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Can someone please explain the rains in Ethiopia? Note: All rainfall maps in this chapter are based upon an analysis of satellite-derived estimates of long-term mean rainfall (Source of data: USGS) The analysis of the data was conducted by Mark Lawrence of FEG Rainfall by month The maps below illustrate the progressive movement of the rains throughout the year. In Ethiopia the rains are caused by both the northsouth migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which particularly influences the main season during the second half of the year; and offshore winds originating in the Arabian Sea, which affect the minor season during the first half of the year. Rainfall (mm) < 25 26 - 75 > 75 Some basic meteorology Kremt (June-October) These are the main season rains for all December February April except the south-east of the country. They are caused by warm wet south-westerly winds from mainland Africa blowing into the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 1 . The ITCZ moves progressively Seasonality & Livelihoods June August October north across Africa between December and August, before retreating south again in the second half of the year. The seasonal movement of the ITCZ can be seen most clearly by comparing the December and August maps. In December the ITCZ (roughly indicated by the 75 mm rainfall line) lies to the south of the Ethiopian border. By August it has reached into northern Sudan and Eritrea. Source: USGS 1 The heat of the northern hemisphere summer creates a belt of low pressure across Africa that draws in winds from both the north (the north-east trade winds) and the south (the south-east and south-west trade winds). The two sets of winds converge in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), creating an up-thrust of air and causing heavy rainfall as the moist air from the south rises, cools and condenses to form rain. 12 The Livelihoods <strong>Atlas</strong> for Ethiopia The Livelihoods Integration Unit
The north-easterly movement of the ICTZ across Ethiopia means that the kremt season is longest in the south-west of the country and shortest in the north-east. Belg (Mar-May) The belg rains result from a weather system that develops to the north of the ITCZ between the successful cultivation of belg season sweet potatoes – a key hunger season crop. Gu (April-May) & Deyr (October-November) 2 These are the main season rains for the pastoral areas in the south and south-east of the country. In terms of weather system they can be thought of as early and late kremt rains respectively. January and May. These rains are associated offshore with winds originating in the Arabian Sea. Belg rainfall peaks in April. The map for April clearly shows the belg rains falling on the north-east and Harerge Highlands. Rainfall in January and February (which can be thought of as early belg rainfall) is important in certain parts of the country. Coastal rains in these months are important for pastoral areas bordering northern Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea (heys rains in Somali, dadac in Afar). In SNNPR rainfall in January-February (the sapia rains) is important for 200 150 100 50 0 400 350 200 100 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 Belg J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Gu J F M A M J J A S O N D The gu rains start as the ITCZ passes over southern Ethiopia, and are brought to an end by relatively dry winds blowing north-east along the African coast from May onwards (see map for June, which shows a ‘corridor’ of dryness along the coast) 3 . The southward movement of the ITCZ in the second half of the year brings renewed rainfall (deyr rains) between October and November. Kremt Kremt Deyr The ITCZ and coastal weather systems from the Arabian seas combine to create both bimodal and unimodal patterns of rainfall. The north-east and east have a bi-modal pattern (belg and kremt). The south-west of the country has one long rainy season (kremt). The southeast has a bi-modal gu and deyr pattern. The gu and deyr graphic shows clearly how gu and deyr correspond respectively to the beginning and end of the kremt. 2 Amharic and Somali names are used to describe the seasons in this graphic. The Afar and Oromifa names are given in the text box on page 15. 3 These winds are associated with low pressure over Asia created by the heat of the northern hemisphere summer. They blow from May-September. Seasonality & Livelihoods The Livelihoods <strong>Atlas</strong> for Ethiopia The Livelihoods Integration Unit 13
Page 1: Government of Ethiopia: Disaster Ri
Page 4 and 5: Contents The Livelihoods Atlas for
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements USAID provided the
Page 8 and 9: Introduction iv The Livelihoods Atl
Page 10 and 11: and agropastoralists, limited popul
Page 13 and 14: Geography and Livelihoods There are
Page 15 and 16: Topography and Drainage Topography
Page 17 and 18: Rainfall (mm) < 400 401 - 700 701 -
Page 19 and 20: Altitude Livelihood Zones of Ethiop
Page 21: The Livelihoods Atlas for Ethiopia
Page 26 and 27: How do rainfall patterns translate
Page 28 and 29: What does it mean when the ‘belg
Page 30 and 31: Do all people have the same hunger
Page 32 and 33: When should seasonal assessments oc
Page 35 and 36: Crop Production and Livelihoods The
Page 37 and 38: What dominates people’s economy?
Page 39 and 40: What do people grow for sale? The m
Page 41 and 42: Sorghum, maize, and/or millet Wheat
Page 43 and 44: Belg season sweet potatoes In highl
Page 45 and 46: Where people cultivate all their la
Page 47 and 48: How do the poor cope with their sho
Page 49: The Livelihoods Atlas for Ethiopia
Page 52 and 53: Which livestock do people have? Cat
Page 54 and 55: How many livestock do households ha
Page 56 and 57: Where is the dependence on livestoc
Page 58 and 59: What do livestock mean for food pur
Page 60 and 61: How important are different livesto
Page 63 and 64: Pastoralist Livelihoods Although th
Page 65 and 66: How much of the population is pasto
Page 67 and 68: Are all herders the same? Dominant
Page 69 and 70: Total cash income Very poor and poo
Page 71 and 72: What are the most important cash so
Page 73: Pastoralists manage risks season on
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Which areas of the country are the
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What variations in wealth do we see
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How skewed is the distribution of w
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The Market and Livelihoods Cash and
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How much do different households de
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What proportion of household income
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Annual cash income from labor sales
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Two areas stand out where poorer ho
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What proportion of household income
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The Livelihoods Atlas for Ethiopia
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What role do environmental products
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What role do environmental products
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Diet Although the databases that th
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Annual kilocalories from teff Perce
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What is the cost of living in rural
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What do people spend on production?
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What do people spend on ‘social s
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Where do people pay for water? It i
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Hazards, Coping Strategies and Live
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The most important hazard (as perce
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Flooding Crop pests/disease Livesto
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The most important coping strategy
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The importance of individual coping
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AFAR REGION Annex 1: The Livelihood
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OROMIA REGION (WESTERN) Code ACH AD
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SOUTHERN NATIONS, NATIONALITIES & P
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BENISHANGUL GUMUZ & GAMBELLA REGION
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SOMALI REGION Annex 1: The Liveliho
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Annex 2: Monitoring Livelihoods Sea
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Enset Meher pulses Meher root crops
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Goat sales Honey sales Millk & butt
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Government of Ethiopia: Disaster Ri
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