The ocean quahog Arctica islandica L.: a bioindicator

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678 older than 35 years. In addition, ocean quahogs live at up to 5 cm sediment depth. Bioturbation and other biological, chemical or hydrographical processes are possible reasons why the contaminated material may shift to different deeper horizons, thus reducing exposure. Conversely, these processes could also be reasons for the churning up of the deeper contaminated material so that in different years higher metal concentrations are once again found in the shells. Studies by Richardson et al. (2001) with the shells of Modiolus modiolus from two different areas (a dumping and a reference site) also showed no trend. The concentrations of his dumping site varied between different individuals. Lead was the only element showing a decreasing trend. This trend was also seen in shells from his reference site. The concentrations of lead and copper were not different between the two research areas. In comparison to the studies of Richardson et al. (2001), in this study the lead and copper concentrations were always higher in shells from the dumping site compared to shells from the reference site (Fig. 5, Table 2). The concentrations in the soft body tissue and in shells of the ocean quahog from the dumping and reference sites were compared with the results of different investigations on A. islandica from Atlantic and Baltic localities (Tables 1, 2). Mainly the concentrations of copper and lead were essentially higher at the dumping site than known literature values. In summary, in sediments from the dumping site the heavy metal contamination was much higher compared to the reference site and other areas (Leipe et al. 2005). In this study the higher contamination of some metals was found in both the soft body tissue and in the shells of A. islandica. Although the ocean quahog accumulates heavy metals, it is not qualified for bioindicator investigations in terms of the impact of pollutants on the shell features only. For biomonitoring research the shell analysis is preferable for heavy metal accumulation studies. Acknowledgements We thank Prof. Dr. M. Kersten for the use of his laboratory facilities and LA–ICP–MS and Dr. C. Pohl and U. Hennings for help with the AAS. Thanks to the crew of R.V. ‘‘Prof. A. Penck’’ for competent operations of vessel and equipment. The authors express their thanks to Dr. K. Smith for help in translating the manuscript. Finally many thanks to the referees for critical reading of this manuscript and for comments. References Bakker JF (1994) Schadstoffe in Miesmuscheln. In: Lozań JL, Rachor E, Reise K, Westernhagen H von, Lenz W (eds) Warnsignale aus dem Wattenmeer. Blackwell Wissenschafts, Berlin, pp 132–143 Borchardt T, Burchert S, Hablizel H, Karbe L, Zeitner R (1988) Trace metal concentrations in mussels: comparison between estuarine, coastal and offshore regions in the south-eastern North Sea from 1983–1986. 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The ocean quahog Arctica islandica L.: a bioindicator

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