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Some biological nematicides products are available, but their use has not resulted in consistent control of nematodes in Michigan. Biotechnological controls: Plants have not been genetically modified at this time to control plant-parasitic nematodes. Chemical controls: Nematicides are compounds that kill nematodes. Nematicides are either fumigants or nonfumigants. Fumigants are typically compounds sold as liquids that react with water in the soil to produce gases that kill a wide variety of organisms, including plants. They are usually applied to the soil in the fall or spring when soil temperatures are adequate. Fumigant nematicides are labeled for use in vegetable production in Michigan. Please consult MSU bulletin E-312, Insect, Disease and Nematode Control for Commercial Vegetables, for specific recommendations. Non-fumigant nematicides are also labeled for use in Michigan vegetable production. Unlike fumigants, they do not volatilize in soil water. They can be applied before, at, or even after planting in some situations. These compounds are not as broad spectrum as killing agents as fumigant types. They will control problem nematodes, but their use will often result in decreases in numbers of beneficial as well as parasitic nematodes. See MSU bulletin E-312 for information on use of these materials. Cultural controls: Tactics that affect nematode populations include the species of plants grown, planting dates, presence or absence of companion crops, etc. Most of these tactics have been covered in detail in the sections on specific nematodes. Genetic controls: Very few cultivars of vegetables are resistant to plant-parasitic nematodes, though many varieties of tomato have resistance to root-knot nematodes. Varieties of vegetables will differ in their susceptibility to nematodes, but this information is not always readily available. These data can be obtained with on-farm testing or screening of selected vegetable varieties. Physical controls: These include the use of heat, steam or water (flooding) to reduce population densities of nematodes. In field situations, these types of controls are limited. In glasshouse or poly-house production of plants, heat or steam is typically used to sterilize growing media. C 8 H A P TER Review Questions Chapter 8: Nematode Management Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual. 1. 1. Nematodes are best described as: A. Aliens. B. Animals. C. Bacteria. D. Earthworms. E. Fungi. 2. 1. Plant-parasitic nematodes typically range in length from approximately: A. 1/3000 to 1/300 inch. B. 1/30 to 1/4 inch. C. 1/4 to 4 inches. D. 4 inches to 4 feet. E. None of the above. 3. Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all plant-parasitic nematodes? A. Complete their life cycles in usually 7 days B. Microscopic C. Obligate parasites of plants D. Stylet-bearing 4. How are nematodes similar to insects? A. They have compound eyes. B. They have three primary body segments. C. They possess an exoskeleton. D. They have legs and wings. 5. To reduce population densities of northern root-knot nematodes, you should: A. Grow carrots year after year. B. Rotate onions with celery. C. Grow corn or small grains. D. Fertilize crops with nitrogen. 6. Cyst nematodes spend the winter: A. In condominiums in Florida B. In cysts in the soil. C. As second-stage juveniles within leaf tissue. D. None of the above Vegetable Crop Pest Management 87 Chapter 8
7. Which female nematodes, of those listed below, would potentially produce the largest number of eggs? A. Common needle B. Lesion C. Northern root-knot D. Stem and bulb 8. Which of the nematodes listed below is not a pathogen of onion? A. Common needle B. Lesion C. Northern root-knot D. Soybean cyst 9. To diagnose a nematode problem, you should: A. Collect a soil sample and place the soil in a paper cup on the windowsill and count the nematodes as they migrate to the top. B. Collect soil and plant tissue samples and send them to a nematode diagnostic lab for analysis. C. Ask an expert. D. Consult with a fortune teller. 10. Lesion nematodes would not be transported over long distances in which of these situations? A. By moving machinery from field to field. B. By planting vegetable transplants started in contaminated soil. C. By applying leaf mulch. D. By soil erosion caused by flooding of the local river. Chapter 8 88 Vegetable Crop Pest Management
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Vegetable Crop Pest Management A Gu
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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General Vegetable Insect Pests . .
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vi Vegetable Crop Pest Management
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accurately written records of field
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Ladybird beetle adults and larvae c
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Phytotoxicity—when a pesticide da
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19. How are tolerance and pesticide
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Always: ■ Select pesticides label
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■ Select the least hazardous pest
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C 2 H A P TER Review Questions Chap
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16 Vegetable Crop Pest Management
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Hydraulic Sprayers Water is most of
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Nozzles Nozzles are important to co
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24. Granular applicators are design
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will not double the flow rate - you
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6. The average output of the nozzle
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32 Vegetable Crop Pest Management
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stages. Larvae and adults are often
Page 43 and 44: down into the crown and eventually
Page 45 and 46: INSECT PESTS OF CUCURBITS (CUCUMBER
Page 47 and 48: CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) Ca
Page 49 and 50: Damage: First-generation European c
Page 51 and 52: ■ Natural enemies such as ground
Page 53 and 54: educed yields. They feed on a wide
Page 55 and 56: C 5 H A P TER Write the answers to
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 5 50 Vegetable Crop Pest Ma
Page 59 and 60: BIENNIAL Biennials complete their g
Page 61 and 62: Advantages of preemergence applicat
Page 63 and 64: 9. Which of the following is true o
Page 65 and 66: BACTERIA Bacteria are very small, m
Page 67 and 68: DISEASE MANAGEMENT Options for dise
Page 69 and 70: Outbreaks occur first as isolated p
Page 71 and 72: FUSARIUM YELLOWS Environmental cond
Page 73 and 74: Pathogen type: fungus (Peronospora
Page 75 and 76: MOSAIC VIRUSES POWDERY MILDEW Cucum
Page 77 and 78: DOWNY MILDEW SMUT Severe downy mild
Page 79 and 80: humidity. The disease is more likel
Page 81 and 82: BLACK SCURF/STEM CANKER DISEASES OF
Page 83 and 84: ■ Remove or destroy crop residue
Page 85 and 86: C 7 H A P TER Review Questions Chap
Page 87 and 88: 26-29. Match the following cucurbit
Page 89 and 90: PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES Plant-par
Page 91 and 92: depending on age. Males are worm-li
Page 93: Needle nematode feeding can result
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 4 Calibration (1) Calibrati
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX C GLOSSARY ABDOMINAL PROLE
Page 101 and 102: DERMAL TOXICITY—The ability of a
Page 103 and 104: MESOTHORAX—The second segment of
Page 105 and 106: STOMACH POISON—A pesticide that m
Page 107 and 108: Notes 100
Page 109: MICHIGAN STATE U N I V E R S I T Y
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