Whole Manual - Michigan State University: Integrated Pest ...

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hawk moths. Single light green eggs are laid on the undersides of leaves. When eggs hatch, larvae feed on leaves and fruit before pupating in the soil. In Michigan, there may be two to three generations a year. Tomato hornworm larva (top) and adult (bottom). Damage: With their chewing mouthparts, these large caterpillars eat leaves of tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers and can also bore into tomato fruit. Tomato hornworm damage can cause 100 percent of the product to be unmarketable. Control strategies: ■ Small infestations of tomato hornworms can be hand picked from plants. Look closely when scouting plants for tomato hornworms -- they are well camouflaged and difficult to see until they are large enough to defoliate plants. ■ A number of natural enemies help control tomato hornworms. For example, caterpillars parasitized by a tiny wasp will have tiny, white wasp cocoons on them. Parasitized larvae do not develop into adult hornworms, but they do continue to feed. ■ Many foliar insecticides control tomato hornworms. TOMATO FRUITWORM (Heliocoverpa zea) The tomato fruitworm is also known as the corn earworm. The adult moth migrates into Michigan each year beginning in late June. Moths are active at night, and female moths are attracted to flowering and fruiting tomato plants. Small, yellow eggs are laid near or on the tomato. Newly hatched larvae vary in color from pink and green to maroon, brown, and tan and begin at once to feed on the tomato. A fully mature larva can grow to 1 3/4 inches long. Mature caterpillars drop from the plant and pupate in the soil. There are two to three generations per year in Michigan. Damage: Tomato fruitworm caterpillars attack green tomatoes. They bore into the fruit, creating a deep, watery cavity. The cavity creates an entry point for secondary fungal infections. Damaged fruit is unmarketable and usually falls from the vine. Control strategies: ■ Naturally occurring biological control agents such as parasitic wasps and flies are very important in the control of tomato fruitworm. ■ Tomato fruitworm adults can be monitored using pheromone lures and traps placed near tomato plants or cornfields. Scout fields to monitor fruit feeding. It is important to treat when the larvae are small, because once they enter the fruit, insecticide applications will not be effective. GENERAL VEGETABLE INSECT PESTS SEEDCORN MAGGOT (Delia platura) Seedcorn maggots have a wide host range including corn, snap beans, and cucurbits. They overwinter in the soil as small, brown pupae. Beginning in early April, adult seedcorn maggots emerge. The adult is a small, gray fly, similar to a housefly. Female flies deposit eggs in the soil and are attracted to soil high in organic matter, either plowed-down crop residue or animal manure. Larvae or maggots feed on decomposing plant material and seeds. Seedcorn maggots favor cold, wet weather. There are multiple generations a year, but only the first generation is of economic concern. Damage: Larvae feed on decomposing plant matter and seeds. Seeds can be attacked before or after germination. Damaged seeds may not sprout or produce malformed, stunted plants. Attacked seedlings will wilt and die within a few days. Control strategies: ■ If planting into a field that has a cover crop, plow down the cover crop three to four weeks before planting. This provides enough time for decomposition. ■ Insecticide seed treatments are an effective way to control seedcorn maggot. Vegetable Crop Pest Management 47 Chapter 5
C 5 H A P TER Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual. 1. Insect damage can result in: A. An unmarketable product. B. Disease transmission. C. Yield reduction. D. All of the above. 2. Molting is the process of shedding an old skeleton to reveal a new, larger exoskeleton. A. True. B. False. 3. Define metamorphosis. Review Questions Chapter 5: Insect Management 4-8. Match the following forms of metamorphosis with the correct statement. A. Simple B. Complete C. Both simple and complete 4. ___ Immature insects resemble adults. 5. ___ Adults and nymphs usually live in the same environment. 6. ___ Adult insects have wings. 7. ___ Immature insects do not look like the adults. 8. ___ Immature insects are referred to as larvae. 9. During which insect life stage does an insect undergo a complete change? A. Nymph B. Larva C. Pupa D. Adult 10. The asparagus miner goes through which type of metamorphosis? A. Simple B. Complete 11. The leafhopper goes through which type of metamorphosis? A. Simple B. Complete 12. Why is it important to understand an insect’s life cycle for pest management? Chapter 5 48 Vegetable Crop Pest Management
Page 1 and 2:
Vegetable Crop Pest Management A Gu
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements We would like to e
Page 5 and 6: General Vegetable Insect Pests . .
Page 7 and 8: vi Vegetable Crop Pest Management
Page 9 and 10: accurately written records of field
Page 11 and 12: Ladybird beetle adults and larvae c
Page 13 and 14: Phytotoxicity—when a pesticide da
Page 15 and 16: 19. How are tolerance and pesticide
Page 17 and 18: Always: ■ Select pesticides label
Page 19 and 20: ■ Select the least hazardous pest
Page 21 and 22: C 2 H A P TER Review Questions Chap
Page 23 and 24: 16 Vegetable Crop Pest Management
Page 25 and 26: Hydraulic Sprayers Water is most of
Page 27 and 28: Nozzles Nozzles are important to co
Page 31 and 32: 24. Granular applicators are design
Page 33 and 34: will not double the flow rate - you
Page 35 and 36: 6. The average output of the nozzle
Page 39 and 40: 32 Vegetable Crop Pest Management
Page 41 and 42: stages. Larvae and adults are often
Page 43 and 44: down into the crown and eventually
Page 45 and 46: INSECT PESTS OF CUCURBITS (CUCUMBER
Page 47 and 48: CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) Ca
Page 49 and 50: Damage: First-generation European c
Page 51 and 52: ■ Natural enemies such as ground
Page 53: educed yields. They feed on a wide
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 5 50 Vegetable Crop Pest Ma
Page 59 and 60: BIENNIAL Biennials complete their g
Page 61 and 62: Advantages of preemergence applicat
Page 63 and 64: 9. Which of the following is true o
Page 65 and 66: BACTERIA Bacteria are very small, m
Page 67 and 68: DISEASE MANAGEMENT Options for dise
Page 69 and 70: Outbreaks occur first as isolated p
Page 71 and 72: FUSARIUM YELLOWS Environmental cond
Page 73 and 74: Pathogen type: fungus (Peronospora
Page 75 and 76: MOSAIC VIRUSES POWDERY MILDEW Cucum
Page 77 and 78: DOWNY MILDEW SMUT Severe downy mild
Page 79 and 80: humidity. The disease is more likel
Page 81 and 82: BLACK SCURF/STEM CANKER DISEASES OF
Page 83 and 84: ■ Remove or destroy crop residue
Page 87 and 88: 26-29. Match the following cucurbit
Page 89 and 90: PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES Plant-par
Page 91 and 92: depending on age. Males are worm-li
Page 93 and 94: Needle nematode feeding can result
Page 95 and 96: 7. Which female nematodes, of those
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 4 Calibration (1) Calibrati
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX C GLOSSARY ABDOMINAL PROLE
Page 101 and 102: DERMAL TOXICITY—The ability of a
Page 103 and 104: MESOTHORAX—The second segment of
Page 105 and 106:
STOMACH POISON—A pesticide that m
Page 107 and 108:
Notes 100
Page 109:
MICHIGAN STATE U N I V E R S I T Y
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