andrew of caesarea and the apocalypse in the ancient church of the ...

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iv eventual acceptance of Révélation into the canon of the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches as well as influencing Eastern Christian eschatology. The commentary was published in Migne's Patrologia Graeca, vol. 106 (Paris 1863) 215-458, and also exists in Latin, Georgian, Armenian and Old Slavonic translations. Until now, no complète translation of Andrew's commentary has appeared in any modem language and no significant amount of scholarship has been devoted to his commentary, undoubtedly the most important ancient Greek Patristic commentary on Révélation. Many of Andrew's opinions are reported by George Mavromatis in his book, 'H 'AnoKâXv\(fiç rov Icoâvvovjus IJaxepiKrj 'AvâAvmj, (Athens: Apostolike Diakonia, 1994). Some excerpts of the commentary already existed in English translation. An exposition on the Book of Révélation composed in Russian by Archbishop Averky Taushev quoted portions of the Old Slavonic text which he had translated into Russian. This work was thereafter translated into English by Seraphim Rose and published under Archbishop Averky's name as Apocalypse (Platina, CA: Valaam Society of America, 1985). Additional excerpts from Andrew's commentary were very recently published as volume XII, "Révélation," (éd. and trans. William Weinrich), as part of the Ancient Christian Commentary séries, éd. Thomas C. Oden, (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2005) along with other comments from various ancient authors. This volume was published after the présent translation had been completed and therefore did not factor into the présent translation. A thorough analysis of Weinrich's rendition of Andrew's comments is not included in the scope of this dissertation, however a cautionary note is appropriate. Weinrich states that his translations are based on Schmid's critical text, however, they are lifted out of the context of the commentary and at times can mislead the reader with respect to Andrew's true opinion, the discemment of which requires a careful reading of the entire relevant portion of the commentary. Weinrich's compilation highlights the significant problem created by the fact that a complète translation of Andrew's commentary has not heretofore existed in which one can read the work in its entirety and truly understand Andrew's thoughts, analysis and style. This problem has arisen repeatedly among authors who discuss Andrew's work and
is demonstrated on the very first occasion in which Weinrich includes an excerpt from Andrew's commentary. Weinrich présents Oikoumenios' opinion as that of Andrew on Rev. 1:4: "Grâce to you and peace from the One who is, and who was, and who is to corne, and from the seven spirits which are before his throne." (Weinrich, 3) Andrew believes that specifically in Rev. 1:4 this statement refers to the Father, not to the Trinity, and he goes to great lengths to explain why Oikoumenios is incorrect exegetically even if he is correct theologically. Averky makes exactly the same mistake as Weinrich (Averky, 44). Without the complète commentary as a guide, isolated passages from Andrew's commentary are translated and carelessly presented as Andrew's own opinion because Andrew often reported the opinions of others as alternative interprétations. The piecemeal approach to Andrew's commentary, translating bits hère and there while making no effort to understand the flow and content of the commentary as a whole, not to mention its historical context, has even affected disciplines outside the history of biblical interprétation. Misunderstandings and erroneous conclusions hâve been drawn by Byzantine historians, no doubt based on the assessment of Andrew by scholars in the history of interprétation field. For example Paul Magdalino, probably relying on earlier mistaken assessments, states in his article "The History of the Future and its Uses: Prophecy, Policy and Propaganda," {The Making of Byzantine History, Roderick Beaton and Charlotte Roueché, eds. [London: Variorum, 1993], 3-34), that Andrew was under the sway of apocalyptic fervor and even that Andrew systematically tried to relate Révélation to the Roman Empire. {Making of Byzantine History, 11) The truth is actually the opposite: If anything, Andrew was attempting to quell apocalyptic fears through his commentary, not inflame them. V The following dissertation consists of two parts: Part 1, "Studies on the Apocalypse Commentary of Andrew of Caesarea," an analysis of the commentary, and Part 2, "Translation of the Apocalypse Commentary of Andrew of Caesarea." The translation is based on the critical text of the commentary produced by Josef Schmid, Der Apokalypse-Kommentar des Andréas von Kaisareia, vol. 1 of Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Apokalypse-Textes, 3 parts (Miinchen: Karl Zink Verlag, 1955-56).
Page 1 and 2: EUGENIA SCARVELIS CONSTANTINOU ANDR
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT i This dissertation is a s
Page 5: FOREWORD iii Révélation's shaky c
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii This dissertat
Page 11 and 12: 2.5 The Rise of Schism and Heresy:
Page 13 and 14: 7.2 Andrew's Posterity: Translation
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Apoc
Page 17 and 18: -3- religious center of the Roman p
Page 19 and 20: -5- the sack of Jérusalem in 614 a
Page 21 and 22: -7- Drawing conclusions from silenc
Page 23 and 24: -9- Roman territory to be led by hi
Page 25 and 26: them. 31 Even though "co-celebrant"
Page 27 and 28: -13- Andrew within his jurisdiction
Page 29 and 30: -15- Determining the identity of Oi
Page 31 and 32: -17- statement with overwhelming é
Page 33 and 34: -19- were a respected ecclesiastica
Page 35 and 36: -21- comments of Oikoumenios himsel
Page 37 and 38: -23- an army in Egypt and arrived i
Page 39 and 40: -25- 1.4.3 The Chalcedonian Alterna
Page 41 and 42: -27- sprinkled throughout the comme
Page 43 and 44: -29- In the absence of Heraclius, t
Page 45 and 46: -31- Chapter 2 An Overview of the B
Page 47 and 48: -33- shaping. While none would dare
Page 49 and 50: -35- were certainly authoritative.
Page 51 and 52: -37- influencing canonicity was whe
Page 53 and 54: -39- of Augustine and the adoption
Page 55 and 56: -41- contributed to the shape of th
Page 57 and 58:
-43- view that there was a canon of
Page 59 and 60:
-45- was probably typical. For him,
Page 61 and 62:
-47- martyrdom, they took the posit
Page 63 and 64:
-49- movement. Gnosticism "motivate
Page 65 and 66:
-51- 2.4 The Second Century: Widesp
Page 67 and 68:
-53- never discusses the controvers
Page 69 and 70:
-55- Andrew's citation confirms eve
Page 71 and 72:
-57- 2.4.6 The Martyrs of Vienne an
Page 73 and 74:
-59- teaching "which the elders who
Page 75 and 76:
-61- Yet for ail his confidence in
Page 77 and 78:
-63- the Apocalypse of John. Furthe
Page 79 and 80:
-65- During the mid-second century,
Page 81 and 82:
-67- me shall corne no prophet, but
Page 83 and 84:
-69- millennialist. Irenaeus descri
Page 85 and 86:
-71- Most of Gaius' dialogue was lo
Page 87 and 88:
-73- century we also see sermons pr
Page 89 and 90:
-75- 2.6.2 Clément of Alexandria N
Page 91 and 92:
-77- Rome, Origen accepted Hebrews
Page 93 and 94:
-79- extensive range of opinions, i
Page 95 and 96:
-81- 2.6.4 Dionysios of Alexandria
Page 97 and 98:
-83- On the supposition that there
Page 99 and 100:
-85- produced lists of sacred Scrip
Page 101 and 102:
-87- statement supporting the early
Page 103 and 104:
-89- Finally, after delineating th
Page 105 and 106:
-91- that Eusebius' remarks reveal
Page 107 and 108:
-93- short, our présent twenty-sev
Page 109 and 110:
-95- Without doubt, it was Jerome's
Page 111 and 112:
-97- 2.7.4. 2 Didymus the Blind Did
Page 113 and 114:
-99- 2.7.5 The Cappadocians Cappado
Page 115 and 116:
-101- 2.7.6 The Antiocheans A small
Page 117 and 118:
- 103 - in the attitude of certain
Page 119 and 120:
-105- likely that his commentary gr
Page 121 and 122:
-107- council is pointed to by some
Page 123 and 124:
-109 - Many ecclesiastical writers,
Page 125 and 126:
-111 - and were published. The rise
Page 127 and 128:
-113- himself as a translater of Sc
Page 129 and 130:
-115- already predisposed. The spli
Page 131 and 132:
-117- Apocalypse. He outlines the m
Page 133 and 134:
-119- (Chester Beatty), and P from
Page 135 and 136:
-121- freely from the earliest time
Page 137 and 138:
-123- text-type out of a mixture of
Page 139 and 140:
-125- again inserted. 484 But Schmi
Page 141 and 142:
- 127- Kcti vf\q 'AjïOKa^-ÛYecoç
Page 143 and 144:
-129- Victorinus made the first eff
Page 145 and 146:
-131- with complète rejection. Una
Page 147 and 148:
-133- Bede's commentary, composed p
Page 149 and 150:
-135- actual - induced the composit
Page 151 and 152:
-137- existed. The two branches of
Page 153 and 154:
- 139 - Chapter 5 Evaluation of the
Page 155 and 156:
-141 - 5.1.2 Unexpressed Purpose an
Page 157 and 158:
-143- Andrew also does not apply th
Page 159 and 160:
-145- A very telling détail illumi
Page 161 and 162:
- 147 - any opponents, not even the
Page 163 and 164:
-149- separately. In support of thi
Page 165 and 166:
-151- with an invocation of the kin
Page 167 and 168:
-153- specifically liturgical in st
Page 169 and 170:
-155 - 4, 621 four possibilities fo
Page 171 and 172:
- 157 - Oikoumenios believed that h
Page 173 and 174:
-159- While Andrew recognizes that
Page 175 and 176:
-161- Babylon (Rev. 17) refers to a
Page 177 and 178:
-163- pipXoi)) we believe it superf
Page 179 and 180:
- 165 - the traditional belief that
Page 181 and 182:
- 167- parts by divine grâce. He c
Page 183 and 184:
- 169 - Oikoumenios acknowledged th
Page 185 and 186:
-171 - of its relationship to figur
Page 187 and 188:
-173 - demonstrates a précise unde
Page 189 and 190:
- 175 - ordered by God to be procla
Page 191 and 192:
-177- 5.6.4 Context The first examp
Page 193 and 194:
-179- or the future, (that which wa
Page 195 and 196:
-181- And ifany take thèse things
Page 197 and 198:
- 183 - His disregard for séquence
Page 199 and 200:
-185- leads Andrew to connect that
Page 201 and 202:
- 187 - 10), when the end has alrea
Page 203 and 204:
-189- Eighteen unnamed teachers or
Page 205 and 206:
-191- 9. About the identity of the
Page 207 and 208:
-193- thousand seven hundred and fo
Page 209 and 210:
-195- Chapter 6 Andrew's Theology 6
Page 211 and 212:
-197- remarks: Regarding verse 13,
Page 213 and 214:
-199- He concludes that those previ
Page 215 and 216:
-201 - example, he interprets the "
Page 217 and 218:
-203- the Apocalypse, whereas John'
Page 219 and 220:
-205- But others, Andrew included,
Page 221 and 222:
-207- humanity to die because the w
Page 223 and 224:
-209- righteous will be like "angel
Page 225 and 226:
-211- After surveying the options,
Page 227 and 228:
-213- In his comments on this point
Page 229 and 230:
-215- 6.4.4 Andrew's After-life Ima
Page 231 and 232:
-217 - Andrew considered marriage a
Page 233 and 234:
-219- The angel stood at this (alta
Page 235 and 236:
-221 - is also shown the sympathy a
Page 237 and 238:
-223- roles of the human and divine
Page 239 and 240:
-225- Andrew's repeated emphasis on
Page 241 and 242:
-227- the river of the temptations.
Page 243 and 244:
-229- compels the jaws of those who
Page 245 and 246:
-231- tormented on account ofsin, o
Page 247 and 248:
-233- But I myself hearing (of) ete
Page 249 and 250:
-235 - created an accompanying comm
Page 251 and 252:
-237- who confirm that this Révél
Page 253 and 254:
-239- Mt. Athos (d. 1028). Euthymio
Page 255 and 256:
-241- mentions the opinion that Ré
Page 257 and 258:
-243- Revelation he mentions John a
Page 259 and 260:
-245- ending in a doxology, along w
Page 261 and 262:
-247- Ambrose of Milan. WORKS CITED
Page 263 and 264:
-249- St. Augustin: Sermon on the M
Page 265 and 266:
-251 - Nicene Fathers séries, vol.
Page 267 and 268:
-253- Gregory ofNazianzus, Select O
Page 269 and 270:
-255- Homilies On Genesis. John Chr
Page 271 and 272:
-257- . Commentary on the Song ofSo
Page 273 and 274:
- 259 - . On the Apparel of Women.
Page 275 and 276:
-261 - Bacon, Benjamin. "Adhuc in C
Page 277 and 278:
-263- . "Mittheilungen ûber den ne
Page 279 and 280:
-265- Guinot, Jean-Noël. L'exégè
Page 281 and 282:
-267- Lamoreaux, John. "The Provena
Page 283 and 284:
-269- Miller, John. The Origins oft
Page 285 and 286:
-271- Stratos, Andréas. Byzantium
Page 287 and 288:
FOREWORD TO THE SECOND VOLUME This
Page 289 and 290:
111 Section 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 C
Page 291 and 292:
3 [3] Chapter 33 Section 12 Chapter
Page 293 and 294:
5 Section23 Chapter 67 Chapter 68 C
Page 295 and 296:
7 appear bold by attempting (to exp
Page 297 and 298:
9 governed by grâce, and the third
Page 299 and 300:
11 Out of obédience we hâve perfo
Page 301 and 302:
13 dwelt on the sublime and the thi
Page 303 and 304:
15 Due to the existence of many chu
Page 305 and 306:
17 as servants, just as the divine
Page 307 and 308:
19 also clear from the things from
Page 309 and 310:
21 [17] Rev. 1:7 Behold he cornes w
Page 311 and 312:
23 went out to ail the earth — de
Page 313 and 314:
25 Rev. 1:14 His headandhis hair we
Page 315 and 316:
27 Rev. 1:15b And his voice (was) l
Page 317 and 318:
29 Rev. 1:19 - 20 Write, therefore,
Page 319 and 320:
31 and patience for the faith and e
Page 321 and 322:
33 wisdom, saying, It is the tree o
Page 323 and 324:
35 He says, "Do not fear the tribul
Page 325 and 326:
37 and second, among those who were
Page 327 and 328:
39 fragrance of the spiritual myrrh
Page 329 and 330:
41 Rev. 2:23b-25 And ail the church
Page 331 and 332:
43 crushed under thefeet ofthe sain
Page 333 and 334:
45 essence (as the Spirit). He also
Page 335 and 336:
47 His kingdom is called the key of
Page 337 and 338:
49 particular time, from which he p
Page 339 and 340:
51 For (with respect to) actions, t
Page 341 and 342:
53 and repent. Rev. 3:19 If I love
Page 343 and 344:
55 and he will come (as) a judge, a
Page 345 and 346:
57 first, jasper meaning, as pale g
Page 347 and 348:
59 And from hère is demonstrated t
Page 349 and 350:
61 mastery over the things in heave
Page 351 and 352:
63 above. Rev. 4:8a And the four an
Page 353 and 354:
65 CHAPTER 11 ConcerninR the Small
Page 355 and 356:
67 Rev. 5:5 And one of the elders s
Page 357 and 358:
69 Rev. 5:9-10 9 And they sang a ne
Page 359 and 360:
71 due) glory, power, unto the âge
Page 361 and 362:
73 saving arrows of Christ, having
Page 363 and 364:
75 saying, "A quart ofwheatfor a de
Page 365 and 366:
77 in the zénith of the persécuti
Page 367 and 368:
79 Rev. 6:11 And he gave them each
Page 369 and 370:
81 Some took ail thèse things to m
Page 371 and 372:
83 heavenly powers feel pain over t
Page 373 and 374:
85 If some hâve interpreted thèse
Page 375 and 376:
87 own power and according to the a
Page 377 and 378:
89 Rev. 7:6b Twelve thousandfrom th
Page 379 and 380:
91 the apostolic seed, twelve times
Page 381 and 382:
93 house on account of Christ, so t
Page 383 and 384:
95 and those who contested as of la
Page 385 and 386:
97 Blessed are those who through te
Page 387 and 388:
99 the seventh seal through which i
Page 389 and 390:
101 Rev. 8:5b-6 3b And there were s
Page 391 and 392:
103 According to the opinion of som
Page 393 and 394:
105 corne upon men from the heavens
Page 395 and 396:
107 CHAPTER 26 Concerning the Fifth
Page 397 and 398:
109 about with the enlightenment of
Page 399 and 400:
111 the five sensés and the shortn
Page 401 and 402:
113 animalism, and the fire, smoke
Page 403 and 404:
115 pirates on the sea. For this re
Page 405 and 406:
117 CHAPTER 29 How the Evangelist T
Page 407 and 408:
119 from the same angel, and that h
Page 409 and 410:
121 authority over the waters to tu
Page 411 and 412:
123 judgment with your servants, Fo
Page 413 and 414:
125 The time of the dead, it says,
Page 415 and 416:
127 minded into spiritually minded
Page 417 and 418:
129 because of the fiery angelic na
Page 419 and 420:
131 For the Apostate (devil) is alw
Page 421 and 422:
133 the crown of righteousness 650
Page 423 and 424:
135 end. Therefore, his fall is the
Page 425 and 426:
137 When, it says, the devil after
Page 427 and 428:
139 CHAPTER 36 About the Beast with
Page 429 and 430:
141 Rev. 13:3a,b And one ofits head
Page 431 and 432:
143 SECTION 13, CHAPTER 37 About th
Page 433 and 434:
145 heaven, since we hâve learned
Page 435 and 436:
147 xevrô, forming the future of t
Page 437 and 438:
149 Rev. 3b-5 ib No one could learn
Page 439 and 440:
151 (coming) from God. He says this
Page 441 and 442:
153 [152] Rev. 14:11a And the smoke
Page 443 and 444:
155 because this material is precio
Page 445 and 446:
157 customarily are figuratively ca
Page 447 and 448:
159 différent functions, according
Page 449 and 450:
161 Rev. 15:8b -16:1 And no one was
Page 451 and 452:
163 eut to pièces, and (because of
Page 453 and 454:
165 [169] SECTION 17, CHAPTER 49 Ho
Page 455 and 456:
167 which some hâve understood as
Page 457 and 458:
169 mentioned. From thèse, it says
Page 459 and 460:
171 fell, Rev. 16:19a And the great
Page 461 and 462:
173 with me saying to me, "Come, I
Page 463 and 464:
175 imbibing as a sweet draught, th
Page 465 and 466:
177 over the nations through idolat
Page 467 and 468:
179 871 not having a heart, and acc
Page 469 and 470:
181 Rev. 17:12 And the ten horns th
Page 471 and 472:
183 [193] Rev. 18:2-3a 2 And he cal
Page 473 and 474:
185 Rev. 18:9-10 9 And the kings of
Page 475 and 476:
187 unwillingly deprived of the ple
Page 477 and 478:
189 The alléluia means "divine pra
Page 479 and 480:
191 Jésus. Worship God. " For the
Page 481 and 482:
193 watchful, providential power th
Page 483 and 484:
195 Rev. 19:14 And the armies of he
Page 485 and 486:
197 truth and that they return and
Page 487 and 488:
199 previously, 957 as now we hâve
Page 489 and 490:
201 infer the number one thousand t
Page 491 and 492:
203 manifesting God-given power aga
Page 493 and 494:
205 beginning of their future punis
Page 495 and 496:
207 righteous will be like angels o
Page 497 and 498:
209 thèse things is rather appropr
Page 499 and 500:
211 been taught by the Savior Chris
Page 501 and 502:
213 your name. i0 5 Therefore, the
Page 503 and 504:
215 earth passed away, and the sea
Page 505 and 506:
217 CHAPTER 66 About the Things Sai
Page 507 and 508:
219 promised blessings in Christ hi
Page 509 and 510:
221 Rev. 21:13 From the east three
Page 511 and 512:
223 The jasper material ofthe waiï
Page 513 and 514:
225 Rev. 21:20b the sixth carnelian
Page 515 and 516:
227 solidarity, but through greater
Page 517 and 518:
229 enter there. For what associati
Page 519 and 520:
231 Thèse leaves will be for heali
Page 521 and 522:
divine Apostle? 1141 CHAPTER 69 233
Page 523 and 524:
235 receive the wages, the glory fr
Page 525 and 526:
237 Rev. 22:14 Blessed are they who
Page 527 and 528:
239 Rev. 22:17b And let him who is
Page 529 and 530:
241 their magnitude, in view of the
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