A HEAD-AND-FACE ANTHROPOMETRIC SURVEY - The National ...

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Software A number of software products are used to surface the scans, and to identify the marked landmarks on the scans. Software is also necessary to repair bad areas on the scan. The specific software products we use for image manipulation are: INTEGRATE, a Unix-based 3-D data visualization, analysis, and manipulation tool developed by the Air Force specifically for 3-D anthropometry (Burnsides et al, 1996). MORPHEUS, a public domain program that computes a Generalized Procrustes Analysis, and provides various outputs for further statistical analysis. We use SPSS for statistical analysis of the traditional data. METHODS Preliminaries We identified potential measuring sites in a number of ways. We used the public library, the Internet, and telephone directories to develop lists of potential sites. Then we began telephoning these sites to invite them to participate in the project. More often than not, the organization or company was interested in helping, but did not have the time or energy to participate. When an organization was willing and able to help, we sent a packet of information to explain, in detail, the purposes and protocol of the survey. With a partial list of sites, we began arranging them in a reasonable and efficient order, to minimize travel time and cost, and to minimize down-time between sites. Since it was time-consuming and expensive to move the scanner, we sent the scanner to fewer sites than were used for the traditional measurements. Upon arrival at a new site, we made contact with the local representative assigned to our project. This person was our point of access to the individual subjects. Sometimes, appointments were set up in advance. In other cases, subjects were recruited after we arrived and set up. In every case the local representative assisted with recruitment of subjects from that organization’s workforce. As subjects arrived at the room set aside for measuring (and/or scanning), our team explained the purposes of the study, and the specific protocol to be used. After the explanation, each subject signed a consent form (see Appendix B). 8
The subject then filled out the brief demographic questionnaire (top portion of data sheet, see Appendix C). The subject number recorded on the questionnaire was a critical element in allowing us to link the demographic and anthropometric data for a given subject. In cases where a person was scanned as well, the subject number became the file name for the scan, allowing us to link the scans with the traditionally measured data. After the paperwork was completed, the subject was ready to be marked and measured. Landmarking Landmarks are specific points on the body (in this case, on the head and face). They are generally, although not always, skeletal points, which are usually marked on the skin overlying the point. For this survey, a series of 26 landmarks was selected in advance. Most of the landmarks were used to define the measurements. The measurement descriptions in Appendix A indicate which landmarks served that purpose. Additionally, some landmarks were chosen for use in the 3D scans. These landmarks are helpful in aligning scans in the post-processing phase, and can be used subsequently to extract appropriate contours and curvatures. Subjects were landmarked with a surgical marker or an eye-liner pencil prior to measurement or scanning. The scan-only landmarks were not drawn on subjects who were not scanned. Figure 4 shows the landmarks being applied. Measuring FIGURE 4 Measurer Drawing Landmarks After landmarking, subjects were measured for each of the dimensions listed in Table 6. Although the measurements are listed alphabetically in the table, they were measured in an order that maximized measurer efficiency and minimized subject time. Figures 5 and 6 show measurements taken with the tape measure and spreading calipers, respectively. 9
Page 1 and 2: A HEAD-AND-FACE ANTHROPOMETRIC SURV
Page 3 and 4: List of Tables Table Page 1 Targete
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE This work is the result of
Page 7 and 8: A HEAD-AND-FACE ANTHROPOMETRIC SURV
Page 9 and 10: The subset of those subjects who we
Page 11 and 12: TABLE 6 Final Dimension List MEASUR
Page 13: FIGURE 2 Subject Ready to be Scanne
Page 17 and 18: landmarks in the scanned image. Fig
Page 19 and 20: i is the subscript for the last age
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 8 Anthropometric Summary Stat
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 8 - Continued FEMALES DIMENSI
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 9 Anthropometric Summary Stat
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 10 NIOSH Respirator Data (wei
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 11 NIOSH Respirator Data by S
Page 31 and 32: TABLE 11 (continued) MALE FEMALE AG
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 12 Mean Differences between E
Page 35 and 36: the diagonal matrix, D. This last s
Page 37 and 38: Figures 13 and 14 are visual repres
Page 39 and 40: TABLE 11 Data Reduction Using PCA:
Page 41 and 42: Menton-Sellion Length(mm) 139.5 129
Page 43 and 44: Menton-Sellion Length(mm) 139.5 129
Page 45 and 46: 160 150 140 MENTON-SELLION LTH 130
Page 47 and 48: CONCLUSIONS It has been decades sin
Page 49 and 50: APPENDIX A Anthropometric Survey of
Page 51 and 52: Cheilion, right and left: The later
Page 53 and 54: Ectocanthus (right and left): The o
Page 55 and 56: Glabella: The anterior point on the
Page 57 and 58: Infraorbitale, right and left: The
Page 59 and 60: Nasal Root Point (right and left):
Page 61 and 62: Pupil: The center of the pupil of a
Page 63 and 64: Subnasale: The point of intersectio
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Zygion, right and left: The most la
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DIMENSION DESCRIPTIONS BIGONIAL BRE
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BITRAGION CORONAL ARC The surface d
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BITRAGION SUBNASALE ARC The surface
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HEAD BREADTH The maximum horizontal
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HEAD LENGTH The maximum length of t
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LIP LENGTH The straight-line distan
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MENTON-SELLION LENGTH The distance
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NASAL ROOT BREADTH The horizontal b
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NOSE BREADTH The straight-line dist
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STATURE The vertical distance betwe
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WEIGHT The weight of the subject is
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Scan NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPAT
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your claim would be against the con
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Non-scan NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCC
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5. If you have questions about this
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APPENDIX C DATA SHEET 91
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Scan No. _____________________ Scan
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Multivariate Tests - MALES Effect V
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Multivariate Tests - FEMALES Effect
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APPENDIX E ANOVAS BY MALES AND FEMA
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ANOVA for RACE Sum of Squares df Me
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2504 418 103
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2947 2328 105
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2368 2315 107
Page 115 and 116:
851 2649 109
Page 117:
2587 516 111
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