdmªMm _mZdr A{YH$mamV g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ý`m` Am{U g_Vm
`m _wë`mbm à_mU _mUyZ _Zwî`mbm H$mhr _wb^yV A{YH$ma Agbo
nm{hOo. hm CX²XmÎm {dMma _mZd A{YH$mam_Ü`o A§V^y©V Amho. g§`wº$ amï´>
g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Ü`o` YmoaUm§_Ü`o _mZdm{YH$mam§Zm H|$Ð q~Xÿ _mZbobo Amho.
g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoZo 10 {S>g|~a 1948 amoOr Am_g^oV _mZdm{YH$mamÀ`m
gZVoV ZmJar Am{U amOH$s` h¸$m§~amo~a Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U
gm§ñH¥${VH$ h¸$ hr g_m{dï> Ho$boobo AmhoV.
_mZdr h¸$m§À`m KmofUoV Aer ½dmhr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho H$s,
gd© _mUgo OÝ_V… ñdV§Ì AgyZ d§e, dU©, qbJ, OmV ^mfm Y_© Ë`m§Mr
amOH$s` d AÝ` _Vo H$moUVrhr Agmo Vmo H$moUË`mhr amï´>mVbm qH$dm H$moUË`mhr
78
◊ÊŸflË „UP§ •ÊÁáÊ √ÿÊfl‚ÊÁÿ∑§ ÁŸÁÃ◊ûÊÊ
* ¬˝Ê. ‚È⁄‘U‡Ê •Ê⁄U. fl⁄UÊ«appleU
* flÊÁáÊíÿ Áfl÷ʪ ¬˝◊Èπ, ∑§‹Ê, flÊÁáÊíÿ fl ÁflôÊÊŸ ◊„UÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ’ÊappleŒfl«U, ¡›ªÊ¥fl (◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U)
August, 2010
g_mOmMm, lr_§V, Jar~, OÝ_ñWmZ qH$dm XOm© H$moUVmhr `mn¡H$s H$emMmhr
{dMma ZH$aVm gZXoV {Xbobo gd© h¸$ Ë`mbm àmá hmoVmV. åhUOoM H$moUVmhr
^oXm^oX Z nmiVm _mZdmMo ñdmV§Í` d g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mVM
_mZdm{YH$mamMr g§H$ënZm Adb§~yZ Amho._mZd A{YH$ma åhUOo H$m`
?_mZdmbm OJÊ`mgmR>r, Amdí`H$ pñWVr, g_mZVm, Ý`m`gÝ_mZ d ñdmV§Í`
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo åhUOo _mZdm{YH$ma hmo`.AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhrÀ`m
{dH$mgm~amo~aM _mZdr A{YH$mamg§~§Yr {deof {dMma hmoD$ bmJbm. B§½bS>Mm
amOm Am{U Ë`m XoemMr OZVm `m§À`mV EH$ hOma dfm©hÿZ A{YH$ H$mimn`ªV
Omo g§Kf© Pmbm Ë`m g§Kfm©VyZ AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhrMm CX` Pmbm. gd© àW_
1215 À`m _°¾mMmQ>m© `m gZXoVyZ B§½bS>Mm amOm d àOm `m§À`mV Pmboë`m
H$amamVyZ _mZdr A{YH$mamg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. Ë`mZ§Va 1628 Mo {nQ>reZ Am°\$
amB©Q> 1689 Mo {~b Am°\$ amB©Q> `m B§½b§S>À`m KQ>ZoV _mZd A{YH$mamg§~§Yr
_hËdmÀ`m gZXm hmo` `m gZXm§ìXmao amOmMr gmd©^m¡_ gÎmm _`m©XrV H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Am{U Mdma A{^ì`º$s ñdmV§Í` {Zdm©MZ nÜXVr g§gXoMo gmd©^m¡_Îd
H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` `m§Zm hiyhiy _mÝ`Vm {_imbr.g§`wº$ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _mZdr
A{YH$mam§Mm OmhraZm_m 10 {S>g|~a 1948 amoOr à{gÜX Pmbm. Ë`mZygma
10 {S>g|~a hm {Xdg _mZd A{YH$ma {XZ åhUyZ nmibm OmVmo. dmñV{dH$V…
_mZdr A{YH$m hoM Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma AmhoV.
amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ - ^maVmV _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJmMr
ñWmnZm 27 {S>g|~a 1993 amoOr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m Am`moJmÀ`m
ñWmnZoMm _w»` CÔoe amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo amÁ`m§_Ü`o
_mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo hm hmoVm. ^maVr` _mZdm{YH$ma
Am`moJ {X„r `oWo Amho d Ë`mÀ`m XoIaoIrImbr amÁ`mV d {OëømñVar`
_mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ AmhoV.
^maVr` _mZd A{YH$a Am`moJ -
g§`wº$ amï´>g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m g{_Vrg_moa ^maVmZo
A{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r amï´>r` Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deof
CËgwH$Vm XmI{dbr hmoVr. ^maVmZo 1993 _Ü`o _mZd A{YH$mam§Mm
dQ>hþHy$_ Omar H$ê$Z Ë`mg H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n {Xbo. VgoM _mZd
A{YH$mamgmR>r amï´>r` _mZd A{YH$ma Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm 1993 gmbr
Ho$br. `m Am`moJmZo AÜ`j E.Eg.AmZ§X `m Am`moJmZo gd© KQ>H$
_mZdm{YH$ma àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMr gwMZm Ho$br. `m Am`moJmV 1)
Aëng§»`m§H$ Am`moJ 2) _{hbm Am`moJ 3) AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVr
Am`moJ H$m`© H$aVm§Zm {XgVmV. `m Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H|$Ð gaH$ma
H$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. `m Am`moJmV 8 g^mgX d EH$ AÜ`j AgVmo. gÜ`m
amï´>r` _mZdr A{YH$ma Am`moJmMo AÜ`j Ý`m`_wVu _wIOu AmhoV.
_mZdr A{YH$mam§À`m {dH$mgmMo Q>ßno -
‘’kks/k leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
1) _°¾mH$mQ>m© … B§½bS> (1215)
Voìhm Ë`mg ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{VVËdo åhUVmV.'' nrQ>a S´>H$a `m§À`m_Vo ""
2) {~b Am°\$ amB©Q>g² … B§½bS> (1688)
ì`mdgm{`H$m§H$[aVm {Zamir Zr{VËdo AgÊ`mMo H$mhrM H$maU Or Zr{VVËdo
3) {S>ŠboaoeZ Am°\$ amB©Q²>g² … \«$mÝg (1789)
BVa ì`dhmamV bmJy hmoVmV VrM ì`mdgm{`H$ ì`dhmambmhr bmJy hmoD$
4) {~b Am°\$ amB©Q>g² … A_o[aH$m (1791) eH$VmV. H$moUË`mhr ì`dhmam_Ü`o H$mhr _mUgo hr Xþgè`m§Zm \$gdV
5) `w{Zdg©b {S>ŠbaoeZ
AgVmV {H$d§m ImoQ>o ~mobV AgVmV, {H$§dm Mmoar H$[aV AgVmV. qH$dm
Am°\$ øw_Z amB©Q>g² … g§`wº$ amï´>o (1948) bmM XodyZ / KodyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. Voìhm Iam àíZ ì`º$sbm qH$dm
6) ^maVr` g§{dYmZmVrb_wb^yV h¸$ … ^maV (1950) Hw$Qy>§~mbm Z¡{VH$, _yë`m§~m~V{ejU XoÊ`mMmM Amho.'' nrQ>a S´>H$aZo Ago
7) {gìhrb A°ÊS> nm°{bQ>rH$b … ^maV (1953)
g§nmXZ Oar Ho$bo Agbo Var ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm ^mgUmè`m AS>MUr Am{U
8) gmoeb A°ÊS> B©H$m°Zm°_rH$ amB©Q>g² … ^maV (1953) Ë`m§Zm {_iUmè`m g§Yr `m§Mo _hËd{dMmamV KoVm ì`mdgm{`H$m§gmR>r H$mhr
\«$m°Ýg, A_o[aH$m d ^maVmgmo~V OmJ{VH$ g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo _mZdr Zr{VVËdo Amdí`H$ R>aVmV. darb {ddoMZmdê$Z ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{VVËdmMr
A{YH$mam§Mr VËdo pñdH$mabr amï´> d amÁ` nmVirda _mZdr A{YH$ma ì`m»`m H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b. ~r.Amo.ìhrba `m§Zr {~{PZog Am°Z B§Q´>moS>ŠQ>ar
Am`moJmÀ`m ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. `m g§X^m©V OZOmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mMo A°Z°{bg `m nwñVH$mV {Xboë`m ì`m»`oMo _amR>r ê$nm§Va nwT>rb à_mUo
H$m_ H$mgdJVrZo H$m hmoB©Zm nU hmoV Amho.
H$aVm `oB©b - g_mOmer, g_mOmVrb {d{dY JQ>m§er Am{U g§ñWm§er
ì`mdgm{`H$ {Z{V_Îmm (Business Ethics)
gwg§dmX`wº$ g§~§Y amIÊ`mMr VgoM ì`mdgm`mVrb `mo½` {d{dY JQ>m§er
àñVmdZm -
Am{U g§ñWm§er qH$dm A`mo½` ì`dhmam§~Ôb Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmar ñdrH$aÊ`mMr
Mm§Jbo d dmB©Q> VgoM Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì`o d O~m~Xmè`m `m§À`m EH$ H$bm qH$dm emó åhUOo ì`mdgm{`H$ {Z{V_Îmm Ago åhUVm `oB©b.
{df`rÀ`m kmZemIog ZrVremó (Ethics) Ago åhUVmV. _mZdr ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{VVËdo -
dmJUwH$sÀ`m VËdm§er Zr{VemñÌ g§~§YrV AgVo. Z¡{VH$ _mnX§S>m_wio * J«mhH$m§Zm H$_r dOZmMm {H$d§m Iam~ _mb XodyZ qH$dm AÝ` àH$mamZo
_mUgmÀ`m Am`wî`mVrb VËdo d AmXe© R>a{dbo OmVmV. _mZdmMr H$moUVr \$gdy Z`o.* gmR>o~mOr, H$mim~mOma, Z\o$Imoar H$ê$ Z`o. * ñnYm© Zï>
dmJUyH$ Mm§Jbr d dmB©Q> Ago _mZdmMr Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì`o Am{U O~m~Xmè`m H$ê$ Z`o qH$dm ñnY}Mm {dn`m©g H$ê$ Z`o. * A`mo½` nÜXVrZo ñnY©H$m§Mr
Am{U _mZdmÀ`m dmJUyH$sMr AmXe© VËdo `m§Mm Aä`mg Zr{Vemó Ho$bm à{V_m Iam~ H$ê$ Z`o.* A{YH¥$V ì`º$s¨Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ H$mJXnÌo d
OmVmo. WmoS>Š`mV Zr{Vemó hm Aä`mg {df` Mm§Jbo Am{U dmB©Q> XâVao CnbãY H$amdrV. *`mo½` doir H$a^aUm H$amdm d BVa H$V©ì`ohr
`m§À`mer g§~§{YV Amho.
nma nmS>mdrV. * gm_m{OH$ {hVmÀ`m {dê$ÜX CËnmXZ qH$_V BË`mXrMo
AW© - ì`dgm`mÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma Ho$bm Va ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_Îmm {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zr AmnmngmV H$ama_Xma (AZm¡nMm[aH$
hr EH$ dmXJ«ñV g§H$ënZm Amho. H$mhtÀ`m _Vo ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_Îmm gwÜXm) H$ê$ Z`oV.*J«mhH$, _mb nwadR>m H$aUmao, gaH$mar A{YH$mar,
Aer H$moUVrhr {ZpíMV Jmoï> ZgVo. àË`oH$mZo Amnë`mbm `mo½` dmQ>ob amOH$s` ZoVo, `m§À`mer JwßV ì`dhma H$ê$ Z`o.*H$_©Mmè`m§Zm `mo½` doVZ
Ë`mà_mUo dV©ZmMo {Z`_ ñdV…bm bmJy H$amd`mMo AgVmV. `mCbQ> Am{U `mo½` dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV AmhoV `mMr ImÌr H$amdr.ì`mdgm{`H$
H$mhtÀ`m _Vo gd© gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm Or dV©Zmg§~§YrMr ~§YZo nmimdr Zr{V_ÎmoMr JaO qH$dm _hËd-ì`dgm` d g_mO `m XmoÝhtÀ`m Amamo½`mgmR>r
bmJVmV VrM ì`mdgm{`H$mbmhr bmJy hmoVmV. åhUyZ ì`mdgm{`H$m§gmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m dV©Zmda Z¡{VH$ {Z~ªY KmbUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
dV©ZmMo {Z`_ R>adyZ {Xbo nm{hOoV d Ë`mAmYmao ì`mdgm{`H$ {Z{V_ÎmoMr ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m {dH$mgmbm XoIrb Oo bm^Xm`H$ R>aVo. ì`dgm` g§ñWoV
g§H$ënZm {ZpíMV Ho$br nm{hOo. gd©gm_mÝ` ì`º$s amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamV Zr{V_ÎmoMr ~§YZo AgVrb d Ë`m AmYmao {ZU©` KoVbo OmV AgVrb Va
Á`m Zr{VVËdmà_mUo dmJVmV VrM VËdo qH$dm ~§YZo ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m J«mhH$ ^mJYmaH$, H$_©Mmar BË`mXr gdmªÀ`mM _ZmV {dídmgmMr ^mdZm
ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zmhr bmJy hmoVmV. åhUyZ ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m dmJUyH$sMo {Z`_ {Z_m©U hmoVo d ì`md`mgmÀ`m dmT>rg Ë`mMm bm^ {_iVmo. ì`mdgm{`H$
R>adyZ XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m dmJUyH$sMo {Z`_ R>a{dbo Zr{V_ÎmoMr JaO qH$dm _hËd nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm `oB©b -
åhUOo Ë`mAmYmao ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m ì`º$sMr åhUOoM ì`mdgm{`H$ 1)EImÚm CÚmoJg§ñWm Zr{V_ÎmoMr ~§YZo ñdrH$mê$Z {ZU©` KoV Agob
Zr{V_ÎmoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVm `oVo.
Va Vmo ì`dgm` Amnbo J«mhH$, ^mJYmaH$ Am{U godH$ `mgdmªÀ`mM
ñdê$n - bmoH${ZVrËdo hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWoMo EH$ _hËdmMo A§J _ZmV{dídmgmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vmo. J«mhH$mbm dñVyÀ`m XOm©~m~V
AgVo. `m_Ü`o bmoH$m§Mr AmnmngmVrb dmJUyH$ H$er Agmdr `m~Ôb ImÌr {_iy eH$Vo. godH$XoIrb Ë`m ~m~V ImÌr Xody eH$VmV. `mÑï>rZo
H$mhr {Z`_ g§Ho$V Am{U AmMmanÜXVr bmoH$m§Zr AmñWmnyd©H$ ñdrH$maboë`m ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_Îmm `mo½` R>aVo. 2)Cƒ XOm©Mr [H§$dm AmXe© Zr{V_ÎmoMr
AgVmV. `m AmMmanÜXVr~m~V H$m`Xm Oar Zgbm Var bmoH$m§ZmM VËdo ì`dgm` H$aVm§Zm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>ê$ eH$VmV CXm. dñVyMr qH$_V,
EH$T>m X~md AgVmo H$r, gd©gmYmaUnUo `m bmoH$ZrVMr C„§KZ Ho$bo J«mhH$m§Zm Xë`mOmUmè`m godm gaH$mabm {Xbm OmUmam H$a, dñVy§Mm
OmV Zmhr. Zr{VËdmMm à_wI AmYma Y_©VËdo AgVmV. g_mO YmaUogmR>r H$mim~mOma `mgma»`m ~m~tZm Amim ~gy eH$Vmo. 3)Cƒ ì`mdgm{`H$
Y_©VËdo Am{U åhUyZM Zr{VVËdo hr Amdí`H$ AgVmV. na§Vw bmoH$m§À`m Zr{V_Îmm VËdm_wio ì`dgm`mVrb gmYZ gm_J«rMm `mo½` àH$mao Am{U nwU©
Y_m©H$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moUM ~Xbbm Va Y_©VËdo qH$dm Zr{VVËdo `m§Mm g_mO {hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. 4)CËnmXZ H$aVmZm H$m_Jmambm
à^mdhr H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
gwa{jV Aem CËnmXZ nÜXVr nwa{dë`m OmVmV. Ë`m§Mr {nidUyH$ hmoV
ì`m»`m - ""Zr{VVËdo Ooìhm ì`dgm`mÀ`m g§X^m©V dmnabr OmVmV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m l_mMm `mo½` _mo~Xbm {Xbm OmVmo.
SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
79

* ¬˝Ê. ‚È⁄‘U‡Ê •Ê⁄U. fl⁄UÊ«appleU
◊ÊŸflË „UP§ •ÊÁáÊ √ÿÊfl‚ÊÁÿ∑§ ÁŸÁÃ◊ûÊÊ
◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛U ÁfläÊÊŸ‚÷Ê ÁŸfl«UáÊÍ∑§- 2009
∞∑§ Áfl‡ÀÊapple·áÊ
International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
5) Xþæ`_ àVrÀ`m dñVy§Mr ^ogb, H¥${Ì_ Q>§MmB©, Z\o$Imoar `mgma»`m dmT>V Agbr Var, ì`md`m{`H$ Zr{V_yë`m§_Ü`o \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm
~m~r Vië`m OmVmV. 6) H$m_Jmam§er XoIrb Cƒ Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m VËdmà_mUo {XgV Zmhr. ì`dgm` g§ñWm§_Ü`o ì`dñWmnZmMo ì`mdgm{`H$aU hmoÊ`mMr
dV©Z Ho$bo Va H$m_Jma Am{U _mbH$ `m§À`mVrb g§Kf© H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vmo. JaO Amho.
^maVmVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ {Z{V_Îmm -
Ë`m_wio emór` VËdo, `mo½` H$m`© nÜXVr `m§À`m ~amo~aM `mo½` Zr{V_yë`o
^maVmVrb ì`dgm` AmOhr ~è`mM à_mUmV ê$T>r d na§nam XoIrb ì`dgm`mV `oVrb Aer Anojm Amho. emgZmZo XoemV bmoH$emhr
`mda AmYmabobm Amho. ì`dgm`mVrb nÜXVr, OwÝ`m H$ënZm d {dídmgw g_mO aMZoìXmam ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUm`bm hdm. Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmÀ`m
`m§Zm Yê$Z AmhoV. _mÌ h„r ~è`mM ì`dgm` g§ñWm ZdrZ H$ënZm§Mm A§_b~OmdUrV gwYmaUm hmoD$ eHo$b. ì`mdgm{`H$ d amOH$s` ZoVo
ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mg CËgwH$ Agboë`m {XgVmV.^maVmVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ `m§À`m dV©ZmV ~Xb hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m
ì`dñWmnH$ `m§Mo Zr{V_Îmm{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Aä`mgÊ`mMm nwîH$i à`ËZ g§KQ>Zm `m§Mr ^y{_H$m XoIrb _hËdmMr R>aUma Amho.
Pmbobm Agbm Var g_mZ Aer ì`mdgm`rH$ Zr{V _mÌ AmT>iyZ Ambobr gÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm d ^{dî`H$mbrZ ~Xbm§À`m
Zmhr. ì`dhmamV Zr{V_Îmo ~m~V d¡`{º$H$ {ddoH$mÀ`m AmYmao {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr {Xem bjmV KoVë`m Va ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m Ñï>rZo ~aoM à`ËZ
àd¥ÎmrMr gd©Ì AmT>iyZ `oVo. XoemVrb gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ [ñWVrda H$aÊ`mg dmd Amho ho bjmV `oB©b. Amnë`m XoemV AmOhr OwÝ`m na§nam
ì`md`m{`H$ Zr{V ~è`mM à_mUmV Adb§~yZ Amho. CÚmoJmÀ`m dmT>rV Ag_mob d ê$T>r `m§Mm nJS>m ì`º$sda, g_mOmda Am{U g_mOmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m
Agë`mZo XoemVrb H$mhr ^mJmVrb ì`dgm` g§ñWm§Zm {deof\$m`Xo{_iVmV.
g§ñWm§À`mda Amho. `m OwÝ`m ê$T>r d na§nam ~è`mM Aer Zr{VVËdmda
`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo Am{W©H$ gÎmm H$mhr _moOŠ`m ì`º$s d ì`dgm` g§ñWm AmYmaboë`m AmhoV. hr Zr{VËdo åhUOo ì`dhmamVrb àm_m{UH$nUm
`m§À`m hmVr H|$ÐrV hmoVo. `mMo Xþîn[aUm_ AZw^dmg `oD$ bmJVmV. ì`mdgm{`H$ qH$dm gMmoQ>r Am{W©H$ emofU ZH$aUo, gdmªZm dmJUyH$ XoUo g_mO{hVmgmR>r
Zr{V_Îmm T>mgië`mMo ho _hËdmMo H$maU Amho. ì`dgm` MwH$sÀ`m nÜXVr d H$m`© H$aUo BË`mXr.
J¡aì`dhma `m§Mm {eaH$md Pmbm H$s Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m d¡`{º$H$ H$ënZm d _mnX§S>m§da na§Vw A{bH$S>À`m H$mhr H$mimV {deofV… ì`mdhmarH$
Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
OrdZmV, gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Zr{V_Îmm Kgabobr {XgyZ `oVo. Ë`m_wio
Mm§Jë`m g_mO OrdZmg Amdí`H$ Agbobr VËdo d ^maVmVrb AZoH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ ñdV…À`m d¡`{º$H$ {dMmamà_mUo
{ZVr_wë`o AmO T>mgiV Mmbbobr Amnë`mbm {XgVmV. bmMImoar, ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_Îmo~m~V {ZU©` KoVm§Zm {XgyZ `oVmV. Z\$m
hoam\o$ar, {dZ`^§J `m§Mr AZoH$ CXmhaUo nmhm`bm {_iVmV. emgH$s` {_i{dÊ`mH$[aVm qH$dm gdbVr {_i{dÊ`mH$[aVm bmM XoUo H$m`ÚmVrb
`§ÌUoV XoIrb ZmoH$aemhr, XâVa {Xa§JmB© `m_wio H$m_mMm XOm© H$_r hmoV VaVwXr _moS>Uo, ^ogi H$aUo, ZH$br dñVw V`ma H$ê$Z {dH$Uo, J«mhH$m§À`m
Amho. H$m`Xo d {Z`_ `mVrb H$ÀÀ`m Xþì`m§Mm \$m`Xm KoVë`m{edm` n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm KoUo, gaH$mar H$m`Xo d {Z`_ `m§À`mVrb H$ƒm
^maVmV ì`dgm` H$aUo H${R>U Amho Ago H$mhr ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mo _V Amho. Xþì`m§Mm \$m`Xm KoUo `m§Mm à^md gd©Ì {XgyZ `oV Amho. àË`oH$
XoemVrb amOH$s` ZoË`m§Mo AZwH$aU H$aÊ`mMr BVam§_Ü`o àd¥Îmr AgVo. ì`mdgm{`H$mZo Amnë`mdarb O~m~Xmè`m AmoiIyZ AmXe© Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m
AmOÀ`m amOH$s` nwT>mè`m§_Ü`o g_mO{hVmbm dmhÿZ AmOMo amOH$s` VËdmà_mUo H$m`© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. WmoS>Š`mV _mZdmÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r
ZoVo d ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb ZoVo, `m§À`mV O_rZ-Añ_mZMo A§Va Amho. bmoH$emhrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwËd `mH$[aVm _mZdr
`mMm n[aUm_ gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m d ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m dV©Zmda hmoUo h¸$ Am`moJmMr Amdí`H$Vm AmhoV. VgoM J«mhH$m§À`m {hVmH$arVm
ñdm^m{dH$ Amho. ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m joÌmV ~amM ~Xb hmoÊ`mMr ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_Îmm ì`mdgm{`H$mbm AmMaUmV AmUZo Amdí`H$
AmO Amdí`H$Vm Amho. ì`dgm`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ O~m~Xmè`m§~m~V OmUrd Amho.
‚¥Œ÷¸ ª˝¥Õ
-1) _hmamï´>mMr Am{W©H$ nmhUr, _w§~B© 2003-2004, à.-3 2) X¡{ZH$ gH$mi, {X.30 Am°JîQ> 2004 3) ^maVr` àemgZ - àm. gVre R>m|~ao, nmZ Z§.137 4) X¡. bmoH$_V, {X. 31-12-
2005 5)_mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ X¡{ZH$ bmoH$_V _Yrb boI 6) Business Ethics - Shyam L. Kaushal 7) ì`mdgm{`H$ n`m©daU - g§O` H§$XiJm§dH$a
80
‘’kks/k leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
* flÊÁáÊíÿ Áfl÷ʪ ¬˝◊Èπ, ◊Á„U‹Ê ◊„UÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, Ÿ¥ŒÈ⁄U’Ê⁄U
¯ÖÏÖßÖÖ×¾Ö•ú :- ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ÃÖÓÕéúŸÖß ÆüÖ ÃÖ¾ÖÔÃÖ´ÖÖ¾Öê¿Ö•ú ¿Ö²¤ü¯ÖϵÖÖê•Ö †ÖÆêü. ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ (¯ÖÏßÖãŸÖ ¿ÖÖê¬Ö ×­Ö²ÖÓ¬ÖÖŸÖᯙ ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ¯ÖÏ¿­ÖÖ¾Ö»Öß“µÖÖ †Ö¬ÖÖ¸êü •ÖÖêôûÖ •ú¸ü•µÖÖŸÖ
×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ¬Ö´ÖÔ•Öü, •ÖÖŸÖß-•Ö´ÖÖŸÖß †Ûß֢¾ÖÖŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.ú¯ÖÏŸµÖê•ú ¬Ö´ÖÖÔ“Öß, •ÖÖŸÖß“Öß †Ö»Öß.) ¿ÖÖÃÖ­ÖÖ“µÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖ»Öê»Öß •ÖÖ•ÖéŸÖß
•úÖÆüß Ã¾ÖŸÖÓ¡Ö ¾Öî׿ÖÂüê †ÖÆêüŸÖ. †ÃÖÖ“Ö ¾Öî׿ÖÂü¯Öæ•ÖÔ •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ¾Ö ŸµÖÖÓ­Öß ‘ÖêŸÖ»Öê»ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö- ÃÖ¸ü•úÖ¸ü ´ÖÖ•ÖÖÃÖ ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö ‘Öü•úÖÓ“µÖÖ ×¾Ö•úÖÃÖÖ•ú׸üŸÖÖ
³ÖüŒµÖÖ •Ö´ÖÖŸÖßŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ×¾ÖÂü †ÖÆêü. •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖᯙ »ÖÖê•ú ¾Ö •ú»µÖÖ•ÖÖ•ú׸üŸÖÖ ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ¸üÖ²Ö×¾ÖŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. ŸµÖÖ¾¤üÖ¸êü
´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖÂÒüÖŸÖᯙ •ÖÏÖ´Öß•Ö ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ¿ÖÆü¸üß ³ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖŸÖ: ÃÖã•Öß“µÖÖ ×¤ü¾ÖÃÖÖŸÖ ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö •ÖÖŸÖß-•Ö´ÖÖŸÖà­ÖÖ ÃÖ¾Ö»ÖŸÖß ˆ¯Ö»Ö²¬Ö •úºþ­Ö ¤êüŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã †¿ÖÖ
þ֟Ö:“Öß ¯ÖÖ¸Óü¯Ö׸ü•ú ¾Öé¢Öß “ÖÖ»Ö×¾ÖŸÖÖÓ­ÖÖ †Ö×•Ö ×³Ö•ÖÖ ´ÖÖ•ÖŸÖÖÓ­ÖÖ ×¤üÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö, ´ÖÖ•ÖÖÃÖ ‘Öü•úÖÓ­ÖÖ ¯Öã¸êü¿ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ ´ÖÖÆüßŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ
†Ö•Ö•úÖ»Ö ÃÖ¾ÖÔ“Ö ¯ÖÖ¸Óü¯Ö׸ü•ú ¾µÖÖ¾ÖÃÖÖ×µÖ•ú ¾Ö »ÖÖê•ú•ú»ÖÖ•úÖ¸üÖÓ“Öê ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö •ú´Öß •úÖ ? ŸµÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘ÖꕵÖÖÃÖ ŸÖê וúŸÖ¯ÖŸÖ •ÖÖ•ÖéŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ ? †¿ÖÖ
ÆüÖêŸÖ “ÖÖ»Ö»Öê †ÖÆêü. Æêü »ÖÖê•ú ³ÖÖÓ²ÖÖ¾Ö»Ö껵ÖÖ Ûã֟ÖßŸÖ µÖê‰ú­Ö ¯Ö›ü»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö ‘Öü•úÖÓ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ ¿ÖÖÃÖ­Ö ¾Ö þֵÖÓÃÖê¾Öß ÃÖÓãÖÖ
†Ö¬Öß“µÖÖ ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö ‘Öü•úÖ´Ö¬µÖê †¿ÖÖ »ÖÖê•úÖÓ“Öß ³Ö¸ü ¯Ö›ü»Öß †ÖÆêü. þÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖÖê¢Ö¸ü וúŸÖ¯ÖŸÖ ¯ÖÖêÆü“Ö×¾ÖŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ ? †ÃÖê †­Öê•ú ¯ÖÏ¿­Ö µÖÖ ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÖÔŸÖ ×­Ö´ÖÖÔ•Ö
•úÖôûÖŸÖ ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ ¯ÖÖŸÖôûß¾Öºþ­Ö †¿ÖÖ ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö ‘Öü•úÖÓ“µÖÖ †ÖÙ£Ö•ú ˆ­­ÖŸÖß“ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. †¿ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ¿­ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖ•úÖ¸üÖŸ´Ö•ú ˆ¢Ö¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ŸµÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“Öê µÖ¿Ö †¾Ö»ÖÓ²Öæ­Ö
¯Öϵ֟­Ö •êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖ †ÖÆêü. ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö ‘Öü•úÖÓŸÖᯙ •Ö­ÖŸÖê»ÖÖ ÃÖÓ´Ö鬤ü •ú¸ü•µÖÖÃÖÖšüß †ÃÖŸÖê. •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß •Ö´ÖÖŸÖߟÖß»Ö ×•úŸÖß •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ­ÖÖ †¿ÖÖ ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ
×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ÃÖÖ¬Ö­Öê ˆ¯Ö»Ö²¬Ö •úºþ­Ö פü»Öß ¯ÖÖ×Æü•ÖêŸÖ. ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ˆ¯ÖµÖãŒŸÖ •úÖµÖÔ•Îú´ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß †ÖÆêü Æêü •ÖÖ•Öæ­Ö ‘Öê•Öê ´ÖÆü¢¾ÖÖ“Öê ¾ÖÖüŸÖê.
ÃÖŸÖŸÖ ¿ÖÖê¬Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»ÖÖ ¯ÖÖ×Æü•Öê †Ö×•Ö †¿ÖÖ •úÖµÖÔ•Îú´ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖÓ•ú»¯Ö ×ÃÖ¬¤üßÃÖÖšüß ˆ¢Ö¸ü¤üÖŸµÖÖÓ­ÖÖ ´ÖÖÆüßŸÖ †ÃÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ¾Ö ÃÖ¾Ö»ÖŸÖß Ã¾ÖµÖÓ¸üÖê•Ö•ÖÖ¸ü
¯ÖÏ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÓ¡Ö•ÖÖ †×¬Ö•úÖ׬֕ú •ÖŸÖß´ÖÖ­Ö —ÖÖ»Öß ¯ÖÖ×Æü•Öê. †ÃÖê ×­ÖµÖÖê•Ö­Ö•úÖ¸ü, ¾Ö ¾µÖÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖÃÖÖšüß •ú•ÖÔ ×´ÖôûŸÖê ¾Ö ŸµÖÖŸÖ (ÃÖ²ÖÃÖß›üß) †­Öã¤üÖ­Ö ×´ÖôûŸÖê µÖÖ“Öß
¸üÖ•Ö•úÖ¸ü•Öß µÖÖÓ­ÖÖ ¾ÖÖüŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã þÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖ ×´Öôæû­Ö 62 ¾ÖÂÖì —ÖÖ»ÖߟÖ, ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß 45.7% ‡ŸÖŒµÖÖ »ÖÖê•úÖÓ­ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß. ‘Ö¸ü ²ÖÖÓ¬Ö•ÖßÃÖÖšüß µÖÖê•Ö­Öê“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß
ŸÖ¸üß ×­ÖµÖÖê•Ö­Ö•úÖ¸üÖÓ­Öß šü¸ü×¾Ö»Öê»Öß ˆ×¤üÂüê ¯Öæ•ÖÔ¯Ö•Öê µÖ¿ÖþÖß —ÖÖ»Öß ­ÖÖÆüߟÖ. ±úŒŸÖ 17.00% »ÖÖê•úÖÓ­ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß. ÃÖÓ•ÖµÖ •ÖÖÓ¬Öß ×­Ö¸üÖ¬ÖÖ¸ü µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ×­Ö¸üÖ¬ÖÖ¸üÖÓ•ú׸üŸÖÖ
ˆ×¤üÂüê ÃÖ±ú»Ö ­Ö ÆüÖꕵÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÓ¡Ö•Öê²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü“Ö ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö ‘Öü•ú ¤êü•Öᯙ †ÖÆêü ŸµÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö­Öê“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß †ÃÖ»Öê»Öê 21.3% »ÖÖê•ú ¯ÖÖÆü•ÖßŸÖ †Öœüôæû­Ö †Ö»Öê.
•Ö²ÖÖ²Ö¤üÖ¸ü †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ ¯ÖÖÀ¾ÖÔ³Öæ×´Ö¾Ö¸ü ­ÖÓ¤ãü¸ü²ÖÖ¸ü וֻÊÖŸÖᯙ •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖÓê¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ¿Öî•Öו֕ú ÃÖ¾Ö»ÖŸÖß“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß †ÃÖ»Öê»Öê ´ÖÖ¡Ö 100% »ÖÖê•ú †Öœüôû»Öê.
¾Ö ¿ÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ : ‹•ú •Öê×¡ÖµÖ †³µÖÖÃÖ ÆüÖ ¿ÖÖê¬Ö ×­Ö²ÖÓ¬Ö ÃÖÖ¤ü¸ ü•ú¸üŸÖ †ÖÆêü. ­ÖÖê•ú¸üß´Ö¬µÖê ¸üÖ•Öß¾Ö •ÖÖ•ÖÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß †ÃÖ»Öê»Öê 56.4% »ÖÖê•ú ¯ÖÖÆü•ÖߟÖ
ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­Ö ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß- ×­Ö¾Ö›ü»Öê»ÖÖ ­Ö´Öã­ÖÖ ÃÖÓ¯Öæ•ÖÔ ­ÖÓ¤ãü¸ü²ÖÖ¸ü וֻÊÖ“Öê †Öœüôû»ÖêŸÖ. ¤üÖ׸ü¦ü¸êüÂÖê•ÖÖ»Öß»Ö ×¯Ö¾Öôêû •úÖ›Ôü ¬ÖÖ¸ü•úÖÓ“Öß ¯ÖÖÆü•Öß •êú»Öß †ÃÖŸÖÖ
¯ÖÏןÖ×­Ö׬֢¾Ö •úºþ ¿Ö•êú»Ö µÖÖ ¥üÛÂü•úÖê­ÖÖŸÖæ­Ö ‹•ú•ú ¯ÖãÓ•Ö ­Ö´Öã­ÖÖ (Cluster 10.6% »ÖÖê•úÖÓ­ÖÖ ŸµÖÖ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß †ÃÖ»µÖÖ“Öê »Ö•ÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öê. ¾ÖúßµÖ
Sampling) ×­Ö¾Ö›ü ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß“ÖÖ †¾Ö»ÖÓ²Ö •êú»ÖÖ. µÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖßŸÖ ¯ÖÏŸµÖê•ú ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖßŸÖ ‹•æú•Ö ¯ÖÖÆü•Ö߯Öî•úß 06.4% »ÖÖê•úÖ­ÖÖ ŸÖê ´ÖÖÆüßŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê.
×­Ö¾Ö›ü»Ö껵ÖÖ •Öê¡ÖÖŸÖæ­Ö ‹•ú•úÖ“Öß ×­Ö¾Ö›ü •êú»Öß •ÖÖŸÖê. µÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß“µÖÖ †Ö¬ÖÖ¸êü ÒüÖµÖÃÖê´Ö µÖÖê•Ö­Öê“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ±úŒŸÖ 05.3% »ÖÖê•úÖÓ­ÖÖ“Ö ÆüÖêŸÖß.
µÖÖ¥üÛ“”û•ú (Random) ­Ö´Öã­ÖÖ ×­Ö¾Ö›ü ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß­Öê וֻÊÖŸÖᯙ ‹•ú•úÖ“Öß ¯ÖÖÆü•Öß •êú»Ö껵ÖÖ ‹•æú•Ö 94 •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ¯Öî•úß 68(72.3%) •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ­ÖÖ
´Öã»ÖÖ•ÖŸÖ ‘ÖêŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖ­ÖÖ ×•Ö»ÊÖŸÖᯙ •úÖê•ÖŸµÖÖ ŸÖÖ»Ö㌵ÖÖŸÖ •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ¾Ö ÃÖ¾Ö»ÖŸÖà“Öß ×•ú´ÖÖ­Ö ‹•úŸÖ¸üß µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ´ÖÖÆüßŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß.
ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ“Öß •ÖÖßÖßŸÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ •ãúãÓü²Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ, ŸµÖÖ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ÃÖÓ•ú×»ÖŸÖ •úºþ­Ö ŸÖ¸ü 26(27.7%) •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ­ÖÖ ¿ÖÖÃÖ­ÖÖ“µÖÖ •úÖê•ÖŸµÖÖÆüß µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“Öß ×­ÖÛ¿“ÖŸÖ
•ÖÖßÖßŸÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖÓê¬Öôûß •ãúãÓü²Öê †ÃÖ•ÖÖ¸üÖ ŸÖÖ»Öã•úÖ ÃÖÆêüŸÖæ•ú ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß­Öê ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ­Ö¾ÆüŸÖß.
(Purposive Sampling) ×­Ö¾Ö›ü»ÖÖ. ŸÖÖ»Ö㌵ÖÖŸÖᯙ •µÖÖ •ÖÖ¾ÖÖŸÖ •ÖÖê¿Öß- ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“Öê »ÖÖ³Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü•ú- ¯ÖÖÆü•Öß •êú»Ö껵ÖÖ •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß
•ÖÖë¬Öôûß •ãúãÓü²ÖÖ“Öß ‘Ö¸êü †ÖÆêüŸÖ, ŸÖß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ÃÖÓ•ú×»ÖŸÖ •úºþ­Ö ŸµÖÖ¯Öî•úß ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ×¬ÖŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖᯙ ‹•æú•Ö 94 •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ¯Öî•úß •êú¾Öôû 52 (55.3%) •ãúüãÓ²ÖÖÓ­Öß
ŸÖÖ»Ö㌵ÖÖŸÖᯙ ¤üêÖ­Ö •ÖÖ¾Öê ÃÖÆêüŸÖæ•ú ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß­Öê ×­Ö¾Ö›ü»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ. •ÖÏÖ´Öß•Ö ³ÖÖ•ÖÖ‹ê¾Ö•Öß ¿ÖÖÃÖ­ÖÖ“µÖÖ ×•ú´ÖÖ­Ö ‹•ú ŸÖ¸üß µÖÖê•Ö­Öê“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»Öê»ÖÖ ×¤üÃÖæ­Ö †Ö»ÖÖ.
וֻÆüÖ ÃŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü µÖÖ •Ö´ÖÖŸÖß“Öß •ãúãÓü²Öê †×¬Ö•úÖ׬֕ú ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ †ÖœüôûŸÖÖŸÖ. 42(44.7%) •ãúãÓü²Öê ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘ÖꕵÖÖÃÖ †ÃÖ´Ö£ÖÔ šü¸ü»Öß.
­ÖÓ¤ãü¸ü²ÖÖ¸ü וֻÆüÖ (65•ãúãÓü²Öê)
¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ 52 •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ¯Öî•úß 45.7% •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ­Öß
l
¬ÖÓªÖÃÖÖšüß ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖêŸÖæ­Ö •ú•ÖÔ ‘ÖêŸÖ»µÖÖ“Öê »Ö•ÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öê †ÖÆêü. 40.4%
¿ÖÆüÖ¤üÖ ŸÖÖ»Öã•úÖ(22•ãúãÓü²Öê)
•ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ­Öß ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ ÃÖ¾Ö»ÖŸÖß“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ‘Ö¸ü ²ÖÖÓ¬Ö•ÖßÃÖÖšüß •ú•ÖÔ
l
µÖÖê•Ö­Öê“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö 19.2% •ãúãÓü²Öê ‘Öê‰ú ¿Ö•ú»Öß, ŸÖ¸ü ¤üÖ׸ü¦ü¸êüÂÖê•ÖÖ»Öß ×¤ü»Öê •ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸êü
l
l
×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ ×¿Ö¬ÖÖ¯Ö¡Ö•ú (ׯ־Öôêû •úÖ›Ôü) •êú¾Öôû 6.4% •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ•ú›êü †Öœüôæû­Ö †Ö»Öê.
¯ÖÖ›üôû¤üÖ ²ÖδÆü•Ö¯Öã¸üß
•ÖÏ´Öß•Ö µÖã¾Ö•úÖÓ“µÖÖ ¸üÖê•Ö•ÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏ׿֕֕ÖÖÃÖÖšüß †ÃÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ ÒüÖµÖÃÖê´Ö µÖÖê•Ö­Öê“ÖÖ
(02 •ãúãÓü²Öê) (05•ãúãÓü²Öê)
»ÖÖ³Ö •êú¾Öôû 6.4% •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ­Öß ‘ÖêŸÖ»ÖÖ. 22.3% •ãúãÓü²Ö ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ ­ÖÖê•ú¸üߟÖß»Ö
SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
87
‡ÊÊappleäÊ ¬òÊ- flÊÁáÊíÿ
Ÿ¥ŒÈ⁄U’Ê⁄U Á¡ÀsÊÃË‹ ¡Êapple‡ÊË¥ ªÊapplenU‹Ë¥ ‚◊Ê¡ fl
‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ëÿ ÿÊapple¡ŸÊ—∞∑§ ˇÊappleÁòÊÿ •èÿÊ‚
* ¬˝Ê. ‡Ê⁄UŒ ÁflnU‹ ÷Êapple¬apple
August, 2010

International Referred Research Journal, August,2010 ISSN- 0974-2832VoL.II *ISSUE-19
¸üÖ•Öß¾Ö •ÖÖ•ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘Öê‰ú ¿Ö•ú»ÖߟÖ. ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×­Ö•ú ¾ÖúßµÖ ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ 1)ÃÖÖ•Ö¸üŸÖê“Öê ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ•Ö •ú´Öß 2)¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ †–ÖÖ­Ö
»ÖÖ³ÖÖÓ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ •êú¾Öôû 3.2% •ãúÓüã²Öê •ÖÖ•ÖéŸÖ פüÃÖ»ÖߟÖ.
3)ˆ¤ü¸ü×­Ö¾ÖÖÔÆüÖ•ú׸üŸÖÖ †ÃÖ•ÖÖ¸üß ³Öü•ÓúŸÖß 4)•úÖ•Ö¤ü¯Ö¡ÖÖÓŸÖᯙ †¯Öæ•ÖÔŸÖÖ
µÖÖ¾Öºþ­Ö †ÃÖê »Ö•ÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖê •úß, •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖᯙ ²ÖÆãüÃÖÓ•µÖ 5)µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ •úÖµÖÔ¾ÖÖÆüߟÖᯙ •Ö×ü»ÖŸÖÖ
•ãúãÓü²Öê ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ¯ÖÖÃÖæ­Ö ¾ÖÓ×“ÖŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ¿ÖÖÃÖ­ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¾µÖÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ•ú׸üŸÖÖ ×­Ö•úÂÖÔ
†ÃÖ•ÖÖ·µÖÖ •ú•ÖÔ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ¾Ö ¿Öî•Öו֕ú ÃÖ¾Ö»ÖŸÖß µÖÖ ¾µÖןÖ׸üŒŸÖ †ÃÖ•ÖÖ·µÖÖ 1) ¿ÖÖÃÖ­Ö ¤ãü²ÖÔ»Ö ´ÖÖ•ÖÖÃÖ ‘Öü•úÖÓ“µÖÖ ×¾Ö•úÖÃÖÖ•ú׸üŸÖÖ ¾Ö •ú»µÖÖ•ÖÖ •ú׸üŸÖÖ
µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘ÖꕵÖÖÃÖ •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö †ÃÖ´Ö£ÖÔ šü¸ü»ÖÖ †ÃÖê ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ¸üÖ²Ö×¾ÖŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê, †¿ÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß
×­Ö¤ü¿ÖÔ­ÖÖÃÖ µÖêŸÖê.
ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖᯙ ¯ÖÖÆüÖ•Öß •êú»Ö껵ÖÖ •ãúãÓü²ÖÖ¯Öî•úß (2.3%) 68 •ãúãÓü²ÖÖÓ­ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß.
×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ¿ÖÖÃÖ•úßµÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö •ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö •úÖ ‘Öê‰ú 2)•ÖÖê¿Öß-•ÖÖë¬Öôûß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ¿ÖÖÃÖ­ÖÖ“µÖÖ •µÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖ ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×­Ö•ú þֺþ¯ÖÖŸÖ
¿Ö•ú»ÖÖ ­ÖÖÆüß µÖÖ“ÖÖ ÃÖ•ÖÖê»Ö †³µÖÖÃÖ •êú»µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ŸµÖÖ“Öß •ÖÖ»Öᯙ •úÖ¸ü•Öê “Ö“ÖìŸÖ ÆüÖꟵÖÖ, ŸµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ“Ö »ÖÖ³Ö ‘Öê‰ú ¿Ö•ú»ÖÖ. ‡ŸÖ¸ü ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö µÖÖê•Ö­ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö
פüÃÖæ­Ö †Ö»ÖߟÖ.
‘ÖꕵÖÖÃÖ µÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖᯙ »ÖÖê•ú †ÃÖ´Ö£ÖÔ šü¸ü»Öê.
‚¥Œ÷¸ ª˝¥Õ
1)¯ÖÏÖ. ›üÖò. •Öãºþ­ÖÖ£Ö ­ÖÖ›ü•ÖÖÓê›êü - ÃÖÖ´ÖÖו֕ú ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­Ö ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß, ¯ÖÏ.†Ö. 1986, ¯Öéšü-221 2)¯ÖÏÖ. •Ö. ±úÖ. ¯ÖÖüᯙ ¾Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü - †£ÖÔ¿ÖÖáÖßµÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖ“Öß ŸÖÖë›ü†Öêôû•Ö, ¯ÖÏ. †Ö. 1979 3)¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯Ö•úßµÖ ÃÖÓ“ÖÖ»Ö•ú- ¾ÖÃÖÓŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö ­ÖÖ‡Ô•ú
×¾Ö. •ÖÖ. ³Ö. •Ö. ×¾Ö•úÖÃÖ ´ÖÆüÖ´ÖÓ›üôû (´ÖµÖÖÔ) ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖÂÒü ¿ÖÖÃÖ­ÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯Ö•Îú´Ö, •ÖãÆæü ¿ÖÖò¯Öà•Ö ÃÖëü¸ü, ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô 49. 4)ÃÖÓ“ÖÖ»Ö•ú- ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö•ú»µÖÖ•Ö ×¾Ö³ÖÖ•Ö, ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖÂÒü ¸üÖ•µÖ, ¯Öã•Öê.
88
‘’kks/k leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu