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Diarrhea. Overall, we did not find sex disparities related to rates of child diarrhea. In half of these countries, the diarrhea prevalence for children less than age 5 was lower in urban areas than in rural areas. In 13 of 23 countries, the prevalence of diarrhea was higher for children living with a female household head than for children living with a male household head. In Burundi, Kenya, and Uganda, the age of the household head played an important role in diarrhea prevalence among children less than age 5. In six countries—Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe—the prevalence of diarrhea among children less than age 5 increased between surveys in the last 13 years. This increase was more than four percentage points in Cameroon and Ghana. Medical treatment of diarrhea. In 17 of 23 African countries, the percentage of children who did not receive medical advice for recent diarrhea was higher for girls than for boys. In two-thirds of the sub-Saharan African countries recent diarrhea was less likely to receive medical attention in rural areas than in urban areas. These disparities were greatest—at least 15 percentage points—in Ethiopia, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, and Niger. In two-thirds of these sub-Saharan African countries, the percentage of children who did not receive medical advice for diarrhea was higher for children living with a male household head than for those living with a female household head. This difference was greatest—more than six percentage points–in Mozambique, Guinea, Cameroon, and Nigeria. In half of these countries, the percentage of children who did not receive medical advice was higher for children living with a household head younger than 50 years old than for children living with an older household head. The percentage of children who had diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey and did not receive medical advice decreased between surveys in every sub-Saharan African country except Benin (increase of 3.8 percentage points). 7.3 Water and Sanitation Deprivation Use of surface water. Overall, we did not find sex disparities related to the use of surface water in sub-Saharan Africa. However, we did find geographic disparities. In these countries a higher percentage of children in rural areas used surface water than in urban areas. The percentage of children using surface water was at least five percentage points higher for children living with a male household head than for children living with a female household head in Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Madagascar. Additionally, the percentage of children using surface water was at least three percentage points higher for children living with a household head at least 50 years old than for children living with a younger head of household head in Cameroon, Kenya, Namibia, and Nigeria. Ethiopia, with an increment of 29 percentage points, experienced the greatest increase in the percentage of children who used surface water. Other countries that experienced relatively significant increases included Rwanda (11 percentage points) and Zimbabwe (8 percentage points). In contrast, Madagascar experienced the greatest decrease on the continent (11 percentage points). An additional five countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, and Malawi) also experienced a decrease of more than five percentage points in the percentage of children using surface water. 15 minute walk to the water source. There were no sex disparities related to the percentages of children who had to walk 15 minutes or more to their water source. In every country except Liberia, this percentage was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Whether the percentage of children living more than a 15 minute walk from the primary water source was higher for children living with a male or a female household head varied across these countries. The age of the household head was especially important in Namibia, where the percentage of children living more than a 15 minute walk from the primary water source was 16 percentage points higher for children living with a household head at least 50 years of age than for those who lived with a younger household head. Over the last 13 years large increases in the percentage of children living more than a 15 minute walk from a primary water source occurred in Benin, Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Rwanda. This increase was most evident in Ethiopia, at 10 138
percentage points. Senegal showed a major decrease in the percentage of children living more than a 15 minute walk from the primary water source (28 percentage point decrease). Lack of access to any sanitation facilities whatsoever in or near their homes. Overall, there were no sex disparities related to children’s access to sanitation facilities. In all of the sub-Saharan African countries, the percentage of children who did not have access to any sanitation facilities was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal, the percentage of children without access to any sanitation services was more than 11 percentage points higher for children living with a male household head than for children living with a female household head. Ethiopia experienced the largest reduction (23 percentage points) in the percentage of children who do not have access to any sanitation facilities. Other countries that experienced reductions of more than five percentage points included Burkina Faso, Lesotho, Malawi, and Mozambique. Only Nigeria, with a 6 percentage point increase, and Tanzania, with a 2 percentage point increase, experienced increases in the percentage of children who did not have access to any sanitation facilities. 7.4 Shelter Deprivation Living in houses with mud floors. Overall, there were no sex disparities related to living in a house with a mud floor. However, we found large rural-urban differences. In every country a higher percentage of children lived in houses with mud floors in rural areas than in urban areas. In two-thirds of these countries, the percentage living in houses with mud floors was higher for children living with a male rather than a female household head. This difference was about 15 percentage points in Burkina Faso, Guinea, Nigeria, and Senegal. The inverse situation occurred in Namibia, a 10 percentage point difference. The percentage living in houses with mud floors was much higher for children living with a household head at least 50 years old than for children living with a younger head of household in Namibia (28 percentage point higher), Lesotho (17 percentage points higher), and Zambia (11 percentage points higher). Three countries—Ghana (3 percentage points), Nigeria (4 percentage points), and Zambia (3 percentage points)—experienced an increase on the percentage of children living in houses with mud floors. In the rest of countries explored in this study, the percentage of children living in houses with mud floors decreased. Living in houses without electricity. Overall, there were no sex disparities with regard to having electric power at home. In every country, however, the percentage of children living in houses without electricity was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The sex of the household head mattered in Senegal, where the percentage living without electricity was 53% for children living with a male household head and 27% for children living with a female household head. In Namibia and Uganda the percentage without electricity was slightly higher (2 percentage points) among children living with a household head age 50 or older than for children living with a younger household head. In nearly all these countries, the percentage living in houses without electric power decreased. In Nigeria, however, the percentage of children living in houses without electricity increased by 4 percentage points. Madagascar experienced an increase of 2 percentage points. 7.5 Education Deprivation Children who have received no primary or secondary education. Overall, there were inconsistent differences related to a child’s sex in the percentage ages 0 to 17 years without education. In some countries the percentage was higher for males; in others, for females. For instance, the greatest difference occurred in Niger, where 55% of males and 69% of females had no education, a difference of 14 percentage points. The percentage of children without education was about 10 percentage points higher for females than males in Benin, Guinea, and Mali. The inverse situation, but less marked, occurred in Kenya and Lesotho, where a higher proportion of male children than female children had no 139
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INDICATORS OF CHILD DEPRIVATION IN
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DHS Comparative Reports No. 32 Indi
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Contents Tables ...................
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Tables Table 1.1 Sample size, by ch
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Figures Figure 2.1 Percentage of ch
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Figure 3.17 Changes in the percenta
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Figure 6.3 Percentage of children a
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Preface One of the most significant
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Sex of head of household: The sex o
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1.2 Data Analyses were performed us
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Analyses Sex of the child: male / f
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Table 1.1. - Continued Country Year
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Table 1.2. - Continued Sex of the c
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percentage points higher in rural a
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difference of 16 percentage points.
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Table 2.2. Percentage of children l
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Figure 2.2. Percentage of children
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Figure 2.4. Percentage of children
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Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon
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60.0 Figure 2.11. Changes in the pe
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Map 2.1 Percentage of children less
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and rural children (Table 3.1). Thi
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was more than four percentage point
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100.0 Figure 3.5. Changes in the pe
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100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 79.2 75.8 Figu
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4 Water and Sanitation Deprivation
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Sex and geographic disparities In g
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Table 4.1. Percentage of children w
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Table 4.2. - Continued Child's age
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Table 4.2. - Continued Child's age
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Table 4.3. Percentage of children w
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70.0 Figure 4.5. Changes in the per
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80.0 71.7 69.2 67.2 66.5 Figure 4.1
Page 105 and 106: 5 Shelter Deprivation This chapter
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Page 109 and 110: Table 5.2. Percentage of children w
Page 111 and 112: Table 5.2. - Continued Child's age
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3. Percentage of children w
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5.2. Percentage of children
Page 117 and 118: Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon
Page 123 and 124: 120.0 Figure 5.11. Changes in the p
Page 125 and 126: 6 Education Deprivation In sub-Saha
Page 127 and 128: The role of the household head’s
Page 129 and 130: Table 6.1. Percentage of children a
Page 131 and 132: Table 6.3. Trends in percentage of
Page 133 and 134: Table 6.3. - Continued Data collect
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.4. - Continued Sex of the c
Page 137 and 138: Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Congo B
Page 141 and 142: 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 36.4 Figure 6.5
Page 145 and 146: Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon
Page 151 and 152: 20.0 Figure 6.16. Changes in the pe
Page 153: Map 6.5 Percentage of children age
Page 158 and 159: education by two percentage points.
Page 160 and 161: Briend, A. 1990. “Is Diarrhea a M
Page 162 and 163: Mohammed, S., and D. Tamiru. 2013.
Page 164: Zahid, M.S., S.M. Udden, A.S. Faruq
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