Abstract book - ITQB - Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Abstract book - ITQB - Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Abstract book - ITQB - Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>
OXIZYMES IN OEIRAS<br />
3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Book<br />
Oxizymes in Oeiras – 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
September, 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal<br />
Editors: Lígia O. Martins, André T. Fernan<strong>de</strong>s, Paulo Durão<br />
Microbial and Enzyme Technology Lab.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Oeiras, Portugal<br />
Printing: Reprocromo Socieda<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Fotolito, Lda., Amadora, Portugal<br />
This <strong>book</strong> of abstracts was carefully produced. Nevertheless we do not warrant the information<br />
contained therein to be free of errors
WELCOME TO OEIRAS<br />
The Organizing Committee of the 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes – OXIZymes in Oeiras<br />
welcomes you to Oeiras, Portugal.<br />
OXIZymes in Oeiras comes in the sequence of previous two meetings organized respectively by<br />
Thierry Tron at Cassis, France, in 2002, and by Giovanni Sannia at Naples, Italy, in 2004.<br />
These meetings have, from the beginning, an i<strong>de</strong>a of not only being a “melting pot” of European<br />
Scientists working in the field of oxidative enzymes, but also to be the backbone of an European<br />
Network of Excellence, hoping to constitute an “incubator” for many application proposals to the<br />
European Commission.<br />
Thanks to the contributions of participants we were able to <strong>de</strong>sign a programme to OXIZymes in<br />
Oeiras that will cover recent <strong>de</strong>velopments on oxidases, oxygenases and peroxidases, from<br />
microbial physiology and genetics, enzymology, protein structure and structure-function studies<br />
to environmental and biotechnological applications. OXIZymes in Oeiras will present three<br />
eventfull days where thirty six lectures will take place and near seventy posters will be<br />
accessible.<br />
On behalf of the Organizing Committee I would like to to express my gratitu<strong>de</strong> to all people that<br />
contribute to the organization of this Meeting, to the members of the Scientific Committee, in<br />
particular Prof. Giovanni Sannia, to Ms. Rosina Gadit from the <strong>ITQB</strong> secretariat, to all our<br />
sponsors that provi<strong>de</strong> us extra-funds and finally to the institutional support of Instituto <strong>de</strong><br />
Tecnologia Química e Biológica, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>.<br />
We wish you all a fruitful meeting of effective scientific exchange and an enjoyable stay in<br />
Portugal.<br />
Oeiras, 20 August, 2006<br />
4
OXIZymes in Oeiras SPONSORS<br />
5
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Scientific Committee<br />
Angel T. Martínez CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain<br />
Antonio Sanchez-Amat Univ Murcia, Spain<br />
Artur Cavaco-Paulo Univ Minho, Portugal<br />
Cláudio M. Soares <strong>ITQB</strong>, Univ <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Portugal<br />
Dietmar Schlösser UFZ Center Environm. Res., Germany<br />
Georg M. Güebitz Graz Technical Univ, Austria<br />
Giovanni Sannia Univ di Napoli “Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II”, Italy<br />
Kristiina Kruus VTT Biotechnology, Finland<br />
Lígia O. Martins <strong>ITQB</strong>, Univ <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Portugal<br />
Maria Jesus Martínez CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain<br />
Paola Giardina Uiv di Napoli ”Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II”, Italy<br />
Peter F. Lindley <strong>ITQB</strong>, Univ <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Portugal<br />
Riccardo Basosi Univ di Siena, Italy<br />
Sophie Vannhule Univ Catholique LLN, Belgium<br />
Tajalli Kershavarz Univ of Westminster, United Kingdom<br />
Thierry Tron CNRS, Marseille, France<br />
Willem van Berkel Wageningen Univ, The Netherlands<br />
Organizing Committee (<strong>ITQB</strong>/UNL)<br />
Lígia O. Martins<br />
André T Fernan<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Paulo Durão<br />
Luciana Pereira<br />
Cláudio M. Soares<br />
Isabel Bento<br />
Manuela M. Pereira<br />
6 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
OXIZymes in Oeiras TIMETABLE<br />
THURSDAY<br />
SEPTEMBER, 7<br />
8.00-9.00<br />
REGISTRATION<br />
9.00-9.30<br />
OPENING<br />
9.30-11.00<br />
S1<br />
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY I<br />
9.00-10.30<br />
FRIDAY<br />
SEPTEMBER, 8<br />
S5<br />
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION<br />
RELATIONSHIPS I<br />
9.00-10.30<br />
SATURDAY<br />
SEPTEMBER, 9<br />
S9<br />
APPLICATIONS III<br />
coffee-break coffee-break coffee-break<br />
11.30-13.00<br />
S2<br />
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY II<br />
11.00-12.30<br />
S6<br />
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION<br />
RELATIONSHIPS II<br />
11.00-12.30<br />
Round Table<br />
“Which Future for Oxizymes in the 7 th FP?”<br />
15.00-16.30<br />
S3<br />
ENZYMOLOGY I<br />
lunch<br />
poster attendance<br />
lunch<br />
poster attendance<br />
14.30-16.00<br />
S7<br />
APPLICATIONS I<br />
coffee-break<br />
17.00 -18.30<br />
S4<br />
ENZYMOLOGY II<br />
coffee-break<br />
16.30 -18.00<br />
S8<br />
APPLICATIONS II<br />
18.30-19.00<br />
Welcome Drink<br />
“Porto <strong>de</strong> Honra”<br />
20.30<br />
Oxizymes dinner<br />
7 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Thursday, September 7, 2006<br />
8.00-9.00 Registration<br />
9.00-9.30 Opening<br />
9.30-11.00<br />
S1 - MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGYI<br />
CHAIRPERSON: TAJALLI KESHAVARZ<br />
9.30-9.55<br />
9.55-10.20<br />
10.20-10.40<br />
10.40-11.00<br />
L1 - Antimicrobial and Biochemical Properties of a Novel Type of Lysine Oxidase<br />
Expressed by Marinomonas mediterranea<br />
Antonio Sanchez-Amat, Murcia Univ, Spain<br />
L2 - Lignin-Modifying Peroxidases and Laccases of the White Rot Basidiomycete<br />
Phlebia radiata<br />
Taina Lun<strong>de</strong>ll, Helsinki Univ, Finland<br />
L3 - Essential Role of the LPR1 Family of Metallo-Oxidases in the Arabidopsis<br />
thaliana Root Growth Response to Low-Phosphate Media<br />
Thierry Desnos, DEVM, St Paul-les-Durance, France<br />
L4 - Recent Advances in the Physiology of Ligninolytic Enzymes Produced by<br />
White-Rot Basidiomycetes<br />
Vladimir Elisashvili, Inst Biochem and Biotechnology, Tbilisi, Georgia<br />
11.00-11.30 Coffee<br />
11.30-13.00<br />
S2 - MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY II<br />
CHAIRPERSON: ANNELE HATAKKA<br />
11.30-11.55<br />
11.55-12.20<br />
12.20-12.40<br />
12.40-13.00<br />
L5 - Biological Functions and Regulation of the Multicopper Oxidase LcsA from<br />
Myxococcus xanthus<br />
Juana Pérez-Torres, Granada Univ, Spain<br />
L6 - Oxizymes in Hardwood Forest Soil: Production of Oxidases and Peroxidases<br />
by Exploratory Mycelium of Saprotrophic Soil Basidiomycetes<br />
Petr Baldrian Inst Microbiol ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic<br />
L7 – Novel Efficient Producers of Blue Laccases<br />
Ludmila Golovleva, GKS Inst Biochem Physiolo Microorg, Moscow,<br />
Russia<br />
L8 – Discovery of an Epoxi<strong>de</strong> Forming Monooxygenase from the Metagenome<br />
Erik van Hellemond, Groningen Univ, The Netherlands<br />
13.00-15.00 Lunch/poster attendance<br />
8 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Thursday, September 7, 2006<br />
15.00-16.30<br />
S3 – ENZYMOLOGY I<br />
CHAIRPERSON: THIERRY TRON<br />
15.00-15.25<br />
15.25-15.50<br />
15.50-16.10<br />
16.10-16.30<br />
L9 – Production and Characterization of a Secreted C-terminally Processed<br />
Tyrosinase from the Filamentous Fungus Tricho<strong>de</strong>rma reesei<br />
Kristiina Kruus, VTT, Finland<br />
L10 - Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding the Selection of Arene Dioxygenase Enzymes for Optimal<br />
Chemo-, Stereo- and Regio-Selectivity of Biotransformation Processes<br />
Christopher C. R. Allen, Queen’s Univ Belfast, Northern Ireland<br />
L11 – Re<strong>de</strong>sign of AtGALDH, a Flavoprotein Involved in Vitamin C Biosynthesis<br />
Nicole G. H. Leferink, Wageningen Univ, The Netherlands<br />
L12 – Acetate Inhibition of Laccase Activity<br />
Ewald Srebotnik, Vienna Univ Technol, Austria<br />
16.30-17.00 Coffee<br />
17.00-18.30<br />
S4 – ENZYMOLOGY II<br />
CHAIRPERSON: STEFFEN DANIELSEN<br />
17.00-17.25<br />
17.25-17.50<br />
17.50-18.10<br />
18.10-18.30<br />
L13 – Cofactor Incorporation and Cofactor-Induced Stabilization of Oxizymes<br />
Willem J.H. van Berkel, Wageningen Univ, The Netherlands<br />
L14 – A Flavin-Depen<strong>de</strong>nt Tryptophan 6-Halogenase and its use in Combinatorial<br />
Biosynthesis<br />
Karl Heinz Van Pée, Dres<strong>de</strong>n Univ, Germany<br />
L15 – A Plant Peroxidase Intrinsically Stable Towards Hydrogen Peroxi<strong>de</strong><br />
Brenda Val<strong>de</strong>rrama, Aut. Nac Mexico Univ, éxico<br />
L16 – Functional Hybrids of Haloperoxidases and Cytochrome P450<br />
Monooxygenases from Alkaliphilic Mushrooms<br />
Martin Hofrichter, Int Grad School Zittau, Germany<br />
18.30-19.00 Welcome Drink – “Porto <strong>de</strong> Honra”<br />
9 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Friday, September 8, 2006<br />
9.00-10.30<br />
S5 - STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS I<br />
CHAIRPERSON: CLÁUDIO M. SOARES<br />
9.00-9.25<br />
9.25-9.50<br />
9.50-10.10<br />
10.10-10.30<br />
L17 - Laccase Engineering by Rational and Random Mutagenesis<br />
Giovanni Sannia, “Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II” Napoli Univ, Italy<br />
L18 - Structure-Function Studies of Pleurotus Versatile Peroxidase, A Mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
Ligninolytic Enzyme<br />
Angel T. Martínez, CSIC, CIB, Spain<br />
L19 - Structure-Activity Relationship of the Laccase Mediator System<br />
Rebecca Pogni, Siena Univ, Italy<br />
L20 – 'Titrating' Steric and Redox Features of the Active Site of Laccase<br />
Carlo Galli, “La Sapienza” Roma Univ, Italy<br />
10.30-11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00-12.30<br />
S6 - STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS II<br />
CHAIRPERSON: CLÁUDIO M. SOARES<br />
11.00-11.25<br />
11.25-11.50<br />
11.50-12.10<br />
12.10-12.30<br />
L21 – A Near-Atomic Resolution Crystal Structure of Melanocarpus<br />
albomyces Laccase<br />
Nina Hakulinen, Joensuu Univ, Finland<br />
L22 - Structure-Function Studies in Bacterial Multicopper Oxidases<br />
Lígia O. Martins, <strong>ITQB</strong>, UNL, Portugal<br />
L23 - Crystal Structures of Three New Fungal Laccases: Implications on the<br />
Catalytic Mechanism and on the Dynamics of the Copper Sites Redox States<br />
Fabrizio Briganti, Firenze Univ, Italy<br />
L24 - Construction and Characterisation of Horseradish Peroxidase Mutants<br />
that Mimic Some of the Properties of Cytochromes P450<br />
Andrew T. Smith, Sussex Univ, UK<br />
12.30-14.30 Lunch/poster attendance<br />
10 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Friday, September 8, 2006<br />
14.30-16.00<br />
S7 – APPLICATIONS I<br />
CHAIRPERSON: LIISA VIIKARI<br />
14.30-14.55<br />
14.55-15.20<br />
15.20-15.40<br />
15.40-16.00<br />
L25 - Immobilisation of Laccases for Biotransformations in Environmental<br />
and Food-Technology<br />
Georg M. Güebitz , Techn Univ Graz, Austria<br />
L26 - Laccase-Catalyzed Polymerization for Coating and Material<br />
Modification<br />
Artur Cavaco-Paulo, Minho Univ, Portugal<br />
L27 – Potential of White-Rot Fungi for Decolourisation and Detoxification of<br />
Dyes<br />
Sophie Vanhulle, Univ Catholique LLN, Belgique<br />
L28 – Biotransformation of Environmental Pollutants by Aquatic Fungi –<br />
The Role of Laccases<br />
Dietmar Schlosser, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany<br />
16.00-16.30 Coffee<br />
16.30-18.00<br />
S8 – APPLICATIONS II<br />
CHAIRPERSON: PAUL ANDER<br />
16.30-16.55<br />
16.55-17.20<br />
17.20-17.40<br />
17.40-18.00<br />
L29 - Transformation of Textile Dyes by Oxidoreductases<br />
Feng Xu, Novozymes, USA<br />
L30 - Free, Supported and Insolubilized Laccases : Novel Biocatalysts for<br />
the Elimination of Micropollutants and Xenoestrogens<br />
Spiros N. Agathos, Univ Catholique LLN, Belgium<br />
L31 - Olive Mill Wastewater Transformation and Detoxification by White-<br />
Rot Fungi: Role of the Laccase in the Process<br />
Maria Jesus Martínez, CISC, CIB, Madrid, Spain<br />
L32 - Combined Application of Glucose Oxidases and Peroxidases in<br />
Bleaching Processes<br />
Klaus Opwis, Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum, Germany<br />
20.30 OxiZymes DINNER<br />
11 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Saturday, September 9, 2006<br />
9.00-10.30<br />
S9 – APPLICATIONS III<br />
CHAIRPERSON: CHRISTIAN-MARIE BOLS<br />
9.00-9.25<br />
9.25-9.50<br />
9.50-10.10<br />
10.10-10.30<br />
L33 - Laccase-Mediator System: the Definitive Solution to Pitch Problems in<br />
the Pulp and Paper Industry?<br />
Ana Gutiérrez, CSIC, Seville, Spain<br />
L34 - Optimization of a Laccase-based Delignification System which uses as<br />
Mediators Fatty Hydroxamic Acids in situ Generated by Lipases<br />
Hans-Peter Call, Bioscreen, Germany<br />
L35 - Studies on the effect of the laccase mediator system on ageing<br />
properties of hand sheets of different origin<br />
Maria Costa-Ferreira, INETI, <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Portugal<br />
L36 - Laccase in Pulp Activation and Functionalisation<br />
Anna Suurnäkki, VTT, Finland<br />
10.30-11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00-12.30 Round Table<br />
“Which future for the OXIZYMES in the 7 th FP?”<br />
Chairpersons: Liisa Viikari and Giovanni Sannia<br />
Angel T Martínez<br />
Georg M. Gübitz<br />
Christian-Marie Bols<br />
12 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Antimicrobial and Biochemical Properties of a Novel type<br />
of Lysine Oxidase Expressed by Marinomonas<br />
mediterranea.<br />
Daniel Gómez a , Patricia Lucas-Elío a , Francisco Solano b , Antonio Sanchez-Amat a<br />
a<br />
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology; b Department of Biochemistry<br />
and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus <strong>de</strong> Espinardo,<br />
Murcia 30100, Spain<br />
E-mail: antonio@um.es<br />
Traditionally, the pharmaceutical industry looking for new antibiotics has focused in the study<br />
of small molecules (< 1 kDa). However, the need of new compounds, driven for example by<br />
the increase of antibiotic resistance in many pathogens, is <strong>de</strong>termining an increase in the study<br />
of alternative sources of molecules with biological properties. Proteins are of interest because<br />
they can be expressed in heterologous hosts, and molecular techniques facilitate their<br />
improvement and characterization. Two sources of this kind of proteins are marine see hares<br />
and the venom of snakes. From both sources, L-amino acid oxidases (L-AAOs) have been<br />
isolated. L-AAOs are flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidative <strong>de</strong>amination of L-amino acids<br />
to the respective enzymes α-ketoacids with the release of hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong>, which<br />
<strong>de</strong>termines their antimicrobial properties.<br />
Marinomonas mediterranea is a melanogenic marine bacterium isolated by our group that<br />
expresses two polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) a laccase and a tyrosinase. We have recently<br />
<strong>de</strong>monstrated that M. mediterranea also synthesizes an antimicrobial protein, named<br />
marinocine, showing a broad range of antibacterial activity 1 . The gene coding for this enzyme<br />
has been cloned, and it has been <strong>de</strong>monstrated that the antimicrobial activity is due to the<br />
hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> generated by its lysine oxidase activity 2 . Sequence analysis revealed that<br />
marinocine shows similarity to other bacterial proteins, most of them hypothetical, but not to<br />
the previously characterized L-AAOs. Moreover, marinocine catalyzes a novel reaction: the<br />
<strong>de</strong>amination of lysine generating semial<strong>de</strong>hy<strong>de</strong> 2-aminoapidic acid and releasing H 2 O 2 . The<br />
characteristics of marinocine in comparison with other proteins also able to catalyze the<br />
oxidation or transformation of L-lysine will be discussed.<br />
[1] Lucas-Elío, P., Hernán<strong>de</strong>z, P., Sanchez-Amat, A., & Solano, F. 2005. Purification and partial characterization<br />
of marinocine, a new broad-spectrum antibacterial protein produced by Marinomonas mediterranea. Biochim.<br />
Biophys. Acta. 1721: 193-203.<br />
[2] Lucas-Elío, P., Gómez, D., Solano, F. & Sanchez-Amat, A. 2006. The antimicrobial activity of marinocine,<br />
synthesized by Marinomonas mediterranea,is due to the hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> generated by its lysine oxidase<br />
activity. J. Bacteriol. 188: 2493-2501.<br />
L1<br />
16 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L2<br />
Lignin-Modifying Peroxidases and Laccases of the White<br />
Rot Basidiomycete Phlebia radiata<br />
Taina Lun<strong>de</strong>ll a , Kristiina S. Hildén a , Miia R. Mäkelä a , Annele Hatakka a<br />
a Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, University<br />
of Helsinki, Finland;<br />
E-mail: taina.lun<strong>de</strong>ll@helsinki.fi<br />
The naturally wood-colonising, saprophytic white rot fungus Phlebia radiata (Corticiaceae,<br />
Aphyllophorales, Homobasidiomycetes) is an efficient <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>r of hardwood and softwood<br />
lignin, synthetic lignin (DHP) and lignin-like mo<strong>de</strong>l compounds. Our own isolate P. radiata<br />
79 produces a versatile set of extracellular lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) including two,<br />
structurally and genetically divergent manganese peroxidases (MNPs), [1] three lignin<br />
peroxidases (LIPs) [2] and at least one laccase upon growth in liquid media or in cultures<br />
supplemented with milled hardwood.<br />
Molecular evolutionary sequence analysis of the lignin-modifying peroxidases (LMPs)<br />
reveals clustering of the P. radiata lip genes but significant divergence with the two mnp<br />
genes, one short and the other long, thereby supporting at least three main evolutionary fungal<br />
peroxidase gene families within the class II heme peroxidases. [1,3] Phylogeny of LMP<br />
supports more functional than fungal species-based evolution, and peroxidase gene intronexon<br />
organisation indicates a more recent gene duplication or lateral gene transfer, in<br />
particular for the short LIP-MNP-VP-encoding genes irrespective of fungal taxons. Structurefunction<br />
relationship of the LMPs is also discussed based on in vitro reactions and differential<br />
expression upon <strong>de</strong>gradation and growth on wood.<br />
We recently i<strong>de</strong>ntified a new laccase-encoding gene of P. radiata when the fungus is growing<br />
in the presence of wood. The second predicted laccase Lac2 displays a higher pI value (5.8)<br />
than the previously isolated Lac1 (pI 3.2-3.5). Preliminary protein analysis <strong>de</strong>monstrates that<br />
Lac2 may be retained by the hyphae or it is secreted only in minor amounts. On spruce wood<br />
chips, the two laccases (genes Pr-lac1 and Pr-lac2) were expressed within three weeks of<br />
growth together with the MNP and LIP-encoding genes. Our results indicate synchronous,<br />
time-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt regulation of expression for the P. radiata laccases, together with the two<br />
divergent MNPs and the three LIPs. These findings also implicate that the complete assembly<br />
of all the so far characterised P. radiata LMPs and laccases are involved in the processes of<br />
wood colonisation and <strong>de</strong>composition of wood lignin, although the individual functions for<br />
each enzyme is not known yet.<br />
[1] Hildén K, Martínez AT, Hatakka A, Lun<strong>de</strong>ll T (2005) The two manganese peroxidases Pr-MnP2 and Pr-<br />
MnP3 of Phlebia radiata, a lignin-<strong>de</strong>grading basidiomycete, are phylogenetically and structurally divergent.<br />
Fungal Genetics and Biology 42: 403-419<br />
[2] Hildén KS, Mäkelä MR, Hakala TK, Hatakka A, Lun<strong>de</strong>ll T (2006) Expression on wood, molecular cloning<br />
and characterization of three lignin peroxidase (LiP) encoding genes of the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata.<br />
Current Genetics 49: 97-105<br />
[3] Martínez AT (2002) Molecular biology and structure-function of lignin-<strong>de</strong>grading peroxidases. Enzyme and<br />
Microbial Technology 30: 425-444<br />
17 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Essential Role of the LPR1 Family of Metallo-Oxidases in<br />
the Arabidopsis thaliana Root Growth Response to Low-<br />
Phosphate Media<br />
Sergio Svistoonoff a,1 , Cécile Sigoillot-Clau<strong>de</strong> a , Matthieu Reymond a,2 , Audrey Creff a , Lilian<br />
Ricaud a , Aline Blanchet a , Laurent Nussaume a and Thierry Desnos a<br />
a Laboratoire <strong>de</strong> Biologie du Développement <strong>de</strong>s Plantes, DEVM, CEA cadarache, 13108 St<br />
Paul-lez-Durance ce<strong>de</strong>x, France;<br />
1 Present address: Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences,<br />
Experimental Station Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland.<br />
2 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant<br />
Breeding Research (MPIZ), Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.<br />
E-mail: thierry.<strong>de</strong>snos@cea.fr<br />
The search for nutrients is an essential activity for all organisms. In plants, the roots are able<br />
to sense nutrient availability and the root architecture optimizes exploration of the soil to<br />
acquire heterogeneously distributed water and minerals. One well-known plant response to<br />
soil phosphate (Pi)-<strong>de</strong>ficiency is a reduction in primary root growth with an increase in the<br />
number and length of lateral roots. We show that loss-of-function mutations in LPR1 (Low<br />
Phosphate Root1) and its close paralogue LPR2 strongly reduce this inhibition. LPR1 was<br />
previously mapped as a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) 1 ; the molecular origin of this<br />
QTL is explained by the differential allelic expression of LPR1 in the root tip. LPR1 and<br />
LPR2 enco<strong>de</strong> metallo-oxidases and pharmacological inhibition of these oxidases activity in<br />
the wild type phenocopies the Lpr - root. The enzymatic characteristics of LPR1 have been<br />
analyzed in vitro. Our results <strong>de</strong>monstrate the essential role of these oxidases in plant growth<br />
plasticity and provi<strong>de</strong> evi<strong>de</strong>nce for their involvement in sensing and/or responding to nutrient<br />
<strong>de</strong>ficiency.<br />
[1] Reymond et al., Plant Cell, & Environment (2006) 29, 115-125.<br />
L3<br />
18 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L4<br />
Recent Advances in the Physiology of Ligninolytic<br />
Enzymes Produced by White-Rot Basidiomycetes<br />
V. Elisashvili, E. Kachlishvili, N. Mikiashvili, N. Tsiklauri, E. Metreveli, G. Kvesitadze<br />
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 10 km Agmashenebeli kheivani, 0159 Tbilisi,<br />
Georgia<br />
E-mail: velisashvili@hotmail.com<br />
Ligninolytic enzymes have potential use in a wi<strong>de</strong> range of industrial and environmental<br />
purposes. However, the cost of production and low yields of these enzymes are the major<br />
problems for their bulk industrial application. Numerous reports have been published recently<br />
on the strategies improving the production of ligninolytic enzymes, such as the isolation of<br />
new fungal strains, optimization of growth conditions, use of inducers and stimulators, as well<br />
as use of cheap growth substrates such as agricultural and food industry wastes. In this<br />
communication, these recent advances in the production of extracellular laccases and<br />
peroxidases by white-rot fungi will be critically discussed.<br />
Some recent <strong>de</strong>velopments of our laboratory in laccase and manganese peroxidase production<br />
will be consi<strong>de</strong>red. A broad diversity among white-rot basidiomycetes from various<br />
taxonomic groups and ecological niches was revealed in evaluation of their ability to produce<br />
laccase and manganese peroxidase un<strong>de</strong>r i<strong>de</strong>ntical laboratory conditions. The crucial effect of<br />
carbon source and especially of lignocellulosic material on the secretion and ratio of<br />
individual enzymes will be un<strong>de</strong>rlined. The contribution of extractable with water and organic<br />
solvents compounds from lignocellulosic substrates in secretion of ligninolytic enzymes<br />
production will be discussed. Some strategies of these extracts utilization to enhance enzyme<br />
production and to improve the rheological properties of fermentation medium will be<br />
suggested. A special attention will be paid to the regulation of laccase and manganese<br />
peroxidase by microelements and aromatic compounds/dyes (effects of their concentration,<br />
time addition, and cumulative effect).<br />
19 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Biological Functions and Regulation of the Multicopper<br />
Oxidase LcsA from Myxococcus xanthus<br />
María Celestina Sánchez-Sutil, Aurelio Moraleda-Muñoz, Nuria Gómez-Santos, José Muñoz-<br />
Dorado and, Juana Pérez-Torres<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbiología. Facultad <strong>de</strong> Ciencias. Universidad <strong>de</strong> Granada. Avda.<br />
Fuentenueva s/n. E-18071 Granada. Spain.<br />
E-mail: jptorres@ugr.es<br />
Myxococcus xanthus is a soil-dwelling bacterium that un<strong>de</strong>rgoes a <strong>de</strong>velopmental cycle upon<br />
starvation that culminates with the formation of multicellular macroscopic structures, fruiting<br />
bodies, filled of myxospores. This behaviour is unique among the prokaryotes. M. xanthus<br />
genome has been sequenced by TIGR/Monsanto, and the analysis of the genome has revealed<br />
that it enco<strong>de</strong>s three multicopper oxidases, which have been <strong>de</strong>signated LcsA, LcsB and<br />
LcsC. lcsA is forming an operon (named as curA) with other 8 genes, which enco<strong>de</strong> several<br />
proteins with similarities to other <strong>de</strong>posited in the databases which have been reported to be<br />
involved in copper resistance and homeostasis. The curA promoter is induced in a stepwise<br />
fashion as the external Cu(II) ions are increased, reaching the maximum levels to<br />
subinhibitory copper concentration. Surprisingly, vegetative cells need almost ten-fold more<br />
copper compared to <strong>de</strong>veloping ones to reach similar expression levels. This different copper<br />
sensitivity of curA promoter can not be attributed to intracelular copper accumulation. The<br />
operon also responds to other divalent bor<strong>de</strong>rline soft/hard metals that are biologically<br />
required such as nickel, cobalt or zinc, but to a lower induction ratio compared to copper. We<br />
have i<strong>de</strong>ntified a two-component system (CusSR) responsible for the expression and<br />
induction of the curA operon during both growth and <strong>de</strong>velopment The phenotype<br />
characterization of an in-frame <strong>de</strong>letion mutant ∆lcsA evi<strong>de</strong>nces that LcsA plays an important<br />
role in <strong>de</strong>toxification of periplasm and in the normal differentiation of cell to spores during<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment. More <strong>de</strong>tails will be presented at the conference.<br />
L5<br />
20 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L6<br />
Oxizymes in Hardwood Forest Soil: Production of Oxidases<br />
and Peroxidases by Exploratory Mycelium of Saprotrophic<br />
Soil Basidiomycetes<br />
Jaroslav Šnajdr a , Vendula Valášková a , Tomáš Cajthaml a , Věra Merhautová a , Petr Baldrian a<br />
a Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Ví<strong>de</strong>ňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic<br />
E-mail: baldrian@biomed.cas.cz<br />
Ligninolytic oxidases and peroxidases of saprotrophic fungi are the enzymes responsible for<br />
the transformation of lignin – the second most abundant biopolymer. In forest soil,<br />
ligninolytic enzymes contribute to the <strong>de</strong>gradation of lignin in <strong>de</strong>caying leaf litter and to the<br />
transformation of humic substances with a similar chemical structure [1,2]. The aims of this<br />
work were to <strong>de</strong>tect and quantify the activity of ligninolytic enzymes found in oak forest soil<br />
with respect to their spatial distribution and temporal variability and to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the changes of<br />
oxidative enzymes activities during the colonization of soil by saprotrophic basidiomycetes.<br />
Enzyme activity was measured in environmental samples from oak (Quercus robur) forest<br />
(Xaverov Natural Reserve, Czech Republic) and linked with fungal occurrence and biomass<br />
and the production of other extracellular enzymes. The species producing ligninolytic<br />
enzymes were isolated from the studied soil and tested for their ability to produce oxidative<br />
enzymes. The production of ligninolytic and hydrolytic enzymes of two indigenous<br />
basidiomycete strains – PL13 and PL33 – was studied in nonsterile soil during a 10-week<br />
colonization of soil profile microcosms with L (litter-upper), H (humic-middle) and S (soillower)<br />
layers.<br />
Laccase and Mn-peroxidase (MnP) but not lignin peroxidase were found in the studied soil<br />
with laccase activity being by far higher. Activity of both enzymes <strong>de</strong>creased with the soil<br />
<strong>de</strong>pth and showed a patchy pattern of horizontal distribution with “hotspots”. In the season of<br />
fruitbody production, laccase activity hotspots were associated with the occurrence of fruit<br />
bodies of saprotrophic basidiomycetes.<br />
Activity of oxidative enzymes in soil profile microcosms was significantly altered during<br />
colonization by the basidiomycetes PL13 and PL33 compared to noninoculated control. The<br />
activity of Mn-peroxidase (MnP) increased was 300-1800 mU/g soil d.w. during fungal<br />
colonization of L layer, while it was only 0-44 mU/g in the control. MnP activity also<br />
increased in H and S layers and coinci<strong>de</strong>d with mycelial colonization. Activity of laccase was<br />
significantly increased only in L layer (200-350 mU/g compared to 40-150 mU/g in control).<br />
The colonization of soil profile by saprotrophic basidiomycetes also resulted in the <strong>de</strong>crease<br />
of microfungi counts in L and S layers, the increase of the counts of soil microfungi and<br />
bacteria in the middle (humic) layer and increase in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes and<br />
phosphatases.<br />
Laccase and MnP play important roles in the turnover of carbon in the soil environment<br />
during the transformation of lignin in the fresh biomass (fallen litter) and nutrients liberation<br />
from the recalcitrant humic material. This study shows that a patchy pattern of oxizymes<br />
activity is present in native soils, the activity sharply <strong>de</strong>creases with soil <strong>de</strong>pth and that it can<br />
be associated with the mycelium of saprotrophic fungi colonizing soil.<br />
This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (526/05/0168) and by the Grant<br />
Agency of ASCR (B600200516).<br />
[1] Hofrichter M. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 30: 454 (2002).<br />
[2] Baldrian P. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 30: 215 (2006).<br />
21 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L7<br />
Novel Efficient Producers of Blue Laccases<br />
A. Chernykh a , L. Golovleva a , N. Myasoedova a , N. Psurtseva b , N. Belova b , M. Ferraroni c , A.<br />
Scozzafava c , F. Briganti c<br />
a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms RAS, Russia;<br />
b Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Russia; c Universitá <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Firenze, Italy<br />
E-mail: golovleva@ibpm.pushchino.ru<br />
Laccase is one of the very important ligninolytic enzyme of basidiomycetes, which are<br />
responsible for many biotechnological processes, such as pulp and paper bleaching, textile<br />
<strong>de</strong>lignification, <strong>de</strong>gradation of great variety of persistent pollutants. That is why the screening<br />
and studying of new efficient producers of this enzyme are very actual.<br />
Screening between 220 cultures of aphyllophoroid and agaricoid species permitted to find two<br />
active strains - Steccherinum ochraceum 1833 and Lentinus strigosus 1566, which produce<br />
the high level of laccase activity. Optimal conditions for laccase production by both strains<br />
were carried out. Different culture conditions and inducers were studied, including 20<br />
aromatic compounds, CuSO 4 , and polycaproami<strong>de</strong> tissue (PCA) for immobilization of<br />
mycelium. Blue laccase production for S. ochraceum was optimal in such conditions -<br />
glucose-peptone medium with 2,4-dimethylphenol or tannic acid as inducer, 2mM CuSO 4 ,<br />
immobilization on PCA and aeration. In these conditions laccase activity was very high and<br />
equal 33.1 U/ml. The best conditions for laccase production by L. strigosus 1566 were “rich”<br />
medium with high Cu 2+ concentration, 1mM 2,6-dimethylphenol as an optimal inducer,<br />
immobilization on PCA, and aeration. Maximal laccase activity in such conditions was 186,5<br />
U/ml. Dominating laccase from S. ochraceum 1833 was purified to apparent electrophoretic<br />
homogeneity. It has a molecular mass 64 kDa. Concentrated solution has blue colour (“blue<br />
laccase”), and absorption spectrum typical for blue laccases with maximum in 610 nm, that<br />
indicates the presence of Cu 2+ metal centres of T1 type. N-amino acid sequence of S.<br />
ochraceum laccase (VQIGPVTDLH) has a high homology with sequences of other fungal<br />
laccases. The crystallization of blue laccase of S. ochraceum and preliminary structural<br />
analysis were performed.<br />
The work was supported by grant INTAS 03-51-5889.<br />
22 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L8<br />
Discovery of an Epoxi<strong>de</strong> Forming Monooxygenase from the<br />
Metagenome<br />
E.W van Hellemond, D.B. Janssen, M.W.Fraaije<br />
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute,<br />
University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands<br />
E-mail: E.W.van.Hellemond@rug.nl<br />
Two-component flavin-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt monooxygenases form an interesting class of<br />
flavoenzymes. They consist of two separate proteins; a monooxygenase component, which<br />
catalyses an oxygenation reaction in the presence of reduced flavin, and a flavin reducing<br />
component, which reduces flavin (FAD or FMN) using NAD(P)H as an electron donor. A<br />
well-known example of this class of monooxygenases is styrene monooxygenase 1 . Due to the<br />
ability to form enantiopure epoxi<strong>de</strong>s, which are relevant building blocks for the<br />
pharmaceutical industry, styrene monooxygenases form a valuable class of enzymes for<br />
biocatalysis.<br />
O<br />
O 2<br />
StyA<br />
O H 2<br />
FADH 2<br />
FAD<br />
StyB<br />
NAD + NADH, H +<br />
Figure 1. Reaction catalyzed by two-component flavin <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt styrene monooxygenase (StyAB) 1<br />
While screening a metagenomic library for oxidative enzymes, an indigo-producing clone was<br />
found. Sequencing the particular clone revealed an inserted fragment of environmental DNA<br />
encoding a two-component monooxygenase (StyAB), consisting of a monooxygenase (StyA)<br />
and a flavin reductase (StyB) component (Figure 1). The monooxygenase component shows<br />
homology with known styrene monooxygenases. While sequence homology among the<br />
styrene monooxygenases is high (>95% seq. id.), SmoA only displays a mo<strong>de</strong>rate sequence<br />
homology (~ 50 % seq. id.). The substrate specificity for SmoAB is currently being<br />
investigated.<br />
[1] Otto, K., Hofstetter, K., Rothlisberger, M., Witholt, B. and Schmid, A. J.Bacteriol., 186,16 (2004): 5292-<br />
5302.<br />
23 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Production and Characterization of a Secreted<br />
C-terminally Processed Tyrosinase from the Filamentous<br />
Fungus Tricho<strong>de</strong>rma reesei<br />
Kristiina Kruus a , Emilia Selinheimo a , Markku Saloheimo a , Elina Ahola b , Ann Westerholm-<br />
Parvinen a , Nisse Kalkkinen b and Johanna Buchert a<br />
a VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1500, Espoo FIN-02044 VTT, Finland;<br />
b Protein Chemistry Research Group and Core Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box<br />
65, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland<br />
E-mail: kristiina.kruus@vtt.fi<br />
Tyrosinases (monophenol, o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) are type 3<br />
copper proteins having a diamagnetic spin-coupled copper pair in the active centre. They<br />
catalyze the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and subsequent oxidation of o-diphenols to<br />
quinones and can thus oxidize both mono- and diphenols. Molecular oxygen is used as an<br />
electron acceptor and it is reduced to water in tyrosinase-catalyzed reactions. Tyrosinases are<br />
ubiquitously distributed enzymes in nature. They are found in prokaryotic as well as in<br />
eukaryotic microbes, and in mammals, invertebrates and plants. In mammals, tyrosinases<br />
catalyze reactions in the multi-step biosynthesis of melanin pigments, being responsible, for<br />
instance, for skin and hair pigmentation. They are also related to browning reactions of fruit<br />
and vegetables<br />
Homology search of the filamentous fungus Tricho<strong>de</strong>rma reesei genome database resulted in<br />
a new T. reesei TYR2 tyrosinase gene with a signal sequence. The gene was over-expressed<br />
in the native host un<strong>de</strong>r a strong cbh1 promoter in high yields. The purified TYR2 protein<br />
showed significantly lower molecular weight, 43.2 kDa, than was expected according to the<br />
putative amino acid sequence, 61.151 kDa. The exact cleavage site was <strong>de</strong>termined using<br />
chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis. The protein properties of the Tricho<strong>de</strong>rma<br />
TYR2 will be discussed.<br />
L9<br />
24 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L10<br />
Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding the Selection of Arene Dioxygenase<br />
Enzymes for Optimal Chemo-, Stereo- and Regio-Selectivity<br />
of Biotransformation Processes<br />
Christopher CR Allen a , Derek R Boyd b , Leonid L Kulakov a,c , Narain D Sharma b .<br />
a School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97<br />
Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland. b School of Chemistry & Chemical<br />
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9<br />
5AG, Northern Ireland. c The QUESTOR Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, David keir<br />
Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland.<br />
E-mail: c.allen@qub.ac.uk<br />
Dioxygenase enzymes are versatile biotransformation catalysts, that can be utilised for the<br />
preparation of chiral cis-dihydrodiol, benzylic alcohol and sulfoxi<strong>de</strong> metabolites for use in<br />
many synthetic applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries 1 . These<br />
enzymes are generally obtained from environmentally-significant soil bacteria – where they<br />
have evolved for the bio<strong>de</strong>gradation of aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene,<br />
toluene and azaarenes 2 .<br />
When consi<strong>de</strong>ring the use of cis-dihydrodiol metabolites in a synthetic role, a number of key<br />
factors will limit successful application. These inclu<strong>de</strong> product yield; metabolite enantio- and<br />
regio-purity; the availability of both enantiomers of target compounds; and other processrelevant<br />
parameters that will have an impact on eventual scale-up – such as enzyme and<br />
genetic stability. Therefore, if the full potential of dioxygenase enzymes in biocatalysis is to<br />
be addressed, it is imperative that research into factors that affect these variables is<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>red.<br />
We have conducted extensive studies on the biotransformation of mono- and poly-cyclic<br />
compounds with benzene, toluene, naphthalene and biphenyl dioxygenase-expressing<br />
microorganisms. These experiments have <strong>de</strong>livered several insights into the relationship<br />
between enzyme choice and the ultimate structure and stereochemistry of biotransformation<br />
products.<br />
In this report, we will summarise our recent observations regarding the impact of dioxygenase<br />
enzyme choice on the ‘key factors’ <strong>de</strong>scribed above, and also propose modifications to<br />
biotransformation process <strong>de</strong>sign that may be consi<strong>de</strong>red when coupled with judicious choice<br />
of enzyme biocatalyst.<br />
[1] Boyd DR, Sharma ND, Allen CCR. (2001).Aromatic dioxygenases: molecular biocatalysis and applications.<br />
Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 12 564-573.<br />
[2] Boyd DR and Bugg T (2006). Arene cis-dihydrodiol formation: from biology to application. Org. Biomol.<br />
Chem. 4 181-192.<br />
25 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L11<br />
Re<strong>de</strong>sign of AtGALDH, a Flavoprotein Involved in Vitamin<br />
C Biosynthesis<br />
Nicole G. H. Leferink a , Yu Lu a , Willy A. M. van <strong>de</strong>n Berg a , Willem J. H. van Berkel a<br />
a Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen,<br />
The Netherlands<br />
E-mail: nicole.leferink@wur.nl<br />
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is an important antioxidant and an essential component of the<br />
human diet. Animals, plants, yeasts and fungi produce vitamin C from different precursors.<br />
The final step in the biosynthesis of vitamin C and its analogs is catalyzed by L-gulono-1,4-<br />
lactone oxidase (GUO), L-galactono-1,4-lactone <strong>de</strong>hydrogenase (GALDH), D-arabinono-1,4-<br />
lactone oxidase (ALO) and D-gluconolactone oxidase (GLO), in animals, plants, yeasts and<br />
fungi, respectively. These homologous enzymes belong to the VAO family of flavoproteins [1] .<br />
Many members of this family contain a covalently bound FAD, including GUO, ALO and<br />
GLO. Though isolated from various sources, <strong>de</strong>tailed characterization and structural<br />
information is lacking for these enzymes. GUO, GALDH, ALO and GLO catalyze similar<br />
reactions, but have different substrate specificities and reactivities towards molecular oxygen.<br />
There is no general structural rule that enables the prediction of the reactivity of flavoenzymes<br />
towards dioxygen [2] . Our aim is to unravel the molecular <strong>de</strong>terminants for the substrate<br />
specificity and oxygen reactivity of the mitochondrial Arabidopsis thaliana GALDH and<br />
related enzymes.<br />
Mature Arabidopsis GALDH (58 kDa) is expressed as soluble protein in E. coli. The enzyme<br />
contains a non-covalently bound FAD as redox active center and is highly active with L-<br />
galactono-1,4-lactone (K m = 80 µM, k cat = 87 s -1 ) and cytochrome c (K m = 41 µM), but not<br />
with molecular oxygen. The enzyme has been crystallized and <strong>de</strong>tailed biochemical<br />
characterization is ongoing.<br />
Recombinant AtGALDH is rather stable but inactivated by hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong>. The<br />
galactonolactone substrate protects the enzyme from hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> inactivation. The<br />
inactivation is due to the modification of a single thiol. Oxidative stress resistant GALDH will<br />
be produced by replacing the reactive cysteine residue.<br />
Future work will be directed towards the <strong>de</strong>sign of a galactonolactone oxidase with a relaxed<br />
substrate specificity. Enzyme variants aimed at covalent attachment of the flavin have already<br />
been constructed.<br />
[1] Fraaije MW & Van Berkel WJH et al. (1998). A novel oxidoreductase family sharing a conserved FADbinding<br />
domain. Trends Biochem Sci, 23:203-207<br />
[2] Mattevi A (2006). To be or not to be an oxidase: challenging the oxygen reactivity of flavoenzymes. Trends<br />
Biochem Sci, in press<br />
26 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L12<br />
Acetate Inhibition of Laccase Activity<br />
Thomas Ters, Thomas Kuncinger, Ewald Srebotnik<br />
Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry, St.-Peter-Strasse 25, 4021<br />
Linz, Austria; and Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology,<br />
Getrei<strong>de</strong>markt 9, 1060 Wien, Austria<br />
E-mail: ewald.srebotnik@tuwien.ac.at<br />
We have observed unsatisfactory linearity and reproducibility in routine assays for fungal<br />
laccase activity. It was found that these problems were due to a slight but significant<br />
inhibition of laccase by acetate, the most commonly used buffering substance in laccase<br />
assays.<br />
Kinetic measurements performed with recombinant laccase from Trametes villosa (44008,<br />
Novo Nordisk) and ABTS as a substrate revealed an s-linear, i-parabolic mixed inhibition<br />
type for acetate at pH 5.0 with calculated Ki and Ki’ values of 38.8 mM and 117.5 mM,<br />
respectively. Thus the affinity of acetate for laccase was very low compared to the classical<br />
inhibitor azi<strong>de</strong> which exhibited Ki and Ki’ values of 0.0176 mM and 0.0106 mM,<br />
respectively. Similar effects were observed at pH 4.0 and also for wild-type laccases from<br />
several other Trametes species such as T. pubescens CBS 696.94. However, due to the<br />
relatively high concentrations used in routine assays, inhibition levels were substantial<br />
ranging from 15% to 50% of initial activity at acetate concentrations from 10 mM to 100 mM,<br />
respectively. The first or<strong>de</strong>r inactivation rate constant was rather low (k ~0.1 min -1 ). In<br />
practice this means that upon contact with acetate, 90% of the final (stable) inactivation level<br />
is reached only after ~23 min.<br />
No correlation was found between the size of the carboxyl anion and the extent of inhibition -<br />
formiate, propionate as well as butyrate were stronger inhibitors than acetate. Moreover, the<br />
results indicated a simple linear non-competitive type for formiate in contrast to acetate.<br />
Several α-hydroxycarboxylic, di- and tricarboxylic acids were also tested at pH values from<br />
3.0 to 5.0. While inhibition characteristics of lactate and glycolate were similar to those of<br />
acetate, the inhibition characteristics of citrate and succinate were not: generally the extent of<br />
inhibition by citrate and succinate was much lower (
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L13<br />
Cofactor Incorporation and Cofactor-Induced Stabilization<br />
of Oxizymes<br />
Willem J.H. van Berkel<br />
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University,<br />
Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands<br />
E-mail: willem.vanberkel@wur.nl<br />
Oxizymes need cofactors for their functioning. In many cases the cofactor is spontaneously<br />
incorporated after folding and assembly of the apoprotein. However, cofactors may also bind<br />
to a folding intermediate or preprotein and induce protein maturation. Even more complicated<br />
are the cases where cofactor insertion is gui<strong>de</strong>d by chaperones or the cofactor is ma<strong>de</strong> by the<br />
redoxenzyme itself.<br />
Many oxizymes are most stable in their holoenzyme form. For biotechnological<br />
applications this means that we need more insight in how oxizymes <strong>de</strong>al with (artificial)<br />
cofactor binding and how this binding affects the functioning and stability of the biocatalyst.<br />
Mutant proteins with the <strong>de</strong>sired catalytic properties are often unstable due to cofactor loss.<br />
How can we improve these enzymes without losing their beneficial properties?<br />
In flavoprotein oxidases the flavin prosthetic group is covalently or non-covalently<br />
bound to the protein. In this presentation I will illuminate how flavoprotein biocatalysts such<br />
as aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO), vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO), D-amino acid oxidase (DAO)<br />
and glucose oxidase (GOX) bind their cofactor and how this binding influences the protein<br />
stability. For introducing new properties, the natural cofactor might be replaced by an articial<br />
cofactor. Strategies towards a reversible cofactor exchange will be discussed.<br />
28 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L14<br />
A Flavin-Depen<strong>de</strong>nt Tryptophan 6-Halogenase and Its Use<br />
In Combinatorial Biosynthesis<br />
C. Schmid a , H. Schnerr a J. Rumpf a , A. Kunzendorf a , C. Hatscher a , T. Wage a , A. Ernyei a , C.<br />
Dong b , J. H. Naismith b , K.-H. van Pée a<br />
a Biochemie, Technische Universität Dres<strong>de</strong>n, D-01062 Dres<strong>de</strong>n, Germany, and b Centre for<br />
Biomolecular Sciences, EaStchem, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK<br />
E-mail: karl-heinz.vanpee@chemie.tu-dres<strong>de</strong>n.<strong>de</strong><br />
Regioselective halogenation of electron rich substrates is catalysed by flavin-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
halogenases. These halogenases require reduced flavin which is provi<strong>de</strong>d by a flavin<br />
reductase for halogenating activity. Investigations of the tryptophan 7-halogenase from<br />
pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis have shown that reduced flavin is bound by the halogenases and it is<br />
suggested that, like in monooxygenases, flavin hydroperoxi<strong>de</strong> is formed. In contrast to<br />
monooxygenases, where this flavin hydroperoxi<strong>de</strong> reacts with an organic substrate leading to<br />
hydroxylation reactions, the flavin hydroperoxi<strong>de</strong> in halogenases reacts with hali<strong>de</strong> ions. This<br />
leads to the formation of hypohalous acid at the active site. Since the exit of the tunnel which<br />
is formed by the active site amino acids is blocked by the isoalloxazine ring of FAD, the<br />
hypohalous acid cannot leave the active site but is gui<strong>de</strong>d to the organic substrate position at<br />
the other end of the 10 Å long tunnels. To achieve regioselective incorporation of the hali<strong>de</strong><br />
the substrate must be positioned in such a way that the position at which halogenation should<br />
occur is presented to the oncoming hypohalous acid [1].<br />
Thienodolin produced by Streptomyces albogriseolus contains a chlorine atom in the 6-<br />
position of the indole ring system and is believed to be <strong>de</strong>rived from tryptophan. Using the<br />
gene of the tryptophan 7-halogenase (PrnA) from pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis the gene for a<br />
tryptophan 6-halogenase was cloned, sequenced and heterologously overexpressed in<br />
Pseudomonas strains. In vitro activity of the purified enzyme could only be shown in a twocomponent<br />
system consisting of the halogenases, a flavin reductase, NADH, FAD and hali<strong>de</strong><br />
ions. The enzyme catalysis the regioselective chlorination and bromination of L- and D-<br />
tryptophan. In its native form, the enzyme is probably a homodimer with a relative molecular<br />
mass of the subunits of 64,000. All the amino acids found to be involved in the binding and<br />
positioning of the substrate and to be involved in catalysis in tryptophan 7-halogenase are also<br />
present in tryptophan 6-halognase. This suggests that, while the overall mechanism of the<br />
reaction is i<strong>de</strong>ntical to that of tryptophan 7-halogenase, the position that is presented to the<br />
hypohalous acid must be different. Transformation of the pyrrolnitrin producer Pseudomonas<br />
chlororaphis ACN with a plasmid containing the tryptophan 6-halogenase gene lead to the<br />
formation of the new aminopyrrolnitrin <strong>de</strong>rivative 3-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)pyrrole.<br />
[1] Dong C., S. Flecks, S. Unversucht, C. Haupt, K.-H. van Pée, J. H. Naismith (2005) Tryptophan 7-halogenase<br />
structure suggests a mechanism for regioselective chlorination. Science 309, 2216-2219.<br />
29 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L15<br />
A Plant Peroxidase Intrinsically Stable Towards Hydrogen<br />
Peroxi<strong>de</strong><br />
Paloma Gil a,b , Cesar Ferreira Batista c , Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt a and Brenda Val<strong>de</strong>rrama a,b<br />
a Departamento <strong>de</strong> Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis , b Departamento <strong>de</strong> Medicina Molecular<br />
y Bioprocesos, c Unidad <strong>de</strong> Proteómica. Instituto <strong>de</strong> Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional<br />
Autónoma <strong>de</strong> México. AP 510-3 Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México<br />
E-mail brenda@ibt.unam.mx<br />
Peroxidases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze a variety of oxygen-transfer reactions and<br />
are thus potentially useful for multiple applications. However, hemeperoxidases are unusually<br />
susceptible to self-inflicted oxidative damage [1]. The search for more stable<br />
hemeperoxidases has been actively pursued by different methods in the past, including redoxbased<br />
protein engineering [2]. Here we report the i<strong>de</strong>ntification and biochemical<br />
characterization of a novel hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong>-resistant hemeperoxidase isolated from roots of<br />
Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. daikon) and named Zo peroxidase (ZoP), after the<br />
Greek word meaning permanence. ZoP accounts for only 0.01% of the total peroxidase<br />
activity <strong>de</strong>tected in a cru<strong>de</strong> extract and its i<strong>de</strong>ntification was possible after the systematic<br />
separation and study of each activity fraction. Pure ZoP was shown to be a monomeric<br />
hemeprotein with a molecular size of 50 kDa and an isolectric point of pH 6.0. Partial protein<br />
sequencing by mass-spectrometry <strong>de</strong>monstrated that ZoP is more related to isoenzymes A2<br />
from Arabidopsis thaliana and Armoracia rusticana than to any other known peroxidase. The<br />
stability behavior of ZoP was evaluated by four different methods: 1) Catalytic stability<br />
during the continuous incubation with 1 mM hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> in the absence of exogenous<br />
reducing substrate, 2) Significant activity tolerance after 12h incubation against different<br />
molar ratios of hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> in the absence of exogenous reducing substrate, 3) High<br />
yield un<strong>de</strong>r operation conditions, and 4) Resistance to heme bleaching in the presence of<br />
1mM hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong>, indicating porphyrin integrity. The performance of ZoP was<br />
concurrently compared with that of the horseradish isoenzyme A2 (HRPA2), an isoenzyme<br />
known for its relative oxidative stability. In<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ntly of the method used, ZoP<br />
outperformed HRPA2. The Michaelis-Menten catalytic constants of ZoP were calculated<br />
using guaiacol and hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong>. ZoP presented lower affinity for both substrates<br />
compared with HRPA2 but higher turnover, which ren<strong>de</strong>red all catalytic efficiencies within<br />
the same or<strong>de</strong>r of magnitu<strong>de</strong>. A catalytic mo<strong>de</strong>l based on our experimental data will be<br />
proposed as well as potential applications for a stable peroxidase.<br />
The authors acknowledge R. Tinoco, R. Roman and S. Rojas for technical assistance. This<br />
study was supported by grants IFS F/3562-1 and PAPIIT IN202305.<br />
[1] Val<strong>de</strong>rrama, Ayala and Vazquez (2002) Chemistry & Biology 9, 555-565.<br />
[2] Val<strong>de</strong>rrama et al. (2006) FASEB Journal In Press<br />
30 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L16<br />
Functional Hybrids of Haloperoxidases and Cytochrome<br />
P450 Monooxygenases from Alkaliphilic Mushrooms<br />
René Ullrich a , Dau Hung Anh a,b , Martin Kluge a , Matthias Kinne a , Katrin Scheibner c , Martin<br />
Hofrichter a<br />
a Int. Graduate School of Zittau, Environ. Biotech. Unit, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau Germany;<br />
b Vietnamese Acad of Sci. & Techn., Dept of Biotechnology,18-Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Hanoi,<br />
Vietnam; c Lausitz Univ of Appl. Sci.s, Dept of Biotechnology, 01958 Senftenberg, Germany<br />
E-mail: hofrichter@ihi-zittau.<strong>de</strong><br />
The family of heme-thiolate proteins comprises versatile oxidoreducatases (primarily<br />
cytochrome P450 monooxygenases) catalyzing amongst others different oxygen transfer<br />
reactions (hydroxylations, epoxidations, sulfoxidations). Until recently, only one peroxidase<br />
of this type has been known – chloroperoxidase (CPO) from the ascomycete Caldariomyces<br />
fumago. This heme-thiolate peroxidase is able to halogenate organic substrates unspecifically<br />
via free hypohalous acids and it can act as a peroxygenase in P450-like reactions [1].<br />
We have isolated a second haloperoxidase of this type from the agaric basidiomycete<br />
Agrocybe aegerita, that shares even more spectral and catalytic properties with cytochrome<br />
P450s than CPO does [2, 3]. During the growth in complex media, the alkaliphilic fungus<br />
secretes an unusual peroxidase that oxidizes aromatic alcohols into the corresponding<br />
al<strong>de</strong>hy<strong>de</strong>s and carboxylic acids. The enzyme, termed AaP (Agrocybe aegerita peroxidase),<br />
was purified to homogeneity and characterized [2]. There are multiple forms differing in the<br />
carbohydrate content (15-20%) and isoelectric points (4.9-5.7) but having the same<br />
molecular mass of 46 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of AaP shows hardly<br />
similarity to any known sequence of a basidiomycete peroxidase. On the other hand, 5 and 3<br />
out of 14 amino acids are i<strong>de</strong>ntical to amino acids at the N-terminus of CPO and a fungal<br />
P450 nor , respectively. AaP has a strong brominating and a weak chlorinating activity. The<br />
UV-Vis spectrum of native AaP differs noticeably from that of CPO but is almost i<strong>de</strong>ntical to<br />
a resting-state P450 [3]. The reduced CO complex of AaP has its Soret maximum at 445 nm<br />
which proves its heme-thiolate affiliation and the similarity to P450s (446-453 nm). The<br />
hydroxylating activity of AaP was tested with toluene, ethylbenzene, anisole and naphthalene<br />
as substrates. Benzyl alcohol was found to be the major product of toluene oxidation (along<br />
with traces of o- and p-cresol); ethylbenzene, anisole and naphthalene were selectively<br />
converted into (R)-1-phenylethanol, p-methoxyphenol and 1-naphthol, respectively. Thus,<br />
AaP is in fact capable of catalyzing benzylic and aromatic hydroxylations merely with H 2 O 2<br />
as cosubstrate (peroxygenase); complex electron donors (e.g. NADPH) as well as auxiliary<br />
proteins as in classic P450 reactions are not required.<br />
Since AaP halogenates and hydroxylates aromatic substrates, it can be regar<strong>de</strong>d as a<br />
functional hybrid that is closer to P450 monooxygenases than to classic CPO. Such hybrids<br />
are seemingly wi<strong>de</strong>spread and we have recently i<strong>de</strong>ntified four further strains of the genus<br />
Agrocybe as well as two coprophilic Coprinus species producing similar AaP-like enzymes.<br />
As selective hydroxylations are among the most <strong>de</strong>sired reactions in chemical synthesis,<br />
mushroom peroxygenases could become interesting biocatalytic tools. Respective<br />
biochemical and molecular studies are currently un<strong>de</strong>r investigation in our laboratories.<br />
[1] Hofrichter, M. & Ullrich, R. (2006) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.: DOI 10.1007/s00253-006-0417-3<br />
[2] Ullrich, R. et. al. (2004) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 4575-4581<br />
[3] Ullrich, R. & Hofrichter, M. (2005) FEBS Lett. 579: 6247-6250<br />
31 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L17<br />
Laccase Engineering by Rational and Random Mutagenesis<br />
Giovanna Festa 1 , Alessandra Piscitelli 1 , Vincenza Faraco 1 , Paola Giardina 1 , Flavia Autore 1 ,<br />
Franca Fraternali 2 and Giovanni Sannia 1<br />
1 Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Complesso Universitario Monte<br />
S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy 2 Randall Division of Cell and Molecular<br />
Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, SE1 1UL London UK<br />
E-mail: sannia@unina.it<br />
The white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is able to express multiple laccase genes encoding<br />
isoenzymes with different properties: POXC [1], POXA1w [2], POXA1b [3], and the<br />
heterodimeric proteins POXA3a and POXA3b [4]. However, because of the multiplicity of<br />
applicative potentialities of these enzymes, it would be <strong>de</strong>sirable to have a large range of<br />
enzymes endowed with different characteristics to select proteins for specific applications.<br />
Directed evolution by random mutagenesis and recombination followed by appropriate<br />
screening is a valuable tool for tailoring enzymes. On the other hand, a <strong>de</strong>ep knowledge of the<br />
structure-activity-stability relationships of laccases can be achieved through the rational<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign and characterization of point-mutated proteins.<br />
Functional gene expression in a suitable host is a prerequisite for protein engineering through<br />
both rational and random mutagenesis. P. ostreatus laccases POXC and POXA1b were<br />
successfully expressed in two yeasts, Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [5].<br />
Moreover recombinant expression in K. lactis of the large POXA3 subunit and of the whole<br />
heterodimeric complex was achieved.<br />
P. ostreatus laccase aminoacidic sequences were aligned with those of other laccases whose<br />
3D structures are known; therefore their structures were mo<strong>de</strong>lled by homology. POXA1b<br />
and POXC present a longer C-terminal region. In or<strong>de</strong>r to investigate role of this additional<br />
segment, site directed mutagenesis experiments tailored for these regions were performed and<br />
the mutated enzymes characterised. Analysis of the laccases alignment and of the 3D mo<strong>de</strong>ls<br />
has led to the <strong>de</strong>sign, expression and characterization of other point mutated enzymes.<br />
S. cerevisiae was chosen as host for construction of random mutated laccase libraries on the<br />
basis of its transformation efficiency, stability of plasmid DNA, and growth rate. Two<br />
mutagenesis methods were explored: error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling. Libraries of low,<br />
medium and high range mutants (from 0 to more than 7 mut/kbase) were generated by errorprone<br />
PCR. Furthermore, a library from poxc and poxa1b shuffling was also produced.<br />
Positive clones were selected on the basis of their ability to express high levels of laccase<br />
activity. Structural and catalytic characterization of these mutants is in progress.<br />
[1] Palmieri G., et al., 1993, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 39,632-636<br />
[2] Palmieri G. et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem., 272,31301-31307<br />
[3] Giardina P. et al., 1999, Biochem. J., 34,655-663<br />
[4] Palmieri G., et al., 2003, Enzyme. Microb. Technol., 33,220-230<br />
[5] Piscitelli A., et al., 2005,. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 69,428-39<br />
32 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L18<br />
Structure-Function Studies of Pleurotus Versatile<br />
Peroxidase, a Mo<strong>de</strong>l Ligninolytic Enzyme<br />
F.J. Ruiz-Dueñas a , M. Pérez-Boada a , M. Morales a , R. Pogni b , R. Basosi b , T. Choinowski c ,<br />
M.J. Martínez a , K. Piontek c , Á.T. Martínez a<br />
a Centro <strong>de</strong> Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro <strong>de</strong> Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;<br />
b Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy; c Institute<br />
of Biochemistry, ETH, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland<br />
E-mail: ATMartinez@cib.csic.es<br />
Versatile peroxidase (VP) represents a third type of fungal ligninolytic peroxidase together<br />
with lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase [1]. Ligninolytic peroxidases differ from<br />
peroxidases from saprophytic basidiomycetes (e.g. Coprinopsis cinerea) and plant<br />
peroxidases involved in monolignol polymerization, by their high redox potential enabling<br />
oxidative <strong>de</strong>gradation of lignin. This property makes them the biocatalyst of choice for<br />
industrial applications requiring enzymatic oxidation of recalcitrant aromatic compounds,<br />
including simple and complex/polymeric substrates. However, the native enzymes are far<br />
from optimally operating un<strong>de</strong>r industrial conditions. Therefore, enzyme structure-function<br />
studies are required as a first step for <strong>de</strong>signing new tailor-ma<strong>de</strong> biocatalysts. VP has been<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed in fungi from the genera Pleurotus and Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra. The VP from Pleurotus<br />
eryngii, a species of biotechnological interest, is the most extensively investigated [2,3].<br />
Using structure-function studies the catalytic properties of this new enzyme can be explained,<br />
and provi<strong>de</strong> general information on peroxidases. VP versatility is related to different substrate<br />
oxidation sites that have been i<strong>de</strong>ntified in high-resolution crystal structures, and were<br />
confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis in combination with spectroscopic techniques [4-6].<br />
Mn 2+ oxidation to Mn 3+ , which acts as a diffusible oxidizer of phenolic and non-phenolic<br />
lignin (via lipid peroxidation), implies binding to three acidic residues (two of them acting as<br />
a gate controlling cation binding and release) and direct electron transfer to the internal<br />
propionate of heme. Oxidation of high redox potential aromatic compounds, including<br />
veratryl alcohol and Reactive Black 5 (and possibly also polymeric lignin) is produced by<br />
long-range electron transfer to the heme methyl-3 from a surface tryptophan residue. The<br />
oxidation of the latter to a protein radical has been <strong>de</strong>tected by EPR of H 2 O 2 -activated VP. In<br />
contrast to that found in the equivalent tryptophan of LiP, in VP no indication of a β-<br />
hydroxylation of the tryptophan residue was found. Moreover, by multifrequency EPR and<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity-functional-theory calculations it was <strong>de</strong>monstrated that the tryptophan radical is in the<br />
neutral form. The ability to directly oxidize high redox potential substrates that are not<br />
oxidized by lignin peroxidase in the absence of veratryl alcohol (as a mediator) seems to be<br />
related to the environment of this exposed residue in VP. Low redox potential dyes, such as<br />
ABTS, can be oxidized by VP at the above exposed tryptophan but also at the heme access<br />
channel. Therefore, the VP molecular architecture combines in the same protein the substrate<br />
oxidation sites characteristics of the three other fungal peroxidases mentioned above. The<br />
structural bases for the catalytic versatility of this enzyme are already un<strong>de</strong>rstood in quite<br />
some <strong>de</strong>tail enabling enzyme tailoring using protein engineering tools.<br />
[1] Martínez, A. T. (2002) Enzyme Microb Technol 30, 425<br />
[2] Camarero, S., Sarkar, S., Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J. et al. (1999) J Biol Chem 274, 10324<br />
[3] Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., Martínez, M. J., and Martínez, A. T. (1999) Mol Microbiol 31, 23<br />
[4] Pérez-Boada, M., Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., Pogni, R. et al. (2005) J Mol Biol 345, 385<br />
[5] Banci, L., Camarero, S., Martínez, A. T. et al. (2003) J Biol Inorg Chem 8, 751<br />
[6] Pogni, R., Baratto, M. C., Teutloff, C. et al. (2006) J Biol Chem 281, 9517<br />
33 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Structure-Activity Relationship of the Laccase-Mediator<br />
System<br />
R. Pogni a , B. Brogioni a , A. Sinicropi a , M.C. Baratto a , P. Giardina b , G. Sannia b , R. Basosi a<br />
a Chemistry Department, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, Italy; b Organic Chemistry and<br />
Biochemistry Department, University of Naples, via Cinthia 4, Italy.<br />
E-mail: pogni@unisi.it<br />
L19<br />
Laccase, a multi-copper enzyme, belongs to the lignin <strong>de</strong>grading system and catalyzes the<br />
one-electron oxidation of different substrates, with the simultaneous four electron reduction of<br />
molecular oxygen to water [1]. The broad substrate specificities of laccases, together with the<br />
fact that they use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor, make these enzymes highly<br />
interesting for industrial and environmental applications. However, the low redox potentials<br />
of laccases (0.5 to 0.8 mV) only allow the direct <strong>de</strong>gradation by laccases of low redox<br />
potentials phenolic compounds. The range of chemical structures oxidized by the enzyme can<br />
be even increased by employing different natural and synthetic redox mediators[2].<br />
The basis of the laccase-mediator concept is the use of low-molecular weight compounds<br />
that, once oxidized by the enzyme to stable radicals, act as redox mediators, oxidizing other<br />
compounds that in principle are not substrates of laccase.<br />
An important role in <strong>de</strong>termining the mechanism of substrate oxidation may be played by the<br />
stability of the oxidized form of the radical mediator, as well as by its redox potential.<br />
In this work the reaction between fungal laccases from the wood-rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus<br />
[3] and Trametes versicolor and the synthetic redox mediator Violuric Acid (VIO) has been<br />
analyzed by EPR spectroscopy. An intense and stable radical species has been generated and<br />
<strong>de</strong>tected during this reaction [4]. Comparative <strong>de</strong>nsity functional calculations indicate the<br />
presence of a <strong>de</strong>protonated neutral radical species. Simulation of a cluster consisting of VIO<br />
in presence of H 2 O has shown the possibility of H-bonds formation.<br />
The bleaching activity of the laccase and laccase-mediator systems has been tested towards<br />
various dyes with different structures and using different redox mediators (VIO, 1-<br />
hydroxybenzotriazole, 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid ).<br />
[1] Basosi,R., Della Lunga, G., Pogni, R. (2005), 385 - 416 in: Biomedical EPR - Part A: Free Radicals, Metals,<br />
Medicine and Physiology, Kluwer Aca<strong>de</strong>mic / Plenum Publishers, New York, USA<br />
[2] Camarero, S., Ibarra, D., Martinez, M.J. and Martinez, A. T. (2005) Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1775-1784.<br />
[3] Palmieri, G., Cennamo, G., Sannia G. (2005) Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 36, 17-24<br />
[4] Kim, H.-C., M. Mickel, N. Hampp. (2003) Chem. Phys. Lett. 371: 410-416.<br />
34 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L20<br />
'Titrating' Steric and Redox Features of the Active Site of<br />
Laccase<br />
Mahelet Aweke Ta<strong>de</strong>sse, Alessandro D'Annibale, Carlo Galli, Patrizia Gentili,<br />
Ana Sofia Nunes Pontes and Fe<strong>de</strong>rica Sergi<br />
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy<br />
E-mail: carlo.galli@uniroma1.it<br />
Steric and redox issues of the substrate are investigated for a better insight of the reactivity<br />
features of the phenoloxidase laccase. A few bulky phenols and anilines are not susceptible to<br />
oxidation, in spite of being ‘putative substrates’ for laccase. By exploiting crystallographic<br />
data of the enzyme available from the literature, 1-3 it becomes possible to appraise the<br />
maximum width of the substrate, and to outline its proper alignment in the binding site,<br />
besi<strong>de</strong>s other steric requirements, which enable a successful monoelectronic oxidation.<br />
With regard to the redox issue, any substrate could be a candidate for monoelectronic<br />
oxidation by laccase, regardless its phenolic or non-phenolic nature, provi<strong>de</strong>d that the<br />
electrochemical potential is suited. For example, being 0.78 V vs NHE the redox potential of<br />
Trametes villosa laccase, a non-phenolic compound such as 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene (E½<br />
1.05 V vs NHE) can be quantitatively oxidised. 4 In contrast, phenols substituted with electronwithdrawing<br />
groups become progressively resistant to the oxidation as their electrochemical<br />
potential gradually increases. Myceliophthora thermophila laccase, having a redox potential<br />
of only 0.48 V vs NHE, suffers from unfavourable redox features of the substrate more<br />
crucially.<br />
[1] K. Piontek, M. Antorini, T. Choinowski, J. Biol. Chem., 277 (2002) 37663-37669.<br />
[2] T. Bertrand, C. Jolivalt, P. Briozzo, E. Camina<strong>de</strong>, N. Joly, C. Madzak, C. Mougin, Biochemistry, 41 (2002)<br />
7325-7333.<br />
[3] F.J. Enguita, D. Marçal, L.O. Martins, R. Grenha, A.O. Henriques, P.F. Lindley, M.A. Carrondo, J. Biol.<br />
Chem., 279 (2004) 23472-23476.<br />
[4 ] F.d'Acunzo, C.Galli, P.Gentili, F.Sergi, New J. Chem., 30 (2006) 000.<br />
35 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L21<br />
A Near-Atomic Resolution Crystal Structure of<br />
Melanocarpus albomyces Laccase<br />
Nina Hakulinen a , Martina Andberg b , Anu Koivula b , Kristiina Kruus b , Juha Rouvinen a<br />
a Dept. Of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland b VTT<br />
Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland<br />
E-mail: nina.hakulinen@joensuu.fi<br />
Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2, p-diphenol dioxygen oxidoreductases) are redox enzymes that use<br />
molecular oxygen to oxidize various phenolic compounds, anilines and even some nonaromatic<br />
compounds by a radical-catalyzed reaction mechanism. Oxidization of reducing<br />
substrates occurs concomitantly with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccases<br />
share the arrangement of the catalytic sites with other blue multi-copper oxidases including<br />
ascorbate oxidase, ceruloplasmin, CueO, and Fet3p. For catalytic activity, four copper atoms<br />
are nee<strong>de</strong>d: one type-1 (T1) copper forming a mononuclear site, one type-2 (T2) copper and<br />
two type-3 (T3 and T3´) coppers forming a trinuclear site. Reducing substrates are oxidized<br />
near the mononuclear site and then electrons are transferred to the trinuclear site, where<br />
dioxygen is reduced to water.<br />
Several three-dimensional structures of laccases have been solved today. Many of the laccases<br />
have been reported to have one oxygen atom, most likely hydroxyl group, between the two T3<br />
coppers, but Melanoarpus albomyces laccase (MaL) shows a di-oxygen molecule amidst<br />
coppers in the trinuclear site [1] . Recently, three-dimensional structure of CuCl 2 soaked form of<br />
Bacillus subtilis laccase has also been reported to have the dioxygen molecule insi<strong>de</strong> its<br />
trinuclear site [2] . In addition, MaL has a unique feature that the C-terminus of the enzyme<br />
penetrates to the tunnel leading to trinuclear site. This tunnel has been postulated to form<br />
access route for dioxygen to enter to the trinuclear site.<br />
We have now <strong>de</strong>termined the three-dimensional structure of recombinant M. albomyces<br />
laccase (rMaL) at 1.3 Å resolution (R = 17.9 % and R free = 20.5 %). In addition, we have<br />
<strong>de</strong>termined the three-dimensional structure of DSGA mutant (last residue Leu559 mutated to<br />
Ala) at 2.5 Å resolution. Specific activity of the DSGA mutant on ABTS is about 5-fold lower<br />
than specific activity of the wild-type enzyme. Refinement of the mutant structure is currently<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rway (R = 22.3 % and R free = 28.2 %). In both structures, the dioxygen is refined amidst<br />
the coppers in the trinuclear site and the C-terminus plugs the tunnel leading to trinuclear<br />
copper site as observed in the MaL. Details of the near-atomic resolution structure of rMaL<br />
will be presented and the structural reasons for the lowered activity of the DSGA mutant will<br />
be discussed.<br />
[1] Hakulinen, N., Kiiskinen, L.-L., Kruus, K., Saloheimo, M., Paananen, A., Koivula, A. and Rouvinen J.<br />
(2002) Nature Structural Biology 9, 601.<br />
[2] Bento I, Martins, L.O., Lopes, G.G., Carrondo, M.A. and Lindley, P.F. Dalton Trans. (2005) Dalton Trans.<br />
3507.<br />
36 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L22<br />
Structure-Function Relationships in Bacterial Multicopper<br />
Oxidases<br />
Lígia O. Martins<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica (<strong>ITQB</strong>),<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Av da<br />
República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal<br />
E-mail: lmartins@itqb.unl.pt<br />
The multi-copper oxidases constitute a family of enzymes whose principal members are<br />
ceruloplasmin (Fe(II) oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.16.3.1), ascorbate oxidase (L-ascorbate<br />
oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.3) and laccase (benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductase, EC<br />
1.10.3.2) (1, 2). This family of enzymes is wi<strong>de</strong>ly distributed throughout nature and members<br />
are enco<strong>de</strong>d in the genomes of organisms in all three domains of life – Bacteria, Archaea and<br />
Eukarya. Multi-copper oxidases have broad substrate specificity; laccases, with a function in<br />
intermediary metabolism, presents relative high substrate specificity for bulky aromatic (poly)<br />
phenols and amines. A few members present higher efficiency to lower valent metal ions such<br />
as Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ or Cu 1+ , being thus broadly <strong>de</strong>signated as metallo-oxidases. These have been<br />
suggested to play an in vivo catalytic role in the maintenance of both copper and iron<br />
homeostasis in their respective organisms.<br />
We have settled a multidisciplinary research approach focused on the study of bacterial<br />
multicopper oxidases. As a mo<strong>de</strong>l bacterial laccase system the CotA-laccase from Bacillus<br />
subtilis has been extensively studied. Recent results that have been un<strong>de</strong>rtaken on the CotAlaccase<br />
after site-directed mutagenesis on the catalytic mononuclear T1 copper site will be<br />
presented. It has been shown that subtle rearrangements in the coordination sphere of the T1<br />
copper result in major loss of function regarding the catalytic as well as the overall stability of<br />
the enzyme, launching new questions regarding our un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of the structure and<br />
function of the oxidative copper site of the blue multicopper oxidases. This information will<br />
assist the <strong>de</strong>velopment of strategies targeted at the improvement of laccases as biocatalysts.<br />
The results on a robust and hyperthermostable recombinant metallo-oxidase (McoA) from<br />
Aquifex aeolicus will also be discussed. McoA presents poor catalytic efficiency (k cat /K m )<br />
towards aromatic substrates but a remarkable high for cuprous and ferrous ions, close to 3 x<br />
10 6 s -1 M -1 . We provi<strong>de</strong> evi<strong>de</strong>nces for the in vivo involvement of McoA in copper and iron<br />
homeostasis.<br />
37 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Crystal Structures of Three New Fungal Laccases:<br />
Implications on the Catalytic Mechanism and on the<br />
Dynamics of the Copper Sites Redox States<br />
L23<br />
Irene Matera a , Antonella Gullotto a , Marta Ferraroni a , Silvia Tilli a , A.Chernykh b , Nina M.<br />
Myasoedova b , Alexey A. Leontievsky b , Ludmila Golovleva b Andrea Scozzafava a , Fabrizio<br />
Briganti a<br />
a<br />
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via <strong>de</strong>lla Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto<br />
Fiorentino (FI), Italy. b Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms,<br />
Russian Aca<strong>de</strong>my of Sciences, Nauka Prospect 5, 142290 Pushchino Moscow region, Russia.<br />
E-mail: fabrizio.briganti@unifi.it<br />
Laccases (benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) are polyphenol oxidases<br />
belonging to the family of multicopper oxidases. These multi-copper enzymes contain four<br />
copper atoms per molecule, organized into three different copper sites which catalyze the oneelectron<br />
oxidation of four reducing-substrate molecules concomitant with the four-electron<br />
reduction of molecular oxygen to water molecules. Blue copper oxidases contain at least one<br />
type-1 copper, which is presumably the primary oxidation site whereas blue multicopper<br />
oxidases typically employ at least three additional coppers: one type-2 and two type-3 copper<br />
ions arranged in a trinuclear cluster, the latter being the site where the reduction of molecular<br />
oxygen occurs.<br />
Biotechnological researches on laccases, aiming at the <strong>de</strong>velopment of various industrial<br />
processes such as pulp <strong>de</strong>lignification and removal of environmental pollutants, for instance<br />
pestici<strong>de</strong>s and textile dyes, from contaminated soil and water, are currently performed.<br />
In or<strong>de</strong>r to optimize such promising processes the complete comprehension of the catalytic<br />
mechanism of laccases, and in particular of their redox potential and substrate selectivity<br />
control are nee<strong>de</strong>d and a <strong>de</strong>tailed characterization of the high resolution molecular structure of<br />
such enzymes will surely help in achieving such aims.<br />
Three new structures of blue laccases from the white-rot basidiomycetes fungi Panus tigrinus,<br />
Trametes trogii, and Steccherinum ochraceum, enzymes involved in lignin bio<strong>de</strong>gradation<br />
have been recently solved at high resolution in our laboratory.<br />
The <strong>de</strong>tails revealed by these new structures and their implications on the electronic structure<br />
dynamics of the copper sites, on substrates and substrates analogues binding and on the<br />
overall catalytic mechanism are analyzed and discussed.<br />
38 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L24<br />
Construction and Characterisation of Horseradish<br />
Peroxidase Mutants that Mimic Some of the Properties of<br />
Cytochromes P450<br />
Emile Ngo a , Wendy Doyle a , Anabella Ivancich b , Andrew T. Smith a<br />
a Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex. UK; b Centre<br />
d'Etu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette. France<br />
Email: A.T.Smith@sussex.ac.uk<br />
Plant peroxidases cannot normally transfer an oxygen atom stereoselectively to a substrate but<br />
catalyse the production of aromatic radicals at a haem edge site. The acid base residues<br />
required for highly efficient O-O bond cleavage in peroxidases sterically restrict direct access<br />
of substrates to the ferryl intermediate and the enzyme which has a somewhat closed haem<br />
architecture. In part, by mimicking the more open hydrophobic architecture of<br />
chloroperoxidase, variants of a horseradish peroxidase have been engineered which have at<br />
least some of the key functional properties of a cytochrome P450. Several variants are very<br />
efficient peroxygenases, with rates exceeding ~ 17 s -1 and are highly effective in producing<br />
enantiomerically pure sulphoxi<strong>de</strong>s (100% pure), strongly implying an oxene transfer<br />
mechanism. They un<strong>de</strong>rgo a low spin (LS) to high spin transition on substrate binding (with<br />
sub micro molar Kd's). Their optical features in combination with EPR studies have revealed<br />
that all variants remain high-spin from pH 5 to 9, unless the haem pocket is both very open<br />
and a His residue was located in a strained loop region at the Asn70 position. These variants<br />
in particular showed evi<strong>de</strong>nce of a concerted mechanism in which prior binding of substrate<br />
activates (by removing the low spin ligand) the enzyme for reaction with hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong>.<br />
These and other observations lead us to hypothesise that the mutations collectively allow a<br />
rearrangement of the B-C loop region, which permits stabilisation of a labile LS ligand at the<br />
haem centre of the resting state. The tight binding of substrates to the engineered cavity can in<br />
turn then displace the labile ligand. The LS variants which showed this behaviour were much<br />
more resistant to inactivation by hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> than chloroperoxidase or P450’s un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
the same conditions.<br />
39 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Immobilisation of Laccases for Biotransformations in<br />
Environmental and Food-Technology<br />
L25<br />
M. Schroe<strong>de</strong>r a , A. Kan<strong>de</strong>lbauer a , G. Nyanhongo a , B. Poellinger-Zierler b , A. Cavaco-Paulo c ,<br />
G.M. Guebitz a<br />
a Graz Universty of Technology, Dept.of Environmental Biotechnolog, b Dept. of Food<br />
Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz Austria, c Dept. of Textile Engineering, University of<br />
Minho, 4800 Guimaraes, Portugal<br />
E-mail: guebitz@tugraz.at<br />
The immobilisation of laccases from bacterial and fungal sourced onto water-soluble and<br />
insoluble carriers was investigated for various biotransformations. Laccases from Trametes<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>sta were immobilised on γ-aluminum oxi<strong>de</strong> pellets and biotransformations of<br />
systematically substituted mo<strong>de</strong>l substrates were studied in an enzyme-reactor. The reactor<br />
was equipped with various UV/Vis spectroscopic sensors allowing the continuous online<br />
monitoring (immersion transmission probe, diffuse reflectance measurements of the solid<br />
carrier material). Immobilisation of the laccase did not sterically affect oxidation while<br />
electron donating substitutents on the aromatic ring generally enhanced reaction rates [1]. The<br />
immobilised laccases were successfully applied in continuous <strong>de</strong>gradation of phenolic<br />
compounds such a textile dyes. Microbial off-flavours in fruit juices such as 2,6-<br />
dibromophenol, borneol, guaiacol can also be eliminated by immobilised laccase treatment.<br />
This was shown by chemical analysis (solid phase micro extraction / GC-MS) combined with<br />
evaluation by a certified test panel. Besi<strong>de</strong>s immobilisation of fungal laccases the potential of<br />
naturally immobilised spore laccases is discussed.<br />
Laccases could prevent fabrics and garments from re-<strong>de</strong>position of dyes during washing and<br />
finishing processes by <strong>de</strong>grading the solubilized dye. However, laccase action must be<br />
restricted to solubilized dye molecules thereby avoiding <strong>de</strong>colorization of fabrics. Here we<br />
show that covalent immobilisation of laccases with polyethylene glycol (PEG) can drastically<br />
reduce the activity of the modified laccases on fibre bound dye <strong>de</strong>creasing the adsorption of<br />
the enzyme on fabrics. PEG modification of a laccase from T. hirsuta resulted in enhanced<br />
enzyme stability while with increasing molecular weight of attached PEG the substrate<br />
affinity for the laccase conjugate <strong>de</strong>creased [2].<br />
Immobilisation of laccases onto polysacchari<strong>de</strong> based carriers was investigated with regard to<br />
the production of bio<strong>de</strong>gradable explosives. During microbial <strong>de</strong>gradation of TNT laccase<br />
catalysed binding onto humic monomers (200mM) prevented the accumulation of all major<br />
stable TNT metabolites (aminodinitrotoluenes [AMDNT]) by at least 92 %. Complete<br />
enzymatic elimination was seen for 4-HADNT (4-hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene) and 2-<br />
HADNT with a concurrent <strong>de</strong>crease of toxicity [3].<br />
[1] Kan<strong>de</strong>lbauer,A., Maute,O., Kessler,R., Erlacher,A., Guebitz,G.M., 2004. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 87, 552-563.<br />
[2] Schroe<strong>de</strong>r,M., Heumann,S., Silva,C., Cavaco-Paulo,A., Guebitz,G.M., 2005. Biotechnol Lett. in press<br />
[3] Nyanhongo,G.S., Rodriguez Couto,S., Guebitz,G.M., 2006. Chemosphere, in press<br />
40 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L26<br />
Laccase-catalyzed Polymerization for Coating and Material<br />
Modification<br />
Andrea Zille, Carlos Basto, Su-Yeon Kim, Artur Cavaco-Paulo<br />
University of Minho, Department of Textile Engineering, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal<br />
E-mail: artur@<strong>de</strong>t.uminho.pt<br />
The enzymatic polymerization and material modification with laccases is a promising<br />
technology especially for the coating of the natural and synthetic materials at mild conditions<br />
of temperature and pH [1]. The “in situ” enzymatic coating of several natural materials as<br />
sisal, linum, cotton and wood were performed, in a batchwise process at different temperature<br />
and pH. Small colorless aromatic compounds such as diamines, aminophenols,<br />
aminonaphtols, and phenols, were oxidized by laccase resulting in dimeric, oligomeric, and<br />
polymeric molecules [2]. The coupling and polymerizing ability of laccase was used for<br />
colored and non-colored surface modifications of the materials in or<strong>de</strong>r to obtain coating with<br />
water-proof, flame retardant, strength and adhesive properties. Sisal and wood were<br />
enzymatic coated with laccase using several phenols and amines. Interesting waterproof<br />
properties as well as different hues and <strong>de</strong>pth of sha<strong>de</strong>s in the color pallet were observed.<br />
Enzymatic coating with catechol of amized cellulose fibers was also performed in the<br />
presence of laccase [3]. The LC/MS analysis of the hydrolyzed coated-cellulose confirming<br />
the presence of functionalized glucose and cellobiose units coupled to poly(catechol)<br />
molecules (m/z 580 and m/z 633). Furthermore, laccase was tested in combination with<br />
ultrasound to improve coloration of wool by “in situ” radical polymerization of catechol [4].<br />
In the sonicated laccase/catechol system a large polymerization was observed even more than<br />
the laccase/catechol stirring system. The ultrasonic waves produce hydroxyl radicals, improve<br />
the diffusion processes and may also have positive effect on the laccase active center structure<br />
[5]. Extension of these methods to other laccase substrates, using appropriate and costefficient<br />
functionalization techniques, may provi<strong>de</strong> a new route to environmentally friendly<br />
materials with pre<strong>de</strong>fined structures and properties.<br />
[1] Mayer, A.M.; Staples, R.C. Phytochemistry 2002, 60, 551<br />
[2] Pilz, R.; Hammer, E.; Schauer, F.; Kragl, U. App. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003, 60, 708<br />
[3] Chhagani, R. R.; Iyer, V.; Shenai, V. A. Colourage 2000, 47, 27<br />
[4] Mahamuni, N. N.; Pandit, A. B. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2006, 13,165<br />
[5] Entezari, M. H.; Pétrier, C. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2004, 53, 257<br />
41 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Potential of White-Rot Fungi for Decolourisation and<br />
Detoxification of Dyes<br />
L27<br />
S. Vanhulle, E. Enaud, Lucas, Naveau, V. Mertens, M. Trovaslet, A.M. Corbisier<br />
Microbiology Unit (MBLA), catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 3 boîte 6, B 1348<br />
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,<br />
e-mail: vanhullesophie@hotmail.com<br />
The use of white rot fungi (WRF) appears to be a promising alternative to treat dyes<br />
containing wastewater. Based on a previous screening of 300 WRF, six strains belonging to<br />
the species Coriolopsis polyzona, Perenniporia ochroleuca, Pycnoporus sanguineus,<br />
Perenniporia tephropora and Trametes versicolor were selected for an extensive search on<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourisation and <strong>de</strong>toxification of dyes.<br />
The major metabolites resulting of the biotransformation of the blue anthraquinonic dye Acid<br />
Blue 62 (ABu62, previously called NY3) were isolated, characterized and a mechanism of<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourisation was proposed. A first rapid step leading to red intermediates, was mainly due<br />
to a dimerization of the initial molecule and was followed by a slower step leading to<br />
uncoloured products formed by <strong>de</strong>gradation of this main dimer into smaller fragments. As<br />
laccase was the main ligninolytic activity of these strains, LAC-1 from Pycnoporus<br />
sanguineus MUCL 41582 (PS7) was selected as a mo<strong>de</strong>l for kinetic studies. While displaying<br />
a traditional Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviour with ABTS as substrate, LAC-1 presented<br />
an atypical behaviour when ABu62 was used as substrate. In addition, LAC-1 only catalysed<br />
the first step of Abu62 biotransformation. Therefore, Pycnoporus strains were used as mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
to un<strong>de</strong>rstand the role of laccases in the in vivo <strong>de</strong>colourisation of three anthraquinonic dyes:<br />
Abu62, Acid Blue 281 and Reactive Blue 19. All three dyes caused an increase in laccase<br />
activity. In vitro, oxidation of thel three anthraquinones by a laccase preparation was obtained<br />
to a lesser extend than the whole cell process; suggesting that other factor(s) could be required<br />
for a complete <strong>de</strong>colourisation. The activity of cellobiose <strong>de</strong>hydrogenase (CDH) was<br />
therefore monitored. Present early in the broth during the growth of the fungi, CDH displayed<br />
in vitro a synergism with laccases in the <strong>de</strong>colourisation of ABu62, and an antagonism<br />
with laccases in the <strong>de</strong>colourisation of ABu281 and RBu19.<br />
Nevertheless, <strong>de</strong>colourisation does not imply that the resulting metabolites are less toxic than<br />
the parent molecules. Toxicity assays were previously <strong>de</strong>velopped on human Caco-2 cells,<br />
which are consi<strong>de</strong>red as a validated mo<strong>de</strong>l for the human intestinal epithelium. Depending on<br />
the strain used, a cytoxicity reduction between 25 % and 85 % was observed after two<br />
weeks of culture. No mutagenic character appeared during the biotransformation, as verified<br />
through VITOTOX TM assays. Enzymatic treatment of ABu 62 with purified laccase (EC<br />
1.10.3.2) from Pycnoporus sanguineus allowed in one day a cytotoxicity reduction<br />
comparable to that obtained in 7 days by a complete culture. PS7 was further used to treat an<br />
industrial effluent and compared to the effectiveness of ozonolysis. The effluent toxicity was<br />
reduced by only 10% through ozonolysis, whereas the fungal treatment reached a 35%<br />
reduction. Moreover, a mixed treatment (ozone, then PS7) caused a 70% cytotoxicity<br />
reduction. Raw effluent presented mutagenic character. Ozonized effluent was still<br />
mutagenic, while the genotoxic effect was completely removed after fungal treatment<br />
(patent WO2002EP10077 20020909).<br />
42 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L28<br />
Biotransformation of Environmental Pollutants by Aquatic<br />
Fungi – the Role of Laccases<br />
Dietmar Schlosser a , Claudia Martin a , Charles Junghanns a , Monika Moe<strong>de</strong>r b , Magali Solé a ,<br />
Gudrun Krauss a<br />
a Department of Environmental Microbiology, and b Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ<br />
Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig,<br />
Germany<br />
E-mail: dietmar.schlosser@ufz.<strong>de</strong><br />
Fungi occuring in freshwater environments and their laccases have gained consi<strong>de</strong>rably less<br />
attention than terrestrial fungi, with respect to their possible contribution to the natural<br />
attenuation of organic pollutants in the environment and their potential biotechnological<br />
application in the removal of hazardous pollutants from wastewater.<br />
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and ingredients of personal care products found in<br />
aqueous environments led to increasing concerns regarding their potentially hazardous effects<br />
on human health and the environment, but the knowledge about their bio<strong>de</strong>gradability by<br />
microorganisms of aquatic environments is still limited. Technical nonylphenol, a mixture of<br />
mainly para-substituted nonylphenol isomers with variously branched si<strong>de</strong> chains, is known<br />
to act as a xenoestrogen. HHCB (galaxoli<strong>de</strong>®) and AHTN (tonali<strong>de</strong>®) are polycyclic musk<br />
fragrances used in personal care products and were reported to inhibit multixenobiotic<br />
resistance transporters in aquatic organisms. We investigated the bioconversion of HHCB,<br />
AHTN, and nonylphenol, the latter being applied as an isomeric mixture and also in the form<br />
of single nonyl chain-branched isomers, by freshwater-<strong>de</strong>rived, laccase-producing mitosporic<br />
fungi. Degradation studies involved both fungal cultures and isolated laccases. Fungal<br />
cultures removed nonylphenol more efficiently un<strong>de</strong>r conditions where high extracellular<br />
laccase activities were expressed, as compared to conditions where laccase activities were low<br />
or negligible. Nonylphenol conversion by isolated laccases led to the formation of oxidative<br />
coupling products. This is in favour of an extracellular attack on nonylphenol catalyzed by<br />
laccase. In addition, as yet unknown intracellular enzymes attack nonylphenol at the alkyl<br />
chain as implied by certain biotransformation metabolites. In fungal cultures, several<br />
metabolites <strong>de</strong>tected during the removal of HHCB and AHTN indicated biotransformation<br />
initiated by intracellular hydroxylation. Moreover, isolated laccases were also able to convert<br />
both, HHCB as well as AHTN. Laccase treatment of HHCB strongly increased the<br />
concentration of the known HHCB metabolite HHCB-lactone, suggesting that laccase<br />
catalyzes the oxidation of HHCB into HHCB-lactone.<br />
Textile dyes left unconsumed in textile industry effluents represent another example for<br />
potentially hazardous environmental contaminants. We investigated the ability of aquatic<br />
fungi to <strong>de</strong>colourise synthetic dyes and addressed the potential involvement of the laccases of<br />
these organisms in <strong>de</strong>colourisation.<br />
All together, these results <strong>de</strong>monstrate a potential of aquatic fungi and their laccases to<br />
affect the environmental fate of organic contaminants in freshwater ecosystems and their<br />
possible application in technical processes aiming at the removal of organic pollutants<br />
wastewater.<br />
43 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Feng Xu<br />
Transformation of Textile Dyes by Oxidoreductases<br />
Novozymes Inc, 1445 Drew Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA<br />
E-mail: fxu@novozymes.com<br />
L29<br />
During the dyeing of fabrics, most vat and sulfur dyes have to un<strong>de</strong>rgo sequentially a<br />
reduction (to increase the solubility), an adsorption (by fabric), and a re-oxidation (to enhance<br />
the fastness) step. The reduction can be ma<strong>de</strong> with various chemical reductants (such as<br />
sodium dithionite). The re-oxidation can be ma<strong>de</strong> either by simply exposing to air or more<br />
often by complex processings involving chemical oxidants (such as H 2 O 2 , m-<br />
nitrobenzenesulfonate, perborate, hypochlorite, iodate, bromate, or dichromate), harsh<br />
conditions (high pH or temperature), or expensive/unsafe catalysts (such as NaVO 3 ).<br />
Modifying the chemical re-oxidation step with an enzymatic technology could be of<br />
significant interest in terms of production economy as well as waste or hazardous chemicals<br />
handling. The concept was tested on several representative vat and sulfur dyes with a laccase<br />
and a heme peroxidase. It was shown that the enzymes could catalyze the re-oxidation of<br />
reduced dyes by O 2 and H 2 O 2 , respectively. Small redox-active mediators facilitated the<br />
enzymatic re-oxidation. An enzymatic dye-reducing system was also tested. Mediated by<br />
redox mediator, a carbohydrate oxidase could reduce several representative dyes, leading to<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorization. Thus oxidoreductase could replace chemical oxidizing or reducing agents in<br />
transforming dyes.<br />
44 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L30<br />
Free, Supported and Insolubilized Laccases: Novel<br />
Biocatalysts for the Elimination of Micropollutants and<br />
Xenoestrogens<br />
Spiros N. Agathos<br />
Unit of Bioengineering, Catholic University of Louvain,<br />
Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium<br />
Several emerging pollutants occur in relatively low concentrations (micropollutants) and may<br />
inclu<strong>de</strong> active ingredients in personal care products and known or suspected endocrine<br />
disrupting substances (EDS, xenoestrogens). These contaminants constitute a major<br />
preoccupation in the water quality and treatment field because of their potential risk to human<br />
health and their environmental impact, since they resist conventional treatment and they tend<br />
to accumulate in hydrophobic matrices. The biocatalytic elimination of established or<br />
suspected xenoestrogens including nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS)<br />
is currently investigated in our laboratory, using a variety of enzyme preparations based on<br />
fungal laccases. These polyphenoloxidases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidases<br />
particularly adapted to the oxidation of phenol-like compounds and aromatic amines, i.e.,<br />
molecules sharing several structural features with the above xenoestrogens. Initial studies<br />
have focused on EDS elimination using cru<strong>de</strong> laccase preparations from the white rot fungi<br />
Coriolopsis polyzona, Lentinus critinus or Gano<strong>de</strong>rma japonicum. Statistical experimental<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign was used to establish optimal ranges of pH, temperature and time of contact for the<br />
removal of NP, BPA and TCS. The use of 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic<br />
acid) (ABTS) as a mediator has been found to enhance the efficiency of the enzymatic<br />
treatment. The removal of NP and BPA was accompanied by the disappearance of estrogenic<br />
activity, as <strong>de</strong>monstrated by the yeast estrogen test (YES). Mass spectrometry analysis<br />
showed that the enzymatic treatment produces high molecular weight metabolites through<br />
radical polymerization of NP, BPA and TCS leading to C-C or C-O bond formation. The<br />
polymerization of these contaminants produces a range of oligomers (from dimers up to<br />
pentamers) which are inert. In an effort to overcome the limitations of free laccases, in terms<br />
of re-usability and stability against <strong>de</strong>naturants in an industrial setting, we have studied their<br />
immobilization. Laccase from Coriolopsis polyzona was covalently immobilized on<br />
diatomaceous earth supports (Celite ® ), whose surface had been activated with<br />
aminopropyltriethoxysilane and then cross-linked with gluteral<strong>de</strong>hy<strong>de</strong>. Despite the relatively<br />
low enzyme/support ratio (w/w), the supported biocatalyst displayed improved stability<br />
against thermal inactivation and <strong>de</strong>naturation by salts and proteases. When used in a packedbed<br />
reactor, the immobilized laccase was able to eliminate BPA from aqueous solutions un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
different operational conditions, including several consecutive treatment cycles, with<br />
sustained removal performance. Finally, in a further simplification of biocatalyst preparation<br />
and in or<strong>de</strong>r to enhance the specific activity with retention of stability and re-usability<br />
features, the same cru<strong>de</strong> laccase was insolubilized in the form of cross-linked enzyme<br />
aggregates (CLEAs). The optimal biocatalyst preparation involved the precipitation of laccase<br />
with polyethylene glycol, cross-linking with glutaral<strong>de</strong>hy<strong>de</strong> and recovery of active CLEAs<br />
upon removal of the precipitant. Characterization of this new insolubilized biocatalyst and<br />
initial tests with BPA have shown that, both from a kinetic and from a stability point of view,<br />
laccase CLEAs have strong potential not only in the sustainable elimination of<br />
micropollutants but also in a variety of other biotechnological applications.<br />
45 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L31<br />
Olive Mill Wastewater Transformation and Detoxification by<br />
White-Rot Fungi: Role of the Laccase in the Process<br />
G. Iamarino a , J.M. Barrasa b , L. Gianfreda c , A.T. Martínez a and M.J. Martínez a<br />
a Centro <strong>de</strong> Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro <strong>de</strong> Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;<br />
b Universidad <strong>de</strong> Alcalá, Alcalá <strong>de</strong> Henares, E-28871, Madrid, Spain. c DiSSPA, Università<br />
<strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Napoli, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Na Italy (mjmartinez@cib.csic.es)<br />
Large amounts of dark effluents, called olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW), are produced<br />
during oil extraction from olives. These effluents are characterized by low pH, intense dark<br />
brown colour, high organic load including lipids, pectin, polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s and phenols, and<br />
high content of residual oil and solid matter 1 . Due to its low cost and high mineral content,<br />
OMW could be used as organic fertilizer and irrigation waters of agricultural lands but a<br />
previous <strong>de</strong>toxification is necessary, since they show phytotoxic and antimicrobial<br />
properties 2 . Because the phenolic compounds present in OMW, which are the main<br />
responsible of its toxicity, show similar structure that those <strong>de</strong>rived from lignin<br />
bio<strong>de</strong>gradation, the use of ligninolytic fungi or their enzymes to treat this industrial effluent is<br />
being studied. The presence during the lignin bio<strong>de</strong>gradation process of different extracellular<br />
ligninolytic enzymes (laccases and peroxidases) <strong>de</strong>pends on the fungal species studied.<br />
Whereas peroxidases seem to play an important role in OMW <strong>de</strong>gradation by Phanerochaete<br />
species 3;4 , laccase appears as the sole ligninolytic enzyme in other fungal species 5;6 . In this<br />
work we studied the transformation and <strong>de</strong>toxification of OMW by the white-rot fungi<br />
Pycnoporus coccineus, Coriolopsis rigida, Polyporus alveolaris and Calocera cornea, the first<br />
species as a reference since its use has already been reported in OMW treatment 7 .<br />
The results in solid and liquid medium with OMW from Morocco (7.5, 15 and 30%), as<br />
sole carbon source, showed a strong <strong>de</strong>colourisation by C. cornea, whereas the other fungi<br />
<strong>de</strong>creased the colour at lower concentration but increased it at the highest ones. In the liquid<br />
medium all the fungi were able to growth and reduce the content of phenolic compounds,<br />
although the reduction was much higher in C. rigida cultures, which produced the highest<br />
laccase levels. Peroxidases were not <strong>de</strong>tected in any case. OMW samples at different<br />
concentrations (7.5, 15, 30 and 50%) were also treated with the C. rigida laccase produced in<br />
a basal medium with glucose-yeast extract-peptone 8 . At all the dilutions assayed, the enzyme<br />
was stable after 24 h of incubation and a strong <strong>de</strong>crease of phenol content was observed. To<br />
confirm the potential of C. rigida and its laccase to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> and <strong>de</strong>toxify OMW, phenolic<br />
compound i<strong>de</strong>ntification (by HPLC/GC-MS) and toxicity test of the treated industrial effluent<br />
(using Microtox and germination tests) are currently in course.<br />
[1] C.Pare<strong>de</strong>s, J.Cegarra, A.Roig, M.A.Sánchez-Mone<strong>de</strong>ro, and M.P.Bernal, Bioresour. Technol. 67 (1999) 111-115.<br />
[2] R.Capasso, G.Cristinzio, A.Evi<strong>de</strong>nte, and F.Scognamiglio, Phytochemistry 31 (1992) 4125-4128.<br />
[3] S.Sayadi and R.Ellouz, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1995) 1098-1103.<br />
[4] O.Ben Hamman, T.<strong>de</strong> la Rubia, and J.Martínez, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 (1999) 2410-2415.<br />
[5] A.Jaouani, F.Guillén, M.J.Penninckx, A.T.Martínez, and M.J.Martínez, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 36 (2005) 478-486.<br />
[6] G.Aggelis, D.Iconomou, M.Christou, D.Bokas, S.Kotzailias, G.Christou, V.Tsagou, and S.Papanikolaou, Water Res.<br />
37 (2003) 3897-3904.<br />
[7] A.Jaouani, S.Sayadi, M.Vanthournhout, and M.Penninckx, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 33 (2003) 802-809.<br />
[8] M.C.N.Saparrat, F.Guillén, A.M.Arambarri, A.T.Martínez, and M.J.Martínez, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (2002)<br />
1534-1540.<br />
46 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L32<br />
Combined Application of Glucose Oxidases and<br />
Peroxidases in Bleaching Processes<br />
Klaus Opwis, Dierk Knittel, Eckhard Schollmeyer<br />
Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West e.V., Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany<br />
E-mail: opwis@dtnw.<strong>de</strong><br />
Peroxidases (POD) are used in textile <strong>de</strong>colorization and bleaching processes, but their<br />
activity is limited by the hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> concentration, which attack the POD during the<br />
reactions. A new concept for a simultaneous use of glucose oxidase and peroxidase was<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloped. Figure 1 illustrates the combined application of both enzymes. Starting with<br />
glucose as substrate for the glucose oxidase (GOD) hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> is generated in situ.<br />
The fresh built substrate H 2 O 2 is used immediately by the POD to oxidize colored compounds<br />
in dyeing baths. Therefore the stationary peroxi<strong>de</strong> concentration is nearly zero during the<br />
whole reaction time and the enzymes are not <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d by the substrate. Moreover<br />
experiments are done to check the possibility to use this two compound system for textile<br />
bleaching of natural fibres like cotton or hemp. First results are of great promise for further<br />
investigations in future.<br />
glucose oxidase<br />
glucose<br />
peroxidase<br />
O 2<br />
gluconic acid<br />
H 2 O 2<br />
colored compound<br />
H 2 O<br />
H 2 O<br />
oxidized, colorless<br />
compound<br />
Bleaching<br />
Figure 1: Use of oxidoreductases in bleaching processes.<br />
47 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L33<br />
Laccase-Mediator System: the Definitive Solution to Pitch<br />
Problems in the Pulp and Paper Industry?<br />
Ana Gutiérrez a , Jorge Rencoret a , David Ibarra b , Ángel T. Martínez b , José C. <strong>de</strong>l Río a<br />
a Instituto <strong>de</strong> Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, PO Box 1052, E-41080, Seville,<br />
Spain; b Centro <strong>de</strong> Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro <strong>de</strong> Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid,<br />
Spain<br />
E-mail: anagu@irnase.csic.es<br />
Lipophilic extractives in wood and other lignocellulosic materials exert a highly negative<br />
impact in pulp and paper manufacturing causing the so-called pitch problems that affect both<br />
paper machine runnability and product quality, among others. Some biotechnological<br />
products have been <strong>de</strong>veloped and enzymes (lipases) have been successfully applied to<br />
softwood mechanical pulping at mill scale [1]. However, the enzymes and microbial inocula<br />
used till present are only effective on specific raw materials and processes. Recently, we have<br />
shown for the first time the effectiveness of the laccase-mediator system (LMS) in removing<br />
pulp lipids regardless the pulping process and the raw material used [2,3]. The results have<br />
been inclu<strong>de</strong>d in a patent recently <strong>de</strong>posited [4]. In these studies, three pulps representative<br />
for different pulping processes and raw materials - including eucalypt kraft pulping, spruce<br />
thermomechanical pulping (TMP), and flax soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping - were treated<br />
with laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) as a redox mediator. The gas<br />
chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of the acetone extracts<br />
from the enzymatically-treated pulps revealed that most of the lipophilic compounds present<br />
in the different pulps were efficiently removed using the LMS. Free and conjugated (as esters<br />
and glycosi<strong>de</strong>s) sitosterol, the main compounds responsible of pitch <strong>de</strong>posits in the<br />
manufacturing of eucalypt kraft pulp, were completely removed. In spruce TMP pulp, LMS<br />
<strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d most of the resin acids, as well as sterol esters and triglyceri<strong>de</strong>s. In the flax soda-AQ<br />
pulp, the main lipophilic compounds present including sterols and long chain fatty alcohols<br />
were almost completely removed. Small amounts of oxidation products (including 7-<br />
oxositosterol, stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one and 7-oxositosteryl 3β-D-glucopiranosi<strong>de</strong>) were<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntified confirming the oxidative nature of lipid removal. Pulp and papermaking properties<br />
of the enzymatically-treated pulps were also evaluated. In conclusion, LMS treatment is an<br />
efficient method to remove pitch-causing lipophilic compounds from hardwood, softwood as<br />
well as nonwood paper pulps (at the same time that lignin content is reduced).<br />
[1] Gutiérrez, A.; <strong>de</strong>l Río, J.C.; Martínez, M.J.; Martínez, A.T. The biotechnological control of pitch in paper<br />
pulp manufacturing. Trends Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 340.<br />
[2] Gutiérrez, A.; <strong>de</strong>l Río, J.C.; Ibarra, D.; Rencoret, J.; Romero, J.; Speranza, M.; Camarero, S.; Martínez,<br />
M.J.; Martínez, A.T. Enzymatic removal of free and conjugated sterols forming pitch <strong>de</strong>posits in<br />
environmentally sound bleaching of eucalypt paper pulp. Environ. Sci. Technol 2006, (in press).<br />
[3] Gutiérrez, A.; <strong>de</strong>l Río, J.C.; Rencoret, J.; Ibarra, D.; Martínez, A.T. Main lipophilic extractives in different<br />
paper pulp types can be removed using the laccase-mediator system. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006,<br />
(in press) DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0346-1.<br />
[4] Gutiérrez, A.; <strong>de</strong>l Río, J.C.; Rencoret, J.; Ibarra, D.; Speranza, A. M.; Camarero, S.; Martínez, M. J.;<br />
Martínez, A.T. Sistema enzima-mediador para el control <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>pósitos <strong>de</strong> pitch en la fabricación <strong>de</strong><br />
pasta y papel. Patent (Spain) 2005, 200501648.<br />
48 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L34<br />
Optimization of a Laccase-based Delignification System<br />
which uses as Mediators Fatty Hydroxamic Acids in situ<br />
Generated by Lipases<br />
Hans-Peter Call, Simon Call<br />
Bioscreen e.K.,Heinsberger Strasse 15,<br />
D-52531 Uebach-Palenberg, Germany<br />
E-mail: Bioscreen@t-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
Based on a general concept using enzymatically -mainly laccase- generated reactive oxygen<br />
species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) we have recently <strong>de</strong>veloped and published<br />
different new approaches for <strong>de</strong>lignificaton of pulp or for other applications.<br />
One of the most promising methods is a laccase-based concept which uses fatty hydroxamic<br />
acids as mediators formed in situ by special lipases.<br />
This system consists of an optimal combination of<br />
1) Laccase<br />
2) Hydrolases (Lipases)<br />
3) Fatty acid/fats (or corresponding esters)<br />
4) R 2 -NOH compounds<br />
This special mixture of system components causes a continuous and slow generation of<br />
fatty hydroxamic acids (R-C=O-NHOH), i.e. si<strong>de</strong>rophore like compounds as substrate for<br />
laccase.<br />
The fatty acid hydroxamic acids are released by the reaction of (particularly) lipases with<br />
special NO-containing precursor compounds and fatty acid/fats (or corresponding esters).<br />
We will summarize new results referring to further optimization of the mentioned new<br />
<strong>de</strong>lignification method mainly in respect to better performance and environmentally safer<br />
NO-precursor compounds.<br />
The obtained results indicate a good performance in respect to the <strong>de</strong>lignification rates, i.e. it<br />
could be <strong>de</strong>monstrated that in most cases [with different pulps such as sulfate (SW, HW)<br />
sulfite (SW, HW)] <strong>de</strong>lignification rates up to 40% and more could be reached during a 2-4<br />
hours treatment at pH 4-8, at 50- 60 o C and ca. 10% consistency, maintaining the strength<br />
properties.<br />
49 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L35<br />
Studies on the Effect of the Laccase Mediator System on<br />
Ageing Properties of Hand Sheets of Different Origin<br />
Jorge Gominho a , Ana Lourenço a , Helena Pereira a , Cristina Máximo b , Maria Costa-Ferreira b<br />
a Centro <strong>de</strong> Estudos Florestais, Departamento <strong>de</strong> Engenharia Florestal, Instituto Superior <strong>de</strong><br />
Agronomia; 1349-017 <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Portugal; b Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for<br />
Engineering, Technology & Innovation - INETI; 1649-038 <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Portugal<br />
E-mai : Maria.ferreira@ineti.pt<br />
Microbial agents, either whole cells or enzymes from these, have been applied to the different stages of pulp<br />
and paper processing. The present work <strong>de</strong>scribes a study on the effect of applying ligninolytic enzymes,<br />
such as a laccase plus mediator system, on a variety of different types of pine and eucalyptus pulps and<br />
subsequently subjecting these to different ageing processes.<br />
The starting material was industrial pulps obtained from different Portuguese pulp and paper companies. The<br />
pulps used were 1) unbleached pine pulp from Portucel Tejo; 2) unbleached eucalyptus pulp from Portucel<br />
Setúbal; 3) bleached eucalyptus pulp from Portucel Setúbal; and 4) pulp ma<strong>de</strong> from recycled paper from<br />
Renova S.A. Several types of handsheets were produced with 2 different grammage namely, 60 and 180<br />
g/m 2 . The prepared handsheets were subject to an aging sequence in three different chambers: ultraviolet<br />
radiation (wavelength of 280 nm), temperature (19ºC) and moisture (70%); and thick saline fog at a<br />
concentration of 1% and temperature of 35ºC.<br />
In or<strong>de</strong>r to evaluate the effect of moisture cycles and temperature, two aging sequences were used for each<br />
type of handsheet. In the first, the moisture varied (60, 80 and 100 %), while the temperature was held<br />
constant (25ºC); in the second the temperature varied (60, 70 and 80ºC) and the moisture was held constant<br />
(50%). Following the aging phase, the handsheets were subject to several chemical (viscosity and in<strong>de</strong>x<br />
Kappa) and physico-mechanical (colour, tensile breaking strength, stretch and the bursting strength) tests in<br />
or<strong>de</strong>r to characterize the effect of the aging conditions. Results will be presented <strong>de</strong>scribing the effect of<br />
application of different enzymatic treatments on the ageing phenomenon.<br />
We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, for a<br />
project entitled “Enzymatic modification of E. globulus pulp fibres” POCTI/AGR/47309/02.<br />
50 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
L36<br />
Laccase in Pulp Activation and Functionalisation<br />
Anna Suurnäkki a , Marco Orlandi b , Stina Grönqvist a , Hannu Mikkonen a , Liisa Viikari a<br />
a VTT, Tietotie 2, 02044 VTT, Finland<br />
b Dipartimento di Scienze <strong>de</strong>ll’Ambiente e <strong>de</strong>l Territorio, Universitá <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Milano-<br />
Bicocca, Piazza <strong>de</strong>lla Scienza 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy<br />
E-mail: anna.suurnakki@vtt.fi<br />
The presence of surface lignin in pulp fibres offers possibilities to enhance the existing pulp<br />
properties or even to create completely new pulp properties by enzymatic means. Improving<br />
the properties of wood fibres is a constant interest of pulp, paper and board manufacturing<br />
industry. New methods for targeted modification of wood materials could also reveal<br />
completely new application areas for wood fibres.<br />
Oxidative enzymes such as laccases can be used to activate the surface lignin of lignin-rich<br />
pulps by radicalisation. The primary reaction of laccase catalysed oxidation is the formation<br />
of phenolic radicals to the substrate. Due to the high reactivity of these radicals (either with<br />
each other or with a secondary substrate), reactions such as polymerisation, <strong>de</strong>polymerisation,<br />
co-polymerisation and grafting can occur. The size of laccases limits the action of the enzyme<br />
on the fibre surface, which can be consi<strong>de</strong>red both as a limitation or an opportunity when<br />
applying laccases in fibre applications. Enzymatic activation of fibre surfaces can be exploited<br />
after further functionalisation of fibres with specific chemical components in tailoring fibre<br />
properties.<br />
In this work the laccase catalysed activation and functionalisation of lignin-rich pulps was<br />
studied. The radical formation in pulps during oxidation with different laccases was analysed<br />
by oxygen consumption measurement and EPR spectroscopy. Changes in the pulp lignin<br />
stucture by laccase activation were <strong>de</strong>termined by NMR. The factors affecting the activation<br />
and further functionalisation of pulps were elucidated. A novel chemo-enzymatic<br />
functionalisation method <strong>de</strong>veloped for lignin-rich pulps and its potential in modification of<br />
fibre properties will be discussed in the presentation.<br />
51 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY<br />
P1 High concentrations of cell wall redox enzymes lichens in Subor<strong>de</strong>r Peltigerineae<br />
Richard P. Beckett, Zsanett Laufer, Farida V Minibayeva<br />
P2 Characterization and differential regulation of variable manganese peroxidase<br />
genes in the white-rot fungus Physisporinus rivulosus<br />
Kristiina Hildén, Terhi K. Hakala, Pekka Maijala, Cia Olsson and Annele Hatakka<br />
P3 Peroxidase and phenoloxidase activities in the cell walls of wheat roots<br />
Farida V Minibayeva, Oleg P. Kolesnikov, Albina A. Kavieva, Svetlana Y. Mityashina, Andrei V. Chasov, Lev K.<br />
Gordon<br />
P4 Evaluation of oxidase potential and growth rate of saprotrophic Basidiomycetes<br />
cultures<br />
N. Psurtseva, A. Kiyashko, N. Yakovleva, N. Belova<br />
P5 Characteristics of laccase in the biopulping fungus Physisporinus rivulosus<br />
T. Hakala, K. Hildén, P. Maijala, A. Hatakka<br />
P6 Laccase Production by Basidiomycetes un<strong>de</strong>r Various Fermentation Conditions<br />
N. Belova, N. Psurtseva, N. Yakovleva, A. Kiyashko, T. Lun<strong>de</strong>ll, A. Hatakka<br />
P7 Effect of various phenolics in agar medium on pattern of fungal mycelium<br />
Malarczyk E., Jarosz-Wilkolazka A., Polak J., Olszewska A., Graz M., Kochmanska-R<strong>de</strong>st J<br />
P8 Multicopper oxidases from Myxococcus xanthus: a mo<strong>de</strong>l for applications,<br />
functions and regulation<br />
Nuria Gómez-Santos, Aurelio Moraleda-Muñoz, María Celestina Sánchez-Sutil, Juana Pérez-Torres and José<br />
Muñoz-Dorado<br />
P9 Characterisation of Pseudomonas sp. ox1 phe operon<br />
Bertini L., Stancarone V., Di Berardino I., Caporale C., Buonocore V. and Caruso C.<br />
P10 Cloning of Laccase Gene from Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL 38443<br />
S. Koray Yesiladali, Gunseli Kurt, Ayten Karatas, Nevin Gül Karagüler, Candan Tamerler<br />
P11 Heterologous Expression of Pycnoporus sanguineus MUCL38531 lcc1 cDNA in<br />
Pichia pastoris<br />
Günseli Kurt, Nevin Gül Karagüler, Ayten Yazgan Karataş, Candan Tamerler<br />
ENZYMOLOGY<br />
P12 The Deduced Amino Acid Sequence and the Substrate Oxidation Profile of the<br />
Phanerochaete Flavido-Alba Laccase I<strong>de</strong>ntifies the Enzyme as “Ferroxidase-Laccase”<br />
Rodríguez-Rincón F, Suarez, A., <strong>de</strong> la Rubia, T., Lucas, M. and Martínez, J<br />
P13 Purification and properties of a non-blue fungal laccase isoenzyme<br />
Albino A. Dias, Rui M.F. Bezerra, Irene Fraga, António N. Pereira<br />
P14 Laccase purification from Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL 38443<br />
Pınar Hüner, Han<strong>de</strong> Asımgil, Koray Yeşiladalı, Hakan Bermek, Candan Tamerler<br />
P15 Directed evolution of Pleurotus ostreatus laccases<br />
Giovanna Festa, Paola Giardina, Alessandra Piscitelli, Flavia Autore, Rosa Cestone and Giovanni Sannia<br />
P16 Production, Purification and Characterization of Laccase Enzymes from Thielavia<br />
arenaria<br />
Kristiina Kruus, Marja Paloheimo, Terhi Puranen, Leena Valtakari c , Jarno Kallio, Richard Fagerström, and Jari<br />
Vehmaanperä<br />
54 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P17 Production, Purification and Kinetic Characterisation of a Thermostable<br />
Pycnoporus sanguineus Laccase (LAC-1)<br />
M. Trovaslet, C. Bebrone, E. Enaud, S. Hubert, N. Nouaimeh, M. Pamplona-Aparicio, B. Lorenzini, Ch.-M. Bols, J-<br />
M. Frère, A-M. Corbisier, S. Vanhulle<br />
P18 Production of Cerrena unicolor Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase in Solid-state<br />
on Oat Husks<br />
Ulla Moilanen, Erika Winquist, Aila Mettälä, Pekka Maijala, Ossi Pastinen, Annele Hatakka<br />
P19 Preparation and Characterization of Crossed-Linked Laccase Aggregates from the<br />
White-Rot Fungus Coriolopsis polyzona<br />
Hubert Cabana, J. Peter Jones, Spiros N. Agathos<br />
P20 Enhanced Stability of Laccase by Xylitol<br />
Andre Zille, Diego Mol<strong>de</strong>s, Ramona Irgoliç, Artur Cavaco-Paulo<br />
P21 Influence of Static Magnetic Field on Laccase Activity and Stability<br />
V. Kokol, M. Schroe<strong>de</strong>r, G. M. Guebitz<br />
P22 Novel Laccases and Peroxidases for Dye Decolourisation and Bleaching<br />
Processes<br />
Matura,A. and K.-H. van Pée<br />
P23 Ralstonia solanacearum Expresses a Unique Tyrosinase with a High Tyrosine<br />
Hydroxylase/DOPA Oxidase Ratio<br />
Hernán<strong>de</strong>z-Romero, D., Sanchez-Amat, A., Solano, F.<br />
P24 Engineering of a Psychrophilic Microorganism for the Oxidation of Aromatic<br />
Compounds<br />
Rosanna Papa, Ermenegilda Parrilli, Paola Giardina, Maria Luisa Tutino and Giovanni Sannia<br />
P25 Spectroscopic Characterization of a Novel Naphthalene Dioxygenase from<br />
Rhodococcus sp.<br />
Maria Camilla Baratto, David A Lipscomb, Christopher CR Allen, Michael J Larkin, Riccardo Basosi , Rebecca<br />
Pogni<br />
P26 I<strong>de</strong>ntification of Novel Sulfhydryl Oxidases<br />
Vivi Joosten, Willy van <strong>de</strong>n Berg, Sacco <strong>de</strong> Vries, Willem van Berkel<br />
P27 Chlorohydroquinone Monooxygenase - a Novel Enzyme in the 2,4-<br />
dichlorophenoxyacetate Bio<strong>de</strong>gradation Pathway of Nocardioi<strong>de</strong>s simplex 3E –<br />
Enzymatic and Genetic Aspects<br />
Jana Seifert, Peter Simeonov, Stefan Kaschabek and Michael Schlömann<br />
P28 Cellobiose Dehydrogenases from Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes:<br />
Phylogenetic and Kinetic Comparison<br />
Roland Ludwig, Marcel Zámocky, Clemens Peterbauer, and Dietmar Haltrich<br />
P29 Oxalate Oxidase as a Potential Enzyme Responsible<br />
for H 2 O 2 Generation in Abortiporus biennis<br />
Marcin Grąz, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Elżbieta Malarczyk<br />
P30 Production, Purification and Molecular Characterisation of a Quercetinase from<br />
Penicillium olsonii<br />
S. Tranchimand, V. Gaydou, T. Tron, C. Gaudin , G. Iacazio<br />
P31 Laccase Activity Measurements in Turbid or Coloured Liquids with a Novel<br />
Optical Oxygen Biosensor<br />
Christian-Marie Bols and Rob C .A. On<strong>de</strong>rwater<br />
55 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P67 Preliminary study of soluble heme proteins from Shewanella onei<strong>de</strong>nsis MR1<br />
Bruno Fonseca, Patrícia M. Pereira, Isabel Pacheco, Ricardo O. Louro<br />
P68 Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Laccase from Trametes versicolor<br />
and Mediated by TEMPO<br />
Inga Matijosyte, R.van Kooij, l W.C.E. Arends, S. <strong>de</strong> Vries, R. A. Sheldon<br />
P69 Role of Laccases in the Decolourisation of Synthetic Dyes by Aquatic Fungi<br />
Charles Junghanns, Dietmar Schlosser<br />
P70 Application of Oxidative Enzymes for the Detoxification of Xenobiotic Pollutants<br />
Maria Antonietta Rao, Giuseppina Iammarino, , Rosalia Scelza, Fabio Russo, Liliana<br />
Gianfreda<br />
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS<br />
P32 The Role of the C-terminal Amino Acids of Melanocarpus albomyces Laccase<br />
Martina Andberg, Sanna Auer, Anu Koivula, Nina Hakulinen, Juha Rouvinen, Kristiina Kruus<br />
P33 Shifting the optimal pH of activity for a laccase from the fungus Trametes<br />
versicolor by structure-based mutagenesis<br />
C. Madzak, M.C. Mimmi, E. Camina<strong>de</strong>, A. Brault, S. Baumberger, P. Briozzo, C. Mougin, C. Jolivalt<br />
P34 Axial perturbations of the T1 copper in the CotA-laccase from Bacillus subtilis:<br />
Structural, Biochemical and Stability Studies<br />
Paulo Durão, Isabel Bento, André T. Fernan<strong>de</strong>s, Eduardo P. Melo, Peter F. Lindley, Lígia O. Martins<br />
P35 Structural Studies in CotA Mutants: Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of the Protonation Events that<br />
occur during Oxygen Reduction to Water<br />
Isabel Bento, Paulo Durão, André T. Fernan<strong>de</strong>s, Lígia O.Martins, Peter F. Lindley<br />
P36 Relationship of Substrate and Enzyme Structures as a Basis for Intradiol<br />
Dioxygenases Functioning<br />
Kolomytseva M.P., Ferraroni M., Scozzafava A., Briganti F., Golovleva L.<br />
P37 Surface-enhanced Vibrational Spectroelectrochemistry of Immobilized Proteins<br />
Smilja Todorovic, Peter Hil<strong>de</strong>brandt and Daniel Murgida<br />
P38 Enzymatic Properties, Conformational Stability and Mo<strong>de</strong>l Structure of a Metallo-<br />
Oxidase from the Hyperthermophile Aquifex aeolicus<br />
André T. Fernan<strong>de</strong>s, Cláudio M. Soares, Manuela Pereira, Robert Huber, Gregor Grass, Eduardo P. Melo and<br />
Lígia O. Martins<br />
APPLIED<br />
P39 Degradation of Azo Dyes by Trametes villosa Laccase un<strong>de</strong>r Long Time Oxidative<br />
Conditions<br />
Andrea Zille, Barbara Górnacka, Astrid Rehorek Artur Cavaco-Paulo<br />
P40 Enzymatic Decolorization of Azo and Anthraquinonic Dyes with the CotA-Laccase<br />
from Bacillus subtilis<br />
Luciana Pereira, Lígia O. Martins<br />
P41 Selection of Laccases with Potential for Decolourisation of Wastewater Issued<br />
from Textile Industry<br />
E. Enaud, M. Trovaslet, M. Pamplona-Aparicio, A-M. Corbisier, S. Vanhulle<br />
P42 Decolorization of Textile Dyes by the White-Rot Fungus Coriolopsis polyzona<br />
MUCL 38443<br />
Aisle Ergun, Firuze Basar, S. Koray Yesiladalı, Z. Petek Çakar Öztemel, Candan Tamerler Behar<br />
56 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P43 Laccase from Trametes versicolor Immobilised on Novel Composite Magnetic<br />
Particles<br />
K.-H. van Pée, A. Matura, T. Wage, A. Pich, U. Böhmer<br />
P44 Biotechnological Applications of a pH-Versatile Laccase from Streptomyces<br />
ipomoea CECT 3341<br />
Molina, J.M., Moya, R. Guillén, F., Hernán<strong>de</strong>z, M. and Arias, M.E.<br />
P45 Oxidative Reactions for the Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes – Laccase versus<br />
Fenton’s Reagent<br />
Amaral, P.F.F., Pinto, F.V., Cammarota, M.C., Coelho, M.A.Z.<br />
P46 Application of Tyrosinase Obtained from Agaricus bispora for Color Removal<br />
from Textile Effluents<br />
Magali C. Cammarota, Maria Alice Z. Coelho<br />
P47 Phenols and Dyes Degradation by an Immobilized Laccase from Trametes trogii<br />
Anna Maria V. Garzillo, Fe<strong>de</strong>rica Silvestri, M. Chiara Colao, Maurizio Ruzzi, Vincenzo Buonocore<br />
P48 Relationship between Non-Protein Fraction and Laccase Isoenzymes from<br />
Cultures of Trametes versicolor: Effect on Dye Decolorization<br />
Diego Mol<strong>de</strong>s, Alberto Domínguez, Mª Angeles Sanromán<br />
P49 Degradation of Synthetic Dyes by Coriolopsis rigida<br />
J. Gómez-Sieiro, D. Rodríguez-Solar, D. Mol<strong>de</strong>s, M.A. Sanromán<br />
P50 Immobilization of Laccase and Versatile Peroxidase Consi<strong>de</strong>ring Their Further<br />
Application<br />
Anna Olszewska, Jolanta Polak, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Janina Kochmańska-R<strong>de</strong>st<br />
P51 Removal of Several Azo Dyes by Trametes sp. Cru<strong>de</strong> Laccase: Reaction<br />
Increment in the Presence of Azo Dye Mixtures<br />
Rui M.F. Bezerra, Irene Fraga, Albino A. Dias<br />
P52 Transformation of Simple Phenolic Compounds by Fungal Laccase to Produce<br />
Colour Compounds<br />
Jolanta Polak, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Marcin Grąz, Elżbieta Dernałowicz-Malarczyk<br />
P53 Bio<strong>de</strong>gradation cycles of industrial dyes by immobilised basidiomycetes<br />
L.Casieri, G.C. Varese, A. Anastasi, V. Prigione, K. Svobodová, V. Filipello Marchisio and Č. Novotný.<br />
P54 Catalytic Activity of Versatile Peroxidase from Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra fumosa and its use in<br />
Dyes Decolourization<br />
Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Anna Olszewska, Janina Rodakiewicz-Nowak, Jolanta Luterek<br />
P55 Bleaching of Kraft Pulp Employing Polyoxometalates and Laccase<br />
José A.F. Gamelas, Ana S.N. Pontes, Dmitry V. Evtuguin, Ana M.R.B.Xavier<br />
P56 Influence of Trametes versicolor laccase on the contents of hexenuronic acids in<br />
two Eucalyptus globules kraft pulp<br />
Atika Oudia, Rogério Simões, João Queiroz<br />
P57 Laccase-Mediated Oxidation of Natural Compounds<br />
Mattia Marzorati, Daniela Monti, Francesca Sagui, Sergio Riva<br />
P58 Laccase induced coating of lingocellulosic surfaces with functional phenolics<br />
M. Schroe<strong>de</strong>r, G. M. Guebitz, V. Kokol<br />
57 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P59 Decolourization and Detoxification of Kraft Effluent Streams by Lignolitic<br />
Enzymes of Trametes versicolor<br />
M.S.M. Agapito, D. Evtuguin, A.M.R.B. Xavier<br />
P60 Effect of Medium Composition on Laccase Production by Trametes versicolor<br />
Immobilized in Alginate Beads<br />
A. Domínguez, D. Mol<strong>de</strong>s, M. A. Longo and M. A. Sanromán<br />
P61 Involvement of the Laccase Produced by Streptomyces sp. in the<br />
Biotransformation of Coffee Pulp Residues<br />
Orozco, A.L., Polvillo O., Rodríguez, J., Molina, J.M., Guevara, O., Arias, M.E., Pérez, M.I.<br />
P62 Elimination of the Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Bisphenol A by using Laccase<br />
from the Ligninolytic fungus Lentinus crinitus<br />
Carolina Arboleda, Hubert Cabana, J. Peter Jones, Amanda I. Mejía, Spiros N. Agathos, Gloria A Jimenez, Michel<br />
J. Penninck<br />
P63 Tyrosinase-catalyzed modification of Bombyx mori silk proteins<br />
Giuliano Freddi, Anna Anghileri, Sandra Sampaio, Johanna Buchert, Raija Lantto, Kristiina Kruus, Patrizia Monti,<br />
Paola Tad<strong>de</strong>i<br />
P64 Kinetics of Laccase Mediator System Delignification of a Eucalyptus globulus<br />
Kraft Pulp<br />
Sílvia Guilherme, Ofélia Anjos, Rogério Simões<br />
P65 Mo<strong>de</strong>l Wastewaters Decolourisation by Pseudomonas putida MET 94<br />
Bruno Mateus, Diana Mateus, Luciana Pereira, Orfeu Flores, Lígia O. Martins<br />
P66 Cellulose-Based Agglomerates from Enzymatically Recycled Paper Wastes<br />
Tina Bruckman, Margarita Calafell, Tzanko Tzanov<br />
58 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
High Concentrations of Cell Wall Redox Enzymes Lichens<br />
in Subor<strong>de</strong>r Peltigerineae<br />
Richard P. Beckett a , Zsanett Laufer a , Farida V Minibayeva b<br />
a<br />
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, PBag X01,<br />
Scottsville 3209, South Africa, b Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Aca<strong>de</strong>my of<br />
Science. P.O.Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia<br />
E-mail: rpbeckett@gmail.com<br />
In this study, we tested for the presence of extracellular redox enzymes in a range of 40<br />
species of lichens. Two main types of enzymes were <strong>de</strong>tected, laccases and tyrosinases,<br />
although small amounts of a catalase-peroxidase were also found. I<strong>de</strong>ntification of laccases<br />
was based on ability of lichens and lichen leachates to readily metabolize substrates such as<br />
2,2’-azino(bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), syringaldazine and o-tolidine in<br />
the absence of hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong>, sensitivity of the enzymes to cyani<strong>de</strong> and azi<strong>de</strong>, the<br />
enzymes having typical pH and temperature optima, and an absorption spectrum with a peak<br />
at 614 nm. Electrophoresis showed that the active form of laccase from Peltigera was a<br />
tetramer with a molecular mass of 340 kD and a pI of 4.7. Further testing showed that lichens<br />
can also readily metabolize substrates such as tyrosine, 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA),<br />
epinephrine, and m-cresol, substrates more usually associated with another group of multicopper<br />
oxidases, the tyrosinases. Electrophoresis confirmed the presence of tyrosinases. In<br />
Peltigera, the active form had a molecular mass of 60 kD. Detergents strongly activated<br />
tyrosinase activity. Laccase and tyrosinase activities were <strong>de</strong>tected in almost all lichens in the<br />
Subor<strong>de</strong>r Peltigerineae, but not in other species. Within the Peltigerineae, the activities of the<br />
enzymes were significantly correlated to each other, but a fractionation technique showed that<br />
they are bound to different cell wall components. Wounding stress strongly stimulated both<br />
laccase and tyrosinase activities, while <strong>de</strong>siccation stress increased laccase but not tyrosinase<br />
activity. Possible roles of theses enzymes in lichens are discussed.<br />
P1<br />
60 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P2<br />
Characterization and Differential Regulation of Variable<br />
Manganese Peroxidase Genes In The White-Rot Fungus<br />
Physisporinus rivulosus<br />
Kristiina Hildén, Terhi K. Hakala, Pekka Maijala, Cia Olsson and Annele Hatakka<br />
Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland<br />
Email: Kristiina.S.Hil<strong>de</strong>n@helsinki.fi<br />
Physisporinus rivulosus strain T241i is a lignin-<strong>de</strong>grading basidiomycete that is able to<br />
selectively remove lignin from wood and is one of the most promising fungi for the use in<br />
biopulping. During growth in wood chips, the fungus produces manganese peroxidase (MnP),<br />
which is consi<strong>de</strong>red as the main ligninolytic enzyme in the lignin <strong>de</strong>gradation. Present study<br />
provi<strong>de</strong>s the primary structure of two MnP encoding genes mnpA and mnpB of Physisporinus<br />
rivulosus T241i. Surprisingly, the mnp genes are significantly divergent in sequence, length<br />
and intron-exon structure. The mnpA gene of P. rivulosus could be classified to the typical<br />
MnP –group, whereas mnpB shared characteristics with the lignin peroxidase-type MnP –<br />
group. Such diversity of mnp genes appears to be rare among white-rot fungi, and merits<br />
further investigation.<br />
The complex structure of wood makes it difficult to investigate enzyme regulation<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r natural growth conditions. Thus, to study the expression of two different MnP encoding<br />
genes of P. rivulosus and their regulation by different chemical compounds, we cultivated the<br />
fungus on <strong>de</strong>fined media un<strong>de</strong>r nutrient limited or sufficient conditions supplemented with<br />
Mn 2+ or a non-phenolic aromatic compound veratryl alcohol. The expression of the two mnp<br />
genes in agitated liquid cultures implicated quantitative variation and differential regulation in<br />
response to Mn 2+ and veratryl alcohol. The transcription of mnpA was induced by the addition<br />
of veratryl alcohol but not by Mn 2+ . In the cultures with sawdust a clear induction of mnpA<br />
was observed. On the contrary, the transcription of mnpB was induced by addition of either<br />
veratryl alcohol or Mn 2+ and only slightly by sawdust. This study suggests that the regulation<br />
of MnP production in P. rivulosus is obviously multifactorial. Genes encoding enzyme<br />
isoforms are expressed differentially and the inducers act both separately and in conjunction.<br />
61 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Peroxidase and Phenoloxidase Activities in the Cell Walls<br />
of Wheat Roots<br />
Farida V Minibayeva, Oleg P. Kolesnikov, Albina A. Kavieva, Svetlana Y. Mityashina,<br />
Andrei V. Chasov, Lev K. Gordon<br />
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Aca<strong>de</strong>my of Science. P.O.Box 30, Kazan<br />
420111, Russia<br />
E-mail: minibayeva@mail.knc.ru<br />
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the wi<strong>de</strong>ly reported stress responses of<br />
plants. However, the nature of enzymes responsible for ROS production in the apoplast and<br />
their regulation are still open questions. We studied intra- and extracellular redox activities of<br />
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots. It was found that wheat roots and leachates <strong>de</strong>rived from<br />
these roots possess redox activities, which were strongly stimulated following wounding or<br />
heavy metal stresses. Plant cell wall has an enormous capacity to accumulate redox enzymes<br />
in different cell wall fractions. Although total intracellular peroxidase, tyrosinase and ROS<br />
producing activities were much higher compared to those in the leachates and cell wall<br />
fractions, this was mainly due to the high intracellular protein content. Treatment of isolated<br />
cell walls with digitonin and NaCl doubled protein release compared to that of the buffer<br />
soluble fraction. Interestingly the specific ROS producing and peroxidase activities were<br />
highest in the weakly bound enzymes and enzymes bound to the cell wall by strong<br />
electrostatic forces. Treating the cell wall with <strong>de</strong>tergent did not increase tyrosinase activity as<br />
has been shown for fungal tyrosinases, suggesting that catalytical properties of these enzymes<br />
of different origin can vary. Analysis of the phenolics in the cell wall fractions revealed that<br />
the fraction containing redox enzymes bound by strong electrostatic forces is characterized by<br />
the highest diversity of phenolic acids, with syringic acid being abundant. However, the<br />
substrate for the weakly bound phenoloxidases and peroxidases is probably caffeic acid, the<br />
concentration of which was 10 times higher in this fraction than in others.<br />
Our results suggest that enzymes weakly bound to the cell wall have higher redox activity<br />
compared to those more tightly bound. We assume that ROS production by free or readily<br />
released from the cell wall redox enzymes is a part of the universal stress response and signal<br />
transduction in plant cells.<br />
P3<br />
62 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P4<br />
Evaluation of Oxidase Potential and Growth Rate of<br />
Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes Cultures<br />
N. Psurtseva, A. Kiyashko, N. Yakovleva, N. Belova<br />
V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia<br />
E-mail: NadyaPsu@NP1512.spb.edu<br />
Basidiomycetes fungi are well-known oxidoreductases producers. Wi<strong>de</strong> screening in<br />
Basidiomycetes for active species and strains can reveal new perspective source of oxidases.<br />
Evaluation of oxidase potential and growth rate of Basidiomycetes cultures from various<br />
taxonomic groups belonging to xylotrophic and litter-<strong>de</strong>composing fungi was the aim of the<br />
present study. About 300 strains with a broad taxonomical, ecological and geographical<br />
diversity were involved in the experiment. The cultures were collected in different<br />
geographical regions (mainly in Russia and former USSR) and maintained in the LE (BIN)<br />
Basidiomycetes Culture Collection. All the strains were grown on ale-wort agar plates (alewort<br />
4 o B, agar 20g/l). Laccase and tyrosinase activities were <strong>de</strong>termined at 1, 2, 3 and 4<br />
weeks of cultivation using rapid assay methods (reagents: tannic acid, syringaldazine,<br />
guaiacol and L-tyrosine). Growth rate was expressed as a number of weeks that cultures<br />
required to cover 90 mm plates. Various rate of laccase activity was found in 235 strains of<br />
118 species from 70 genera of Basidiomycetes. Over 70 cultures belonging mainly to<br />
xylotrophic fungi but to litter-<strong>de</strong>composers too were consi<strong>de</strong>red as fast growing with intense<br />
laccase reaction. High activity was <strong>de</strong>tected for collection strains of species well known in the<br />
world as laccase producers – Cerrena unicolor, Lentinus tigrinus, Trametes spp, Pleurotus<br />
spp, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Phlebia radiata. Some other species of Lentinus and<br />
Trametes maintained in the LE (BIN) Collection also possessed high laccase activity.<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s, new active strains of xylotrophic fungi from genera which were not well investigated<br />
in the world on oxidase enzymes – Antrodiella, Byssomerulius, Hericium, Irpex, Irpicodon,<br />
Junghuhnia, Lenzites, Lindtneria, Meripilus, Steccherinum, Treshispora, and Trichaptum<br />
were found. All studied Polyporus species revealed high laccase activity. Several of them can<br />
be of sufficient interest for further investigation. Traditionally oxidases producers are<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>red to be mostly polypores fungi but some agaricoid fungi also have a great oxidases<br />
potential. Publications on Pleurotus and Lentinus confirm this statement very well. It was<br />
shown in our study that such xylotrophic agarics as Flammulaster limulatoi<strong>de</strong>s,<br />
Hohenbuehelia fluxilis, Lentinellus ursinus, Marasmiellus omphaliiformis, Marasmius rotula,<br />
Ou<strong>de</strong>mansiella mucida, O. orientalis, and Xeromphalina campanella could also produce a<br />
high level of laccase activity. Besi<strong>de</strong>s xylotrophic, other groups of saprotrophic fungi were<br />
studied on laccase activity: fungi on buried wood, bark, cone, humus, dung, grass, coal,<br />
mushrooms remains, died insects and fungi from grassland communities. High laccase<br />
activity was found in Clavicorona pyxydata, Coprinus atramentarius, Macrolepiota procera,<br />
Strobilurus tenacellus, Xerula radicata, and some other. However not all mentioned fungi<br />
could be proposed as perspective laccase producers because of relatively slow growth on aleagar.<br />
On the other hand cultures of some species possessed mo<strong>de</strong>rate activity but fast growth<br />
could be perspective laccase producers. All strains involved into the experiment were studied<br />
on their cultural characters. Over 20 cultures formed primordia or <strong>de</strong>veloped fruit bodies in<br />
plates. As a result of the research a number of perspective strains were selected for further<br />
investigations on laccase production.<br />
This work was supported by the following grants: INTAS 03-51-5889 and Russian<br />
Fund of Fundamental Researches 04-04-49813 and 06-04-49043.<br />
63 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P5<br />
Characteristics of Laccase in the Biopulping Fungus<br />
Physisporinus rivulosus<br />
T. Hakala a,b , K. Hildén a , P. Maijala a , A. Hatakka a<br />
a Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter, University of<br />
Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; b present address: KCL Science and Consulting, Espoo, Finland<br />
E-mail: pekka.maijala@helsinki.fi<br />
Physisporinus rivulosus strain T241i is a lignin-<strong>de</strong>grading basidiomycete that is able to<br />
selectively remove lignin from wood [1] and is one of the most promising fungi for the use in<br />
biopulping. It <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>s softwood lignin efficiently, grows in a wi<strong>de</strong> temperature range, and<br />
<strong>de</strong>creases the energy consumption in wood chip refining stage. In wood chip cultures P.<br />
rivulosus began to secrete laccase already after 5-7 days, prior to substantial manganese<br />
peroxidase (MnP) production [2]. This suggests that laccase may have an important role in<br />
initiating lignin <strong>de</strong>gradation or in colonization of wood, whereas MnP appears to be the main<br />
lignin-<strong>de</strong>grading enzyme in subsequent lignin <strong>de</strong>gradation in this fungus. In wood chip<br />
cultures, laccase was secreted as four closely related acidic isoforms (pI-values between 3.1-<br />
3.3). I<strong>de</strong>ntical N-terminal pepti<strong>de</strong> sequences of the isoforms indicate that a single gene<br />
enco<strong>de</strong>s these isoforms. We have cloned and sequenced and characterized lac1 gene. The<br />
inferred amino acid sequence of lac1 differs only at the first amino acid in the amino terminus<br />
from the N-terminal pepti<strong>de</strong> sequence obtained from laccase isoforms in wood chip cultures.<br />
In liquid cultures the highest amounts of laccase were produced in the presence of peptone,<br />
wood sawdust and charcoal. High content of glucose and veratryl alcohol also improved<br />
laccase production in P. rivulosus. In contrast to laccase, MnP was highly secreted when<br />
ammonium nitrate and asparagine were used as nitrogen sources. Peptone addition clearly<br />
suppressed MnP production. In liquid cultures an additional laccase isoform with pI 4.5 was<br />
efficiently produced when culture medium was supplemented with the lignocellulose<br />
substrate. Both laccases possessed their maximal activity against phenolic substrates at pH<br />
3.0, but laccase with pI 4.5 retained its activity better at alkaline pH region when compared to<br />
laccase with pI 3.5. The pI 4.5 laccase showed also good thermostability. It showed half-life<br />
of one hour at 70ºC.<br />
[1] Hakala, T.K., Maijala, P., Konn, J., Hatakka, A. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2004, 34:255-263.<br />
[2] Hakala, T., Lun<strong>de</strong>ll, T., Galkin, S., Maijala, P., Kalkkinen, N., Hatakka, A. Enzyme Microb.<br />
Technol. 2005, 36: 461-468.<br />
64 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P6<br />
Laccase Production by Basidiomycetes un<strong>de</strong>r Various<br />
Fermentation Conditions<br />
N. Belova a , N. Psurtseva a , N. Yakovleva a , A. Kiyashko a , T. Lun<strong>de</strong>ll b , A. Hatakka b<br />
a Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Prof. Popov Str., 2, St. Petersburg. 197376 Russia.<br />
b University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Biocenter 1, Viikinkaari 9) 00014, Finland<br />
E-mail: cultures@mail.ru<br />
Fermentation conditions are essential to productive capacity of Basidiomycetes strains.<br />
Cultures of various taxonomical and ecological groups having high natural ligninolytic<br />
potential may be different in requirements regarding medium compounds and fermentation<br />
methods during their cultivation. To reveal the most favorable cultivation conditions for<br />
growth and laccase production for a number of selected strains have been initiated this study.<br />
29 strains of 25 Basidiomycetes species from families Strophariaceae and Tricholomataceae<br />
(Agaricales), Crepidotaceae (Cortinariales), Lentinellaceae (Hericiales), Coriolaceae,<br />
Lentinaceae, and Polyporaceae (Poriales), and Steccherinaceae (Stereales) were studied as<br />
stationary and submerged cultures using several liquid nutritional media. The fungal strains<br />
were selected as a result of screening on laccase activity by rapid assay methods and by<br />
cultural characters. Some of the fungal isolates were fruited in culture. A number of the<br />
selected strains inclu<strong>de</strong>d species well-known as laccase producers belonging to the genera<br />
Lentinus, Hypholoma, and Trametes. On the contrary, several of the fungal isolates belonged<br />
to genera such as Lentinellus, Lenzites, Ou<strong>de</strong>mansiella, Polyporus, Steccherinum, and<br />
Tubaria that have not been studied yet for laccase production. Liquid ale-wort, malt extract<br />
and two glucose-peptone media with different mineral components were used for stationary<br />
and submerged cultivations. Laccase activity was estimated by using syringaldazine and<br />
pyrocatechol as enzyme substrates. The experiments showed that the selected fungal strains<br />
had different capacity for growth on used media. Moreover, each isolate had individual<br />
priorities for nutritional media and cultivation method regarding its laccase production.<br />
Growth on malt extract showed high laccase activity in Lenzites betulina, Ou<strong>de</strong>mansiella<br />
mucida, Tubaria sp., and Polyporus squamosus. Lenzites betulina revealed high laccase<br />
production un<strong>de</strong>r both stationary and submerged cultivation on liquid malt extract, but not on<br />
glucose-peptone LN-AS medium. High level of laccase activity and biomass production<br />
during submerged cultivation on glucose-peptone medium was found in Trametes gibbosa<br />
strains. Selected cultures of Lentinellus ursinus f. robustus and Steccherinum ochraceum<br />
produced laccase un<strong>de</strong>r both cultivation conditions but showed difficulties in growth. It was<br />
found that S. ochraceum produced not only high laccase activity but manganese peroxidase<br />
also. The selected isolates of the genus Polyporus had a high potential for laccase production<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r submerged cultivation but active production of some mucilaginous substance<br />
(presumably polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s) caused problems with measuring of laccase activity. Cultures<br />
of Hypholoma fasciculare and H. sublateritium showed very low laccase production together<br />
with poor growth on liquid media. Absence of any phenol oxidase or laccase activity was<br />
observed with various cultivation methods for the isolates i<strong>de</strong>ntified as Armillaria borealis,<br />
Conocybe vexans, Marasmius rotula, Microporus luteus, and Macrolepiota procera while<br />
they revealed very high laccase activity when rapid assay methods were used. As a result of<br />
the experiments, several new Basidiomycetes isolates from various fungal genera that were<br />
not studied in this regard before can be proposed as promising new producers of laccases.<br />
This work was supported by the INTAS grant 03-51-5889.<br />
65 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P7<br />
Effect of Various Phenolics in Agar Medium<br />
on Pattern of Fungal Mycelium<br />
E. Malarczyk, A. Jarosz-Wilkolazka, J. Polak, A., Olszewska, M. Graz, J. Kochmanska-R<strong>de</strong>st<br />
Biochemistry Departament, University of M. Curie-Sklodowska, Lublin, Poland<br />
E-mail: malar@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
In the process of cultivation of fungi on agar plates, enriched in different kinds of aromatics,<br />
the radial pictures was observed during the hyphal growth. It was compare to natural fruiting<br />
of mushrooms where the combination of generally radial growth was observed according to<br />
mycelium exploration of a new area, with branching hyphae growing out from behind the<br />
leading hyphae. Expansion of the mycelium on these new terrains joint with the utilization of<br />
earlier created hyphea as the source of energy. Around natural fruiting mycelium the so colled<br />
“fairy rings” are very common as the result of maturation of hyphe spores mating for<br />
production of fruit bodies. In natural environment the fruit bodies of some strains, example<br />
Trametes versicolor, also are grown with creation of characteristic well visible colored rings.<br />
Our observation was connected with growth of some strains of Basidiomycetes on separate<br />
agar media, enriched in many kinds of aromatic compounds, mainly phenolic origin. Many of<br />
these substances provoke the mycelium to radial growth with production of distinct circles,<br />
laying in the <strong>de</strong>finite distances, characteristic for type of phenolics. For fungal strains, fruiting<br />
in laboratory conditions, the rings are also the places where fruit body are produced, looked<br />
like as miniaturized “fairy rings”. The patterns and numbers of artificial rings were<br />
categorized according to kind of phenolics and enzymatic set of tested fungus. The confocal<br />
and scanning microscopy showed the <strong>de</strong>ep differences between the mycelium taken from<br />
rings or around. These results seem to have the practical aspect in the ring patterns for<br />
additional characterization of fungal strains. The mechanism of phenolic respond during<br />
cultivation of Basidiomycetes in the presence of various aromatic substrates is discussed.<br />
66 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P8<br />
Multicopper Oxidases from Myxococcus xanthus: a Mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
for Applications, Functions and Regulation<br />
Nuria Gómez-Santos, Aurelio Moraleda-Muñoz, María Celestina Sánchez-Sutil, Juana Pérez-<br />
Torres and José Muñoz-Dorado<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbiología. Facultad <strong>de</strong> Ciencias. Universidad <strong>de</strong> Granada. Avda.<br />
Fuentenueva s/n. E-18071 Granada. Spain.<br />
E-mail: jdorado@ugr.es<br />
The genome of the soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus has revealed a 26.5 Kb region that<br />
co<strong>de</strong> for twenty proteins with conserved domains implicated in copper handling and<br />
trafficking. Three of them enc Olszewska,<strong>de</strong> periplasmic multicopper oxidases that we have<br />
named LcsA, LcsB and LcsC, respectively. The three genes are structurally organized in three<br />
different operons named as curA, curB and curC. For <strong>de</strong>tails about curA, please attend the talk<br />
of Sanchez-Sutil et al. Sequence analysis of LcsA, LcsB and LcsC has revealed interesting<br />
differences, such as the presence of a histidine rich region between domains II and III in LcsA<br />
and metionine rich motifs in the C-terminal portions of LcsB and LcsC. The three MCOs<br />
exhibit different translocation motifs. While, LcsA seems to be secreted by Sec system, LcsB<br />
and LcsC contain twin-arginine motifs within the lea<strong>de</strong>r sequences recognized by the Tat<br />
translocation system. Probably they will be translocated by the Tat pathway with copper<br />
bound to its active sites. The transcriptional regulation profiles of the three operons have<br />
shown that time, copper concentration and maximum levels of expression are different for<br />
each operon, indicating that they might be adapted to different mechanisms of <strong>de</strong>toxification.<br />
The operons are transcriptionally controlled by at least two different regulators, which seem<br />
to sense copper concentrations at different subcellular locations, the periplasmic and the<br />
cytoplasmic spaces. All this interesting features, along with the fact that M. xanthus<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rgoes an unique cell cycle and induces carotenogenesis by copper, give us the<br />
opportunity to use this <strong>de</strong>lta-proteobacterium as mo<strong>de</strong>l to study copper resistance and<br />
homeostasis in a very wi<strong>de</strong> perspective.<br />
67 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Characterisation of Pseudomonas sp. ox1 phe Operon<br />
L. Bertini, V. Stancarone, I. Di Berardino, C. Caporale, V. Buonocore, C. Caruso<br />
Dip. di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, Università <strong>de</strong>lla Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy<br />
E-mail: caruso@unitus.it<br />
Human activities have brought about the release into the environment of a plethora of<br />
aromatic chemicals. Among them are aromatic hydrocarbons which are important component<br />
of petroleum and its refined products; they are extensively used as solvent in the production<br />
of several chemical compounds as well as in their synthesis. These aromatic compounds have<br />
also <strong>de</strong>leterious effects on human health due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic<br />
properties. Since their distribution in the environment is ubiquitous and the effects on human<br />
being highly dangerous, studies on the xenobiotic bio<strong>de</strong>gradation are receiving significant<br />
attention.<br />
Many genera of microorganisms <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> aromatic compounds, Pseudomonas being the most<br />
extensively analysed. The interest in discovering how bacteria are <strong>de</strong>aling with hazardous<br />
environmental pollutants has driven a large research community and has resulted in important<br />
biochemical, genetic, and physiological knowledge about the <strong>de</strong>gradation capacities of<br />
microorganisms (1,2). In addition, regulation of catabolic pathway expression has attracted<br />
the interest of several groups, who have tried to unravel the molecular partners in the<br />
regulatory process, the signals triggering pathway expression, and the mechanisms of<br />
activation and repression. Moreover, the knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of aromatic<br />
molecules bio<strong>de</strong>gradation is particularly attractive in the <strong>de</strong>velopment of biosensors for<br />
phenolic compounds, which have been of major concern as one of priority pollutants due to<br />
their toxicity (3).<br />
Pseudomonas sp. OX1 is able to growth on toluene, o-xylene, 2,3 and 3,4 dimethylphenol and<br />
cresol as the sole carbon and energy source due to the presence of two characteristic<br />
hydroxylating enzymes: the multienzymatic complexes of Toluene/o-xylene Monoxygenase<br />
(ToMO), co<strong>de</strong>d by the tou operon, and Phenol Hydroxylase (PH), co<strong>de</strong>d by a different<br />
catabolic operon (phe cluster) (4). Data concerning the genetic organization and regulation of<br />
lower pathway genes are available for some Pseudomonas strains which indicate that the gene<br />
or<strong>de</strong>r within the catabolic operon is not constant.<br />
In this comunication we report the nucleoti<strong>de</strong> sequence of the last genes characteristic of the<br />
phe meta operon of Pseudomonas sp. OX1. The genomic organization of the lower pathway<br />
has been compared to the ones available on data banks in or<strong>de</strong>r to highlight common<br />
filogenetic relationships. Moreover, the 5’ untranslated region of Pseudomonas sp. OX1 phe<br />
cluster has been isolated and sequenced in or<strong>de</strong>r to carry out structural-functional<br />
characterisation of the phe promoter (P phe ).<br />
[1] Gibson, J., and C. S. Harwood. 2002. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56: 345–369.<br />
[2] Mishra, V., R. Lal, and Srinivasan. 2001. Rev. Microbiol. 27: 133–166.<br />
[3] Park, S. M., Park, H. H., Lim W. K. and Shin, H. J. 2003. J. Biotechnol. 103: 227-236.<br />
[4] Cafaro, V., Izzo, V., Scognamiglio R., Notomista E., Capasso P., Casbarra, A., Pucci P. and Di Donato A:<br />
2004. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2211-2219.<br />
P9<br />
68 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P10<br />
Cloning of Laccase Gene from Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL<br />
38443<br />
S. Koray Yesiladali, Gunseli Kurt, Ayten Karatas, Nevin Gül Karagüler, Candan Tamerler<br />
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Maslak-<br />
Istanbul, 34469, Turkey<br />
E-mail: yesiladali@itu.edu.tr<br />
Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL 38443 is a fast-growing, laccase producing white-rot fungus<br />
which belongs to basidiomycete family. The microorganism was previously investigated for<br />
its ability in <strong>de</strong>toxification processes. High laccase levels produced by the microorganism<br />
found to be promising for industrial applicability. Laccase production of Coriolopsis polyzona<br />
MUCL 38443 was optimized starting from shake flask cultures up to 2L stirred tank<br />
bioreactors. Results indicate that fermentation time in bioreactors were consi<strong>de</strong>rably long for<br />
an industrial application which could be as long as 20 days. Besi<strong>de</strong>s microbial physiological<br />
studies that are performed, recombinant production is a major way to shorten the time length.<br />
Therefore, we isolate and characterize a full-length cDNA coding for major laccase, from<br />
Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL 38443 and to produce heterologous expression of laccases in<br />
yeast for large scale production of the enzyme and shorten the fermentation time of the<br />
production to an acceptable level.<br />
This study is fun<strong>de</strong>d by EU 6th Framework Integrated Project (IP), ‘SOPHIED - Novel<br />
sustainable bioprocesses for the European colour industries’.<br />
69 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Heterologous Expression of Pycnoporus sanguineus<br />
UCL38531 lcc1 cDNA in Pichia pastoris<br />
P11<br />
Günseli Kurt, Nevin Gül Karagüler, Ayten Yazgan Karataş, Candan Tamerler<br />
İstanbul Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Maslak-<br />
İstanbul, 34469, Turkey<br />
E-mail: gunselik@yahoo.com<br />
The orange red compound, cinnabarin, produced by Pycnoporus sanguineus MUCL 38531 is<br />
a promising candidate for new dyes. Laccases, which are able to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> lignin and also<br />
polymerize phenolic compounds, play an important role in the production of cinnabarin by<br />
coupling of 3-hydroxyanthanilate. Ligninolytic enzymes are generally difficult to overexpress<br />
in heterologous organisms in their active form. However, the expression of active<br />
recombinant laccases has been reported in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae and the<br />
yeasts Sacchharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Here, we isolated and characterized a<br />
full-length cDNA coding for major laccase in Pycnoporus sanguineus MUCL 38531. Next,<br />
heterologous expression of laccase was performed in methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris,<br />
which is a more suitable host for large scale production of the enzyme. The lcc1 cDNA was<br />
cloned into the yeast shuttle expression vector pPICZB with its own signal pepti<strong>de</strong> for<br />
expression in Pichia pastoris un<strong>de</strong>r the control of the alcohol oxidase (Aox1) promoter.<br />
Following the transformation into the P. pastoris strain X-33, transformants were selected on<br />
the minimal methanol plates supplemented with substrate ABTS (0.2mM). Laccase-producing<br />
transformants oxidized the ABTS and are i<strong>de</strong>ntified by the presence a green zone around the<br />
Pichia colonies. Characterization of recombinant laccase was performed and the i<strong>de</strong>ntity of<br />
the product was also confirmed by native gel electrophoresis. Protein engineering studies will<br />
be further integrated into the recombinant laccase production to improve the properties of the<br />
enzyme to enhance its industrial applicability.<br />
This study is fun<strong>de</strong>d by EU 6th Frame Integrated Project (IP), “SOPHIED-Novel Sustainable<br />
Bioprocesses for European Colour Industries”<br />
70 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P12<br />
The Deduced Amino Acid Sequence and the Substrate<br />
Oxidation Profile of the Phanerochaete Flavido-Alba<br />
Laccase I<strong>de</strong>ntifies the Enzyme as “Ferroxidase-Laccase”<br />
F. Rodríguez-Rincón a , A. Suarez b , T. <strong>de</strong> la Rubia c , M. Lucas c , J. Martínez c<br />
a Department of Microbiology Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Pamplona, Pamplona,<br />
Colombia. b Department, of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and c Department of<br />
Microbiology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada. Granada. Spain.<br />
E-mail: dlrubia@ugr.es<br />
Laccases, ferroxidases, ascorbate oxidase, and ceruloplasmin belong to the Multicopper<br />
Oxidase (MCOs) family of enzymes. Basidiomicetous laccases have been the most<br />
thoroughly studied because of their involvement in biological processes and because of their<br />
promising biotechnological applications.<br />
This communication summarizes the results of a study on the <strong>de</strong>duced amino acid sequence<br />
(PfaL) of the recently i<strong>de</strong>ntified Phanerochaete flavido-alba laccase gene [1] and a<br />
comparative phylogenetic analysis with other nulticopper oxidases. Compared with the<br />
recombinant Phanerochaete chrysosporum MCO1 and a commercial T. versicolor laccase,<br />
the purified P. flavido-alba laccase showed a substrate range typical of a laccase and different<br />
to that exhibited by the P. chrysosporium MCO1 [ferroxidase] [2]. The <strong>de</strong>duced amino acid<br />
sequence of PfaL conserved the L1-L4 signature copper sequences <strong>de</strong>scribed by Kumar et al<br />
[3] in fungal laccases.<br />
P. flavido-alba being a basidiomycete, the PfaL amino acid sequence was not<br />
phylogenetically aligned with typical basidiomycetous laccases, but with the ascomycetous<br />
laccases.<br />
In contrast to the ascomycetous laccases, the PfaL aminoacid sequence (as well as the four P.<br />
chrysosporium MCO sequences) conserved the position of one of the three aminoacids<br />
(E185) involved in iron binding in the best know ferroxidase (the Fet3 Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae ferroxidase). None of the compared ascomycetous laccases conserved this<br />
position.<br />
After comparing the PfaL amino acid sequence with prokaryotic and eukaryotic ferroxidases,<br />
PfaL was aligned with a subbranch of the most numerous group of proteins apart from the<br />
group of animal ferroxidases. This group contained three basidiomycetous proteins (PfaL, P.<br />
chrysosporium MCO1 and a Cryptococcus neoformans protein) as well as two putative<br />
proteins from an ascomycete (Yaworria lipolytica). When PfaL was aligned against the most<br />
closely related laccases and ferroxidases PfaL was grouped as a differentiated group from<br />
typical laccases and ferroxidases. In summary the MCOs from P. chrysosporium and P.<br />
flavido-alba laccase form a phylogenetic group different from laccases and ferroxidases.<br />
These proteins share conserved residues and enzymatic properties of both laccases and<br />
ferroxidases.<br />
[1] Rodríguez Rincón et al. (2005). XX Congreso Nacional <strong>de</strong> Microbiología Sept. 2005. Cáceres, Spain.<br />
[2] Lucas et al. (2005). 13 th Int. bio<strong>de</strong>terioration and Bio<strong>de</strong>gradation Symposium. Sept.2005. Madrid, Spain.<br />
[3] Kumar ket al. (2003). Biotechnology and Bioengineering 83: 386-394<br />
71 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P13<br />
Purification and Properties of a Non-Blue Fungal Laccase<br />
Isoenzyme<br />
Albino A. Dias a , Rui M.F. Bezerra a , Irene Fraga a , António N. Pereira b<br />
a CETAV - Dep. Engenharia Biológica e Ambiental, UTAD, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila<br />
Real, Portugal; b Departamento <strong>de</strong> Indústrias Alimentares, UTAD, Apartado 1013, 5001-801<br />
Vila Real, Portugal<br />
E-mail: jdias@utad.pt<br />
Laccase (E.C. 1.10.3.2; benzediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) is a member of the multi-copper<br />
glycoproteins which inclu<strong>de</strong>s ceruloplasmin, ascorbate oxidase and the yeast protein Fet3.<br />
The preferred substrates are p-diphenols, but o-diphenols, aminophenols, N-hydroxi<br />
compounds and aryl diamines are also acceptable, as well as certain inorganic ions (notably<br />
iodi<strong>de</strong>). Laccase performs two concomitant reactions: (i) non-specific oxidation of<br />
appropriated substrates to give cation radicals and/or quinones and (ii) reduction of molecular<br />
oxygen to water. Nowadays, laccase has received increased attention due to its potential for<br />
several biotechnological applications. Previously [1], we reported that basidiomycetous strain<br />
Euc-1 growing in <strong>de</strong>fined liquid medium (without aromatic inducers) exhibit laccase activity.<br />
Cru<strong>de</strong> laccase was resolved by anion-exchange chromatography into two peaks, the most<br />
abundant accounting for 95% of total laccase activity. In this work we report the purification<br />
and characterisation of Lac 1, a native laccase isoenzyme. Purified Lac 1 is a lowglycosylated<br />
(6%) monomeric protein with 65.7 kDa (59.0 kDa using gel filtration) and<br />
pI=6.0. The UV-Vis spectrum of purified Lac 1 showed a poor-resolved shoul<strong>de</strong>r at around<br />
330 nm but typical T1 copper peak at 610 nm was absent. The optimum activity temperature<br />
was 50ºC while optimum pH was bellow 3.0 for ABTS (Km = 18 µM) and respectively 3.5,<br />
4.0, 4.5 for the phenolic substrates 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (Km = 268 µM), guaiacol (Km =<br />
587 µM) and syringaldazine (Km = 2.7 µM). Both substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency<br />
(kcat/Km) increased in the or<strong>de</strong>r: guaiacol < 2,6-dimethoxyphenol < ABTS < syringaldazine.<br />
As observed with other laccases Lac 1 was severely inhibited by azi<strong>de</strong> and fluori<strong>de</strong>.<br />
[1] A.A. Dias, R. M. Bezerra, P. M. Lemos and A. N. Pereira (2003). In vivo and laccase-catalysed<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourization of xenobiotic azo dyes by basidiomycetous fungus: characterization of its ligninolytic system.<br />
World J Microbiol Biotechnol 19: 969-975<br />
72 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P14<br />
Laccase Purification from Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL<br />
38443<br />
Pınar Hüner, Han<strong>de</strong> Asımgil, Koray Yeşiladalı, Hakan Bermek, Candan Tamerler<br />
İstanbul Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Maslak-<br />
İstanbul, 34469, Turkey<br />
E-mail: bermek@itu.edu.tr<br />
Production, purification and characterization of laccase enzyme of C. polyzona are un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
investigation for their potential applications in xenobiotic <strong>de</strong>gradation. The organism was<br />
grown in liquid shake flasks and was found to produce the enzyme. Several different<br />
approaches including precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction<br />
chromatography, and gel filtration for purification were utilized. The best result was obtained<br />
using the Q-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme eluted in <strong>de</strong>ep blue<br />
colored fractions. The gel filtration chromatography was applied using Sepha<strong>de</strong>x G100 resin.<br />
The spectral characteristics of the enzyme was similar to the standards, i.e., the 610 nm peak<br />
which is the characteristic of the blue copper center of the laccase was observed and the<br />
A280/A610 was around 20. The characterization studies will now be un<strong>de</strong>rtaken.<br />
This study is fun<strong>de</strong>d by EU 6th Framework Integrated Project (IP), ‘SOPHIED - Novel<br />
sustainable bioprocesses for the European colour industries’.<br />
73 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Directed Evolution of Pleurotus ostreatus Laccases<br />
P15<br />
Giovanna Festa, Paola Giardina, Alessandra Piscitelli, Flavia Autore, Rosa Cestone and<br />
Giovanni Sannia<br />
Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Complesso Universitario Monte<br />
S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy<br />
E-mail: festa@unina.it<br />
During the last few years, directed evolution has emerged as method of choice for engineering<br />
functions and properties of enzymes. This approach mimics in vitro the natural process of<br />
molecular evolution that is able to generate a potentially infinite plethora of proteins with new<br />
function and properties, such as stability to temperature and solvents, improved catalytic<br />
performance and substrate specificity [1]. Two cDNAs encoding Pleurotus ostreatus laccases,<br />
POXC [2] and POXA1b [3], were selected as “parent molecules” to gui<strong>de</strong> the evolution of<br />
laccases with higher specific activity and different substrate specificities. Genetic variants<br />
were created by random mutagenesis and DNA shuffling. poxc was mutated with low<br />
frequency (0÷3 mutations/kbase) and poxa1b with low, medium (3÷7 mutations/kbase) and<br />
high frequency (more than 7 mut/kbase) by errore-prone PCR; furthermore a library from<br />
poxc and poxa1b shuffling was produced. Two hosts, Kluyveromyces lactis and<br />
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were available to express genetic variants [4], experimental data<br />
induced to prefer S. cerevisiae on the basis of its transformation efficiency and stability of<br />
plasmid DNA. To screen yeast colonies for the ability to express high levels of laccase<br />
activity, three sequential selections were performed. One clone, 1M9B, was selected showing<br />
a 1.6 fold increase of laccase activity production compared with the wild type. 1M9B clone<br />
was further characterised: nucleotidic sequence of the cDNA revealed two point mutation<br />
which resulted in a single amino acid substitution (L112F). Thermodynamic and catalytic<br />
characterization of this mutant is in progress. 1M9B clone was used as template for<br />
production of new mutant collection by errore-prone PCR (with low and medium frequency<br />
of mutation). Structural and catalytic characterization of these mutants is still in progress.<br />
[1] Farinas ET, et al., 2001, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 12, 545-55.<br />
[2] Palmieri G., et al., 1993, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 39,632-636<br />
[3] Giardina P. et al., 1999, Biochem. J., 34,655-663<br />
[4] Piscitelli A., et al., 2005,. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 69,428-39<br />
74 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P16<br />
Production, Purification and Characterization of Laccase<br />
Enzymes from Thielavia arenaria<br />
Kristiina Kruus a , Marja Paloheimo b , Terhi Puranen b , Leena Valtakari c , Jarno Kallio b , Richard<br />
Fagerström a , and Jari Vehmaanperä b<br />
a VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland; b Roal Oy, Rajamäki, Finland;<br />
c AB Enzymes Oy, Rajamäki, Finland<br />
E-mail: kristiina.kruus@vtt.fi<br />
A thermophilic ascomycete fungi T. arenaria was shown to be an interesting laccase<br />
producer. Four functional laccase genes were isolated and heterologously expressed in a<br />
filamentous fungi Tricho<strong>de</strong>rma reesei. Characterization of the purified recombinant enzymes<br />
indicated that the T. arenaria laccases are clearly distinct proteins from each other having<br />
unique catalytic properties. The enzymes were also tested in <strong>de</strong>nim bleaching. The<br />
predominant T. arenaria laccase, referred as TaLcc1 was found to be superior in<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorization of Indigo dye being, thus, a promising candidate for textile applications.<br />
Heterologous expression of the laccases as well as their characteristics will be discussed in<br />
<strong>de</strong>tail.<br />
75 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P17<br />
Production, Purification and Kinetic Characterisation of a<br />
Thermostable Pycnoporus sanguineus Laccase (LAC-1)<br />
M. Trovaslet a , C. Bebrone b , E. Enaud a , S. Hubert b , N. Nouaimeh a , M. Pamplona-Aparicio a , B.<br />
Lorenzini c , Ch.-M. Bols c , J-M. Frère b , A-M. Corbisier a , S. Vanhulle a<br />
a Microbiology Unit, Université catholique <strong>de</strong> Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 3 bte 6, B-1348<br />
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, b Center for Protein Engineering, Université <strong>de</strong> Liège, Allée du 6<br />
Août B6, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium c Wetlands Engineering, Parc Scientifique<br />
Fleming, Rue du Laid Burniat 5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,<br />
Laccases have <strong>de</strong>monstrated good potential for applications in various industrial and<br />
environmental processes. To our knowledge, only few data <strong>de</strong>scribing potential cooperative,<br />
concerted, or feed back inhibition laccase behaviour were studied. However, it seems clear<br />
that the <strong>de</strong>velopment of an effective biotechnological application using a laccase requires the<br />
study of its kinetic properties against the target substrates: it is one of the objectives of this<br />
work.<br />
A thermostable laccase (LAC-1) from Pycnoporus sanguineus MUCL 41582 (PS7) was<br />
produced in a 10-liters bubble column fermentor and purified in three steps. First, the medium<br />
was concentrated by an ammonium sulphate precipitation, then the resulting laccase was<br />
loa<strong>de</strong>d on an ion-exchange QAE-Sepharose HP column and finally, homogeneity was<br />
obtained by a Cu 2+ -affinity chromatography.<br />
Molecular mass, isoelectric point, specific activity and some kinetic parameters of LAC-1<br />
were <strong>de</strong>termined. This enzyme was very similar to some other laccases produced by White<br />
Rot Fungi. However, (i). its half-life at high temperatures (between 70 and 85°C) suggested a<br />
high thermostability of this laccase; (ii). it displayed a Michaelis-Menten behaviour with 2,2’-<br />
azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and presented a low K m value with<br />
this substrate; (iii). on anthraquinonic acid dye (ABu62), Hanes-Woolf plot ([S]/v vs. [S])<br />
clearly showed a non-Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviour and a Hill equation was proposed<br />
to explain the relationship between the initial velocity (v) and the substrate concentration<br />
([S]); (iv). when both ABTS and ABu62 were present, ABTS oxidation catalysed by LAC-1<br />
was alternatively favoured and disfavoured when ABu62 concentration increased.<br />
Our results, especially the rather good thermostability of PS7 laccase, its relatively easy<br />
production and concentration, combined with its high potential of <strong>de</strong>colourisation suggest that<br />
LAC-1 may be efficiently exploited in a variety of biotechnological applications including the<br />
wastewater treatment.<br />
76 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P18<br />
Production of Cerrena unicolor Manganese Peroxidase and<br />
Laccase in Solid-state on Oat Husks<br />
Ulla Moilanen a , Erika Winquist a , Aila Mettälä b , Pekka Maijala b , Ossi Pastinen a ,<br />
Annele Hatakka b<br />
a Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Kemistintie 1,<br />
Espoo, Finland; b Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki,<br />
Biocenter 1, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland<br />
E-mail: ulla.moilanen@tkk.fi<br />
In this study we cultivated the white-rot fungus Cerrena unicolor in solid-state on oat husks<br />
and water. The aim was to study the production of lignin <strong>de</strong>grading enzymes, manganese<br />
peroxidases (MnP) and laccases in different solid-state conditions. Laccase production by C.<br />
unicolor has earlier been <strong>de</strong>scribed by e.g. Elisashvili et al. [1]. C. unicolor has been reported<br />
to produce also MnP but not in substantial amounts.<br />
Oat husks are si<strong>de</strong> products from food industry. They contain lignocellulose of plant cell<br />
walls and mainly starch-containing residual oat meal. First we studied the effect of the fine<br />
fraction (FF) in the oat husks media with the strain C. unicolor T71. The fine fraction was<br />
obtained by sieving oat husks through 2-mm sieve and it composed mainly of oat meal and<br />
finely ground oat husks. The fungus was cultivated in 15 g scale and the dry weight of the<br />
medium was 33 %. Zero to 50 % fines was ad<strong>de</strong>d to the sieved oat husks. Originally unsieved<br />
oat husks contain approximately 50 % w/w of fines. The production of both MnP and laccase<br />
activities was substantially improved after fines addition and the highest activities were<br />
obtained with the highest amount fines ad<strong>de</strong>d. Apparently oat meal provi<strong>de</strong>s an easily<br />
exploitable carbon source for the fungus.<br />
Three additional C. unicolor strains (373, 316 and PM170798) were cultivated on unsieved<br />
oat husks. The strain PM170798 was found to be clearly the best enzyme producer among the<br />
tested strains. Compared with the strain T71, approximately 20 % higher laccase and 60 %<br />
higher MnP activities were obtained with the strain PM170798.<br />
Based on these results we chose the strain PM170798 for further studies where we compared<br />
the effects of different inducing compounds on the enzyme production. The cultivation scale<br />
was increased to 100 g. Sieved oat husks and water were used as the basic medium and the<br />
ad<strong>de</strong>d compounds were FF from unsieved husks (50 % of DW), copper (500 µM), manganese<br />
(200 µM), veratryl alcohol (2mM) and ethanol (2 % v/w). Oat meal in FF accelerated the<br />
growth of fungi and also enzyme production. We found that MnP production was improved<br />
only by FF addition. The highest MnP activity (227 nkat/g DW on day 12) was three times<br />
higher than with the sieved oat husks. Laccase activity was increased when FF, copper or<br />
manganese was ad<strong>de</strong>d to the medium. The highest laccase activities with FF were obtained<br />
already on day 9. This was twice as high as on sole oat husks. Laccase activity was tripled (to<br />
425 nkat/g DW) with Cu addition. Also Mn clearly increased laccase production. Highest<br />
activities with Cu and Mn were reached on day 14, which was later than with FF.<br />
Finally we tested the applicability of the process in a bigger scale. We ma<strong>de</strong> experiments in a<br />
solid-state bioreactor with 4 kg of cultivation media. The enzyme activities were<br />
approximately 50 % higher than in 100 g scale because the cultivation conditions in the<br />
reactor can be better controlled. This proves that the solid-state oat husk cultivation process<br />
can be scaled up.<br />
[1] Elisashvili, V., Kachlishvili, E. and Bakradze, M., Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 38 (2002) 210-213.<br />
77 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Preparation and Characterization of Crossed-Linked<br />
Laccase Aggregates from the White-Rot Fungus<br />
Coriolopsis polyzona<br />
Hubert Cabana a,b , J. Peter Jones b , Spiros N. Agathos a<br />
P19<br />
a Unit of Bioengineering, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, 1348 Louvain-la-<br />
Neuve, Belgium; b Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, 2 500<br />
boulevard <strong>de</strong> l’Université, Sherbrooke (Qc), Canada<br />
E-mail: Hubert.Cabana@Usherbrooke.ca<br />
Substantial efforts have been ma<strong>de</strong> to immobilize laccase on solid supports (1). These<br />
immobilization procedures result in laccase stabilization against thermal and chemical<br />
<strong>de</strong>naturation, in kinetic behaviour modifications and in reusability of the enzymes. All of<br />
these characteristics make immobilization a step forward for the utilisation of laccase in<br />
environmental biotechnology. A disadvantage of these immobilization procedures on a solid<br />
support is the low enzyme/support mass ratio. The immobilization of laccase through crosslinking<br />
of the lignin modifying enzyme is a simple alternative to produce insolubilized<br />
laccase with high volume activity (2). Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) have been<br />
proposed as an alternative to conventional immobilization procedures using solid supports<br />
and to cross-linked crystals of enzymes (3). This kind of immobilisation involves the<br />
precipitation of the enzyme and the chemical cross-linking of the protein using an appropriate<br />
bi-functional reagent. The cross-linking procedure prevents the solubilisation of the aggregate<br />
after the elimination of the precipitation agent.<br />
CLEAs were prepared using laccase from the white-rot fungus Coriolopsis polyzona. The<br />
preparation procedure was optimized by examining various precipitants and various<br />
concentrations of these precipitants and varying the cross-linking agent. The use of 1 g<br />
polyethylene glycol as a precipitant for 1 mL of laccase solution and of 200 µM<br />
glutaral<strong>de</strong>hy<strong>de</strong> as the cross-linking agent helped to obtain a solid biocatalyst with a laccase<br />
activity of 148 U g -1 and an activity recovery of 60%. The optimal pH and temperature of the<br />
laccase CLEAs were respectively 70°C and 3 compared to 70°C and 2.5 for the free laccase.<br />
The half-life at pH 3 and a temperature of 40°C was 8 hours for the CLEAs and 2 hours for<br />
the free laccase. The addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) significantly improved the<br />
storage stability of the CLEAs formed. The addition of 1 mg of BSA per unit of laccase<br />
activity improves the storage stability by a factor of 3 after 50 hours comparatively to CLEAs<br />
without BSA. The stability of laccase CLEAs against several <strong>de</strong>naturants (chelators,<br />
proteases, solvents and salts) was higher than the stability of free laccase. Furthermore, the<br />
Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters V max of CLEAs (0.021 µM/min) were improved<br />
comparatively to free laccase (0.0042 µM/min) using ABTS as substrate. The affinity<br />
constant, K m , remained the same for CLEAs and free laccase (30 µM).<br />
[1] Duran, N.; Rosa, M. A.; D'Annibale, A.; Gianfreda, L. Applications of laccases and tyrosinases<br />
(phenoloxidases) immobilized on different supports: a review. Enz Microbial Technol2002, 31, 907-931.<br />
[2] Cao, L. Immobilised enzymes: science or art? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005, 9, 217-226.<br />
[3] Mateo, C.; Palomo, J. M.; van Langen, L. M.; van Rantwijk, F.; Sheldon, R. A. A new, mild cross-linking<br />
methodology to prepare cross-linked enzyme aggregates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004, 86, 273-276.<br />
78 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P20<br />
Enhanced Stability of Laccase by Xylitol<br />
Andre Zille a , Diego Mol<strong>de</strong>s a , Ramona Irgoliç b , Artur Cavaco-Paulo a<br />
a Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Campus <strong>de</strong> Azurém, P-4800<br />
Guimarães, Portugal. b Textile Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of<br />
Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.<br />
E-mail: diego@<strong>de</strong>t.uminho.pt<br />
Laccase is a multicopper oxidase able to perform one-electron oxidation of several aromatic<br />
substrates.<br />
The application of laccase on wood <strong>de</strong>lignification, drug analysis, biosensor, wine<br />
clarification, bioremediation, etc., was proposed [1].<br />
As every enzymatic system, laccase has some limitations due to the reaction conditions,<br />
mainly temperature and pH.<br />
Deactivation of laccase at pH values over 6 and lower 3 are un<strong>de</strong>sirable properties that must<br />
be improved. The addition of some compounds is an easy and conventional way to get the<br />
stabilization of laccase [2].<br />
In this work laccase from Trametes hirsuta was studied in or<strong>de</strong>r to get its stabilization<br />
towards different pH values by addition of xylitol, a polyol used in food industry with optimal<br />
characteristics with respect to its prize and non-toxical properties.<br />
[1] Mayer, A.M., Staples R.C. Laccase: new functions for an ols enzyme. Photochemistry 60 2002 551-565.<br />
[2] E. V. Stepanova, O.V. Koroleva, V.P. Gvrilova, E.O. Lan<strong>de</strong>sman, A. Makower. Comparative stability<br />
assessment of laccases from basidiomycetes Coriolus hirsutus and Coriolus zonatus in the presence of effectors.<br />
Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 39(5) 2003 482-487<br />
79 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P21<br />
Influence of Static Magnetic Field on Laccase Activity and<br />
Stability<br />
V. Kokol a , M. Schroe<strong>de</strong>r a , G. M. Guebitz b<br />
a Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Textiles, University of Maribor, Smetanova<br />
ul. 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; b Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz<br />
University of Technology, Petersgasse 12,G-8010 Graz, Austria<br />
E-mail: vanja.kokol@uni-mb.si<br />
Environmental and economical consi<strong>de</strong>rations are strong motivation for <strong>de</strong>veloping<br />
alternative methods which would intensify redox processes and reduce the consumption of<br />
chemicals. Accordingly, some attempts have been done using physical methods, such as<br />
direct current, ultrasound and electromagnetic treatment. Magnetic water treatment is another<br />
method, which has been beneficially used for scale control in industry water processing for<br />
last two <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s [1]. An improvement in the efficiency of microbial growth, i.e. the biological<br />
kinetic parameters, for wastewater treatment by the application of magnetic field was already<br />
shown [2]. In addition, the effect of magnetic field on the catalase and peroxidase activity in<br />
some mixed cultures of cellulolytic fungi was established [3].<br />
In the present work the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) on the activity and stability of<br />
laccases from various Trametes species was investigated. Samples of buffered solutions were<br />
passed (at T = 20 o C and the flow velocity of 1 m/s by various cycles) through a magnetic<br />
<strong>de</strong>vice of alternately arranged permanent magnets with magnetic-flux maximums of 0.7 and<br />
0.9 Vs/m 2 . The ABTS-activity and redox potential of laccase at different concentrations (c E =<br />
0.05 and 0.1 g/L) and pH media (pH 3 - 9) were monitored at different temperatures (T = 20 -<br />
70 o C) and compared to the results without the treatment. In addition, the stability of SMF<br />
exposed solutions was <strong>de</strong>termined. Furthermore, the kinetic K M k cat properties on phenolic<br />
substrates guaiacol and dimethoxyphenol were calculated.<br />
[1] Baker JS, Judd SJ: Magnetic Amelioration of Scale Formation. Water Res, 30/2 (1996), 247-260.<br />
[2] Yavuz H, Celebi SS: Influence of magnetic field on the kinetics of activated sludge, Environ Technol, 25/1,<br />
(2004), 7-13.<br />
[3] Manoliu A, Oprica L, et all: Peroxidase activity in magnetically exposed cellulolytic fungi, J Magn Magn<br />
Mater, 300/1 (2006), 323-326<br />
80 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P22<br />
Novel Laccases and Peroxidases for Dye Decolourisation<br />
and Bleaching Processes<br />
A. Matura, K.-H. van Pée<br />
Biochemie, TU Dres<strong>de</strong>n, D-01062 Dres<strong>de</strong>n, Germany<br />
E-mail: anke.matura@chemie.tu-dres<strong>de</strong>n.<strong>de</strong><br />
The enzymatic bleaching of cotton by different white rot fungi was investigated and a search<br />
for enzymes participating in the bleaching process was performed [1].<br />
Some of the fungi were found to bleach raw cotton material up to a whiteness of 60<br />
(according to BERGER). Lignin is believed to be predominantly responsible for the yellowbrown<br />
colour of raw cotton material and must therefore be removed during enzymatic<br />
bleaching. Due to the structural similarity of lignin with different industrial dyes, enzymes<br />
from fungi found to have cotton bleaching activity were analysed for the <strong>de</strong>gradation of dyes<br />
like Poly R-478, soluble lignin, remazolic dyes and triphenylmethan dyes as mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
compounds [2]. Some of the <strong>de</strong>tected enzymes are able to bleach many of these compounds<br />
and are thus interesting candidates for <strong>de</strong>colourisation of dying waste water.<br />
Different fungal ligninolytic enzymes e.g. laccases, manganese peroxidases and non- specific<br />
peroxidases were <strong>de</strong>tected in <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce of the growth conditions used. The work was<br />
focussed on laccases. Enzyme production was found to be influenced by the addition of<br />
mediators to the growth medium and various growth conditions such as light, temperature or<br />
oxygen concentration. Purification strategies were <strong>de</strong>veloped for the enzymes including ion<br />
exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography.<br />
[1] Heine, E., Schuh, E., Daâloul, N., Höcker, H., Breier, R., Schimdt, M., Apitz, A., Brunner, A., van Pée, K.-<br />
H., Scheibner, K. Oxidative Enzyme in <strong>de</strong>r Textilindustrie, Biokatalyse, Son<strong>de</strong>rausgabe <strong>de</strong>r DBU, Hrsg. S.<br />
Hei<strong>de</strong>n, R. Erb, Spektrum Akad. Verlag, BIOSpektrum, 2001, 49-53<br />
[2] Schuh, E., Heine, E., Daâloul, N., Höcker, H., Breier, R., Mondschein, A., Apitz, A., van Pée, K.-H.,<br />
Scheibner, K. Oxidative Enzyme in <strong>de</strong>r Textilindustrie, transkript Son<strong>de</strong>rband Biokatalyse, 2003, 119-121<br />
[3] Apitz, A., van Pée, K.-H. Isolation and characterization of a thermostable intracellular enzyme with<br />
peroxidase activity from Bacillus sphaericus. Arch. Microbiol 175, 2001, 405-412<br />
81 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Ralstonia solanacearum Expresses a Unique Tyrosinase<br />
with a High Tyrosine Hydroxylase/DOPA Oxidase Ratio<br />
Diana Hernán<strong>de</strong>z-Romero a , Antonio Sanchez-Amat a , Francisco Solano b<br />
P23<br />
a Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology; b Department of Biochemistry<br />
and Moleuclar Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus <strong>de</strong> Espinardo,<br />
Murcia 30100, Spain<br />
E-mail: antonio@um.es<br />
Ralstonia solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium infecting solanaceous plants such as<br />
tomato and potato causing wilting and <strong>de</strong>ath. Using the available sequence of the genome of<br />
this microorganism, several genes coding putative polyphenol oxidases (PPO) have been<br />
<strong>de</strong>tected. The characterization of the PPO system of R. solanacearum has revealed that at<br />
least three different PPOs are expressed 1 . Using site directed mutagenesis it has been possible<br />
to correlate the genes with the enzymatic activities <strong>de</strong>tected. The products of genes RSc0337<br />
and RSc1501 are enzymes with the typical signatures of tyrosinases including the CuA and<br />
CuB copper binding sites to ligand the type-3 copper pair. On the other hand, gene RSp1530<br />
enco<strong>de</strong>s a laccase.<br />
The PPO system of R. solanacearum has been characterized in terms of biochemical and<br />
molecular properties of the enzymes <strong>de</strong>tected, as well as in relation to its physiological<br />
relevance. Regarding the enzymes similar to tyrosinases, it has been observed that in spite of<br />
a high conservation of the copper-binding sites, they differ in terms of substrate specificity.<br />
For instance, the product of gene RSc1501 enco<strong>de</strong>s an enzyme that oxidizes more efficiently<br />
L-dopa that L-tyrosine, a characteristic typical of most of the tyrosinases <strong>de</strong>scribed so far. On<br />
the contrary, the product of the gene RSc0337 enco<strong>de</strong>s an unusual tyrosinase with a high<br />
tyrosine hydroxylase/dopa oxidase ratio 2 . The unique catalytic characteristics of this enzyme<br />
will be discussed in relation to other residues present in the active centres, apart from the six<br />
conserved histidines involved in copper binding. First, the relevance of the residue isosteric<br />
with the aromatic F261 present in sweet potato catechol oxidase that may <strong>de</strong>termine the<br />
accessibility to the active site. Second, the presence of a seventh histidine which may interacts<br />
with the carboxylic group on the substrate, hence <strong>de</strong>termining the preference for carboxylated<br />
or non-carboxylated substrates.<br />
The unusual tyrosinase expressed by Ralstonia solanacearum, is an enzyme of interest in<br />
biotechnological processes in which it may be required the oxidation of monophenols to o-<br />
diphenols, since the products generated are not good substrates for a subsequent oxidation to<br />
o-quinones<br />
[1] Hernán<strong>de</strong>z-Romero, D., Solano, F. & Sanchez-Amat, A. 2005. Polyphenol oxidase activity expression in<br />
Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 71: 6808-6815.<br />
[2] Hernán<strong>de</strong>z-Romero, D., Sanchez-Amat, A., & Solano, F. 2006. A tyrosinase with an abnormally high<br />
tyrosine hydroxylase/dopa oxidase ratio. Role of the seventh histidine and accessibility to the active site. FEBS<br />
J. 273: 257-270.<br />
82 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P24<br />
Engineering of a Psychrophilic Microorganism for the<br />
Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds<br />
Rosanna Papa, Ermenegilda Parrilli, Paola Giardina, Maria Luisa Tutino and Giovanni Sannia<br />
Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II, Naples – Italy<br />
E-mail: rosapapa@unina.it<br />
Microbial <strong>de</strong>gradation of aromatic hydrocarbons has been extensively studied with the aim of<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloping applications for the removal of toxic compounds from contaminated<br />
environments. Although many pollution problems occur in sea waters and in effluents of<br />
industrial processes which are characterised by low temperatures, consi<strong>de</strong>rable effort has been<br />
directed toward the genetic manipulation of mesophilic bacteria to create or improve their<br />
ability to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> various pollutants.<br />
With the aim to investigate the <strong>de</strong>gradation of aromatic compounds at low temperatures the<br />
Antarctic psychrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 (PhTAC125)<br />
was efficiently used for the production of the recombinant aromatic oxidative activity<br />
enco<strong>de</strong>d by the Toluene-o-Xylene Monooxygenase gene from the mesophilic bacterium<br />
Pseudomonas spp. OX1 [1]. Catalytic performances of PhTAC125 cells expressing ToMO<br />
have been already characterized on different aromatic substrates in various conditions [1].<br />
The genome of PhTAC125 was recently sequenced [2]. Analysis of the annotation of this<br />
genome revealed the presence of a CDS coding for a putative laccase-like protein. Bacterial<br />
laccases have also been reported to be able to oxidize dioxygenated aromatic compounds such<br />
as catechols [3].<br />
The gene coding for PhTAC125 laccase belongs to a gene cluster possibly involved in copper<br />
homeostasis. Preliminary studies <strong>de</strong>monstrated that this gene is expressed in PhTAC125 cells<br />
only in the presence of copper, as reported for other bacterial species [4].<br />
By using the recombinant capabilities conferred from ToMO enzyme to PhTAC125 and the<br />
endogenous activity due to the presence of the laccase protein we analyzed the catabolic<br />
features of this engineered microorganism. Results prospect the possibility of <strong>de</strong>veloping<br />
specific <strong>de</strong>gradative capabilities using this psychrophilic bacterium for the bioremediation of<br />
chemically contaminated marine environments and/or of cold effluents.<br />
[1] Siani, L., Papa, R., Di Donato, A. and Sannia, G. (2006) Recombinant expression of Toluene o-Xylene<br />
monooxygenase (ToMO) from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 in the marine Antarctic bacterium<br />
Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125. J. Biotechnol. in press<br />
[2] Medigue, C., Krin, E., Pascal, G., Barbe, V., Bernsel, A., Bertin, P.N., Cheung, F., Cruveiller, S., D’Amico,<br />
S., Duilio, A., Fang, G., Feller, G., Ho, C., Mangenot, S., Marino, G., Nilsson, J., Parrilli, E., Rocha, E.P.C.,<br />
Rouy, Z., Sekowska, A., Tutino, M.L., Vallenet, D., von Heijne, G . and Danchin A. (2005) Coping with cold:<br />
the genome of the versatile marine Antarctica bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125. Genome<br />
Res. 10, 1325-1335.<br />
[3] Grass, G., Thakali, K., Klebba, P.E., Thieme, D., Muller, A., Wildner, G.F. and Rensing ,C. (2004) Linkage<br />
between catecholate si<strong>de</strong>rophores and the multicopper oxidase CueO in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186,<br />
5826-5833.<br />
[4] Brown, N.L., Barrett, S.R., Camakaris, J., Lee, B.T. and Rouch, D.A. (1995) Molecular genetics and<br />
transport analysis of the copper-resistance <strong>de</strong>terminant (pco) from Escherichia coli plasmid pRJ1004. Mol.<br />
Microbiol. 17, 1153-1166<br />
83 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Spectroscopic Characterization of a Novel Naphthalene<br />
Dioxygenase from Rhodococcus sp.<br />
P25<br />
Maria Camilla Baratto a , David A Lipscomb b , Christopher CR Allen b , Michael J Larkin b ,<br />
Riccardo Basosi a , Rebecca Pogni a<br />
a Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italia,<br />
baratto@unisi.it b School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical<br />
Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland c.allen@qub.ac.uk<br />
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), among which naphthalene is an example, are<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>red to be potential health risks because of their possible carcinogenic and mutagenic<br />
activities. PAHs have been originated by using fossil and raw materials during the last<br />
century, producing some wi<strong>de</strong>spread environmental pollution.<br />
Rhodococcus sp. has been <strong>de</strong>monstrated to play a significant role in the <strong>de</strong>gradation of PAHs.<br />
The process is catalysed by a class of enzymes called Rieske nonheme iron oxygenases<br />
(ROs), such as 1,2-dioxygenase (NDO) and these enzymes catalyse cis-dihydroxylation<br />
reaction of the substrate. The ability to bio<strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> recalcitrant aromatic compounds makes the<br />
system of great importance for bioremediation practices [1].<br />
The catalytic site of dioxygenases consists of two metal centers with a α 3 β 3 structure. The α<br />
subunit is formed of Rieske-type iron sulphur center [2Fe-2S] and one mononuclear iron<br />
center. The amminoacidic residues that ligate the Rieske cluster are two cysteines and two<br />
histidines, while the ligands of the mononuclear ion are two histidines and one bi<strong>de</strong>ntate<br />
aspartic acid and a water molecule in a distorted bipyramidal geometry [2,3]. To perform the<br />
catalytic cycle the system requires a NAD(P)H reductase (NDR), containing FAD and a [2Fe-<br />
2S] cluster, an electron transfer protein NDF, containing a Rieske-type cluster and an<br />
oxygenase component (NDO). The overall reaction stoichiometry requires two electrons and<br />
an oxygen molecule to hydroxylate the substrate with an enantio- and regiospecificity<br />
manner.<br />
In this work a novel naphthalene dioxygenases from Rhodococcus sp. [4] has been studied<br />
with EPR spectroscopy at 20K, in or<strong>de</strong>r to characterize different iron contributions of the<br />
enzyme in the native state and during the catalytic process in the presence of substrate. NDO<br />
has been analysed in the native state, un<strong>de</strong>r reducing conditions in the presence of sodium<br />
dithionite, after the addition of O 2 -saturated naphthalene solution, in or<strong>de</strong>r to i<strong>de</strong>ntify and<br />
assign the different role and involvement of iron centres during the catalytic process. The<br />
peroxi<strong>de</strong> shunt was also tested. These data have been compared to spectrophotometric results.<br />
[1] Wolfe, M.D.; Parales, J.V.; Gibson, D.T.; Lipscomb, J.D.; J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 3, 1945-1953.<br />
[2] Karlsoon, A.; Parales, J.V.; Parales, R.E.; Gibson, D.T.; Eklund, H.; Ramaswamy, S.; Science 2003, 299,<br />
1039-1042.<br />
[3] Gakhar, L.; Malik, Z.A.; Allen, C.C.R.; Lipscomb, D.A.; Larkin, M.J.; Ramaswamy, S.; J. Bacteriology<br />
2005, 187(21), 7222-7231.<br />
[4] Larkin, M.J.; Allen, C.C.R.; Kulakov L.A.; Lipscomb, D.A.; J. Bacteriology, 1999, 181(19), 6200-6204<br />
84 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P26<br />
I<strong>de</strong>ntification of Novel Sulfhydryl Oxidases<br />
Vivi Joosten, Willy van <strong>de</strong>n Berg, Sacco <strong>de</strong> Vries, Willem van Berkel<br />
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University,<br />
Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands<br />
E-mail: vivi.joosten@wur.nl<br />
Sulfhydryl oxidases (SOX) were recently discovered as being crucially involved in the<br />
generation of disulfi<strong>de</strong> bonds and insertion of these bonds into nascent proteins. They catalyse<br />
the oxidation of (protein) sulfhydryl groups to disulfi<strong>de</strong>s with reduction of O 2 to H 2 O 2 . SOX<br />
enzymes are ubiquitously present in eukaryotic species and localized in different cellular<br />
compartments. The FAD cofactor of SOX is non-covalently bound to an unique four-helix<br />
domain that is present as a single-domain in the ERV/ALR family or fused to a thioredoxin<br />
domain in the QSOX family. Enzymes of the ERV1/ALR family can be found within the<br />
inner mitochondrial space (Erv1p or Alr1p) or the fungal and yeast ER (Erv2p). They<br />
generate disulfi<strong>de</strong> bonds <strong>de</strong> novo and transfer these bonds to their substrate proteins (e.g. PDI<br />
in case of Erv2p), which subsequently transfer these bonds to the next protein substrate to aid<br />
folding. Less information is available about the subcellular location and function of proteins<br />
from the QSOX family, although it was shown that they introduce disulfi<strong>de</strong> bonds directly in<br />
a wi<strong>de</strong> range of unfol<strong>de</strong>d reduced proteins and pepti<strong>de</strong>s 1 .<br />
There is a growing interest of industries for the <strong>de</strong>velopment of biocatalysts aimed at<br />
cross-linking of proteins in food and non-food applications. SOX enzymes are envisaged as<br />
potential candidates for the cross-linking of protein substrates. Aim of our research is to<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntify new SOX proteins from plants and fungi that are of interest for applications in food<br />
and pharmaceutical industries. For this aim three putative sox genes present in the<br />
Arabidopsis thaliana genome were cloned and expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3)pLysS.<br />
Transformants were analyzed for SOX production.<br />
SOX1 (ERV1/ALR family) was found both in the soluble and in the pellet fraction.<br />
Expression of the full-length protein (~ 22 kDa) was confirmed by LC-MS and<br />
immuno<strong>de</strong>tection of the C-terminal His-tag. The purified SOX1 was redox-active and showed<br />
activity with DTT and thioredoxin. SOX2 and SOX3 (QSOX family) were found as inclusion<br />
bodies. Inclusion bodies were solubilised and about 20mg/L purified protein was obtained.<br />
Refolding of the solubilised proteins will be investigated and Pichia pastoris will be<br />
evaluated as heterologous host. Cross-linking properties of the SOX enzymes will be<br />
evaluated.<br />
[1] Thorpe, C., K. L. Hoober, S. Raje, N. M. Glynn, J. Burnsi<strong>de</strong>, G. K. Turi and D. L. Coppock (2002).<br />
"Sulfhydryl oxidases: emerging catalysts of protein disulfi<strong>de</strong> bond formation in eukaryotes." Arch Biochem<br />
Biophys 405(1): 1-12.<br />
85 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P27<br />
Chlorohydroquinone Monooxygenase - a Novel Enzyme in<br />
the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate Bio<strong>de</strong>gradation Pathway of<br />
Nocardioi<strong>de</strong>s simplex 3E – Enzymatic and Genetic Aspects<br />
Jana Seifert, Peter Simeonov, Stefan Kaschabek and Michael Schlömann<br />
Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergaka<strong>de</strong>mie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg,<br />
Germany<br />
E-mail: jana.seifert@ioez.tu-freiberg.<strong>de</strong><br />
The herbici<strong>de</strong> 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) is utilized by the Gram-positive N. simplex<br />
3E as the sole carbon source. Numerous bacteria are known to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> 2,4-D via orthohydroxylation<br />
of the 2,4-dichlorophenol intermediate to 3,5-dichlorocatechol, which is then<br />
funnelled into an ortho-cleavage pathway.<br />
In N. simplex 3E, 2,4-dichlorophenol is obviously converted by a para-hydroxylating<br />
chlorophenol monooxygenase, which brings about <strong>de</strong>chlorination of the 2,4-dichlorophenol.<br />
The genes of this two-component enzyme were sequenced and the gene of the oxygenase<br />
compound showed about 60% similarity to TcpA, TftD and HadA. The highly induced<br />
oxygenase was purified and showed relatively low specificity converting 2,6-dichlorophenol,<br />
2,4,5- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with high and phenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol with lower<br />
relative activity. The activity could be measured with the addition of a flavin reductase of<br />
Rhodococcus opacus 1CP and FAD.<br />
Chlorohydroquinone (CHQ), which is formed from 2,4-dichlorophenol is ortho-hydroxylated<br />
without <strong>de</strong>chlorination to 6-chlorohydroxyhydroquinone (6-CHHQ) by a novel<br />
chlorohydroquinone monooxygenase (ChqA). This enzyme is highly specific towards (chloro-<br />
)hydroquinones and converts them to (chloro-) hydroxyhydroquinones. The respective gene,<br />
chqA, is part of the chqRACB gene cluster (acc. No. AY822041), encoding for the already<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed hydroxyhydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase (chqB) as well as for a maleylacetate<br />
reductase (chqC) and a putative AraC-type regulator (chqR).<br />
86 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P28<br />
Cellobiose Dehydrogenases from Ascomycetes and<br />
Basidiomycetes: Phylogenetic and Kinetic Comparison<br />
Roland Ludwig a,b , Marcel Zámocky a,b , Clemens Peterbauer b , and Dietmar Haltrich b<br />
a Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis; Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria b Dept. of Food<br />
Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,<br />
Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria<br />
E-mail: clemens.peterbauer@boku.ac.at<br />
The extracellular enzyme cellobiose <strong>de</strong>hydrogenase (CDH) is involved in fungal cellulose<br />
and/or lignin <strong>de</strong>gradation, albeit with an in vivo function that is not yet fully elucidated. The<br />
enzyme generally consists of a smaller N-terminal domain with heme b as cofactor, a flexible<br />
linker, and a flavin domain containing FAD as cofactor. CDH oxidizes cellobiose and higher<br />
cellooligosacchari<strong>de</strong>s at the anomeric carbon atom to the lactone, which hydrolyzes in an<br />
aqueous environment to the corresponding aldonic acid. Concomitant reduction of a wi<strong>de</strong><br />
range of different electron acceptors (variously substituted quinones, complexed metal ions,<br />
redox dyes, or even oxygen) in the oxidative catalytic cycle is observed.<br />
Based on currently accessible sequences, CDHs were divi<strong>de</strong>d into Class-1, representing CDH<br />
sequences from basidiomycetes, and Class-2 sequences from ascomycetes. Major differences<br />
are a shorter linker sequence and the presence of a carbohydrate-binding module in<br />
ascomycetous CDH.<br />
We screened a number of wood- and lignocellulose-<strong>de</strong>grading basidiomycetes and<br />
ascomycetes for additional, not yet <strong>de</strong>scribed enzymes. When using appropriate culture<br />
conditions (induction by cellulose) most of the fungal species tested formed CDH activity.<br />
The wi<strong>de</strong>spread occurence of CDH in both wood-rotting and phytopathogenic fungi indicates<br />
an important role of CDH in lignocellulose <strong>de</strong>gradation. CDH from Sclerotium rolfsii,<br />
Trametes spp., Corynascus thermophilus and Myriococcum thermophilum was purified and<br />
characterized to some extent.<br />
Enzymes from these sources are quite comparable with respect to substrate specificity,<br />
molecular mass (86000 – 103000 Da), isoelectric point (3.8 – 4.3), spectral properties, and<br />
post-translational modification (ca. 10 - 15% glycosylation). Significant differences between<br />
ascomycetous and basidiomycetous CDHs were found in the kinetic behaviour and stability.<br />
Generally, ascomycetous CDHs have a tenfold lower K m value for the electron donors than<br />
the basidiomycetous enzymes and a surprisingly low K m for maltose. In contrast to this, the<br />
K m values for some electron acceptors are significantly higher. The pH-optima of<br />
ascomycetous CDHs for some electron acceptors are shifted to the less acidic region, and<br />
temperature stability is generally higher for ascomycetous enzymes, which are mostly<br />
produced by thermophilic/thermotolerant fungal species.<br />
87 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Oxalate Oxidase as a Potential Enzyme Responsible<br />
for H 2 O 2 Generation in Abortiporus biennis<br />
Marcin Grąz, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Elżbieta Malarczyk<br />
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Sklodowska Square 3,<br />
20-031 Lublin, Poland.<br />
E-mail: mgraz@biotop.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
P29<br />
Fungi classified to group causing white rot are the most efficient wood <strong>de</strong>composers. They<br />
secrete an array of oxidases and peroxidases for lignin <strong>de</strong>gradation. The three of them, laccase<br />
(Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) are consi<strong>de</strong>red as the main<br />
enzymes which take a part in this process and extracellular H 2 O 2 is essential as a substrate for<br />
both peroxidases. In this group of fungi there are different possible enzymatic mechanisms for<br />
H 2 O 2 generation in which e.g. glucose oxidase, pyranose oxidase, aryl alcohol oxidase,<br />
methanol oxidase may be involved [1].<br />
Among different low molecular weight compounds involved in initiation of ligninolytic<br />
process, organic acids are important factors. It has been reported that oxalic acid is a<br />
predominant organic acid in wood-rotting fungi cultures. In wood <strong>de</strong>gradation system oxalate<br />
can play role as a proton and electron source, strong metal chelator, factor which stabilize<br />
osmotic potential and pH of fungal growth environment. Oxalic acid can also facilitate<br />
catalitc cycle of MnP by chelating Mn 3+ ions [2]. Oxalate oxidase (OXO) with/or oxalate<br />
<strong>de</strong>carboxylase (ODC) are responsible for regulation of oxalic acid concentration in fungal<br />
cultures [3].<br />
In the present work novel role for oxalic acid as a factor providing initial concentration of<br />
H 2 O 2 by enzymatic <strong>de</strong>gradation via OXO in Abortiporus biennis cultures is proposed.<br />
Correlation between MnP, Lac activity, H 2 O 2 concentration and secretion and enzymatic<br />
<strong>de</strong>gradation of oxalic acid in Abortiporus biennis liquid cultures are investigated in this study.<br />
[1] Shah and Nerud (2002) Can. J. Microbiol. 48: 857 - 870<br />
[2] Dutton and Evans (1996) Can. J. Microbiol. 42: 881 – 895<br />
[3] Svedruzic et al. (2005) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 433: 176 – 192<br />
88 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P30<br />
Production, Purification and Molecular Characterisation of<br />
a Quercetinase from Penicillium olsonii<br />
S. Tranchimand, V. Gaydou, T. Tron, C. Gaudin , G. Iacazio<br />
Laboratoire <strong>de</strong> Bioinorganique Structurale, UMR-CNRS 6517, case 432, Université Paul<br />
Cézanne, Faculté <strong>de</strong>s Sciences <strong>de</strong> Saint Jérôme, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397<br />
Marseille Ce<strong>de</strong>x 20, France<br />
E-mail: s.tranchimand@univ-cezanne.fr<br />
Quercetinase is produced by various filamentous fungi when grown on rutin as sole carbon<br />
and energy source. We first investigated on the effect of several phenolics and sugars,<br />
structurally related to substrates and products of the rutin catabolic pathway, on the induction<br />
of a quercetinase activity in Penicillium olsonii. Then we managed the purification of the<br />
extracellular quercetinase and <strong>de</strong>termined physicochemical and kinetic properties. And<br />
finally, we i<strong>de</strong>ntified the mRNA encoding for the quercetinase using the RACE technology,<br />
based on a previous study on genomic DNA using <strong>de</strong>generate PCR.<br />
89 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Laccase Activity Measurements in Turbid or Coloured<br />
Liquids with a Novel Optical Oxygen Biosensor<br />
Christian-Marie Bols, Rob C .A. On<strong>de</strong>rwater<br />
P31<br />
Wetlands Engineering sprl, Rue du laid Burniat 5, B-1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve,<br />
Belgium<br />
E-mail: ch.bols@wetlands.be<br />
We have <strong>de</strong>veloped a novel system for measurement of Laccase activity in turbid or coloured<br />
liquids in which the standard colourimetric methods can not be employed.<br />
During its catalytic cycle the Laccase enzyme consumes molecular oxygen. In the past Clarktype<br />
electro<strong>de</strong>s have been used to monitor oxygen consumption by Laccase, but this requires<br />
complex electronics, is only possible in relatively large sample volumes and has a low<br />
throughput. We have <strong>de</strong>veloped an optical oxygen biosensor system that can be used in small<br />
sample volumes and has a high throughput. The system makes use of an oxygen sensitive<br />
fluorophore in an oxygen, but not water of colourant, permeable matrix. The fluorophore in<br />
its matrix can be applied as a coating on the insi<strong>de</strong> of a transparent vessel such as a vial or<br />
microplate well. Upon excitation with blue light the fluorophore emits red light in function of<br />
the presence of oxygen molecules. A <strong>de</strong>crease in oxygen in the liquid is reflected by a<br />
<strong>de</strong>crease in oxygen near the fluorophore and results in an increase in fluorescence intensity<br />
and lifetime. Thus the activity of the Laccase enzyme can be measured from the change in<br />
fluorescence of the coating.<br />
90 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P67<br />
Preliminary Study of Soluble Heme Proteins from<br />
Shewanella onei<strong>de</strong>nsis MR1<br />
Bruno Fonseca, Patrícia M. Pereira, Isabel Pacheco, Ricardo O. Louro<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Apartado 127<br />
Av. da República (EAN), 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.<br />
E-mail: bfonseca@itqb.pt<br />
The gram negative bacterium Shewanella is perhaps incomparable in its respiratory<br />
versatility, being able to combine its metabolism to the respiration of a variety of different<br />
electron acceptors, making this genus a potential candidate for application in bioremediation.<br />
To support this versatility Shewanella has an enormous diversity of electron transfer proteins,<br />
having been i<strong>de</strong>ntified 42 possible cytochrome c genes in its genome sequence, 27 of which<br />
should be soluble [1]. In this work, an engineered strain of Shewanella onei<strong>de</strong>nsis MR-1 was<br />
used. This strain harbours a plasmid (pCS21a) that expresses a soluble <strong>de</strong>rivative of CymA.<br />
The bacteria were grown un<strong>de</strong>r two different conditions, aerobic and microaerobic. Of the<br />
several possible soluble cytochromes c produced by the bacteria, four of them have been<br />
accurately i<strong>de</strong>ntified by N-terminal protein sequence: a small tetraheme cytochrome c, a<br />
monoheme cytochrome c 5, a diheme cytochrome c 4 and a diheme bacterial cytochrome c<br />
peroxidase (bccp). The small tetraheme cytochrome c was also i<strong>de</strong>ntified using NMR<br />
spectroscopy. Current work involves the purification of these cytochromes for further study<br />
and characterization by UV-Visible and NMR spectroscopy. Detailed knowledge on where<br />
and how these proteins participate in the branched respiratory chain of Shewanella will permit<br />
an enhanced exploitation of these bacteria in bioremediation.<br />
[1] Meyer, T.E., Tsapin, A.I., Van<strong>de</strong>nberghe, I., <strong>de</strong> Smet, L., Frishman, D., Nealson K.H.,<br />
Cusanovich, M.A. and van Beeumen, J.J. (2004), I<strong>de</strong>ntification of 42 possible cytochrome c genes in<br />
the Shewanella onei<strong>de</strong>nsis genome and characterization of six soluble cytochromes, OMICS 8, 57-77;<br />
91 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P68<br />
Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Laccase from<br />
Trametes versicolor and Mediated by TEMPO<br />
Inga Matijosyte, R.van Kooij, W.C.E. Arends, S. <strong>de</strong> Vries, R. A. Sheldon<br />
Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology,<br />
Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL , Delft, The Netherlands<br />
E-mail: i.matijosyte@tnw.tu<strong>de</strong>lft.nl<br />
Laccase-mediator systems that catalyze oxidation of alcohols have drawn increasing attention<br />
in organic synthesis. Nitroxyl radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) was shown<br />
to be the most effective mediator of laccase catalyzed oxidation of alcohols. [1, 2] It seems<br />
likely that oxoammonium ions, which can be formed in-situ, are the actual oxidants.<br />
Disadvantage of the laccase-TEMPO system are the long reaction time and the large amounts<br />
of TEMPO (up to 30 mol%) required [3].<br />
R 1 R 2<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
N<br />
O<br />
N<br />
+<br />
O<br />
N<br />
OH + H +<br />
R 1<br />
R 2<br />
O<br />
In or<strong>de</strong>r to un<strong>de</strong>rstand and optimize the system pure enzyme was nee<strong>de</strong>d. Therefore, we<br />
performed purification of the fungal laccase from Trametes versicolor in a yield of 73% of<br />
the total units of laccase activity and in a 10-fold purification. This enzyme was used in EPR<br />
studies to monitor the direct sequential electron transfer of TEMPO to laccase. Furthermore,<br />
CLEA’s (cross-linked enzyme aggregates) from laccase were prepared. The results showed<br />
that CLEA could be used as recyclable catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols.<br />
[1] Viikari L., Kruus K. and Buchert J., (1999) WO 9923117<br />
[2] Baiocco P., Barreca A.M., Fabbrini M., Galli C. and GentiliP. (2003) Org.Biomol.Chemistry, 1,<br />
191-197<br />
[3] Yu-Xin Li, Thesis, Delft, 2004<br />
92 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P69<br />
Role of Laccases in the Decolourisation of Synthetic Dyes<br />
by Aquatic Fungi<br />
Charles Junghanns, Dietmar Schlosser<br />
Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research<br />
Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany<br />
E-mail: charles.junghanns@ufz.<strong>de</strong><br />
The persistence of most synthetic dyes left unconsumed in textile industry effluents, their<br />
potentially hazardous effects on human health and the environment, and consequently public<br />
<strong>de</strong>mands led to strict environmental regulations, thus enforcing the <strong>de</strong>velopment of efficient<br />
and cost-effective technologies to cope the problems of effluent treatment. White rot<br />
basidiomycetes represent the group of organisms most frequently consi<strong>de</strong>red for oxidative<br />
dye treatment, due to their outstanding capabilities in breaking down a great variety of<br />
different coloured pollutants including synthetic dyes. Fungi other than white rot<br />
basidiomycetes have gained consi<strong>de</strong>rably less attention, although bleaching of synthetic dyes<br />
was <strong>de</strong>monstrated for filamentous ascomycetes, ascomycetous yeasts, and mitosporic fungi,<br />
and also for isolated laccases from filamentous ascomycetes. Aquatic ecosystems represent an<br />
as yet only scarcely explored source of new fungi that are possibly more suitable than other<br />
organisms for the treatment of certain waste waters since the living conditions and hence<br />
possible organismic adaptions found there may better fit to unfavourable characteristics of<br />
process effluents. The ability of fungi <strong>de</strong>rived from aquatic ecosystems to act on recalcitrant<br />
compounds is only rarely explored. We have isolated non-basidiomyceteous fungi from<br />
different surface waters and investigated their ability to <strong>de</strong>colourise several azo and<br />
anthraquinone type dyes. Concomitantly, laccase activities in fungal liquid cultures were<br />
assessed. Different dyes were found to differentially affect extracellular laccase titers, with<br />
the highest enzyme activities found during <strong>de</strong>colourisation of the anthraquinone type dye C.I.<br />
Reactive Blue 19. Dye <strong>de</strong>colourisation was also investigated with isolated laccases. Using<br />
high performance liquid chromatography, profiles of metabolites arising from dye<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourisation by whole fungal cultures and isolated laccases were recor<strong>de</strong>d and will be<br />
discussed with respect to the contribution of laccases to dye <strong>de</strong>colourisation by aquatic fungi.<br />
93 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P70<br />
Application of Oxidative Enzymes for the Detoxification of<br />
Xenobiotic Pollutants<br />
Maria Antonietta Rao, Giuseppina Iammarino, , Rosalia Scelza, Fabio Russo, Liliana<br />
Gianfreda<br />
Dipartimento di Scienze <strong>de</strong>l Suolo, <strong>de</strong>lla Pianta e <strong>de</strong>ll’Ambiente, Università di Napoli<br />
Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II, Via Università 100. 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy<br />
E-mail: giusiam@hotmail.com<br />
The environment is continuously enriched by organic substances differing in their chemical<br />
and structural complexity and <strong>de</strong>riving from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Several<br />
of them having toxic properties may behave as harmful pollutants. Adverse, negative effects<br />
on the environmental and human health may <strong>de</strong>rive.<br />
One of the most effective mechanisms in remediating environments polluted by organic<br />
pollutants is the oxidation by biotic and abiotic catalysts which may occur in natural<br />
attenuation processes or in engineered remediation processes.<br />
Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, tyrosinases and peroxidases are the main effectors of<br />
biotic processes. They differ for some molecular and catalytic characteristics, but all have<br />
been proved to be active towards several organic pollutants.<br />
The main purpose of this paper was to evaluate the catalytic behavour of some of these<br />
catalysts, with particular attention to laccases, when applied to different polluted systems.<br />
Laccase from plant origins showed differentiated efficiencies in transforming polluting<br />
phenolic compounds un<strong>de</strong>r various experimental conditions. In particular, the effect of the<br />
initial concentration of the phenolic substance, the repeated addition of fresh enzyme amounts<br />
as well as the presence of more than one phenol and/or pollutant of different chemical nature<br />
(like phenanthrene) in the reaction mixture strongly affected the efficiency of laccase action.<br />
Comparative studies were also performed with fungal laccases and with tyrosinase in both<br />
synthetic and natural phenolic waste waters.<br />
Moreover, the catalytic performance of a peroxidase was assessed in a complex system<br />
simulating a natural situation occurring in soil and rhizosphere soil. A mixture of pyrogallol<br />
or tannic acid, both representative of humic precursors and very abundant in soil and<br />
rhizosphere, were incubated with a plant peroxidase, and the oxidation of the phenolic<br />
compounds (pyrogallol or tannic acid) and the formation and properties of polymeric products<br />
obtained un<strong>de</strong>r different experimental conditions, i.e. initial substrate concentration, amount<br />
of peroxidase, incubation time, etc. were evaluated. Further studies were performed in the<br />
presence of phosphatase, a key enzyme very often released extracellularly by plant roots and<br />
catalyzying the hydrolysis of organic phospho-esters in inorganic orthophosphate, the only<br />
form available to plant roots and soil microorganisms. The involvement of the phosphatase in<br />
the process and its residual catalytic efficiency towards a synthetic phosphoric substrate was<br />
assessed as well.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
This research was supported by Ministero <strong>de</strong>ll’Università e <strong>de</strong>lla Ricerca, Italy. Programmi di<br />
Interesse Nazionale PRIN 2004-2005 and by the INCO-MED Program (Contract ICA3-CT-<br />
2002-10033).<br />
94 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P32<br />
The Role of the C-terminal Amino Acids of Melanocarpus<br />
albomyces Laccase<br />
Martina Andberg a , Sanna Auer a , Anu Koivula a , Nina Hakulinen b , Juha Rouvinen b , Kristiina<br />
Kruus a<br />
a<br />
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1500, Espoo FIN-02044 VTT,<br />
Finland; b Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO BOX 111, FIN-80101<br />
Joensuu, Finland<br />
E-mail: martina.andberg@vtt.fi<br />
Melanocarpus albomyces is a thermophilic fungus expressing a thermostable laccase with a<br />
pH optimum in a neutral pH region with phenolic substrates. These properties make the M.<br />
albomyces laccase (MaL) an interesting enzyme for many applications. The three-dimensional<br />
structure of MaL has been solved as one of the first complete laccase structures [1].<br />
The C-terminus of the secreted M. albomyces laccase is processed after an amino acid<br />
sequence DSGL. The processing site is conserved among some ascomycete type of laccases<br />
and the cleavage take place between the leucine and the following lysine residue. According<br />
to the crystal structure of MaL, the four C-terminal amino acids of the mature protein<br />
penetrate into a tunnel in the protein [1]. The C-terminal carboxylate group makes a hydrogen<br />
bond to a si<strong>de</strong> chain of His 140, which also coordinates to the T3 type copper in the trinuclear<br />
center. In or<strong>de</strong>r to analyse the role of the processed C-terminus, site-directed mutagenesis of<br />
the M. albomyces laccase cDNA was performed, and the mutated proteins were expressed in<br />
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.<br />
The mutated enzymes were purified to homogeneity from the yeast culture supernatant and<br />
the effect of the C-terminal mutations on the protein properties of the enzyme e.g. the specific<br />
activity and kinetic parameters were analyzed. Moreover, the three-dimensional structure of<br />
one of the mutants was <strong>de</strong>termined. The biochemical characterization of the mutant protein<br />
will be presented as well as the structural data of the mutant laccase.<br />
[1] Hakulinen, N., Kiiskinen, L. L., Kruus, K., Saloheimo, M., Paananen, A., Koivula, A. & Rouvinen, J. 2002.<br />
Nature Struct. Biol. 9, 601-605<br />
95 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P33<br />
Shifting the Optimal pH of Activity for a Laccase from the<br />
Fungus Trametes Versicolor by Structure-Based<br />
Mutagenesis<br />
C. Madzak a , M.C. Mimmi b , E. Camina<strong>de</strong> c , A. Brault c , S. Baumberger b , P. Briozzo b , C.<br />
Mougin c , C. Jolivalt d<br />
a UMR Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, INRA / CNRS / INA-PG, CBAI, 78850<br />
Thiverval-Grignon, France. b UMR INRA-INAPG 206 <strong>de</strong> Chimie Biologique, 78850<br />
Thiverval-Grignon, France. c Unité <strong>de</strong> Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, route<br />
<strong>de</strong> Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Ce<strong>de</strong>x, France. d Laboratoire <strong>de</strong> Synthèse sélective organique<br />
et produits naturels, UMR CNRS 7573, ENSCP, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris<br />
Ce<strong>de</strong>x 05, France.<br />
E-mail: clau<strong>de</strong>-jolivalt@enscp.fr<br />
Laccases are multicopper oxidases used in industrial oxidative processes, with potential<br />
applications in <strong>de</strong>pollution (Mougin 2003). The <strong>de</strong>sign of recombinant laccases fully adapted<br />
to industrial applications will be possible using genetic engineering. Y. lipolytica expression<br />
system enables high transformation efficiency, as well as control of both copy number and<br />
integration locus of transformants. The successful production of active Trametes versicolor<br />
laccase (Jolivalt 2005) has been a preliminary step towards engineering this enzyme for<br />
environmental applications.<br />
Crystal structure of T. versicolor laccase (Bertrand 2002) enlighted the interaction of amino<br />
acid 206 (Aspartate) with the substrate. This Aspartate is conserved among laccases from<br />
basidiomycetes. We tested the effects of its replacement by Glutamate (conserved among<br />
ascomycetes), Asparagine (conserved among plants), or Alanine. Mutated recombinant<br />
laccases were expressed in Y. lipolytica, using an expression/secretion vector (Madzak 2000),<br />
which allows the precise targeting of monocopy integration events at a docking platform into<br />
the recipient strain genome. This system reproducibly provi<strong>de</strong>s transformants carrying a<br />
unique expression cassette, integrated at a precisely known site. We were thus able to analyze<br />
the consequences of each mutation on laccase activity on various substrates.<br />
[1] Mougin, Environ.Chem.Lett. 2003, 1, p.145<br />
[2] Jolivalt, PEDS 2006, 19(2), p.77<br />
[3] Bertrand, Biochem. 2002, 41, p.7325<br />
[4] Madzak, JMMB 2000, 2, p.207<br />
96 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P34<br />
Axial Perturbations of the T1 copper in the CotA-Laccase<br />
from Bacillus subtilis: Structural, Biochemical and Stability<br />
Studies<br />
Paulo Durão a , Isabel Bento a , André T. Fernan<strong>de</strong>s a , Eduardo P. Melo b , Peter F. Lindley a and<br />
Lígia O. Martins a<br />
a Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica (<strong>ITQB</strong>), <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Av. Da<br />
República, , 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal, b Center of Molecular and Structural Biomedicine,<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> do Algarve, Campus <strong>de</strong> Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal<br />
E-mail: pdurao@itqb.unl.pt<br />
The catalytic rate-limiting step in laccases is consi<strong>de</strong>red to be the oxidation of substrate at the<br />
T1 copper site, most probably controlled by the redox potential difference between this site<br />
and the trinuclear site. Redox potentials exhibited by laccases span a broad range of values<br />
from 400 mV for plant laccases to 790 mV for some fungal laccases. The conserved<br />
coordinating amino acids for the T1 copper site are two histidines and a cysteine, and the<br />
natural variations occur in the so-called axial position with a single interaction from a Met<br />
being the most common arrangement. Fungal laccases have the non-coordinating Phe or Leu<br />
at this position and these may contribute, at least partially, for the higher E o observed in these<br />
enzymes, although other elements of the protein matrix are known to affect this important<br />
parameter of the T1 Cu center.<br />
Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to replace Met-502 in CotA-laccase by the residues<br />
leucine and phenylalanine. X-ray structural comparison of M502L and M502F mutants with<br />
the Wt CotA shows that the geometry of the T1 copper site is maintained as well as the<br />
overall fold of the proteins. The replacement of the weak so-called axial ligand of the T1 site<br />
leads to an increase in the redox potential by ~100 mV relative to the Wt enzyme (E o =<br />
455mV). No direct correlation was found between the redox potentials calculated for the<br />
mutant enzymes and the oxidation rates of the substrates tested. The M502L mutant exhibits a<br />
2-4 fold <strong>de</strong>crease in the k cat values for all substrates tested and the catalytic activity in M502F<br />
is even more severely compromised; 10% activity and 0.15-0.05% for the non-phenolic<br />
substrates and for the phenolic substrates tested, when compared with the Wt enzyme. T1<br />
copper <strong>de</strong>pletion is a key event in the inactivation and thus it is a <strong>de</strong>terminant of the<br />
thermodynamic stability of Wt and mutant proteins. However, whilst the unfolding of the<br />
tertiary structure in the Wt enzyme is a two state process displaying a mid point at a<br />
guanidinium hydrochlori<strong>de</strong> concentration of 4.6M and a free energy exchange in water of<br />
10kcal/mol, the unfolding for both mutant enzymes is clearly not a two-state process. At 1.9M<br />
guanidinium hydrochlori<strong>de</strong>, half of the molecules are at an intermediate conformation, only<br />
slightly less stable than the native state (~ 1.4 kcal/mol). The T1 copper center clearly plays a<br />
key role, from the structural, catalytic and stability viewpoints in the regulation of CotAlaccase<br />
activity.<br />
97 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P35<br />
Structural Studies in CotA Mutants: Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of the<br />
Protonation Events that occur during Oxygen Reduction to<br />
Water<br />
Isabel Bento, Paulo Durão, André T. Fernan<strong>de</strong>s, Lígia O.Martins and Peter F. Lindley<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>,<br />
Av. da República, EAN, 2784 - 505 Oeiras, Portugal<br />
E-mail: bento@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Laccases are enzymes that are able to couple substrate oxidation with the reduction of<br />
dioxygen to water. They belong to the multicopper oxidase family and show at least two<br />
different types of copper centre; a mononuclear T1 centre and a trinuclear centre that<br />
comprises two T3 and one T2 copper ions. Substrate oxidation takes place at the mononuclear<br />
centre whereas reduction of molecular oxygen to water occurs at the tri-nuclear centre. Using<br />
the CotA laccase as a mo<strong>de</strong>l system, we have recently proposed a putative mechanism for<br />
oxygen reduction for this type of enzyme [1]. In the present work we have tried to increase<br />
our un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of such a mechanism and have <strong>de</strong>termined the three dimensional structure<br />
of three different mutants of glutamate 498. This residue interacts indirectly, through a water<br />
molecule, with a dioxygen moiety bound in between the two T3 copper atoms. It has been<br />
proposed to play a key role in the protonation events that occur during the mechanism.<br />
In<strong>de</strong>ed, this study not only shows the relevance of this residue in protonation but also the<br />
importance of its presence in the stabilisation of the whole trinuclear centre.<br />
[1] Bento, I. Martins, L.O., Gato, G.L., Carrondo, M.A., and Lindley, P.F. (2005) Dalton Transactions<br />
21, 3507-3513<br />
98 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P36<br />
Relationship of Substrate and Enzyme Structures as a Basis<br />
for Intradiol Dioxygenases Functioning<br />
Kolomytseva M.P. a , Ferraroni M. b , Scozzafava A. b , Briganti F. b , Golovleva L. a<br />
a G.K. Skryabin Institute of biochemistry and physiology of microorganisms RAS, Pushchino,<br />
Russia and b Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Universita <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Firenze, Italy,<br />
E-mail: golovleva@ibpm.pushchino.ru<br />
During the bio<strong>de</strong>gradation a large variety of the natural compounds and xenobiotics is<br />
converted into a small number of central intermediates, containing two adjacent hydroxylic<br />
groups in the aromatic ring: protocatechate, catechol, chloro- and dichlorocatechols, hydroxyand<br />
chlorohydroxyquinols. One of the ways of the following <strong>de</strong>gradation of such<br />
intermediates is intradiol cleaving of the aromatic ring with incorporation of both atoms of<br />
molecular oxygen into substrate catalyzed by non-heme Fe(III)-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>de</strong>cyclizing<br />
intradiol dioxygenases. According to physiological substrate, intradiol dioxygenases differ in<br />
physicochemical properties. At this time 3D-structures for seven intradiol dioxygenases are<br />
reported [1-6].<br />
More <strong>de</strong>tailed investigation of R. opacus 1CP chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases<br />
(CCDOs) kinetic data was performed using variable substrate analogs mo<strong>de</strong>ling different<br />
ways of substrate binding in the active site that achieved by modification of nature and<br />
quantity of the reaction groups and additional insertion into substrate aromatic ring of various<br />
nature and quantity of substituents. Structure properties and reactivity of used substrates and<br />
substrate analogs and their influence on the enzymes functioning were studied using<br />
computational methods in quantum chemistry. Based on the enzyme kinetic properties and the<br />
substrate analogs reactivity it is shown that the binding of the last ones in the active sites of<br />
the enzymes is <strong>de</strong>termined by the character of interactions resulting between substituent in<br />
substrate analog molecule and interior surface of active center. It is <strong>de</strong>termined that catalytic<br />
process directly <strong>de</strong>pends on the value of oxygen charge of the first hydroxylic group of<br />
substrate. Calculated or<strong>de</strong>r of <strong>de</strong>protonation of adjacent hydroxylic groups of substrate agrees<br />
with earlier known binding or<strong>de</strong>r of substrate molecule with Fe 3+ of intradiol dioxygenases<br />
active site. Performed comparative structure/function analysis of CCDOs and other known<br />
structure intradiol dioxygenases showed that the differences in the substrate specificity of<br />
enzymes can be caused by corresponding changes in aminoacid composition of enzyme active<br />
centers and their entrances.<br />
This work was supported by grants RFBR 050449659 and Naukograd-RFBR 040497266.<br />
[1] Orville A.M., Lipscomb J.D., Ohlendorf D.H. 1997 Biochemistry, V.36, pp. 10052-10066.<br />
[2] Vetting M.W., D’Argenio D.A., Ornston L.N., Ohlendorf D.H. 2000 Biochemistry, V.39, N27, pp. 7943-<br />
7955.<br />
[3] Vetting M.W., Ohlendorf D.H. 2000 Structure, V.8, pp. 429-440.<br />
[4] Earhart C.A., Vetting M.W., Gosu R., Michaud-Soret I., Que L.Jr., Ohlendorf D.H. 2005 Biochem. Biophys.<br />
Res. Commun., V.338, pp. 198-205<br />
[5] Ferraroni M., Seifert J., Travkin V.M., Thiel M., Kaschabek S., Scozzafava A., Golovleva L., Schlömann M.,<br />
Briganti F. 2005 J.Biol.Chem., V.280, pp. 21144-21154.<br />
[6] Ferraroni M, Solyanikova IP, Kolomytseva MP, Scozzafava A, Golovleva LA, Briganti F. 2004 J Biol Chem.,<br />
V. 279, pp. 27646-27655.<br />
99 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P37<br />
Surface-Enhanced Vibrational Spectroelectrochemistry of<br />
Immobilized Proteins<br />
Smilja Todorovic a , Peter Hil<strong>de</strong>brandt b and Daniel Murgida b<br />
a Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>,<br />
Av. da República (EAN, 2784 - 505 Oeiras, Portugal; b Technical University of Berlin,<br />
Strasse <strong>de</strong>s 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany<br />
E-mail: smilja@itqb.unl.pt<br />
The combination of surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy with electrochemical<br />
techniques provi<strong>de</strong>s a set of powerful tools for the investigation of structural, thermodynamic<br />
and kinetic aspects of metalloproteins.<br />
Surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) of heme proteins probes the<br />
redox active sites with high selectivity and sensitivity, yielding <strong>de</strong>tailed information on<br />
coordination, redox and spin state. This method requires an immobilized sample on<br />
nanoscopically roughened metal surface coated with biocompatible material in or<strong>de</strong>r to<br />
preserve the protein native structure upon adsorption.<br />
One of the most versatile approaches for generation of biocompatible coatings, particularly<br />
suitable for soluble proteins, is based on the self-assembly of ω-functionalized alkanethiols on<br />
Ag and Au surfaces [1]. We have employed this strategy for studying electric field effects on<br />
the structure and redox potential of cytochrome P450 cam . Potential-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt SERR<br />
measurements revealed modulation of the redox potential of the adsorbed enzyme by<br />
interplay of two opposing effects.<br />
Immobilization of membrane proteins requires a different strategy in or<strong>de</strong>r to preserve the<br />
physiological hydrophobic environment. In some cases, solubilized proteins can be directly<br />
adsorbed on a “bare” Ag electro<strong>de</strong> without displacement of <strong>de</strong>tergent which thus provi<strong>de</strong>s a<br />
biocompatible interface [2]. Using this strategy, we were able to <strong>de</strong>termine, by potential<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
SERR, the individual midpoint potentials and Coulombic interactions in the<br />
multiheme proteins such as quinol oxidase from A. ambivalens and succinate <strong>de</strong>hydrogenase<br />
from R. marinus.<br />
Some other membrane complexes, like the cbb 3 terminal oxidase from B. japonicum, require<br />
immobilization conditions that mimic more closely the membrane-like environment. SERRS<br />
of cbb 3 , attached via a His-tag to an electro<strong>de</strong> coated with Ni (or Zn) nitrilo triacetate (Ni-<br />
NTA), show reversible electrochemistry. The high affinity of the Ni-NTA monolayer towards<br />
the His-tag guarantees a large surface coverage of uniformly oriented proteins even at<br />
relatively high ionic strengths similar to physiological conditions. The anchored enzyme is<br />
then incubated in the presence of lipids and biobeads in or<strong>de</strong>r to remove the solubilizing<br />
<strong>de</strong>tergent and allow the formation of a lipid bilayer [3].<br />
[1] Murgida, D. and Hil<strong>de</strong>brandt, P. (2004) Acc. Chem Res. 37, 854-61.<br />
[2] Todorovic, S., Pereira, M., Ban<strong>de</strong>iras, T., Teixeira, M., Hil<strong>de</strong>ebrandt, P., Murgida, D. (2005) J. Am. Chem.<br />
Soc. 127, 13561.<br />
[3] Friedrich, M., Giess, F., Naumann, R., Knoll, W., Ataka, J., Heberle, J., Hrabakova, J., Murgida, D.,<br />
Hil<strong>de</strong>brandt, P. (2004) Chem. Comm. 21, 2376.<br />
100 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P38<br />
Enzymatic Properties, Stability And Mo<strong>de</strong>l Structure of a<br />
Metallo-Oxidase from the Hyperthermophile Aquifex<br />
aeolicus<br />
André T. Fernan<strong>de</strong>s a , Cláudio M. Soares a , Manuela M. Pereira a Robert Huber b , Gregor Grass c ,<br />
Eduardo P. Melo d and Lígia O. Martins a<br />
a Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica (<strong>ITQB</strong>), <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Av. Da<br />
República, , 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal, b Lehrstuhl fur Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum,<br />
Universitat Regensburg, Germany, , c Institute for Microbiology, Marthin Luther University,<br />
Halle, Germany and the d Center of Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> do<br />
Algarve, Campus <strong>de</strong> Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal<br />
E-mail: andref@itqb.unl.pt<br />
The Aquifex aeolicus AAC07157.1 gene encoding a multicopper oxidase (McoA) and<br />
localized on the genome as part of a putative copper-resistance <strong>de</strong>terminant, was cloned,<br />
overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity. The isolated enzyme shows<br />
spectroscopic and biochemical characteristics of well-characterized multicopper oxidases.<br />
McoA presents poor catalytic efficiency (k cat /K m ) towards aromatic substrates but a<br />
remarkable high for cuprous and ferrous ions, close to 3 x 10 6 s -1 M -1 . This robust activity is<br />
30- to 100-fold higher than that of metallo-oxidases CueO from E. coli, yeast Fet3p or human<br />
ceruloplasmin. Addition of copper is required for maximal catalytic efficiency. A striking<br />
structural feature in the McoA comparative mo<strong>de</strong>l structure is the presence of a nonhomologous<br />
methionine-rich segment comparable to ones present in copper homeostasis<br />
proteins. The role of this segment in the McoA catalytic mechanism has been examined using<br />
<strong>de</strong>letion mutagenesis to obtain recombinant McoA∆P 321 -V 363 . The kinetic properties of this<br />
mutant enzyme when compared to the wild type provi<strong>de</strong> evi<strong>de</strong>nce for the key role of this<br />
region in the modulation of the catalytic mechanism, presumably through copper binding.<br />
McoA is a thermoactive (optimal temperature of 75ºC) and hyperthermostable enzyme with a<br />
three-domain thermal unfolding characterized by temperatures values at the mid-point of 105,<br />
110 and 114ºC. Interestingly, the stability of McoA at room temperature is very low (2.8<br />
kcal/mol) showing that the mechanism of thermostability relies on a flat <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce of<br />
stability on temperature. McoA probably plays a crucial in vivo role in copper and iron<br />
homeostasis.<br />
101 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P39<br />
Degradation of Azo Dyes by Trametes villosa Laccase<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r Long Time Oxidative Conditions<br />
Andrea Zille a , Barbara Górnacka b , Astrid Rehorek b Artur Cavaco-Paulo a<br />
a University of Minho, Department of Textile Engineering, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;<br />
b University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Institute of Chemical Engineering and Plant<br />
Design, Betzdorfer Str. 2, D-50679 Cologne, Germany<br />
E-mail: azille@<strong>de</strong>t.uminho.pt<br />
Trametes villosa laccase was used for direct azo dye <strong>de</strong>gradation for which the reaction<br />
products were analyzed over long periods of time. Laccases have been extensively studied for<br />
the <strong>de</strong>gradation of azo dyes [1-6].These enzymes are multi-copper phenol oxidases that<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorize azo dyes through a highly non-specific free radical mechanism forming phenolic<br />
type compounds, thereby avoiding the formation of toxic aromatic amines [7,8].In the<br />
literature, there are a large number of papers reporting on <strong>de</strong>colorization of azo dyes however<br />
the fate of the products of azo dye laccase reactions is ignored [9-12]. Therefore, the purpose<br />
of this work is the study of the azo dye <strong>de</strong>gradation products in the presence of laccase. Direct<br />
azo dye laccase <strong>de</strong>gradation and amino-phenols polymerization was performed for several<br />
days. The formed soluble products were studied by LC-MS while the polymerized insoluble<br />
products were studied by 13 C -NMR. LC-MS analysis shows the formation of phenolic<br />
compounds in the dye oxidation process as well as a large amount of polymerized products<br />
that retain the azo group integrity. The amino-phenols reactions were also investigated by 13 C-<br />
NMR and LC-MS analysis and the real polymerization character of laccase enzymes was<br />
shown. This study highlights the fact that laccases polymerize the reaction products obtained<br />
in long time batch <strong>de</strong>colorization processes of the azo dyes. These polymerized products<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> unacceptable color levels in effluents limiting the application of laccases as<br />
bioremediation agents.<br />
[1] Adosinda, M., M. Martins, N. Lima, A. J. D. Silvestre, and M. J. Queiroz. 2003. Chemosphere. 52:967-973.<br />
[2] Blanquez, P., N. Casas, X. Font, X. Gabarrell, M. Sarra, G. Caminal, and T. Vicent. 2004. Water Res.<br />
38:2166-2172.<br />
[3] Maximo, C., and M. Costa-Ferreira. 2004. Proc. Biochem. 39:1475-1479.<br />
[4] Novotny, C., K. Svobodova, A. Kasinath and P. Erbanova. 2004. Int. Bio<strong>de</strong>terior. Bio<strong>de</strong>grad. 54:215-223.<br />
[5] Peralta-Zamora, P., C. M. Pereira, E. R. L. Tiburtius, S. G. Moraes, M. A. Rosa, R. C. Minussi, and N. [1] [1]<br />
[6] Duran. 2003. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 42:131-144.<br />
[7] Wesenberg, D., I. Kyriaki<strong>de</strong>s, and S. N. Agathos. 2003. Biotechnol. Adv. 22:161-187.<br />
[8] Wong, Y., and J. Yu. 1999. Wat. Res. 33:3512-3520.<br />
[9] Chivukula, M., and V. Renganathan. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 4347-4377.<br />
[10] Chagas, P. E., and R. L. Durrant. 2001. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 29:473-477.<br />
[11] Jarosz-Wilkolazka, A., J. Kochmanska, E. Malarczyk, W. Wardas, and A. Leonowicz. 2002. Enzyme [1]<br />
Microb. Technol. 30:566-572.<br />
[12] Robinson, T., B. Chandran, and P. Nigam. 2001. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 29:575-579.<br />
102 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P40<br />
Enzymatic Decolorization of Azo and Anthraquinonic Dyes<br />
with the CotA-Laccase from Bacillus subtilis<br />
Luciana Pereira a , Lígia O. Martins a<br />
a<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica (<strong>ITQB</strong>),<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Av da<br />
República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal<br />
E-mail: luciana@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Purified recombinant CotA-laccase from Bacillus subtilis was tested on its ability to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong><br />
azo and antraquinonic dyes in the absence and presence of redox mediators (ABTS, VA and<br />
HBT). Eleven different dyes were tested, three anthraquinone and eight azo dyes. All dyes<br />
tested were, at a different extent, oxidatively bleached by 1U.mL -1 of CotA-laccase in the<br />
absence of mediators. Decolourisation was shown to be pH-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt, being maximal at the<br />
alkaline range of pH (pH 7-9). Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Acid Blue 62 (NY3), Direct Black 38<br />
(DB38) and Reactive Red 4 (RR4) were selected for <strong>de</strong>tailed studies. The time course for<br />
<strong>de</strong>gradation of these dyes was followed in the presence and absence of mediators.<br />
Decolourisation proceeds following a first or<strong>de</strong>r kinetics presenting a maximal rate of<br />
<strong>de</strong>gradation in the presence of ABTS, with an increase of 4.5 fold for RB5, 2.5 for DB38 and<br />
2 for NY3 and RR4 comparatively with the reaction in absence of mediators. The level of dye<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourisation at the equilibrium was found to be in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt of the presence of mediators<br />
(90, 80, 60 and 40% <strong>de</strong>gradation for RB5, NY3, CB and RR4, respectively).<br />
This work has been done in the frame of EC-F6P SOPHIED project - “Novel Sustainable Processes for the<br />
European Colour Industries” (FP6-NMP2-CT-2004-505899).<br />
103 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P41<br />
Selection of Laccases with Potential for Decolourisation of<br />
Wastewater Issued from Textile Industry<br />
E. Enaud, M. Trovaslet, M. Pamplona-Aparicio, A-M. Corbisier, S. Vanhulle<br />
Microbiology Unit, Université catholique <strong>de</strong> Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 3 bte 6, B-1348<br />
Louvain-la-Neuve, BELGIUM,<br />
E-mail: vanhullesophie@hotmail.com<br />
Development of a bioreactor for wastewater treatment requires the selection of an adapted<br />
biocatalyst. Laccases proved efficient against dyes present in wastewaters issued from textile<br />
industry. However, they may be sensitive to several <strong>de</strong>naturing agents found in dye-baths<br />
such as high salt concentrations, temperature, high or low pH. In the perspective of an<br />
industrial application of fungal laccases, the influence of these parameters was studied on<br />
activity and stability of 3 laccases concentrates from different white rot fungi (PT32, PO33<br />
and PS7).<br />
PT32 and PO33 laccases were not stable at ambient temperature as well as in presence of<br />
NaCl concentrations higher than 128 mM, while PS7 laccase showed promising results and<br />
interesting potential of <strong>de</strong>colourisation. This laccase was further studied.<br />
In partnership with numerous textile industry, a survey of the effluent compositions was ma<strong>de</strong><br />
and mo<strong>de</strong>l dye baths were <strong>de</strong>signed to mimic acid-, reactive- and direct-dye wastewaters.<br />
Both mo<strong>de</strong>l dyes and mo<strong>de</strong>l wastewaters were treated by isolated laccases. Amongst mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
dyes, acid dyes were the most sensitive to PS7 laccase activity. Mo<strong>de</strong>l acid effluents were<br />
also efficiently <strong>de</strong>colourised. The influence of individual parameters on laccase activity was<br />
investigated in the simulated wastewater conditions. Dyes showed a strong effect on laccase<br />
stability while pH and salt concentration showed less influence.<br />
The rather good stability of PS7 laccase combined with its high potential of <strong>de</strong>colourisation<br />
suggest that PS7 laccase may be efficiently exploited in a variety of biotechnological<br />
applications including the wastewater treatment.<br />
104 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P42<br />
Decolorization of Textile Dyes by the White-Rot Fungus<br />
Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL 38443<br />
Aisle Ergun, Firuze Basar, S. Koray Yesiladalı, Z. Petek Çakar Öztemel, Candan Tamerler<br />
Behar<br />
İstanbul Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Maslak-<br />
İstanbul, 34469, Turkey<br />
E-mail: asl_ergun@yahoo.com<br />
Ligninolytic enzyme-producing white-rot fungus Coriolopsis polyzona was investigated for<br />
its textile dye <strong>de</strong>colorization potential. C. polyzona is a fast growing and laccase-producing<br />
white-rot fungus. Laccase is an extracellular oxidoreductase produced abundantly by C.<br />
polyzona, which can be exploited for <strong>de</strong>colorization of dyes.<br />
Decolorization effect of C. polyzona was investigated for azo dyes which are the largest class<br />
of dyes in textile industry. Similar to many other aromatic pollutants, neither the activated<br />
sludge nor aerobic bacterial isolates can fully <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> azo dyes and thus effluent treatment<br />
becomes a serious issue because of their negative impact on water ecosystems and human<br />
health. Here we investigated four different azo dyes, Remazol Brilliant Blue and Remazol<br />
Black 5, Reactive Red 195 and Remazol Turquoise. Based on spectrophotometric<br />
measurements of culture supernatants at the beginning and the end of the cultivations (7<br />
days), C. polyzona was able to <strong>de</strong>colorize 90% of Remazol Black 5, 95% of Remazol Brilliant<br />
Blue, 82% of Remazol Turquoise and 73% of Reactive Red 195 where the initial<br />
concentration of each dye in the liquid culture was 50 mg/L. Results indicate that C. polyzona<br />
has a potential for exploitation in industrial dye <strong>de</strong>colorization studies.<br />
This study is fun<strong>de</strong>d by EU 6th Framework Integrated Project (IP), ‘SOPHIED - Novel<br />
sustainable bioprocesses for the European colour industries’.<br />
105 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Laccase from Trametes versicolor Immobilised on Novel<br />
Composite Magnetic Particles<br />
P43<br />
K.-H. van Pée a , A. Matura a , T. Wage a , A. Pich b , U. Böhmer c<br />
a Biochemie;<br />
b Makromolekulare Chemie und Textilchemie;<br />
Bioverfahrenstechnik, TU Dres<strong>de</strong>n, D-01062 Dres<strong>de</strong>n, Germany<br />
E-mail:karl-heinz.vanpee@chemie.tu-dres<strong>de</strong>n.<strong>de</strong><br />
c Lebensmittel<br />
und<br />
For use of enzymes in bioremediation, it is of great importance to keep costs for the enzymes<br />
as low as possible. This can be achieved by stabilisation and reuse of the enzyme. For this<br />
purpose, immobilisation of the enzyme is of great advantage. Polymeric particles which are<br />
used as carriers can be produced in a number of different sizes and morphologies.<br />
Additionally, the surface layer can be modified by a variety of functional groups located on<br />
certain distances from the particle core. This provi<strong>de</strong>s sufficient flexibility in terms of enzyme<br />
immobilisation and further technical applications. We report on the study of laccase<br />
immobilisation on different kinds of carrier particles. The immobilisation of the enzyme on<br />
the particle surface with respect to the immobilisation efficiency and properties of the<br />
immobilised enzyme is discussed. The immobilisation of laccase on polystyrene particles<br />
bearing reactive β-diketone groups is characterised by high efficiency, but grafting of the<br />
enzyme increases the stability of the colloidal system which has a negative influence on the<br />
separation/purification procedure. Additionally, the extreme colloidal stability of the<br />
immobilisates makes the application of such particles impossible when recycling of enzyme<br />
should be performed. It has been found that hybrid polystyrene-acetoacetoxyethyl<br />
methacrylate (PS-AAEM) particles equipped with magnetite show similar immobilisation<br />
efficiency as their analogues without magnetite and additionally can be manipulated in a<br />
magnetic field. The activity of the immobilised laccase is much higher in the pH region 5 - 7<br />
and temperature range of 50 - 70° C when compared with free enzyme. Additionally,<br />
immobilised enzymes exhibit also much better storage stability. In future work, porous<br />
microgels will be used. They have the same properties as the compact polystyrene particles,<br />
but in addition they provi<strong>de</strong> a structure-based enzyme stabilisation, especially against<br />
mechanical stress. Hybrid carriers with immobilised laccase were used for the biobleaching of<br />
dyes used in the textile industry. The efficiency of the immobilised enzyme in bleaching of<br />
different dye molecules was examined by means of UV-vis spectroscopy with samples of<br />
waste-water from textile industry. Further candidates for biobleaching of dyes were found in<br />
other fungi.<br />
106 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P44<br />
Biotechnological Applications of a pH-Versatile Laccase<br />
from Streptomyces ipomoea CECT 3341<br />
J.M. Molina, R. Moya, F. Guillén, M. Hernán<strong>de</strong>z, M.E.Arias<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbiología y Parasitología. Universidad <strong>de</strong> Alcalá (Madrid). Spain.<br />
E-mail: enriqueta.arias@uah.es<br />
During last years, fungal laccases have received great attention in biotechnological<br />
applications. In fact, the enhancement of its oxidation capability throughout the action of<br />
redox mediators allows the <strong>de</strong>velopment of new strategies for <strong>de</strong>gradation of xenobiotics<br />
compounds, pulp <strong>de</strong>lignification, textile dyes bleaching, etc (1, 2, 3). Although several<br />
bacterial laccases have been recently <strong>de</strong>scribed (4, 5) its biotechnological usefulness has not<br />
been established yet. In this sense, our group has <strong>de</strong>scribed the potential application of a<br />
laccase produced by Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335 for biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft<br />
pulp (6). Recently, we have purified a new laccase produced by S. ipomoea CECT 3341<br />
which shows some different physico-chemical characteristics compared with that produced by<br />
S. cyaneus. In fact, substrate specificity of this laccase <strong>de</strong>pends on the pH, (i.e. optimal pH for<br />
ABTS or phenolic compounds are 4,5 or 8, respectively). We suggest this pH versatile laccase<br />
enlarges the range of biotechnological applications of these enzymes preventing the limitation<br />
of some other laccases which are active only at low pH.<br />
In the present work we screen the potential application of the laccase produced by S. ipomoea<br />
and different mediators for the biobleaching of eucalptus kraft pulp and for <strong>de</strong>colourisation<br />
and <strong>de</strong>toxification of a textile azo-type dye.<br />
The treatment of eucalyptus kraft pulp was carried out with 300 mU laccase per gram of pulp<br />
in the presence of 1 mM ABTS as mediator in acetate buffer pH 4.5 to get a 10% (w/v)<br />
consistency. Enzyme treatment was maintained at 60°C for 1 hour followed by a bleaching<br />
step with 2% H 2 O 2 . Results obtained showed a 10% <strong>de</strong>crease in Kappa number, a 3.5 %<br />
increase in ISO brightness and a remarkable saving in H 2 O 2 consumption.<br />
On the other hand, application of LMS to <strong>de</strong>colourise textile dyes requires non-chromogenic<br />
mediators and up to date best results were obtained with phenolic compounds related with<br />
lignin. For this study, best results to <strong>de</strong>colourise an azo-type dye (Reactive Green) were<br />
obtained with 300 mU laccase and 0.1 mM acetosyringone as mediator. With this LMS<br />
system, a 90% <strong>de</strong>colourization was achieved. Analysis of toxicity after the treatment<br />
(Microtox ® System) also showed a high <strong>de</strong>gree of <strong>de</strong>toxification (more than 50 % increase in<br />
EC).<br />
[1] Collins, P.J., Kotterman, M.J.J., Field, J.A. and Dobson, A.D.W. (1996). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 4563-<br />
4567.<br />
[2] Bourbonnais, R and Paice, M.G. (1996). TAPPI J. 79: 199-204.<br />
[3] Camarero, S. Ibarra, Martinez, M.J. and Martinez, A.T. (2005). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 1775-1784.<br />
[4] Martins, L.O., Soares, C.M., Pereira, M.M., Texeira, M., Costa, T., Jones, G.H. and Henriques, A.O. (2002).<br />
J. Biol. Biochem. 277: 18849-18859.<br />
[5] Solano, F., Lucas-Elio, P., Lopez-Serrano, D,. Fernan<strong>de</strong>z, E., and Sanchez-Amat, A. (2001). FEMS<br />
Microbiol. Lett. 204: 175-181.<br />
[6] Arias, M.E., Arenas, M., Rodriguez, J., Soliveri, J., Ball, A.S. and Hernán<strong>de</strong>z, M. (2003). Appl. Environ.<br />
Microbiol. 69: 1953-1958.<br />
107 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Oxidative Reactions for the Decolorization of Synthetic<br />
Dyes – Laccase versus Fenton’s Reagent<br />
P.F.F.Amaral, F.V. Pinto, M.C. Cammarota, M.A.Z. Coelho<br />
P45<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Engenharia Bioquímica, Escola <strong>de</strong> Química/UFRJ, Centro <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia,<br />
Bl.E, lab.113, Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro - RJ, 21949-900, Brasil.<br />
E-mail: alice@eq.ufrj.br<br />
The wastewater from the textile industry is known to be strongly colored, presenting large<br />
amounts of suspen<strong>de</strong>d solids, pH broadly fluctuating, high temperature, besi<strong>de</strong>s high chemical<br />
oxygen <strong>de</strong>mand (COD) [1]. Physical and chemical methods such as adsorption, coagulationflocculation,<br />
oxidation, filtration, and electrochemical methods may be used for wastewater<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorization. Chemical oxidation methods can result in almost complete mineralization of<br />
organic pollutants and are effective for a broad range of organics. The oxidation with<br />
Fenton’s reagent based on ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> is a proven and effective<br />
technology for <strong>de</strong>struction of a large number of hazardous and organic pollutants. Over the<br />
past <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>, white rot fungi have been studied for their ability to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> recalcitrant organopollutants<br />
such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorophenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls<br />
[2]. The low specificity of the lignin-<strong>de</strong>grading enzymes produced by these fungi suggests<br />
that they may be suitable for the <strong>de</strong>gradation of textile dyeing wastewater. Trametes<br />
versicolor releases laccase as its major extracellular enzyme, a copper-containing polyphenol<br />
oxidase (benzenediol: O 2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) which catalyses the oxidation of<br />
phenolic compounds [3]. Laccase can also catalyses the oxidation of organic pollutants<br />
through molecular oxygen reduction, even in the absence of hydrogen peroxi<strong>de</strong> [4]. In the<br />
present work two different oxidation approaches were investigated for the <strong>de</strong>colorization of<br />
synthetic wastewater, the chemical oxidation with Fenton’s reagent and an enzymatic<br />
oxidation with laccase produced by T. versicolor. The utilization of Fenton (H 2 O 2 + Fe 2+ ) was<br />
accomplished by two experimental <strong>de</strong>sign techniques, observing three variables (reaction<br />
time, Iron II concentration, and H 2 O 2 concentration) un<strong>de</strong>r two levels, keeping stable<br />
conditions of pH, temperature of 30ºC as well as the dye concentration of 167 mg/L. So the<br />
variables were optimized till the color removal efficient achieved 96%. For the enzymatic<br />
treatment, it was studied not only the <strong>de</strong>colorization of a synthetic wastewater but also faces<br />
the problem of <strong>de</strong>aling with a real dyeing wastewater [5]. Decolorization of synthetic and real<br />
wastewaters were performed by Trametes versicolor. A <strong>de</strong>colorization of 97% was achieved<br />
for initial dye concentrations up to 100 mg/L. The pH and the presence of glucose were<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntified as important parameters for an a<strong>de</strong>quate <strong>de</strong>colorization performance. For a real<br />
wastewater, <strong>de</strong>colorization reached efficiencies of about 92% in a diluted system<br />
(approximately 50 mg dye/L). The results reported in this study showed that both treatments<br />
were efficient for <strong>de</strong>colorization and the choice for industrial applications may consi<strong>de</strong>r<br />
economic and safety aspects.<br />
[1] Robinson, T., Chandran, B. and Nigam, P. Water Res., 36, 2824–2830 (2002).<br />
[2] Reddy, C.A. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 6, 320–328 (1995).<br />
[3] Swamy, J. and Ramsay, J.A. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol., 24, 130–137 (1999).<br />
[4] Thurston, C. F. Microbiol., 140, 19-26 (1994).<br />
[5] Amaral, P.F.F., Tavares, A.P.M., Xavier A.B.M.R., Cammarota, M.C., Coutinho, J.A.P. and Coelho, M.A.Z.<br />
Environ. Technol., 25, 1313-1320 (2004).<br />
108 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P46<br />
Application of Tyrosinase Obtained from Agaricus bispora<br />
for Color Removal from Textile Effluents<br />
Magali C. Cammarota, Maria Alice Z. Coelho<br />
Escola <strong>de</strong> Química, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral do Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro, Cida<strong>de</strong> Universitária, Centro<br />
<strong>de</strong> Tecnologia, Bloco E, Sl. E-203, 21949-900, Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro – RJ, Brasil<br />
E-mail: alice@eq.ufrj.br<br />
The textile industry has contributed significantly for the pollution of rivers in some regions of<br />
Brazil, once it generates large volumes of effluents (120 - 380 m 3 /1000 m of manufactured<br />
fabric) containing varied amounts of contaminating agents among which pigments stand out.<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s the high volume and variability, typical characteristics of effluents generated from<br />
textile industries are the reduced bio<strong>de</strong>gradability potential (low BOD/COD ratios), presence<br />
of heavy metals and toxic compounds and high pigment contents. Several color removal<br />
methods such as chemical oxidation processes, coagulation/flocculation, adsorption, ionic<br />
exchange and separation with membranes have been tested. These processes, however,<br />
present economic limitations, low removal efficiency, formation of intermediate compounds<br />
and toxic sludge and cannot be used with some types of pigments at high concentrations. In<br />
conventional biological processes, the color removal rate is low, once most pigment<br />
molecules are not bio<strong>de</strong>gradable, being therefore removed through precipitation or adsorption<br />
to the sludge flocs. In the last <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s, the use of enzymes in the treatment of effluents has<br />
been object of several scientific works. Enzymes may act on specific recalcitrant compounds<br />
increasing their bio<strong>de</strong>gradability or removing them through precipitation. Tyrosinase enzyme<br />
catalyzes the o-hydroxylation of monophenols into catechols and the <strong>de</strong>hydrogenation of<br />
catechols into o-quinones that once being unstable in aqueous solution, un<strong>de</strong>rgo nonenzymatic<br />
polymerization through oxidative and nucleophilic reactions and precipitate, being<br />
removed from the aqueous solution. The present work assesses the color removal from textile<br />
effluents with the use the tyrosinase enzyme. To do so, a raw enzymatic extract obtained from<br />
Agaricus bispora mushrooms and synthetic solutions of reactive pigments wi<strong>de</strong>ly employed<br />
in the textile industry (Procion Orange MX-2R, Remazol Red 3B and Remazol Black GF)<br />
was used. Different enzyme (activity): pigment (type and concentration) combinations were<br />
evaluated. Previous results indicate a technical feasibility of the treatment, once color<br />
removals of 80%, 78% and 56% have been obtained for pigments Remazol Black GF,<br />
Remazol Red 3B and Procion Orange MX-2R, respectively after 24 h of treatment with<br />
enzymatic activity of 85 U/mL and initial pigment concentration of 83 mg/L.<br />
[1] Correia V.M., Stephenson T., Judd J.S. (1994). Characterization of textile wastewaters – a review. Environ.<br />
Technol. 15:917.<br />
[2] O’Neill C.O., Wawkes F.R., Hawkes D.L., Lourenço N.D., Pinheiro H.M., Delée W. (1999). Colour in<br />
textile effluents – sources, measurement, discharge consents and simulation: a review. J. Chem. Technol.<br />
Biotechnol. 74:1009.<br />
[3] Wada s., Ichikawa H., Tatsumi K. (1993). Removal os phenols from wastewater by soluble and immobilized<br />
tyrosinase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42:854.<br />
[4] Atlow S.C., Bonadonna-Aparo L., Klibanov A.M. (1983). Dephenolization of industrial wastewaters<br />
catalysed by polyphenol oxidase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26:599.<br />
109 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P47<br />
Phenols and Dyes Degradation by an Immobilized Laccase<br />
from Trametes trogii<br />
Anna Maria V. Garzillo, Fe<strong>de</strong>rica Silvestri, M. Chiara Colao, Maurizio Ruzzi, Vincenzo<br />
Buonocore<br />
Dpt. of Agrobiology and Agrochemistry, Via S. Camillo <strong>de</strong> Lellis s.n.c., Viterbo (Italy)<br />
E-mail: amg@unitus.it<br />
Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidases which oxidize a variety of phenolic and<br />
non-phenolic compounds with the simultaneous reduction of molecular oxygen to water. The<br />
broad substrate specificity makes these enzymes very attractive for a number of applications,<br />
including bioremediation processes. In these cases, the use of laccases in immobilized form<br />
may result in increased enzyme stability, multiple use and easy separation from the reaction<br />
mixture.<br />
The main laccase (Lcc1) from Trametes trogii has been immobilized both covalently<br />
(Eupergit C) and non-covalently (polyacrylami<strong>de</strong> gel intrapment, Sepharose ConA<br />
adsorption) ; the last technique gave the highest binding yields (≈ 100%) and capacity of<br />
substrate (2,6-dimethoxyphenol, DMP) <strong>de</strong>gradation. Thus, this study was conducted with<br />
Lcc1 adsorbed at pH 4 on Sepharose ConA; phenol and dye <strong>de</strong>gradation was monitored by<br />
HPLC. In a first group of experiments, phenolic compounds (0.4 g/l each, 100 ml) were<br />
passed separately in continuous through immobilized laccase (50 I.U.) packed in a small<br />
column; after 20 h flowing (flow rate 1 ml/min), caffeic acid (CA) was <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d by 100%, p-<br />
coumaric acid (pCA) by a 20% and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) by a 10%. When a<br />
mixture of the three phenols was passed through the column, to mimic real situation of waste<br />
waters, <strong>de</strong>gradation after 20 h was 55% (CA), 20% (pCA) and 10% (HPA). Even lower<br />
<strong>de</strong>gradation rates (e.g. 20% for CA) were observed with a mixture of seven phenols<br />
containing also recalcitrant products (3-hydroxyphenylic acid). These data indicate that a<br />
strong substrate competition for the enzyme will affect compound <strong>de</strong>gradation in complex<br />
mixtures. A similar set of experiments was carried out by challenging immobilized laccase<br />
and phenols in batch; in these conditions, the <strong>de</strong>gradation was more effective as compared<br />
with the column system: CA was completely <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d in 1 h, whereas after 20 h pCA and<br />
HPA were <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d by 95 and 50 %, respectively. When applied in a mixture, a competition<br />
effect was observed: CA disappeared after 3 h, pCA and HPA were <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d after 20 h by 75<br />
and 30%, respectively.<br />
The batch system has also been used to assess <strong>de</strong>gradation of some synthetic dyes,<br />
extensively used in industrial processes. The three dyes chosen have typical chromophoric<br />
groups: alizarin (AL, anthraquinone), amaranth (AM, azo) and indigo carmine (IC).<br />
Degradation rate by immobilized laccase was different <strong>de</strong>pending on dye structure: after 20 h<br />
AL was <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d by 90%, IC by 45% and AM by 5%. When violuric acid (VA) was ad<strong>de</strong>d as<br />
a mediator, the <strong>de</strong>gradation of the three dyes was completed in less than 5 h; 1-<br />
hydroxybenzotriazole was less effective then VA in mediating the interaction between the<br />
enzyme and the dyes.<br />
These preliminar data indicate that immobilized laccase from T. trogii can efficiently promote<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorization of industrial effluents; further investigations are nee<strong>de</strong>d to clarify competition<br />
effects among substrates and the role of mediators in the <strong>de</strong>gradation process.<br />
110 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P48<br />
Relationship between Non-Protein Fraction and Laccase<br />
Isoenzymes from Cultures of Trametes versicolor: Effect<br />
on Dye Decolorization<br />
Diego Mol<strong>de</strong>s a , Alberto Domínguez b , Mª Angeles Sanromán b<br />
a Department of Textile Engineering. University of Minho. 4800 Guimarães. Portugal,<br />
b Department of Chemical Engineering. Isaac Newton Building. University of Vigo. 36310<br />
Vigo. Spain<br />
E-mail: sanroman@uvigo.es<br />
Lignocellulosic materials comprise a broad range of wastes from agricultural, food and forest<br />
industry, which are mainly composed of polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s (cellulose and hemicellulose) and<br />
lignin. Several works <strong>de</strong>termined that the lignocellulosic materials can stimulate laccase<br />
production on white rot fungi. Moreover, these materials can also provi<strong>de</strong> some of the<br />
necessary nutrients to the fungi, which imply a consi<strong>de</strong>rable reduction in production costs [1-<br />
2]. The lignocellulosic materials employed to perform the present study were grape seeds,<br />
grape stalks, barley straw, corn cob and barley bran and the white rot fungus selected<br />
Trametes versicolor. The selection was ma<strong>de</strong> taking into account previous studies and that all<br />
materials are agricultural-industrial wastes with different composition.<br />
The cultures of Trametes versicolor growing in presence of these lignocellulosic wastes<br />
produce enzymatic complexes with different dye <strong>de</strong>colorization activity. In or<strong>de</strong>r to explain<br />
these differences, the separation of two fractions (protein and non-protein) from the<br />
extracellular liquid was carried out. Moreover, <strong>de</strong>colorization capability of both fractions was<br />
tested. In this preliminary study was <strong>de</strong>tected that there is an enzymatic (laccase)<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorization factor and a non-enzymatic one.<br />
In an attempt to quantify the enzymatic factor on the dye <strong>de</strong>colorization, the isolation and<br />
purification of laccase from the extracellular liquids were required. Two laccases isoenzymes<br />
named Lac I and Lac II were <strong>de</strong>tected, showed a clear band in sodium do<strong>de</strong>cyl sulfatepolyacrylami<strong>de</strong><br />
gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) at ~65 and ~60 KDa, respectively. The<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorization capability is higher as the activity of LacI increase, although the assays were<br />
carried out with the same total laccase activity. Thus, the <strong>de</strong>colorization obtained by laccase<br />
<strong>de</strong>pends on the level of enzymatic activity and the laccase isoenzymes (Lac I and Lac II)<br />
proportion forming the enzymatic complex.<br />
The <strong>de</strong>colorization produced by the non-enzymatic factor shows us that there is a parallel<br />
<strong>de</strong>gradation mechanism on these cultures able to produce <strong>de</strong>colorization of dyes. This<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorization activity is due to small and relatively stable metabolites, which probably react<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r a radical formation mechanism.<br />
This research was financed by Xunta <strong>de</strong> Galicia (PGIDIT04TAM314003PR).<br />
[1] Rodríguez E, Pickard M.A., Vázquez-Duhalt R. (1999) Current Microbiol 38:27-32.<br />
[2] Lorenzo M., Mol<strong>de</strong>s D., Rodríguez Couto S., Sanromán A. (2002) Bioresour. Technol. 82:109-113.<br />
111 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Degradation of Synthetic Dyes by Coriolopsis rigida<br />
J. Gómez-Sieiro, D. Rodríguez-Solar, D. Mol<strong>de</strong>s, M.A. Sanromán<br />
P49<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering. Isaac Newton Building. University of Vigo. 36310<br />
Vigo. SPAIN<br />
E-mail: josegomez@uvigo.es<br />
Dye effluents are poorly <strong>de</strong>colourised by conventional biological wastewater treatment and<br />
may be toxic to the microorganisms present in the treatment plants due to the complex<br />
aromatic structures of these dyes. As an alternative method, biological <strong>de</strong>colourisation with<br />
white-rot fungi is a feasible method. The ligninolytic system of the white-rot Basidiomycete<br />
Coriolopsis rigida has recently been <strong>de</strong>scribed by Saparrat [1]. They found that C. rigida<br />
produced extracellular laccase as the sole ligninolytic enzyme even if peptone is present in the<br />
culture medium. For this reason, this fungus is particularly suitable for the study of<br />
xenobiotics <strong>de</strong>gradation by laccase.<br />
In the present work several wastes of the food processing industry such as chestnut shell,<br />
grape seeds, grape stalks, barley straw, corn cob and barley bran were evaluated as potential<br />
substrates for laccase production by Coriolopsis rigida un<strong>de</strong>r solid-state conditions with a<br />
basal medium [2]. Amongst them, the use of barley bran was particularly suitable for the<br />
laccase formation and it was strongly stimulated by the addition of copper. In the barley bran<br />
copper-supplemented cultures, laccase first appeared on the 9 th day (0.279 kU/l), and then, it<br />
rapidly increased reaching a maximum value of 26.177 kU/l on the 25 th day of cultivation.<br />
In addition, the ability to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> structurally different dyes, by C. rigida was analysed. The<br />
dyes tested were Indigo Carmine (indigoid), Bromophenol Blue (sulphonephthaleine),<br />
Lissamine Green (acid diphenylnaphthylmethane) and two dyes from a leather factory: Sella<br />
Solid Red and Sella Solid Blue, manufactured by TFL (Germany) and their chemical structure<br />
have not yet been disclosed. In solid-state cultures the in vivo <strong>de</strong>colourisation of structurally<br />
these dyes was monitored. The percentage of biological <strong>de</strong>colourisation of Indigo Carmine<br />
and Bromophenol Blue attained was around 100% in only 24 h, whereas it was rather low in<br />
the leather factory dyes at the same time. Moreover, in vitro <strong>de</strong>colourization was carried out<br />
in spectrophotometer cuvettes at 30ºC and the reaction mixture contained succinic buffer (25<br />
mM, pH 4.5), dye and extracellular liquid containing mainly laccase (1.5 U). The dyes Indigo<br />
Carmine and Bromophenol Blue were easily <strong>de</strong>colourised by the extracellular liquid obtained<br />
in such cultures, whereas Lissamine Green and especially Sella Solid Red showed much more<br />
resistance to <strong>de</strong>gradation. This shows the specificity of laccase towards different dye<br />
structures.<br />
This research was financed by xunta <strong>de</strong> galicia (pgidit04tam314003pr). The authors wish to thank Dr. M.J.<br />
Martínez (cib, csic, Madrid, spain) for providing Coriolopsis igida (cect 20449).<br />
[1] Saparrat, M.C.N., Guillen, F., Arambarri, A.M., Martinez, A.T., & Martinez, M.J. (2002). Applied and<br />
Environmental Microbiology, 68, 1534-1540.<br />
[2] Mol<strong>de</strong>s, D., Gallego, P.P., Rodríguez Couto, S., & Sanromán, A. (2003). Biotechnol Letters, 25, 491-495.<br />
112 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P50<br />
Immobilization of Laccase and Versatile Peroxidase<br />
Consi<strong>de</strong>ring Their Further Application<br />
Anna Olszewska, Jolanta Polak, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Janina Kochmańska-R<strong>de</strong>st<br />
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Sklodowska Place 3, 20-<br />
031 Lublin, Poland.<br />
E-mail: aolszewska@wp.pl<br />
Enzyme immobilization provi<strong>de</strong>s easy recovery and reuse of the enzyme and many other<br />
advantages, including easy in product separation and continuous operation. For successful<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment and application of immobilized biocatalysts, the enzyme support is generally<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>red as the most important component contributing to the performance of the reactor<br />
system (1). There is a variety of methods by which enzymes can be localized on/into support,<br />
ranging from covalent chemical bonding to physical entrapment but no single method and<br />
support is the best for all enzymes and their different applications (2). This is because of the<br />
wi<strong>de</strong>ly different chemical characteristics and composition of enzymes, the different properties<br />
of substrates and products, and the different uses to which the product can be applied (3). The<br />
i<strong>de</strong>al support is cheap, inert, physically strong and stable. However, in many cases,<br />
immobilization affects the diffusion of the substrate towards the active site of the enzyme. For<br />
example the immobilized enzymes can be inactivated by the interactions with products<br />
formed in the reactions.<br />
Versatile peroxidase (VP) from Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra sp. and laccase (Lac) from Cerrena unicolor<br />
were immobilized using different carriers. Different strategies were consi<strong>de</strong>red concerning the<br />
type of supports and their activation. Different carriers were tested during experiments:<br />
alginate beads, polyacrylami<strong>de</strong> hydrogel, gelatin, Sipernat, controlled porosity glass (CPG),<br />
grit, and alumina. Among physical methods the best were alginate beads, among covalent<br />
chemical bonding method – Sipernat and CPG. Immobilized Lac was used in both<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourization processes and coupling reaction using different phenolic precursors.<br />
Immobilized VP was used in <strong>de</strong>colourization of simple mo<strong>de</strong>l dyes and colour wastewaters.<br />
[1] N. Munjal, S. K., Sawhney. 2001. Enzyme Microb Technol 30, 613-619<br />
[2] P. J. Worsfold. 1995. Pure & Appl Chem 67, 597-600<br />
[3] B. Krajewska. 2004. Enzyme Microb Technol 35, 126-139<br />
113 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P51<br />
Removal of Several Azo Dyes by Trametes sp. Cru<strong>de</strong><br />
Laccase: Reaction Increment in the Presence of Azo Dye<br />
Mixtures<br />
Rui M.F. Bezerra, Irene Fraga, Albino A. Dias<br />
CETAV - Dep. Engenharia Biológica e Ambiental, UTAD, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila<br />
Real, Portugal<br />
E-mail: bezerra@utad.pt<br />
White-rot fungi can <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> a wi<strong>de</strong> variety of recalcitrant compounds like lignin, dyestuffs<br />
and other xenobiotic compounds by their extracellular ligninolytic enzyme systems. Several<br />
studies in vitro have shown that fungal laccases are able to <strong>de</strong>colorize and <strong>de</strong>toxify industrial<br />
dyes [1]. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the potential of laccase-based<br />
treatment for removing of coloured azo solutions and associated toxicity. Mixtures of seven<br />
azo dyes treated with laccases were <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d nevertheless with the production of other more<br />
polar compounds. It is remarkable that when they were studied individually, acid red 337,<br />
acid red 57, orange II and methyl orange need a mediator such as ABTS to be <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d.<br />
Otherwise when these dyes were in mixtures with others that were <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d without any<br />
mediator (acid black 194 and acid blue 113) the results showed no differences between assays<br />
carried out with or without mediators (ABTS, acetovanillone, acetoseringone and carminic<br />
acid) suggesting that acid black 194 and acid blue 113 exhibit a mediator effect.<br />
Germinability experiments with water cress (Lepidium sativum) were conduced in the<br />
presence of different dilutions of enzyme–treated azo compounds. Our results showed<br />
significant toxicity abatement after laccase treatment as assessed by germination in<strong>de</strong>x which<br />
increase from 50% to 94%.<br />
[1] A. A. Dias, R. M. Bezerra, P. M. Lemos and A. N. Pereira. 2003. In vivo and laccase-catalysed<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourization of xenobiotic azo dyes by a basidiomycetous fungud: charactersation of its ligninolytic system.<br />
World J Micriobiol Biotecnol 19:969-975<br />
114 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P52<br />
Transformation of Simple Phenolic Compounds by Fungal<br />
Laccase to Produce Colour Compounds<br />
Jolanta Polak, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Marcin Grąz, Elżbieta Dernałowicz-Malarczyk<br />
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Sklodowska Place 3,<br />
20-031 Lublin, Poland.<br />
E-mail: jolanta_polak@wp.pl<br />
Carotenoids, melanins, flavonoids, quinones and more specifically monascins, violacein or<br />
indigo there are coloured compounds synthesize by fungi in natural environment [1, 2].<br />
However, there is a long way from Petri dishes to the industrial scale. Isolation of natural<br />
pigments and/or bioconversions of precursors to obtained natural pigments are innovative<br />
biotechnological techniques for the more environmentally friendly synthesis of different<br />
commercially valuable processes. A number of specific or selective reactions have been<br />
reported where laccases, the extracellular enzymes produced by many fungal strains, have<br />
been used to synthesize products of commercial importance (pharmaceutics, food ingredients,<br />
polymers). Laccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-coppercontaining<br />
enzymes, wi<strong>de</strong>ly distributed in plants and fungi, that catalyze oxidative conversion<br />
of a broad range of substrates such as phenols or lignin-<strong>de</strong>rivatives [7]. Laccase from<br />
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus catalyzed coupling of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propionic acid with<br />
4-aminobenzoic acid [3]. The synthesis of the actinocin from 4-methyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic<br />
acid gave the chromophore of actinomycin antibiotics, conversion of alkaloids or the<br />
production of mithramicine there are examples of using laccase to yield biologically active<br />
products [4, 5, 6].<br />
Laccases has also ability to induce oxidative coupling reactions of the chemicals, such as<br />
phenol <strong>de</strong>rivatives to other phenolic structures, producing intensely coloured products. The<br />
uses of laccases in dyes synthesis processes represent a promising alternative to chemical<br />
synthesis of existing or new dyes.<br />
The aim of this study was to examine the ability of an extracellular laccase produced by a<br />
commonly occuring wood-<strong>de</strong>grading fungus Cerrena unicolor to form coloured compounds<br />
from simple organic precursors. Screening of 30 different phenolic <strong>de</strong>rivatives such as o-, m-,<br />
and p-methoxy, -hydroxy, -sulfonic and aromatic amines were studied in the presence of<br />
laccase in liquid media. The findings show that laccase catalyzes the oxidative coupling<br />
reaction between selected substrates producing coloured compounds (from yellow by brown<br />
to red and blue). Coloured compounds were isolated and analysed firstly by<br />
spectrophotometer and secondly by capillary electrophoresis. To check participation of<br />
substrates in product formation substrates were ad<strong>de</strong>d to incubation mixtures in various ratios.<br />
This work was partially supported by EC FP6 Project SOPHIED (NMP2-CT-2004-505899) and the State<br />
Committee for Scientific Research (139/E-339/SPB/6. PR UE/DIE 450/2004-2007).<br />
[1] Dufosse et al. (2005) Trends Food Sci Technol 16, 384-406.<br />
[2] Duran et al. (2002) Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 42 (1) 53-66.<br />
[3] Pilz et al. (2003) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60, 708-712.<br />
[4] Burton S.G. (2003) Curr Opin Chem 7 (13), 1317-1331.<br />
[5] Manda et al. (2005) J Mol Cat B: Enzym 35, 86-92.<br />
[6] Osiadacz et al. 72, 141-149.<br />
115 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P53<br />
Bio<strong>de</strong>gradation Cycles of Industrial Dyes By Immobilised<br />
Basidiomycetes<br />
L.Casieri a , G.C. Varese a , A. Anastasi a , V. Prigione a , K. Svobodová b , V. Filipello Marchisio a<br />
and Č. Novotný b .<br />
a Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Turin, Italy;<br />
b Laboratory of Exp. Mycology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Ví<strong>de</strong>ňská 1083, Prague 4,<br />
Czech Republic.<br />
E-mail: leonardo.casieri@unito.it<br />
Treatment of recalcitrant and toxic dyes with traditional technologies is not always effective<br />
or may not be environmental-friendly. Alternative technologies, such as bio<strong>de</strong>gradation, have<br />
been explored to <strong>de</strong>monstrate that various fungi are able to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> a broad spectrum of<br />
structurally different synthetic dyes. In particular, ligninolytic fungi and their non-specific,<br />
oxidative enzymes have been reported to be responsible for <strong>de</strong>colourisation of a number of<br />
dyes. Although many studies have been ma<strong>de</strong> to assess the dye-<strong>de</strong>colourisation capabilities of<br />
fungi, only a few reported a reduction of the effluent toxicity as the effect of the treatment.<br />
The <strong>de</strong>colourisation capabilities of Trametes pubescens (MUT 2295) and Pleurotus ostreatus<br />
(MUT 2976), previously evaluated in industrial dye <strong>de</strong>colourisation screenings, have been<br />
employed to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> azo and anthraquinone industrial dyes, R243 and B49, and the mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
anthraquinone dye RBBR. Fungi were immobilised on polyurethane foam cubes and used in<br />
bioreactors. Low nitrogen mineral medium (LNMM) to which various dyes were ad<strong>de</strong>d at<br />
different concentrations was circulated by means of a peristaltic pump. Five sequential cycles<br />
were run for each dye and fungus (3 at 200 ppm, 1 at 1000 ppm and 1 at 2000 ppm<br />
concentrations).<br />
Laccase (Lac), Mn <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt peroxidase (MnP), Mn in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt peroxidase (MiP), Lignin<br />
peroxidase (LiP) and Aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) were daily monitored during all cycles.<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s the toxicity of LNMM containing 1000 and 2000 ppm of a dye was assessed by the<br />
ecotoxicity test using Lemna minor (duckweed) before and after the dye <strong>de</strong>colourisation. Each<br />
fungus was able to <strong>de</strong>colourise efficiently all the dyes during the cycles at increasing<br />
concentrations. Best results were obtained with the anthraquinone dyes, but a good removal of<br />
the azo dye was also achieved. During all Pleurotus ostreatus <strong>de</strong>colourisation cycles a high<br />
Lac activity was observed and the presence of industrial dyes enhanced the production of this<br />
enzyme. On the contrary, the enzyme activity of Trametes pubescens varied greatly during<br />
cycles and no clear correlation between <strong>de</strong>colourisation and the enzyme activities was<br />
observed. Duckweed ecotoxicity test showed a significant reduction (P≤0,05) of the toxicity<br />
after the treatment with both fungi.<br />
116 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P54<br />
Catalytic Activity of Versatile Peroxidase from Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra<br />
fumosa and its use in Dyes Decolourization<br />
Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka a , Anna Olszewska a , Janina Rodakiewicz-Nowak b , Jolanta Luterek a<br />
a Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Skłodowska Place 3, 20-<br />
031 Lublin, Poland, b Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Aca<strong>de</strong>my of<br />
Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland<br />
E-mail: aolszewska@wp.pl<br />
The extracellular ligninolytic system from white rot fungi consists mainly of oxidative<br />
enzymes: laccases (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP).<br />
However, during last years, a novel class of ligninolytic peroxidase, named versatile<br />
peroxidase (VP), has been <strong>de</strong>scribed. VP can both efficiently oxidize Mn(II) to Mn(III) (like<br />
MnP) and carry out Mn(II)-in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt activity on aromatic substrates (like LiP). Until<br />
today, VP was <strong>de</strong>scribed only in various strains of two fungal species – Pleurotus and<br />
Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra. In the case of Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra sp. BOS55, versatile peroxidase it is manganeselignin<br />
peroxidase hybrid enzyme, which is able to oxidize various phenolic and non-phenolic<br />
substrates, such as veratryl alcohol, in the absence of Mn(II) ions. VP from Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra<br />
adusta <strong>de</strong>scribed by Pogni and coworkers, it is a structural hybrid between LiP and MnP and<br />
this hybrid combines the catalytic properties of two above peroxidases, being able to oxidize<br />
typical LiP and MnP substrates [1-5].<br />
Versatile peroxidase (VP) from the white rot fungus Bjerkan<strong>de</strong>ra fumosa was isolated and<br />
purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Its catalytic activity was studied<br />
taking into account substrate range, pH, ionic strength, temperature and presence of organic<br />
solvents. Its primary catalytic activity in oxidation of Mn(II) was studied in aqueous solutions<br />
in the presence of varying concentrations (up to 8 M) of acetonitrile (MeCN),<br />
dimethylsulfoxi<strong>de</strong> (DMSO), ethanol, and n-propanol. The observed maximum reaction rate<br />
values <strong>de</strong>creased with the addition of organic solvents in the or<strong>de</strong>r: MeCN
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P55<br />
Bleaching of Kraft Pulp Employing Polyoxometalates and<br />
Laccase<br />
José A.F. Gamelas, b Ana S.N. Pontes, a Dmitry V. Evtuguin, b Ana M.R.B.Xavier a<br />
a COPNA, b CICECO – Departamento <strong>de</strong> Química, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>de</strong> Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro,<br />
Portugal<br />
E-mail: Dmitryr@dq.ua.pt<br />
The pulp and paper industry is facing an increasing pressure from environmentally concerned<br />
institutions to replace the conventional chorine-based bleaching techniques by<br />
environmentally friendly technologies. Oxygen <strong>de</strong>lignification catalysed by polyoxometalates<br />
(POM) has been proposed a nice alternative to pulp bleaching [1, 2]. Applied as catalysts<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r aerobic conditions, POM oxidise selectively the residual lignin in kraft pulp, and the<br />
reduced form of POM should be re-oxidised by molecular oxygen at the same process stage.<br />
Unfortunately, the most selective polyoxometalates for bleaching purposes such as<br />
[SiW 11 Mn III (H 2 O)O 39 ] 5- and [SiW 11 V V O 40 ] 5- are slowly re-oxidised by dioxygen (even at high<br />
temperatures), which hin<strong>de</strong>rs their practical application [3]. A solution to break the<br />
thermodynamic barrier in the oxidation of SiW 11 Mn II and SiW 11 V IV was found employing<br />
laccase. A multi-stage process was proposed using an alterative treatment of kraft pulp with<br />
polyoxometalate at high temperature (110 ºC) followed by the polyoxometalate re-oxidation<br />
with laccase (45-60 ºC) in a separate L stage [4]. More than 50 % of removal of the residual<br />
lignin was achieved. The main loss of pulp viscosity occurred in L stage. It was proposed that<br />
the pulp <strong>de</strong>lignification with POM separated from POM re-oxidation with laccase should give<br />
better <strong>de</strong>lignification selectivity.<br />
In this work unbleached E. globulus kraft pulp was <strong>de</strong>lignified with POM ([SiW 11 V V O 40 ] 5- ) at<br />
90ºC in the bleaching reactor A, which was coupled with<br />
bioreactor B, where the reduced POM was continuously reoxidised<br />
by laccase at 45ºC un<strong>de</strong>r aerobic conditions (Fig.).<br />
After separation from laccase on the ultrafiltration ceramic<br />
membrane C, re-oxidised POM was pumped back to the<br />
bleaching reactor. This allowed sustainable pulp<br />
<strong>de</strong>lignification with minimal pulp viscosity loss. Thus, about<br />
70 % pulp <strong>de</strong>lignification was reached with only 15 %<br />
viscosity loss (6h of treatment). The kinetic of pulp<br />
<strong>de</strong>lignification in new POM(L) system was investigated. The implementation of POM(L)<br />
stage instead the first chlorine dioxi<strong>de</strong> stage (D) in DEDED bleaching allowed about 60%<br />
ClO 2 savings for the same final pulp brightness (90% ISO) and similar pulp strength<br />
properties.<br />
[1] I. A. Weinstock, R. H. Atalla, R. S. Reiner, M. A. Moen, K. E. Hammel, C. J. Houtman, C. L. Hill,<br />
M. K. Harrup, J. Mol. Cat., 1997, 116, 59-84.<br />
[2] D. V. Evtuguin, C. Pascoal Neto, Holzforschung, 1997, 51, 338-342.<br />
[3] J. A. F. Gamelas, A. R. Gaspar, D. V. Evtuguin, C. Pascoal Neto, Appl. Catal. A, 2005, 295, 134-<br />
141.<br />
[4] A. Tavares, J. Gamelas, A. Gaspar, D. V. Evtuguin, A. Xavier, Cat. Commun., 2004, 5, 485-489.<br />
118 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P56<br />
Influence of Trametes versicolor laccase on the contents of<br />
xexenuronic acids in two Eucalyptus globules Kraft Pulp<br />
Atika Oudia, Rogério Simões, João Queiroz<br />
Research & Development Unit of Textile and Paper Materials, University of Beira Interior<br />
6201-001 Covilhã – Portugal<br />
E-mail: atika@ubi.pt<br />
Environmental awareness and concerns during the recent years have led to an increased interest in<br />
using biotechnology in pulp and paper industry. Eucalyptus globulus is of great economical<br />
importance for the Portuguese pulp and paper industry, since eucalyptus pulp represents about 85% of<br />
pulp production. Laccase ([EC 1.10.3.2], p-diphenol: dioxygen oxidoreductase) is a member of the<br />
blue multicopper protein family, which also inclu<strong>de</strong>s the plant enzyme ascorbate oxidase and the<br />
mammalian plasma protein ceruloplasmin [1]. Trametes versicolor laccase can catalyse<br />
<strong>de</strong>polymerisation of kraft pulp lignin in presence of a mediator [2].<br />
Two wood samples of Eucalyptus globulus (one industrial chip sample and another obtained<br />
from a clone tree) were submitted to the kraft cooking processes in or<strong>de</strong>r to evaluate its pulping<br />
potential. The purpose of pulping is to remove lignin from wood celluloses. Traditionally, kappa<br />
number is regar<strong>de</strong>d as a parameter that proportional to the residual lignin in the pulps. A recent study<br />
has shown that the hexenuronic acid (HexA) groups in pulps are responsible for a significant<br />
percentage of the kappa number [3], especially from hardwood pulps due to there higher content of<br />
xylan.<br />
Therefore, in this work we used the Klason lignin content in pulps, instead of kappa number,<br />
to evaluate the pulpability, at the given pulping conditions: Active Alkali Charge [%] on wood = 19;<br />
Sulfidity [%] = 30; Liquor: Wood Ratio [L/Kg] = 4:1; Cooking temperature [ºC] = 160, Time to<br />
temperature [min] = 90, Time at temperature [min] = 60. The Klason lignin kappa number content in<br />
brownstocks from clone eucalyptus wood species is much lower than that of the industrial wood<br />
species. Laccase mediator system (LMS) process was applied for the further bio<strong>de</strong>lignification of the<br />
pulps from the conventional kraft pulping process. It was observed that roughly 49% of Klason lignin<br />
has been removed from the clone eucalyptus pulps at LMS. However, it only removed approximately<br />
42% of Klason lignin from the industrial eucalyptus pulps at the same LMS conditions. The Laccase<br />
mediator system diminishes the pulp contents of lignin and hexenuronic acids (HexA). The data shows<br />
that the amount of HexA is quite high in the unbleached Eucalyptus globulus (clone) contrast to<br />
industrial Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulps, 64 mmol/kg and 52.1mmol/kg respectively. However, the<br />
LMS (E) treatments only have a small effect on these compounds.<br />
In view of the results obtained in this study, it can be conclu<strong>de</strong>d that LMS treatment can be<br />
applied as a pretreatment in the bleaching sequences in or<strong>de</strong>r to reduce the use of chlorine dioxi<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s, it indicates that the cloned eucalyptus globulus is an easy to be pulped and bleached wood<br />
species. Moreover, it has a significant importance to the pulping industry economics, particularly on<br />
energy cost savings and production capacity improvement.<br />
Acknowledgements: This research was supported by FCT (Science and Technology Foundation),<br />
SFRH/BD/10893/2002.<br />
References<br />
[1] Mayer, A.M. and Staples, R.C. (2002) Laccase: new functions for an old enzyme. Phytochem.60,<br />
551-565.<br />
[2] Bourbonnais, R., Paice, M.G., Freiermuth, B., Bodie, E. and Borneman, S. (1997) Reactivities of<br />
various mediators and laccase with kraft pulp and lignin mo<strong>de</strong>l compounds. Appl. Environ.<br />
Microbial.63, 4627-4632.<br />
[3] J. Li, G. Gellerstedt, Carbohyd. Res. 302 (1997) 213.<br />
119 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Laccase-Mediated Oxidation of Natural Compounds<br />
Mattia Marzorati, Daniela Monti, Francesca Sagui, Sergio Riva<br />
P57<br />
Istituto di Chimica <strong>de</strong>l Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R..,Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131<br />
Milano, Italy<br />
E-mail: daniela.monti@icrm.cnr.it<br />
Laccases are a group of oxidative enzymes whose exploitation as biocatalysts in organic<br />
synthesis has been neglected in the past, probably because they were not commercially<br />
available. The search for new, efficient and environmentally benign processes for the textile<br />
and pulp and paper industries has increased interest in these essentially ‘green’ catalysts,<br />
which work with air and produce water as the only by-product, making them more generally<br />
available to the scientific community. 1<br />
Typical substrates of laccases are phenols and aliphatic or aromatic amines, the reaction<br />
products being mixtures of dimers or oligomers <strong>de</strong>rived by the coupling of the reactive radical<br />
intermediates. For instance, we have recently exploited these biotransformations to isolate<br />
new dimeric <strong>de</strong>rivatives of the phytoalexin resveratrol 2 and of the hormone β-estradiol. 3 In<br />
these studies we have also observed a significant influence of the solvent on the reaction<br />
outcomes. 4<br />
Additionally, laccases oxidation of non-phenolic groups, particularly benzyl and – more<br />
generally – primary alcohols, is also possible thanks to the ancillary action of the so-called<br />
“mediators” (i.e., TEMPO, HBT, ABTS): the oxidation step is performed by the oxidized<br />
form of a suitable mediator, generated by its interaction with the laccase. Accordingly, we<br />
have oxidized a series of sugar <strong>de</strong>rivatives (mono- and disacchari<strong>de</strong>s, cyclo<strong>de</strong>xtrins, water<br />
soluble cellulose) 5 and of natural glycosi<strong>de</strong>s (i.e., thiocolchicosi<strong>de</strong>, 1 to 1a, and asiaticosi<strong>de</strong>, 2<br />
to 2a). 6, 7<br />
R<br />
HO<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
1 : R = CH 2<br />
OH<br />
1a : R = COOH<br />
MeO<br />
O<br />
MeO<br />
SMe<br />
O<br />
NHAc<br />
HO<br />
HO<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
OH<br />
O HO<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
R<br />
2 : R = CH 2<br />
OH<br />
2a : R = COOH<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
OH<br />
[1] S. Riva, Trends Biotechnol. 2006, 24, 219-226.<br />
[2] S. Nicotra, M.R. Cramarossa, A. Mucci, U. Pagnoni, S. Riva, L. Forti, Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 595 − 600.<br />
[3] S. Nicotra, A. Intra, G. Ottolina, S. Riva, B. Danieli, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 2927 - 2931.<br />
[4] A. Intra, S. Nicotra, S. Riva, B. Danieli, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2005, 347, 973 – 977.<br />
[5] M. Marzorati, B. Danieli, D. Haltrich, S. Riva, Green Chem., 2005, 7, 310 – 315.<br />
[6] L. Baratto, A. Candido, M. Marzorati, F. Sagui, S. Riva, B. Danieli, J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzymatic, 2006, 39,<br />
3-8.<br />
[7] D. Monti, A. Candido, M. Cruz Silva, V. Kren, S. Riva, B. Danieli, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2005, 347, 1168 –<br />
1174.<br />
120 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P58<br />
Laccase induced coating of lingocellulosic surfaces with<br />
functional phenolics<br />
M. Schroe<strong>de</strong>r a , G. M. Guebitz b , V. Kokol a<br />
a Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Textile, University of Maribor, Slovenia,<br />
Smetanova ul 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; b Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz<br />
University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria<br />
E-mail: marc.schroe<strong>de</strong>r@uni-mb.si<br />
Enzymatic induced coupling of functional groups could improve fibre properties such as wet<br />
ability, hydrophobicity, or effects like better dye ability. Also surface functionalisation for<br />
special application could be achieved by coupling e.g. flame retardants or antimicrobial<br />
agents onto the surface enhancing the bulk properties of existing products for better<br />
performance [1].<br />
For this purpose a laccase from T. hirsuta was purified and characterised. Preliminary studies<br />
showed optimal conditions for enzyme activity at 50°C and pH 5.0. Kinetic properties on<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l substrates were calculated K M of 16.7 ± 0.2 µM for guaiacol and K M of 21.0 ± 0.9 µM<br />
for dimethoxyphenol in aqueous solutions. Different phenols, e.g. hydroxyquinone, guaiacol,<br />
vanillin, ferulic acid, and catechol, were screened for their potential as and antibacterial<br />
performance. While oxidative of guaiacol showed strong colouration (∆K/S 9.3) with weak<br />
fastness, bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae could be<br />
reduced using ferulic acid for coating.<br />
Enzymatic treatment of natural fibres is affected by different factors such as nature and ionic<br />
strength of the treatment buffer, as well as enzyme activity and incubation time [2].<br />
Furthermore, the process <strong>de</strong>pends on adsorption and <strong>de</strong>-sorption of the enzymes which can<br />
result in a non-uniform treatment. In or<strong>de</strong>r to <strong>de</strong>termine optimum incubation conditions, an<br />
experimental <strong>de</strong>sign with three factors (molar ratio reactant, enzyme activity, and incubation<br />
time) at five different levels, varying from 0 to 50 mM (reactant), from 0 to 20 Units<br />
(activity), and from 0 to 240 min (time) based on a central composite statistical <strong>de</strong>sign was<br />
followed [3].<br />
This research has been supported by a Marie Curie Transfer of Knowledge Fellowships of the<br />
EC 6FP un<strong>de</strong>r contract no MTKD-CT-2005-029540<br />
[1] M. Lund, A. J. Ragauskas, (2001) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 55: 699-703<br />
[2] J. Shen et al, (1999) J. Textile Inst. 90:404-411<br />
[3] T. Tzanov et al, (2003) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 111:1-13<br />
121 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Decolourization and Detoxification of Kraft Effluent<br />
Streams by Lignolitic Enzymes of Trametes versicolor<br />
M.S.M. Agapito a , D. Evtuguin b , A.M.R.B. Xavier a<br />
P59<br />
a COPNA, b CICECO – Departamento <strong>de</strong> Química, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>de</strong> Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro,<br />
Portugal<br />
E-mail: abx@dq.ua.pt<br />
The pulp industry <strong>de</strong>als mainly with <strong>de</strong>lignification of wood to produce cellulosic pulp (pulping<br />
process) and with pulp bleaching to fulfil the brightness of fibrous material necessary for the<br />
papermaking. Both technologic processes produce a large amount of liquid effluents, which<br />
cause serious pollution problems 1 . The wastewater colour and toxicity are <strong>de</strong>termined primarily<br />
by lignin and its <strong>de</strong>rivates, which are discharged in the effluents from pulping, bleaching and<br />
chemical recovery stages in the pulp plant 2 . Current bio-purification of effluent streams involving<br />
activated sludge frequently faces serious problems to control the activity of wild microorganisms<br />
due to their biodiversity and unpredictability. In this context the use of specific targeting<br />
microorganisms <strong>de</strong>serves attention. White-rot fungi produce non-specific extracellular oxidative<br />
enzymes to initiate the <strong>de</strong>gradation of lignin 3 . Trametes versicolor is one of the white-rot<br />
basidiomycetes that produce ligninolytic enzymes, such as lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese<br />
peroxidase (MnP) and laccase 1 . Distinct laccase and MnP oxidative activities can be obtained<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r different specific experimental conditions.<br />
The aim of this work was to study the capacity of white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor, to reduce<br />
the chemical oxygen <strong>de</strong>mand (COD) and to <strong>de</strong>colourise the effluent of kraft pulp mill using E.<br />
globulus wood as a basic row material. The fermentation of this fungus on Trametes Defined<br />
Medium 4 , water, industrial effluent or their mixtures was carried out and compared. Laccase and<br />
Manganese Peroxidase oxidative activity were analysed in relation to colour <strong>de</strong>gradation and to<br />
reduction of chemical oxygen <strong>de</strong>mand. The obtained results show that enzymatic activities of<br />
laccase and MnP on industrial effluent were higher than those obtained without any effluent. The<br />
maximum <strong>de</strong>colourization, of 60%, was attained at the tenth day of fermentation, and a reduction<br />
of the chemical oxygen <strong>de</strong>mand higher than 60% was attained on the end of fermentation.<br />
This fungus has shown an excellent capacity of <strong>de</strong>velopment in toxic environments once its cell<br />
growth was observed and oxidative enzymatic activity was remarkably increased in presence of<br />
effluent and both high <strong>de</strong>colourization and <strong>de</strong>toxification parameters were attained.<br />
[1] Manzanares, P.; Fajardo, S.; Martín C, Journal of Biotechnology, 43:125-132, 1995<br />
[2] Selvam,K.; Swaminathan,K.; Song,Myung Hoon; Chae, Keon-Sang, World Journal Microbiology &<br />
Biotechnology, 18:523-526,2002<br />
[3] Toh, Yi-Chin; Yen, Jocelyn Jia Lin; Obbard, Jeffrey Philip; Ting, Yen-Peng, Enzyme and Microbial<br />
Technology, 33:569-575, 2003<br />
[4] Tien, M.; Kirk, T. K., Methods Enzymology,161:238-247,1998<br />
122 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P60<br />
Effect of Medium Composition on Laccase Production by<br />
Trametes versicolor Immobilized in Alginate Beads<br />
A. Domínguez, D. Mol<strong>de</strong>s, M. A. Longo and M. A. Sanromán<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering. Isaac Newton Building. University of Vigo. 36310<br />
Vigo. SPAIN<br />
E-mail: alberdom@uvigo.es<br />
The main limitation for the extensive industrial application of microbial enzymes is their high<br />
cost. In industrial operations, immobilized microbial cell systems could provi<strong>de</strong> additional<br />
advantages over freely suspen<strong>de</strong>d cells such as ease of regeneration and reuse of the biomass,<br />
easier liquid-solid separation and minimal clogging in continuous-flow systems. Therefore, a<br />
good strategy to increase the productivity of the fermentation processes would be the<br />
operation with the fungus immobilised in alginate beads and the optimization of the culture<br />
conditions [1].<br />
In the present study, the effect of adding veratryl alcohol and copper sulphate on laccase<br />
activity production by calcium alginate-immobilized Trametes versicolor has been<br />
investigated. Employing copper sulphate as laccase inducer or supplementing the culture<br />
medium with veratryl alcohol, led to maximum values of laccase activity. However, the<br />
highest laccase activity (around 4000 U l -1 ) was obtained in cultures simultaneously<br />
supplemented with copper sulphate (3 mM) and veratryl alcohol (20 mM). These values<br />
implied a consi<strong>de</strong>rable enhancement in relation to control cultures without any inducer<br />
(around 200 U l -1 ).<br />
The production of laccase by immobilized T. versicolor in a 2 litre-airlift bioreactor with the<br />
optimized inducer has been evaluated. Laccase activities around 1500 U l -1 were attained. The<br />
bioreactor operated for 44 days without operational problems and the bioparticles maintained<br />
their shape throughout the fermentation. Moreover, the extracellular liquid obtained was<br />
studied in terms of optimum pH and temperature for activity and stability. On the other hand,<br />
anthracene was ad<strong>de</strong>d in two-repeated batches in or<strong>de</strong>r to <strong>de</strong>termine the efficiency of this<br />
process to <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong> pollutants. Near complete <strong>de</strong>gradation was reached in both batches.<br />
Moreover, in vitro <strong>de</strong>gradation of several PAHs by cru<strong>de</strong> laccase was also performed.<br />
This work was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and European<br />
FEDER (Project CTM2004-01539/TECNO)<br />
[1] Domínguez A., Rodríguez S. and Sanroman M. (2005). Dye <strong>de</strong>colorization by Trametes hirsuta immobilized<br />
into alginate beads. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 21: 405-409<br />
123 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P61<br />
Involvement of the Laccase Produced by Streptomyces sp.<br />
in the Biotransformation of Coffee Pulp Residues<br />
A.L. Orozco a , O. Polvillo c , J.Rodríguez b , J.M. Molina b , O. Guevara a , M.E.Arias b , M.I. Pérez b<br />
a Departamento <strong>de</strong> Biología. UNAN-León. Nicaragua<br />
b Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbiología y Parasitología. Universidad <strong>de</strong> Alcalá. 28871 Alcalá <strong>de</strong><br />
Henares (Madrid). Spain<br />
c IRNAS-CSIC. P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain<br />
E-mail: misabel.perez@uah.es<br />
Coffee pulp and coffee husk are toxic residues containing caffeine, tannins and polyphenols.<br />
Their disposal is a problem for the processing industries as it leads to serious environmental<br />
problems. SSF is a process which has been applied to <strong>de</strong>toxify coffee residues for improved<br />
application in several biotechnological processes [1, 2].<br />
Streptomyces sp., a thermophylic strain isolated from volcanic soil of Nicaragua, has been<br />
used in our laboratory to transform un<strong>de</strong>r SSF conditions coffee pulp residues obtained from<br />
Coffea arabica berries. The main objective of this work is to study the production of oxidative<br />
enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases during the transformation process and to analyse<br />
the chemical modifications performed by the microorganism in the fermented substrate.<br />
The microorganism was grown at 45ºC for 10 days on the coffee pulp residue supplemented<br />
with cassava (65% humidity). The growth of the strain was estimated as the CO 2 released<br />
during the incubation period. The oxidative enzymes, laccase and peroxidase, were obtained<br />
from the fermented substrate [3] and assayed according the methods previously <strong>de</strong>scribed [4].<br />
Chemical modifications of the residue were examined through Pyrolysis-GC/MS [5].<br />
The strain which produced an optimal colonization of the substrate, reached the maximum growth after three<br />
days of incubation. In SSF conditions, higher levels of laccase activity were obtained than those achieved<br />
when the microorganism was grown in a soya-manitol liquid medium. It is remarkable that the optimal<br />
temperature of this enzyme was 70ºC.<br />
Results obtained by Py-GC/MS of the fermented substrate showed a clear <strong>de</strong>crease in the<br />
lignin-<strong>de</strong>rived compounds by the action of the microorganism, from both syringyl and<br />
guaiacyl units. In addition, the increase in the relative abundance of the most of syringyl and<br />
guaiacyl units with a higher oxidation <strong>de</strong>gree suggests an oxidative action of the strain on the<br />
lignin molecule. These transformations could be attributed to the laccase activity, the unique<br />
oxidative enzyme produced by the microorganism in SSF conditions.<br />
[1] Pan<strong>de</strong>y, A. Soccol, C.R. and Mitchell, D. Process Biochemistry, 35 (2000) 1153.<br />
[2] Ulloa, J.B., Verreth, J.A.J. Amato, S. and Huisman, E.A. Bioresource Technology, 89 (2003) 267.<br />
[3] Ferraz, A., Baeza, J., Rodríguez, J. and Freer, J. Bioresource Technology, 74 (2000) 201.<br />
[4] Hernán<strong>de</strong>z, M., Hernán<strong>de</strong>z-Coronado, M.J., Montiel, M.D., Rodríguez, J., Pérez, M.I., Bocchini, P., Galletti,<br />
G.C. and Arias, M.E. J. Annal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 58-59 (2001) 539.<br />
[5] Arias, M.E., Polvillo, O., Rodríguez, J., Hernán<strong>de</strong>z, M., Molina, J.M., González, J.A. and González-Vila, F.J.<br />
J. Annal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 74 (2005) 138.<br />
124 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P62<br />
Elimination of the Endocrine Disrupting Chemical<br />
Bisphenol A by using Laccase from the Ligninolytic fungus<br />
Lentinus crinitus<br />
Carolina Arboleda a,d , Hubert Cabana b,c , J. Peter Jones c , Amanda I. Mejía a , Spiros N. Agathos b ,<br />
Gloria A Jimenez d , Michel J. Penninck d<br />
a Laboratorio Ciencia <strong>de</strong> Los Materiales, Instituto <strong>de</strong> Química y Facultad <strong>de</strong> Química<br />
Farmacéutifca, Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia, Me<strong>de</strong>llin, Colombia; b Bioengineering Unit,<br />
Université Catholique <strong>de</strong> Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ; c Department of Chemical<br />
Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (Qc), Canada; d Laboratory of Microbial<br />
Physiology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Université libre <strong>de</strong> Bruxelles, Pasteur institute,<br />
Brussels, Belgium.<br />
E-mail: carboled@farmacia.u<strong>de</strong>a.edu.co<br />
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as raw material for the production of polycarbonates and epoxy<br />
resins. Its discharge in the environment can occur from factories producing BPA or<br />
incorporating it into plastics from leaching of plastic wastes and landfill sites. Recent research<br />
has <strong>de</strong>monstrated that this chemical can mimic or interfere with the action of animal<br />
endogenous hormones by acting as estrogen agonists, binding to the estrogen receptor or<br />
eliminating a normal biological response; consequently, they may pose a risk to human health<br />
and an environmental impact as they end up in nature as waste through several anthropogenic<br />
activities.<br />
Laccase, that has been shown to catalyze the oxidation of various phenols, aromatic amines<br />
and some dyes, may constitute a good way to treat BPA which is a good substrate for laccases<br />
because of its phenolic structure. A few studies have used fungi and ligninolytic enzymes to<br />
eliminate BPA. In this project, we used Lentinus crinitus, one WRF scanty studied, to remove<br />
BPA from aqueous solutions.<br />
Experiments were carried out in or<strong>de</strong>r to test several parameters such as the range of pH,<br />
temperature and contact time, and the presence of mediators, like 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-<br />
ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) on the elimination of BPA. A Box–Behnken<br />
type <strong>de</strong>sign was used, in or<strong>de</strong>r to evaluate the impact of the three parameters (temperature, pH<br />
and processing time) and their potential interactions upon the <strong>de</strong>gradation of BPA. This<br />
statistical procedure makes it possible to reduce the number of experiments required. In this<br />
case T, pH and time of contact, were statistically significant mo<strong>de</strong>l terms.<br />
Our results <strong>de</strong>monstrate that using 200 mU ml -1 of laccase, 97.8% of a 22 µM solution of<br />
BPA was eliminated within 6 hours at pH 3 and 40°C. The yeast estrogen test (YES) was used<br />
to measure the elimination of the estrogenic activity of BPA, which is associated with the<br />
elimination of this substance. After 6 hours of treatment, up to 90 % of the estrogenic activity<br />
of BPA was lost. Finally, we <strong>de</strong>monstrate that the use of ABTS in the laccase/mediator<br />
system significantly improves the laccase catalyzed elimination of BPA.<br />
125 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Modification of Bombyx mori Silk<br />
Proteins<br />
P63<br />
Giuliano Freddi a , Anna Anghileri a , Sandra Sampaio a , Johanna Buchert b , Raija Lantto b ,<br />
Kristiina Kruus b , Patrizia Monti c , Paola Tad<strong>de</strong>i c<br />
a Stazione Sperimentale per la Seta, via Giuseppe Colombo 83, Milano 20133, Italy; b VTT<br />
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland; c Dept. of<br />
Biochemistry, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 8/2, Bologna 40126, Italy<br />
E-mail: freddi@ssiseta.it<br />
In recent years, the interest on new biobased, high-performing, and environmentally friendly<br />
polymers is growing rapidly. Silk proteins, i.e. fibroin and sericin produced by the silkworm<br />
species Bombyx mori, are not only a valuable starting material for the textile industry but also<br />
renewable biopolymers suitable for a range of applications, from cosmetic to medical enduses.<br />
Biological properties of silk proteins, in particular silk fibroin which is endowed with<br />
excellent biocompatibility, strongly recommend their use as a mean to <strong>de</strong>velop innovative<br />
biomaterials. In or<strong>de</strong>r to increase the application potential of silk proteins, chemical<br />
modification and/or functionalization may be nee<strong>de</strong>d. To this aim, enzymes are expected to<br />
offer cleaner and safer alternatives to current chemical practices. Oxidases seem the most<br />
promising enzymes for protein modification. Of the oxidative enzymes, tyrosinase, a coppercontaining<br />
enzyme wi<strong>de</strong>ly distributed in nature, has proved to be useful to modify proteins by<br />
oxidizing tyrosine residues to o-quinones, which are active species that can con<strong>de</strong>nse with<br />
each other or react with nucleophiles, such as the free amine groups of protein-bound amino<br />
acid residues or of the polysacchari<strong>de</strong> chitosan.<br />
The capability of Agaricus bisporus tyrosinase to catalyze the oxidation of tyrosine residues<br />
of silk proteins was studied un<strong>de</strong>r homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions, by<br />
using fibroin and sericin aqueous solutions and a series of fibroin substrates differing in<br />
surface and bulk morphology and structure (gel, pow<strong>de</strong>r, and fibre). Tyrosinase was able to<br />
oxidize about 30% and 57% of the tyrosine residues of soluble fibroin and sericin,<br />
respectively. The yield of the reaction <strong>de</strong>creased un<strong>de</strong>r heterogeneous reaction conditions<br />
(about 10–11% of tyrosine was oxidized in silk gels) owing to steric hindrance which limited<br />
the accessibility of the aromatic si<strong>de</strong> chain groups buried into the compact protein matrix. The<br />
concentration of tyrosine in oxidized samples <strong>de</strong>creased gradually with increasing the<br />
enzyme-to-substrate ratio. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy gave evi<strong>de</strong>nce of oxidation.<br />
New bands attributable to vibrations of oxidized tyrosine species (o-quinone) appeared while<br />
the intensity of tyrosine bands <strong>de</strong>creased. The average molecular weight of sericin<br />
significantly increased by oxidation, indicating that cross-linking occurred via selfcon<strong>de</strong>nsation<br />
of o-quinones and/or coupling with the free amine groups of lysine. When<br />
oxidation of silk proteins was conducted in the presence of chitosan, protein-polysacchari<strong>de</strong><br />
bioconjugates were obtained, which were characterized by thermal analysis and FT-IR and<br />
Raman spectroscopy. Spectral changes were interpreted in terms of reaction mechanism. The<br />
results obtained in this study show the potential of the enzymatically initiated protein–<br />
polysacchari<strong>de</strong> grafting for the production of a new range of environmentally friendly<br />
polymers. Grafting with Ch may impart useful antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the use of<br />
other functional compounds with nucleophile groups reactive towards quinones may extend<br />
the range of performance of enzyme-modified silk proteins.<br />
126 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P64<br />
Kinetics of Laccase Mediator System Delignification of an<br />
Eucalyptus globulus Kraft Pulp<br />
Sílvia Guilherme a , Ofélia Anjos a , Rogério Simões b<br />
a Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico <strong>de</strong> Castelo Branco, Quinta da Senhora <strong>de</strong><br />
Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001 Castelo Branco, Portugal; b Unida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Materiais Têxteis e<br />
Papeleiros, <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> da Beira Interior, Convento <strong>de</strong> Santo António, 6201-001, Covilhã,<br />
Portugal<br />
E-mail: ofelia@eesa.ipcb.pt<br />
Laccase mediator system (LMS) was applied to one industrial Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp<br />
with kappa numbers 15.2, using violuric acid (VA) as mediator. The objective of the present<br />
work is to quantify the influence of the reaction conditions on the <strong>de</strong>lignification rate and<br />
extent, establishing the kinetic equations. The effects of oxygen pressure, laccase and<br />
mediator charges, and reaction time on <strong>de</strong>lignification were evaluated. The kinetic studies<br />
were carried out in a 1.5 L jacketed reactor with temperature control and magnetic mixer. The<br />
experiments were carried out with 10 grams of pulp at very low consistency (0.6%) in or<strong>de</strong>r<br />
to minimize inter-fibre mass transfer resistances. The oxygen pressure was varied between 1<br />
and 7 bar and no significant differences were observed in terms of <strong>de</strong>lignification rate and<br />
extent, at a given charge of laccase and mediator. The laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) charge was<br />
ranged between 10 and 250 IU per gram of pulp and the mediator between 10 and 70 mg per<br />
gram of pulp. The presence of mediator is required because the enzyme cannot diffuse into<br />
the porous structure of the fibre wall, where lignin should be oxidised. The <strong>de</strong>lignification<br />
potential of the LMS was evaluated by measuring the kappa number of the pulp, after<br />
alkaline extraction. Control tests similar to the LMS followed by alkaline extraction, but<br />
without enzyme, were carried out and the mean value of kappa number was 14.04. The<br />
<strong>de</strong>crease of the kappa number of the pulp from 15.2 to 14.04 can be interpreted as the<br />
consequence of the extraction of some fragments of lignin during the two stages. This<br />
procedure enable us to access the real effect of laccase. The hexeneuronic acid (HexA) has,<br />
particularly in hardwood pulps, an important contribution to the kappa number value.<br />
However, the experimental data have shown that LMS does not remove significantly the<br />
HexA, which is in good agreement with the literature. So, the kappa number can be used to<br />
evaluate the potential of LMS to lignin extraction. For the levels of laccase 50 IU per gram<br />
and 40 mg of VA per gram, the <strong>de</strong>lignification was reached 37%, which is a good result. The<br />
profile of kappa number with reaction time follows an exponential trend. In addition, the<br />
initial rate methodology is being used to quantify the influence of laccase and mediator<br />
concentrations on the kinetic rate. The data have shown that the <strong>de</strong>lignification rate exhibits a<br />
linear <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce on the mediator concentration, for the low range tested. The effect of<br />
laccase charge seems to be lower. The experimental data are un<strong>de</strong>r exploitation.<br />
127 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>l Wastewaters Decolouristion by Pseudomonas<br />
putida MET94<br />
Bruno Mateus a , Diana Mateus b,c , Luciana Pereira b,c , Orfeu Flores a , Lígia O. Martins b, c<br />
P65<br />
a STAB VIDA, Av da República, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal, b Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química<br />
e Biológica (<strong>ITQB</strong>),<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Av da República, 2784-505 Oeiras,<br />
Portugal, c Instituto <strong>de</strong> Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av da República, 2784-<br />
505 Oeiras, Portugal<br />
E-mail: bamateus@gmail.com<br />
Azo aromatic dyes are the major group of textile dyestuff. These are chemically stable<br />
structures to meet various colouring requirements and often are not <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d and/or removed<br />
by conventional physical and chemical processes. Moreover, many of these compounds are<br />
highly resistant to microbial attack and therefore, hardly removed from effluents by<br />
conventional biological processes such as activated sludge treatment. Over the last <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s,<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rable work has been done with the goal of using microorganisms as bioremediation<br />
agents in the treatment of wastewater containing textile dyes.<br />
Pseudomonas putida strain MET94 was selected among 84 bacterial strains has the most<br />
active textile dye <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>r. This strain showed significant <strong>de</strong>colourization improvement on 6<br />
different azo dyes but no effect on anthraquinonic dyes. This strain was able to <strong>de</strong>colorize up<br />
to 70-85% of Reactive R4 (RR4), Reactive black 5 (RB5), Direct Blue 1 (CSB), Acid Red<br />
299 (NY1), Direct Black 38 (CB) and Direct Red 28 (CR) out of 11 different dyes tested,<br />
after 24h of growth in complex liquid culture media. Higher <strong>de</strong>gradation rates as well as<br />
higher extent of <strong>de</strong>colourization were obtained in anaerobic when compared with aerobic<br />
conditions. In the absence of oxygen (i) <strong>de</strong>gradation is growth associated, (ii) specific growth<br />
rates were higher in the presence of dyes, suggesting that these could be used as electron<br />
acceptors in anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen (i) growth rates as well as<br />
biomass yields were lower in the presence of dyes, suggesting that dyes could be exerting<br />
toxicity over cells, (ii) maximum <strong>de</strong>colourization activity occurred at the late exponentialstationary<br />
growth phase. Both in aerobic and in anaerobic conditions the enzymatic catabolic<br />
system employed is constitutive as growth initiated by adapted and nonadapted innocula did<br />
not present any significant difference.<br />
The ability of bacterial strain P. putida MET94 in the <strong>de</strong>colourisation of four wastewater<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>ls: (i) Acid dye bath for wool (ii) Acid dye bath for leather, (iii) Reactive dye bath (for<br />
cotton) and, (iv) Direct dye bath (for cotton) was assessed. Whole-cell catalysis systems un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
oxic and anoxic conditions were tested. Decolourisation was shown to be pH <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt;<br />
higher <strong>de</strong>colourisations were found at pH 5 for the acid baths and at pH 8 for the direct and<br />
reactive baths. After 24 days P. putida (OD 600nm =15) was able to <strong>de</strong>colourise around 70-90%<br />
of the acid dye baths, around 80%-90% of the direct bath and around 40%-60% of reactive<br />
bath mo<strong>de</strong>l wastewaters tested. However, for the direct mo<strong>de</strong>l wastewater when<br />
<strong>de</strong>colourisation was monitored at 400 nm the highest <strong>de</strong>colorization was observed around<br />
30%.<br />
This work has been done in the frame of EC-F6P SOPHIED project - “Novel Sustainable Processes for the<br />
European Colour Industries” (FP6-NMP2-CT-2004-505899).<br />
128 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
P66<br />
Cellulose-Based Agglomerates from Enzymatically<br />
Recycled Paper Wastes<br />
Tina Bruckman, Margarita Calafell, Tzanko Tzanov<br />
Technical University of Catalonia, Colom 1, 08222 Terrassa, Spain<br />
E-mail: tzanko.tzanov@upc.edu<br />
This work reports on the enzymatic processing of paper wastes from the graphics industry<br />
into useful agglomerates. These heavily loa<strong>de</strong>d with inks and additives paper wastes,<br />
normally not reusable, were submitted to treatment with an enzymatic cocktail containing<br />
cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases. Thereby the strength of the cellulose fibres was<br />
preserved eliminating the <strong>de</strong>fibering and <strong>de</strong>inking operations in paper recycling. In the<br />
following step laccase was ad<strong>de</strong>d to the enzymatically-treated paper mass, which was further<br />
submitted to vacuum filtration to obtain the agglomerate product. In this way a complete<br />
reuse of the paper material and inclu<strong>de</strong>d additives was achieved. The resulting panel-like<br />
agglomerated material showed improved exploitation characteristics making it useful in<br />
packaging, construction and other application.<br />
129 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
PARTICIPANTS
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Agathos, Spiros N.<br />
Unit of Bioengineering (GEBI)<br />
University of Louvain<br />
Place Croix du Sud 2/19<br />
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve<br />
Belgium<br />
Tel: +32 10473644<br />
e-mail: spiros.agathos@uclouvain.be<br />
Arboleda Echavarría, Carolina<br />
Calle 67 No. 53- 108 A.A. 1226<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia<br />
Facultad Química Farmacéutica<br />
Grupo Cienica <strong>de</strong> los Materiales<br />
Colombia<br />
Tel: 574 2106549<br />
e-mail: carboled@farmacia.u<strong>de</strong>a.edu.co<br />
Allen, Christopher<br />
School of Biological Sciences,<br />
Queen’s University Belfast,<br />
Medical Biology Centre,<br />
97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL,<br />
Northern Ireland<br />
Tel: +44 28 90976547<br />
e-mail: c.allen@qub.ac.uk<br />
Amaral, Priscilla F. F.<br />
Escola <strong>de</strong> Química/UFRJ<br />
Centro <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia, Bloco E, Lab. 113<br />
Cida<strong>de</strong> Universitária, Ilha do Fundão<br />
CEP 21949-900<br />
Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro,RJ, Brasil<br />
Tel: 00 55 21 2562 7622<br />
e-mail: pffamaral@gmail.com<br />
Andberg, Martina<br />
Tietotie 2<br />
P.O. Box 1500<br />
FIN-02044 VTT<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358207225124<br />
e-mail: martina.andberg@vtt.fi<br />
An<strong>de</strong>r, Paul<br />
WURC, Dept. of Wood Science, SLU,<br />
PO Box 7008<br />
SE-75007 Uppsala<br />
Swe<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Tel: 46-18-67 34 34<br />
e-mail: paul.an<strong>de</strong>r@trv.slu.se<br />
Anjos, Ofélia<br />
Escola Superior Agrária,<br />
Quinta da Senhora <strong>de</strong> Mércules, Apartado<br />
119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: 272339900<br />
e-mail: ofelia@esa.ipcb.pt<br />
Arias, Maria Enriqueta<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbiologia y Parasitologia<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Alcalá<br />
Alcalá <strong>de</strong> Henares<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34918854633<br />
e-mail: enriquetaarias@uah.es<br />
Baldrian, Petr<br />
Institute of Microbiology ASCR<br />
Vi<strong>de</strong>nska 1083<br />
14220 Praha 4<br />
Czech Republic<br />
Tel: +420723770570<br />
e-mail: baldrian@biomed.cas.cz<br />
Basosi, Riccardo<br />
Department of Chemistry<br />
University of Siena<br />
Via Aldo Moro<br />
53100 Siena, Italy<br />
Tel: +39577234240<br />
e-mail: ribasosi1@tin.it<br />
Beckett, Richard<br />
School of Biological Sciences<br />
University of KwaZulu-Natal<br />
PBag X01<br />
Scottsville 3209, South Africa<br />
Tel: +27 33 260 5141<br />
e-mail: rpbeckett@gmail.com<br />
Behar, Candan Tamerler<br />
Istanbul Technical University Department of<br />
Molecular biology and Genetics<br />
Maslak/Istanbul<br />
Turkey<br />
Tel: 0090 212 286 22 51<br />
e-mail: tamerler@itu.edu.tr<br />
132 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Belova, Nina V.<br />
Komarov Botanical Institute RAS,<br />
Prof. Popov Str., 2,<br />
St. Petersburg 197376<br />
Russia<br />
Tel: +7(812)3464442<br />
e-mail: cultures@mail.ru<br />
Bento, Isabel<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469662<br />
e-mail: bento@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Bermek, Hakan<br />
Istanbul Technical University Department of<br />
Molecular biology and Genetics<br />
Maslak/Istanbul<br />
Turkey<br />
Tel: 0090 212 286 22 51<br />
e-mail: bermek@itu.edu.tr<br />
Bezerra, Rui Manuel Furtado<br />
Dep. Engenharia Biológica e Ambiental,<br />
UTAD, Apartado 1013,<br />
5001-801 Vila Real,<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: 259350465<br />
e-mail: bezerra@utad.pt.<br />
Briganti, Fabrizio<br />
Department of Chemistry<br />
University of Florence<br />
Via <strong>de</strong>lla Lastruccia 3<br />
Sesto Fiorentino 50019<br />
Florence, Italy<br />
Tel: +39 055 4573343<br />
e-mail: fabrizio.briganti@unifi.it<br />
Brissos, Vânia<br />
Instituto Superior Técnico<br />
Centro <strong>de</strong> Engenharia Biológica e Química<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: 218419132<br />
e-mail: vaniabrissos@ist.utl.pt<br />
Cabana, Hubert<br />
Department of Chemical engineering<br />
University of Sherbrooke<br />
2500 Boulevard <strong>de</strong> l’Université<br />
Sherbrooke (Qc) J1K 2R1<br />
Canada<br />
Tel : +18198217171<br />
e-mail : hubert.cabana@usherbrooke.ca<br />
Call, Hans-Peter<br />
Bioscreen e.K.<br />
52531 Uebach-Palenberg<br />
Heinsberger Strasse 15<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: 0049 2451 952814<br />
e-mail: Bioscreen@t-online.<strong>de</strong><br />
Boehmer, Ulrike<br />
Technische Universität Dres<strong>de</strong>n,<br />
Institute for Food Technology and Bioprocess<br />
Engineering,<br />
Bergstraße 120 01069 Dres<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +49 351 46334882<br />
e-mail: ulrike.boehmer@tu-dres<strong>de</strong>n.<strong>de</strong><br />
Bols, Christian-Marie<br />
Wetlands Engineering SPRL<br />
Parc Scientific Fleming<br />
5 Rue du Laid Burniat<br />
BE-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve<br />
Belgium<br />
Tel : +32478421647<br />
e-mail : ch.bols@wetlands.be<br />
Caruso, Carla<br />
Dipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica<br />
Via S. Camillo <strong>de</strong> Lellis<br />
01100 Viterbo<br />
Italy<br />
Tel:+390761357330<br />
e-mail: caruso@unitus.it<br />
Casieri, Leonardo<br />
Department of Plant Biology, University of<br />
Turin.<br />
Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: 00390116705964<br />
e-mail: leonardo.casieri@unito.it<br />
133 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Cavaco-Paulo, Artur<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Engenharia Têxtil<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> do Minho<br />
Campus <strong>de</strong> Azúrem<br />
4800-058 Guimarães<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 253510280<br />
e-mail: artur@<strong>de</strong>t.uminho.pt<br />
Chen, Zhenjia<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 2144697653<br />
e-mail: chen@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Coelho, Maria Alice Zarur<br />
Escola <strong>de</strong> Quimica / UFRJ<br />
Centro <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia, Bl. E, Lab. 113, Cida<strong>de</strong><br />
Universitaria, 21949-900 Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro-RJ<br />
Brasil<br />
Tel: 55 21 25627622<br />
e-mail: alice@eq.ufrj.br<br />
Costa-Ferreira, Maria<br />
Department of Biotechnology- INETI<br />
National Institute for Engineering, Technology<br />
and Innovation<br />
Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22<br />
1649-038 <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: 351 21 0924720<br />
e-mail: maria.ferreira@ineti.pt<br />
Danielsen, Steffen<br />
Protein Design<br />
Building 1U1.20<br />
Bru<strong>de</strong>lysvej 26<br />
Novozymes A/S<br />
Denmark<br />
Tel: +4544427761<br />
e-mail: sted@novozymes.com<br />
<strong>de</strong> la Rubia Nieto, Teresa<br />
Dpto. Microbiology Faculty of Pharmacy Univ.<br />
of Granada<br />
Campus Cartuja 18071 Granada (Spain)<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: 38 958243875<br />
e-mail: dlrubia@ugr.es<br />
Coelho, Rui<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469535<br />
e-mail: coelhor@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Colao, Maria Chiara<br />
Dept. Agrobiology and Agrochemistry,<br />
Tuscia University<br />
Via C. <strong>de</strong> Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +390761357236<br />
e-mail: colao@unitus.it<br />
Cortez, João<br />
Nottingham Trent University, Erasmus Darwin<br />
Clifton Campus,<br />
Nottingham, NG11 8NS<br />
England<br />
Tel: 0115 848 3089<br />
e-mail: joao.cortez@ntu.ac.uk<br />
<strong>de</strong> Wil<strong>de</strong>man, Stefaan<br />
DSM-Research<br />
Dept. LS-ASC&D<br />
PO Box 18<br />
6160 MD Geleen<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Tel: +31 46 4760138<br />
e-mail: stefaan-<strong>de</strong>.wil<strong>de</strong>man@dsm.com<br />
Del Rio, Jose C.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia<br />
(IRNAS, CSIC)<br />
Reina Merce<strong>de</strong>s 10, PO Box 1052; 41080<br />
Seville<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34 95 4624711<br />
e-mail: <strong>de</strong>lrio@irnase.csic.es<br />
Dernalowicz-Malarczyk, Elzbieta<br />
Biochemistry Department,<br />
M.Curie-Sklodowska University,<br />
Sklodowska Square 3, 20-031 Lublin<br />
Poland<br />
Tel: +4881 5375770<br />
e-mail: malar@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
134 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Desnos, Thierry<br />
Laboratoire <strong>de</strong> Biologie du Développement <strong>de</strong>s<br />
Plantes,<br />
DEVM,CEA cadarache,<br />
13108 St Paul-lez-Durance ce<strong>de</strong>x,<br />
France<br />
Tel: (33) 4 42 25 31 52<br />
e-mail: thierry.<strong>de</strong>snos@cea.fr<br />
Dias, José Albino Gomes Alves<br />
Dep. Engenharia Biológica e Ambiental,<br />
UTAD, Apartado 1013,<br />
5001-801 Vila Real,<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: 259350725<br />
e-mail: jdias@utad.pt<br />
Ergun, Aisle<br />
Istanbul Technical University Molecular<br />
Biology and Genetics Dept. 34469<br />
Maslak/Istanbul<br />
Turkey<br />
Tel: +90 212 286 22 51<br />
e-mail: asl_ergun@yahoo.com<br />
Evtuguin, Dmitry V.<br />
Department of Chemistry<br />
University of Aveiro<br />
3810-193 Aveiro<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 234 370693<br />
e-mail: Dmitry@dq.ua.pt<br />
Domínguez Represas, Alberto<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering.<br />
Isaac Newton Building.<br />
University of Vigo.<br />
36310 Vigo.<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: 34986812304<br />
e-mail: alberdom@uvigo.es<br />
Faraco, Vincenza<br />
Department of Organic Chemistry and<br />
Biochemistry,<br />
Universitá <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Napoli Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II<br />
Complesso Universitario Monte S.<br />
Angelo80126 Napoli<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +39 081674324<br />
e-mail: vfaraco@unina.it<br />
Durão, Paulo<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469535<br />
e-mail: pdurao@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Elisashivili, Vladimir<br />
Inst of Biochemistry and Biotechnology<br />
10km Agmashenebeli Kheivani<br />
0159 Tblisi<br />
Georgia<br />
Tel: +97248249653<br />
e-mail: velisashvili@hotmail.com<br />
Enaud, Estelle<br />
Unité <strong>de</strong> Microbiologie (MBLA)<br />
Univ Catholique Louvain-la-Neuve<br />
Place Croix du Sud 3, bte-6<br />
1348 Louvain-La-Neuve<br />
Tel: +32 10 47 30 84<br />
e-mail: enaud@mbla.ucl.ac.be<br />
Fernan<strong>de</strong>s, André T.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469535<br />
e-mail: andref@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Festa, Giovanna<br />
Department of Organic Chemistry and<br />
Biochemistry,<br />
Universitá <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Napoli Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II<br />
Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via<br />
Cintia 4<br />
80126 Napoli, Italy<br />
Tel: +39081674324<br />
e-mail: giofesta@unina.it<br />
Fillat, Amanda<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469535<br />
e-mail: amanda@itqb.unl.pt<br />
135 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Fonseca, Bruno<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: 937515800<br />
e-mail: bfonseca@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Freddi, Giuliano<br />
Stazione Sperimentale per la Seta<br />
via Giuseppe Colombo, 83<br />
20133 Milano<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +39 02 2665990<br />
e-mail: freddi@ssiseta.it<br />
Gómez Sieiro, José<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering. Isaac<br />
Newton Building. University of Vigo. 36310<br />
Vigo. Spain<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: 34986812304<br />
e-mail: josegomez@uvigo.es<br />
Gravitis, Janis<br />
SA Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry<br />
Dzerbenes St.27<br />
Riga LV-1006<br />
Latvia<br />
Tel: ++371 7553137<br />
e-mail: jgravit@edi.lv<br />
Galli, Carlo<br />
Dipartamento <strong>de</strong> Chimica<br />
Universita “La Sapienza”<br />
Roma<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +390649913386<br />
e-mail: carlo.galli@uniroma1.it<br />
Garzillo, Anna Maria Vittoria<br />
Dipt. of Agrobiology and Agrochemistry<br />
Via S. Camillo <strong>de</strong> Lellis, snc<br />
01100 - Viterbo<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +390761357316<br />
e-mail: amg@unitus.it<br />
Graz, Marcin<br />
Department of Biochemistry,<br />
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University,<br />
Sklodowska Square 3,<br />
20-031 Lublin<br />
Poland<br />
Tel: +4881 5375735<br />
e-mail: mgraz@biotop.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Güebitz, Georg<br />
Graz University of Technology,<br />
Dept of Environmental Biotechnology<br />
Petersgrasse 12, 8010 Graz<br />
Austria<br />
Tel: +43 316 8738312<br />
e-mail: guebitz@tugraz.at<br />
Giardina, Paola<br />
Department of Organic Chemistry and<br />
Biochemistry,<br />
Universitá <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Napoli Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II<br />
Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via<br />
Cintia 4<br />
80126 Napoli, Italy<br />
Tel: +39 081674319<br />
e-mail: giardina@unina.it<br />
Golovleva, Ludmila<br />
G.K. Sryabin Institute of Biochemistry and<br />
Physiology of Microorganisms RAS<br />
Moscow<br />
Russian Fe<strong>de</strong>ration<br />
Tel: +4967732564<br />
e-mail: golovleva@ibpm.pushchino.ru<br />
Gutierrez, Ana<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia<br />
(IRNAS, CSIC),<br />
Reina Merce<strong>de</strong>s 10, PO Box 1052; 41080<br />
Seville<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34 95 4624711<br />
e-mail: anagu@irnase.csic.es<br />
Hadar, Yitzhak<br />
Department of Microbiology and Plant<br />
Pathology,<br />
Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel<br />
Israel<br />
Tel: 972-8-9489935<br />
e-mail: hadar@agri.huji.ac.il<br />
136 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Hakala, Terhi<br />
IKCL Science & Consulting<br />
Oy Keskuslaboratorio - Centrallaboratorium Ab<br />
P.O. Box 70,02151 Espoo<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: + 358 (0) 20 7477 352<br />
e-mail: Terhi.hakala@kcl.fi<br />
Hakulinen, Nina<br />
Dept. of Chemistry<br />
University of Joensuu<br />
PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358132512243<br />
e-mail: nina.hakulinen@joensuu.fi<br />
Hatakka, Annele<br />
Department of Applied Chemistry and<br />
Microbiology,<br />
PO Box 56 (Viikki Biocenter),<br />
00014 University of Helsinki<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358-9-19159314<br />
e-mail: annele.hatakka@helsinki.fi<br />
Hernan<strong>de</strong>z Cutuli, Manuel<br />
Departamento Microbiología y<br />
Parasitología.Universidad <strong>de</strong> Alcalá.Campus<br />
Universitario. NII.Km.33.6.28871.Alcalá <strong>de</strong><br />
Henares. Madrid<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34-918855145<br />
e-mail: manuel.hernan<strong>de</strong>z@uah.es<br />
Hildén, Kristiina<br />
Dept. of Appl. Chemistry and Microbiology/<br />
Div. Microbiology<br />
P.O.Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9)<br />
00014 Univ. of Helsinki<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358-9-19159319<br />
e-mail: Kristiina.S.Hil<strong>de</strong>n@helsinki.fi<br />
Hiltunen, Jaakko<br />
KCL Science and Consulting<br />
P.O.Box 70, FI-02151 Espoo,<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358(0)207477529<br />
e-mail: jaakko.hiltunen@kcl.fi<br />
Hofrichter, Martin<br />
International Graduate School of Zittau<br />
Environmental Biotechnology Unit<br />
Markt 23<br />
02763 Zittau<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +493583771521<br />
e-mail: hofrichter@ihi-zittau.<strong>de</strong><br />
Jarosz-Wilkolazka, Anna<br />
Biochemistry Department<br />
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University<br />
Sklodowska Place 3<br />
20-031 Lublin,<br />
Poland<br />
Tel: 48 81 537 56 65<br />
e-mail: ajarosz@biotop.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Jolivalt, Clau<strong>de</strong><br />
Laboratoire <strong>de</strong> Sinthése Sélective Organique<br />
et Produits Naturels,<br />
UMR CNRS 7573<br />
ENSCP, 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie<br />
75231 Paris ce<strong>de</strong>x 05<br />
France<br />
Tel: +33 (0)1 44276754<br />
e-mail : clau<strong>de</strong>-jolivalt@enscp.fr<br />
Joosten, Vivi<br />
Laboratory of Biochemistry<br />
Wageningen University<br />
Dreijenlaan 3<br />
6703 HA Wageningen<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Tel: +31-317-484468<br />
e-mail: vivi.joosten@wur.nl<br />
Junghanns, Charles<br />
UFZ Centre for Environmental Research<br />
Leipzig-Halle<br />
Department of Environmental Microbiology<br />
Permoserstraße 15<br />
D-04318 Leipzig<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +493412352547<br />
e-mail: charles.junghanns@ufz.<strong>de</strong><br />
Keshavarz, Tajalli<br />
Department of Applied and Molecular<br />
Biosciences<br />
University of Westminster<br />
London W1W 6UW<br />
Tel 44-(0)20 79115000 ext 3562<br />
e-mail: T.Keshavarz@westminster.ac.uk<br />
137 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Kiekens, Paul<br />
University of Ghent<br />
Department of Textiles<br />
Technologiepark 907<br />
B-9052 Gent (Zwijnaar<strong>de</strong>)<br />
Belgium<br />
Tel: + 329 2645735<br />
e-mail: Paul.Kiekens@Ugent.be<br />
Kokol, Vanja<br />
University of Maribor,<br />
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,<br />
Textile <strong>de</strong>partment,<br />
Smetanova ul 17, SI-2000 Maribor<br />
Slovenia<br />
Tel: 00386 (0)2 220 7896<br />
e-mail: vanja.kokol@uni-mb.si<br />
Leferink, Nicole<br />
Laboratory of Biochemistry<br />
Wageningen University<br />
Dreijenlaan 3<br />
6703 HA Wageningen<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Tel: +0317-484468<br />
e-mail: nicole.leferink@wur.nl<br />
Lindley, Peter F.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469261<br />
e-mail: lindley@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Kolomytseva, Marina<br />
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of<br />
Microorganisms RAS,<br />
Pushchino, Moscow region, Nauka prospect 5.<br />
Russian Fe<strong>de</strong>ration<br />
Tel: 7(496)7-73-25-64<br />
e-mail: marinak@ibpm.pushchino.ru<br />
Lun<strong>de</strong>ll, Taina<br />
University of Helsinki,<br />
Department of Applied Chemistry and<br />
Microbiology<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358 9 19159316<br />
e-mail: taina.lun<strong>de</strong>ll@helsinki.fi,<br />
Kruus, Kristiina<br />
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland<br />
P.O. Box 1500<br />
Espoo FIN-02044 VTT<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: + 358-20-722 5143<br />
e-mail: kristiina.kruus@vtt.fi<br />
Maijala, Pekka<br />
Department of Applied Chemistry and<br />
Microbiology,P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University<br />
of Helsinki<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358-9-1915 9320<br />
e-mail: pekka.maijala@helsinki.fi<br />
Kurt, Gunseli<br />
Istanbul Technical University<br />
Department of Molecular Biology<br />
Maslak / Istanbul<br />
Turkey<br />
Tel: 0090 212 286 22 51<br />
e-mail: gunselik@yahoo.com<br />
Lamarino, Giseppina<br />
Università <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Napoli,<br />
Facoltà di Agraria<br />
Italia<br />
Tel: +390812539166<br />
e-mail: giusiam@hotmail.com<br />
Marino, Gennaro<br />
Department of Organic Chemistry and<br />
Biochemistry<br />
Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia<br />
80126 Napoli<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +39-081674312<br />
e-mail: gmarino@unina.it<br />
Martin, Claudia<br />
UFZ Centre for Environmental Research<br />
Leipzig-Halle<br />
Permoserstr. 15; 04318 Leipzig<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: 0049 341 235 2547<br />
e-mail: claudia.martin@ufz.<strong>de</strong><br />
138 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Martínez, Angel T.<br />
CIB, CSIC<br />
Ramiro <strong>de</strong> Maeztu 9<br />
E-28040 Madrid<br />
Spain<br />
Phone: +34 918373112<br />
e-mail: ATMartinez@cib.csic.es<br />
Martínez, María J.<br />
CIB, CSIC<br />
Ramiro <strong>de</strong> Maeztu 9<br />
E-28040 Madrid<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34 918373112<br />
e-mail: MJMartinez@cib.csic.es<br />
Martins, Lígia O.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469534<br />
e-mail: lmartins@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Mateus, Bruno<br />
STAB Vida<br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469763<br />
e-mail: bamateus@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Maximo, Cristina<br />
UBB-DB<br />
INETI<br />
Est Paço do Lumiar, 22<br />
1649-038 <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 210924729<br />
e-mail: cristina.maximo@ineti.pt<br />
Minibayeva, Farida<br />
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics<br />
Russian Aca<strong>de</strong>my of Science<br />
2/31 Lobachevsky Street<br />
Kazan 420111, Tatarstan<br />
Russia<br />
Tel: +7 8432386320<br />
e-mail: minibayeva@mail.knc.ru<br />
Mink, Daniel<br />
DSM Research<br />
Dept. LS-ASC&D<br />
PO Box 18<br />
6160 MD Geleen<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Tel: +31 46 60869<br />
e-mail: daniel.mink@dsm.com<br />
Moilanen, Ulla<br />
Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering,<br />
Helsinki University of Technology,<br />
P.O. Box 6100, FI-02015 TKK<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358 45 6753925<br />
e-mail: ulla.moilanen@tkk.fi<br />
Matijosyte, Inga<br />
Delft University of Technology<br />
Julianalaan 136<br />
2628 BL Delft<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Tel: + 310152782693<br />
e-mail: i.majitosyte@tnw.tu<strong>de</strong>lft.nl<br />
Matura, Anke<br />
Professur Allgemeine Biochemie,<br />
TU Dres<strong>de</strong>n,<br />
D-01062 Dres<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +49 351 4633 5505<br />
e-mail: anke.matura@chemie.tu-dres<strong>de</strong>n.<strong>de</strong><br />
Mol<strong>de</strong>s Moreira, Diego<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Engenharia Textil<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> do Minho<br />
Campus Azurem.<br />
4800-Guimaraes<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 253510280<br />
e-mail: diego@<strong>de</strong>t.uminho.pt<br />
Monti, Daniela<br />
Istituto di Chimica <strong>de</strong>l Riconoscimento<br />
Molecolare -CNR, Via Mario Bianco, 9,<br />
20131 Milano<br />
Italy<br />
tel: ++39 02285 00038<br />
e-mail: daniela.monti@icrm.cnr.it<br />
139 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Munõz-Dorado, Jose<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbiologia<br />
Facultad <strong>de</strong> Ciencias<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Granada<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34958243183<br />
e-mail: jdorado@ugr.es<br />
Nikolov, Alexandre<br />
Novozymes A/S<br />
Krogshøejvej<br />
2880 Bagsvaerd<br />
Denmark<br />
Tel: + 45 44492212<br />
e-mail: alxn@novozymes.com<br />
Olszewska, Anna<br />
Department of Biochemistry,<br />
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University,<br />
Sklodowska Place 3, 20-031 Lublin<br />
Polan<br />
Tel: +48815375705<br />
e-mail: aolszewska@wp.pl<br />
Opwis, Klaus<br />
Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-<br />
West e.V.<br />
Adlerstr. 1<br />
D-47798 Krefeld<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +49-2151-843-205<br />
e-mail: opwis@dtnw.<strong>de</strong><br />
Ostergaard, Lars<br />
Novozymes A/S<br />
Dept. of Protein Diversity<br />
Bru<strong>de</strong>lysvej 26<br />
DK-2880 Bagsvaerd<br />
Denmark<br />
Tel: +45 444 60271<br />
Email: laq@novozymes.com<br />
Oudia, Atika<br />
Unida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Têxteis e Materiais <strong>de</strong> Papel<br />
UBI - <strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> da Beira Interior<br />
6201-001 Covilhã<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +3519692165<br />
e-mail: atika@ubi.pt<br />
Papa, Rosanna<br />
Department of Organic Chemistry and<br />
Biochemistry<br />
Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II University of Naples<br />
Napoli<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +39 081674320<br />
e-mail: rosapapa@unina.it<br />
Pereira, Luciana<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469535<br />
e-mail: luciana@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Pereira, Manuela M.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469321<br />
e-mail: mpereira@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Pérez Leblic, Maria Isabel<br />
Departamento Microbiología y<br />
Parasitología.Universidad <strong>de</strong> Alcalá.Campus<br />
Universitario. NII.Km.33.6.28871.Alcalá <strong>de</strong><br />
Henares. Madrid<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34-918855145<br />
e-mail: misabel.perez@uah.es<br />
Pérez-Torres, Juana<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Microbiologia<br />
Facultad <strong>de</strong> Ciencias<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Granada<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34958243183<br />
e-mail: jptorres@ugr.es<br />
Peterbauer, Clemens<br />
Dept. of Food Sciences & Technology<br />
University of Natural Resources & Applied Life<br />
Sciences<br />
Muthgasse 18<br />
A-1190 Vienna<br />
Austria<br />
Tel: +43 1 36006 6274<br />
e-mail: clemens.peterbauer@boku.ac.at<br />
140 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Pogni, Rebecca<br />
Department of Chemistry<br />
University of Siena<br />
Via Aldo Moro<br />
53100 Siena<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +39577234258<br />
e-mail: pogni@unisi.it<br />
Polak, Jolanta<br />
Department of Biochemistry,<br />
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University,<br />
Sklodowska<br />
Place 3, 20-031 Lublin<br />
Poland<br />
Tel: +48815375705<br />
e-mail: jolanta_polak@wp.pl<br />
Psurtseva, Nadya V.<br />
Komarov Botanical Institute RAS,<br />
Prof. Popov Str., 2,<br />
St. Petersburg 197376<br />
Russia<br />
Tel: +7(812)3464442<br />
e-mail: NadyaPsu@NP1512.spb.edu<br />
Sanchez-Amat, Antonio<br />
Facultad <strong>de</strong> Biologia<br />
Dep <strong>de</strong> Microbiologia y Genetica<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Murcia<br />
30071 Murcia<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34 968364955<br />
e-mail: antonio@um.es<br />
Sannia, Giovanni<br />
Universitá <strong>de</strong>gli Studi di Napoli Fe<strong>de</strong>rico II<br />
Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e<br />
Biochimica, via Cinthia, 4 -<br />
I-80126 Naples<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +39 081 674310<br />
e-mail: sannia@unina.it<br />
Sanromán, Mª Angeles Braga<br />
Department of Chemical Engineering. Isaac<br />
Newton Building.<br />
University of Vigo.<br />
36310 Vigo, Spain<br />
Tel: 34986812383<br />
e-mail: sanroman@uvigo.es<br />
Rebhun, Moti<br />
MycoEnzyme, Ltd.<br />
Institute of Evolution,<br />
University of Haifa<br />
Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905<br />
Israel<br />
Tel: +972503231065<br />
e-mail: mrebhun@study.haifa.ac.il<br />
Robalo, Maria Paula<br />
Secção <strong>de</strong> Química Inorgânica<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Engenharia Química<br />
Instituto Superior <strong>de</strong> Engenharia <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1<br />
1959-007 <strong>Lisboa</strong>, Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 218317163<br />
e-mail: mprobalo@<strong>de</strong>q.isel.ipl.pt<br />
Rodriguez Bullido, Juana<br />
Departamento Microbiología y<br />
Parasitología.Universidad <strong>de</strong> Alcalá.Campus<br />
Universitario. NII.Km.33.6.28871.Alcalá <strong>de</strong><br />
Henares. Madrid<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34-918855145<br />
e-mail: juana.rodriguez@uah.es<br />
Schlosser, Dietmar<br />
UFZ Centre for Environmental Research<br />
Leipzig-Halle<br />
Department of Environmental Microbiology<br />
Permoserstraße 15<br />
D-04318 Leipzig, Germany<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +49 341 235 3254<br />
e-mail: dietmar.schlosser@ufz.<strong>de</strong><br />
Schroe<strong>de</strong>r, Marc<br />
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering<br />
Institute of Textile, University of Maribor<br />
Smetanova ul 17<br />
2000 Maribor<br />
Slovenia<br />
Tel: +386 (0)2 220 7934<br />
e-mail: marc.schroe<strong>de</strong>r@uni-mb.si<br />
Scozzafava, Andrea<br />
Department of Chemistry<br />
University of Florence<br />
Via <strong>de</strong>lla Lastruccia 3<br />
Sesto Fiorentino 50019<br />
Florence, Italy<br />
Tel: +39 055 4573273<br />
e-mail: andrea.scozzafava@unifi.it~<br />
141 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Seifert, Jana<br />
Environmental Microbiology,<br />
TU Bergaka<strong>de</strong>mie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29,<br />
09599 Freiberg<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +49-3731-394015<br />
e-mail: jana.seifert@ioez.tu-freiberg.<strong>de</strong><br />
Suurnäkki, Anna<br />
VTT<br />
P.O. Box 1000<br />
02044 VTT<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358 20 722 7178<br />
e-mail: anna.suurnakki@vtt.fi<br />
Sigoillot-Clau<strong>de</strong>, Cécile<br />
LBDP/DEVM<br />
CEA Cadarache<br />
13108 St Paul lez Durance Ce<strong>de</strong>x<br />
France<br />
Tel: +33 (0)4 42 25 31 45<br />
e-mail: cecile.clau<strong>de</strong>@cea.fr<br />
Smith, Andrew T.<br />
Biochemisty Department<br />
School of Life Sciences<br />
University of Sussex<br />
UK<br />
e-mail: a.t.smith@sussex.ac.uk<br />
Soares, Cláudio M.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av da República<br />
2781-901 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 214469610<br />
e-mail: claudio@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Songulashvili, Giorgi<br />
Institute of Evolution<br />
University of Haifa<br />
Mt Carmel<br />
Haifa 31905<br />
Israel<br />
Tel: +97248249653<br />
e-mail: gsongulashvili@yahoo.com<br />
Srebotnik, Ewald<br />
Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH<br />
c/o Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna<br />
University of Technology,<br />
Getrei<strong>de</strong>markt 9<br />
A-1060 Wien<br />
Austria<br />
Tel: +43 1 58801-17242<br />
e-mail: ewald.srebotnik@tuwien.ac.at<br />
Todorovic, Smilja<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica<br />
Av. da Republica EAN<br />
2780-157 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: 351-214469321<br />
e-mail: smilja@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Tranchimand, Sylvain<br />
Laboratoire <strong>de</strong> Bioinorganique Structurale<br />
Faculté <strong>de</strong>s Sciences <strong>de</strong> St Jérôme<br />
case 432,<br />
13397 Marseille ce<strong>de</strong>x 20<br />
France<br />
Tel: +33491282856<br />
e-mail: s.tranchimand@univ-cezanne.fr<br />
Tron, Thierry<br />
Laboratoire of Bioinorganique Structurale<br />
CNRS UMR 6517<br />
Case 432, Faculté <strong>de</strong>s Sciences Saint Jérôme<br />
13397 Marseille<br />
France<br />
Tel : +33491282856<br />
e-mail: thierry.tron@univ.u-3mrs.fr<br />
Trovaslet, Marie<br />
Faculté d'Ingenierie Biologique, Agronomique<br />
Et Environnementale<br />
Unité <strong>de</strong> Microbiologie (MBLA)<br />
Place Croix du Sud 3, bte-6<br />
1348 Louvain-La-Neuve<br />
Belgium<br />
Tel: +32 10 47 30 84<br />
e-mail: trovaslet@mbla.ucl.ac.be<br />
Tzanov, Tzanko<br />
Technical University of<br />
Catalonia Colom<br />
108223 Terrasa, Barcelona<br />
Spain<br />
Tel: +34628081722<br />
e-mail: tzanko.tzanov@upc.edu<br />
142 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Val<strong>de</strong>rrama, Brenda<br />
Biotechnology Institute<br />
University of Mexico<br />
Av. Universidad 2001<br />
Col. Chamilpa<br />
CP62210 Cuernavaca, Mor.<br />
Mexico<br />
Tel: +527773291610<br />
e-mail: brenda@ibt.unam.mx<br />
van Berkel, Willem J.H.<br />
Laboratory of Biochemistry<br />
Wageningen University<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Tel: 31-317-482861<br />
e-mail: willem.vanberkel@wur.nl<br />
van Dijk, Alard<br />
DSM Food Specialties 699-0330<br />
PO Box 1<br />
2600 MA Delft<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Tel: +31-152793661<br />
e-mail: alard.dijk-van@dsm.com<br />
van Hellemond, Erik<br />
Laboratory of Biochemistry<br />
Nijenborgh 4<br />
9747 AG Groningen<br />
Netherlands<br />
Tel: +31-50-3633540<br />
e-mail: E.W.van.Hellemond@rug.nl<br />
Varesse, Cristina Giovanna<br />
Dept. Plant Biology University of Turin viale<br />
Mattioli, 25<br />
10125 Turin<br />
Italy<br />
Tel: +39 011 6705964<br />
e-mail: cristina.varese@unito.it<br />
Vicente, Joao B.<br />
Instituto <strong>de</strong> Tecnologia Química e Biológica /<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>Nova</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lisboa</strong><br />
Av. da República (EAN), Apt. 127<br />
2784-505 Oeiras<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351214469323<br />
e-mail: jvicente@itqb.unl.pt<br />
Viikari, Liisa<br />
VTT<br />
PO BOX 1000<br />
02044 VTT<br />
Espoo<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358207225140<br />
e-mail: liisa.viikari@vtt.fi<br />
Winquist, Erika<br />
Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering,<br />
Helsinki University of Technology,<br />
P.O. Box 6100, FI-02015 TKK<br />
Finland<br />
Tel: +358 50 573 1529<br />
e-mail: erika.winquist@tkk.fi<br />
van Pée, Karl-Heinz<br />
Biochemie<br />
TU Dres<strong>de</strong>n<br />
D-01062 Dres<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Germany<br />
Tel: +49351-463-34494<br />
e-mail: karl-heinz.vanpee@chemie.tudres<strong>de</strong>n.<strong>de</strong><br />
Vanhulle, Sophie<br />
Unité <strong>de</strong> Microbiologie<br />
Université Catholique <strong>de</strong> Louvain<br />
Place <strong>de</strong> l’Úniversité<br />
Croix <strong>de</strong> Sud 3 boîte 6<br />
Louvain La Neuve<br />
Belgium<br />
Tel : +3210473737<br />
e-mail: vanhullesophie@hotmail.com<br />
Xavier, Ana M.R.B.<br />
Department of Chemistry<br />
University of Aveiro<br />
3810-193 Aveiro<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351 234 370716<br />
e-mail: abx@dq.ua.pt<br />
Xu, Feng<br />
Novozymes Inc<br />
1445 Drew Ave<br />
Davis, CA 95616<br />
USA<br />
Tel: 530-757-8100<br />
e-mail: fxu@novozymes.com<br />
143 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Yesiladali, S. Koray<br />
Istanbul Technical University Molecular<br />
Biology and Genetics Department<br />
Maslak/Istanbul<br />
Turkey<br />
Tel: 0090 212 286 22 51<br />
e-mail: yesiladali@itu.edu.tr<br />
Zille, Andrea<br />
Departamento <strong>de</strong> Engenharia Têxtil<br />
<strong>Universida<strong>de</strong></strong> do Minho<br />
Campus <strong>de</strong> Azúrem<br />
4800-058 Guimarães<br />
Portugal<br />
Tel: +351253510280<br />
e-mail: azille@<strong>de</strong>t.uminho.pt<br />
Zimmermann, Wolfgang<br />
Institute of Biochemistry<br />
Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess<br />
Technology<br />
University of Leipzig<br />
Johannisallee 21-23<br />
D-04103<br />
Tel: + 49 3419736781<br />
e-mail: wolfgang.zimmermann@uni-leipzig.<strong>de</strong><br />
144 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
AUTHOR INDEX
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Agapito, M. S. M.<br />
P59<br />
Böhmer, U.<br />
P43<br />
Agathos, S. N.<br />
L30, P19, P62<br />
Bols, C. M.<br />
P17, P31<br />
Ahola, E.<br />
L9<br />
Boyd, D. R.<br />
L10<br />
Allen, C.<br />
L10, P25<br />
Brault, A.<br />
P33<br />
Amaral, P. F. F.<br />
P45<br />
Briganti, F.<br />
L23, L7, P36<br />
Anastasi, A.<br />
P53<br />
Briozzo, P.<br />
P33<br />
Andberg, M.<br />
P32, L21<br />
Brogioni, B.<br />
L19<br />
Anghileri, A.<br />
P63<br />
Bruckman, T.<br />
P66<br />
Anh, D. H.<br />
L16<br />
Buchert, J.<br />
L9, P63<br />
Anjos, O.<br />
P64<br />
Buonocore, V.<br />
P9, P47<br />
Arboleda, C.<br />
P62<br />
Cabana, H.<br />
P19, P62<br />
Arends, W. C. E.<br />
P68<br />
Cajthaml, T.<br />
L6<br />
Arias, M. E.<br />
P44, P61<br />
Calafell, M.<br />
P66<br />
Asimgil, H.<br />
P14<br />
Call, H.-P.<br />
L34<br />
Auer, S.<br />
P32<br />
Camina<strong>de</strong>, E.<br />
P33<br />
Autore, F.<br />
L17, P15<br />
Cammarota, M. C.<br />
P45, P46<br />
Baldrian, P.<br />
L6<br />
Caporale, C.<br />
P9<br />
Baratto, M. C.<br />
P25, L19<br />
Caruso, C.<br />
P9<br />
Barrasa, J. M.<br />
L31<br />
Casieri, L.<br />
P53<br />
Basar, F.<br />
P42<br />
Cavaco-Paulo, A.<br />
L26, L25, P20, P39<br />
Basosi, R.<br />
L18, L19, P25<br />
Cestone, R.<br />
P15<br />
Basto, C.<br />
L26<br />
Chasov, A. V.<br />
P3<br />
Batista, C. F.<br />
L15<br />
Chernykh, A.<br />
L7, L23<br />
Baumberger, S.<br />
P33<br />
Choinowski, T.<br />
L18<br />
Bebrone, C.<br />
P17<br />
Coelho, Mª A. Z.<br />
P45, P46<br />
Beckett, R.<br />
P1<br />
Colao, M. C.<br />
P47<br />
Behar, T.<br />
P42<br />
Corbisier, A. M.<br />
L27, P17, P41<br />
Belova, N. V.<br />
P4, P6, L7<br />
Costa-Ferreira, M.<br />
L35<br />
Bento, I.<br />
P34, P35<br />
Creff, A.<br />
L3<br />
Bermek, H.<br />
P14<br />
D'Annibale, A.<br />
L20<br />
Bertini, L.<br />
P9<br />
<strong>de</strong> la Rubia Nieto, T.<br />
P12<br />
Bezerra, R. M. F.<br />
P13, P51<br />
<strong>de</strong> Vries, S.<br />
P26<br />
Blanchet, A.<br />
L3<br />
<strong>de</strong>l Rio, J. C.<br />
L33<br />
148 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Dernalowicz-Malarczyk, E.<br />
P7, P29, P52<br />
Gil, P.<br />
L15<br />
Desnos, T.<br />
L3<br />
Golovleva, L.<br />
L7, L23, P36<br />
Di Berardino, I.<br />
P9<br />
Gómez, D.<br />
L1<br />
Dias, J. A. G. A.<br />
P13, P51<br />
Gómez-Santos, N.<br />
L5, P8<br />
Domínguez Represas, A.<br />
P48, P60<br />
Gómez-Sieiro, J.<br />
P49<br />
Dong, C.<br />
L14<br />
Gominho, J.<br />
L35<br />
Doyle, W.<br />
L24<br />
Gordon, L. K.<br />
P3<br />
Durão, P.<br />
P34, P35<br />
Górnacka, B.<br />
P39<br />
Elisashvili, V.<br />
L4<br />
Grąz, M.<br />
P7, P29, P52<br />
Enaud, E.<br />
L27, P17, P41<br />
Grönqvist, S.<br />
L36<br />
Ergun, A.<br />
P42<br />
Guebitz, G. M.<br />
L25, P21, P58<br />
Ernyei, A.<br />
L14<br />
Guevara, O.<br />
P61<br />
Evtuguin, D. V.<br />
P55, P59<br />
Guilherme, S.<br />
P64<br />
Fagerström, R.<br />
P16<br />
Guillén, F.<br />
P44<br />
Faraco, V.<br />
L17<br />
Gullotto, A.<br />
L23<br />
Fernan<strong>de</strong>s, A. T.<br />
P34, P35, P38<br />
Gutiérrez, A.<br />
L33<br />
Ferranoni, M.<br />
L7, L23, P36<br />
Hakala, T. K.<br />
P2, P5<br />
Festa, G.<br />
L17, P15<br />
Hakulinen, N.<br />
L21, P32<br />
Flores, O.<br />
P65<br />
Haltrich, D.<br />
P28<br />
Fonseca, B.<br />
P67<br />
Hatakka, A.<br />
L2, P2, P5, P6, P18<br />
Fraaije, M. W.<br />
L8<br />
Hatscher, C.<br />
L14<br />
Fraga, I.<br />
P13, P51<br />
Hernán<strong>de</strong>z, M.<br />
P44<br />
Fraternali, F.<br />
L17<br />
Hernandéz-Romero, D.<br />
P23<br />
Freddi, G.<br />
P63<br />
Hil<strong>de</strong>brandt, P.<br />
P37<br />
Frère, J.-M.<br />
P17<br />
Hildén, K.<br />
L2, P2, P5<br />
Galli, C.<br />
L20<br />
Hofrichter, M.<br />
L16<br />
Gamelas, J. A .F.<br />
P55<br />
Huber, R.<br />
P38<br />
Garzillo, A. M. V.<br />
P47<br />
Hubert, S.<br />
P17<br />
Gaudin, C.<br />
P30<br />
Hüner, P.<br />
P14<br />
Gaydou, V.<br />
P30<br />
Iacazio, G.<br />
P30<br />
Gentili, P.<br />
L20<br />
Iamarino, G.<br />
L31, P70<br />
Gianfreda, L.<br />
L31, P70<br />
Ibarra, D.<br />
L33<br />
Giardina, P.<br />
L17, L19, P15, P24<br />
Irgoliç, R.<br />
P20<br />
149 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Ivancich, A.<br />
L24<br />
Kvesitadze, G.<br />
L4<br />
Janssen, D. B.<br />
L8<br />
Lantto, R.<br />
P63<br />
Jarosz-Wilkolazka, A.<br />
P7, P29, P50, P52, P54<br />
Larkin, M. J.<br />
P25<br />
Jimenez, G. A.<br />
P62<br />
Laufer, Z.<br />
P1<br />
Jolivalt, C.<br />
P33<br />
Leferink, N.<br />
L11<br />
Jones, J. P.<br />
P19, P62<br />
Leontievsky, A. A.<br />
L23<br />
Joosten, V.<br />
P26<br />
Lindley, P. F.<br />
P34, P35<br />
Junghanns, C.<br />
L28, P69<br />
Lipscomb, D. A.<br />
P25<br />
Kachlishvili, E.<br />
L4<br />
Longo, M. A.<br />
P60<br />
Kalkkinen, N.<br />
L9<br />
Lorenzini, B.<br />
P17<br />
Kallio, J.<br />
P16<br />
Lourenço, A.<br />
L35<br />
Kan<strong>de</strong>lbauer, A.<br />
L25<br />
Louro, R. O.<br />
P67<br />
Karagüler, N. G.<br />
P10, P11<br />
Lu, Y.<br />
L11<br />
Karatas, A.<br />
P10, P11<br />
Lucas, M.<br />
P12<br />
Kaschabek, S.<br />
P27<br />
Lucas-Elío, P.<br />
L1<br />
Kavieva, A. A.<br />
P3<br />
Ludwig, R.<br />
P28<br />
Kim, S.-Y.<br />
L26<br />
Lun<strong>de</strong>ll, T.<br />
L1, L2, P6<br />
Kinne, M.<br />
L16<br />
Luterek, J.<br />
P54<br />
Kiyashko, A.<br />
P4, P6<br />
Madzak, C.<br />
P33<br />
Kluge, M.<br />
L16<br />
Magali, C.<br />
P46<br />
Knittel, D.<br />
L32<br />
Maijala, P.<br />
P2,P5, P18<br />
Kochmanska-R<strong>de</strong>st, J.<br />
P7, P50<br />
Makela, M. R.<br />
L2<br />
Koivula, A.<br />
L21, P32<br />
Marchisio, V. F.<br />
P53<br />
Kokol, V.<br />
P21, P58<br />
Martin, C.<br />
L28<br />
Kolesnikov, O. P.<br />
P3<br />
Martínez, A. T.<br />
L18, L31, L33<br />
Kolomytseva, M. P.<br />
P36<br />
Martínez, J.<br />
P12<br />
Kooij. R.<br />
P68<br />
Martínez, M. J.<br />
L31, L18, P2<br />
Krauss, G.<br />
L28<br />
Martins, L. O.<br />
L22, P34, P35, P38, P40, P65<br />
Kruus, K.<br />
L9, L21, P16, P32, P63<br />
Marzorati, M.<br />
P57<br />
Kulakov, L. L.<br />
L10<br />
Matera, I.<br />
L23<br />
Kuncinger, T.<br />
L12<br />
Mateus, B.<br />
P65<br />
Kunzendorf, A.<br />
L14<br />
Mateus, D.<br />
P65<br />
Kurt, G.<br />
P10, P11<br />
Matijosyte, I,<br />
P68<br />
150 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Matura, A.<br />
P22, P43<br />
Olszewska, A.<br />
P7, P50, P54<br />
Máximo, C.<br />
L35<br />
On<strong>de</strong>rwater, R. C. A.<br />
P31<br />
Mejía, A. I.<br />
P62<br />
Opwis, K.<br />
L32<br />
Melo, E. P.<br />
P34, P38<br />
Orlandi, M.<br />
L36<br />
Merhautová, V.<br />
L6<br />
Orozco, A. L.<br />
P61<br />
Mertens, V.<br />
L27<br />
Oudia, A.<br />
P56<br />
Metreveli, E.<br />
L4<br />
Öztemel, Z. P. Ç.<br />
P42<br />
Mettälä, A.<br />
P18<br />
Pacheco, I.<br />
P67<br />
Mikiasshvili, N.<br />
L4<br />
Paloheimo, M.<br />
P16<br />
Mikkonen, H.<br />
L36<br />
Pamplona-Aparicio, M.<br />
P17, P41<br />
Mimmi, M. C.<br />
P33<br />
Papa, R.<br />
P24<br />
Minibayeva, F. V.<br />
P1, P3<br />
Parrilli, E.<br />
P24<br />
Mityashina, S. Y.<br />
P3<br />
Pastinen, O.<br />
P18<br />
Moe<strong>de</strong>r, M.<br />
L28<br />
Penninck, M. J.<br />
P62<br />
Moilanen, U.<br />
P18<br />
Pereira, A. N.<br />
P13<br />
Mol<strong>de</strong>s, D.<br />
P20, P48, P49, P60<br />
Pereira, H.<br />
L35<br />
Molina, J. M.<br />
P44, P61<br />
Pereira, L.<br />
P40, P65<br />
Monti, D.<br />
P57<br />
Pereira, M.<br />
P38<br />
Monti, P.<br />
P63<br />
Pereira, P. M.<br />
P67<br />
Moraleda-Muñoz, A.<br />
L5, P8<br />
Pérez, M. I.<br />
P61<br />
Morales, M.<br />
L18<br />
Pérez-Boada, M.<br />
L18<br />
Mougin, C.<br />
P33<br />
Pérez-Torres, J.<br />
L5, P8<br />
Moya, R.<br />
P44<br />
Peterbauer, C.<br />
P28<br />
Muñoz-Dorado, J.<br />
L5, P8<br />
Pich, A.<br />
P43<br />
Murgida, D.<br />
P37<br />
Pinto, F. V.<br />
P45<br />
Myasoedova, N. M.<br />
L7, L23<br />
Piontek, K.<br />
L18<br />
Naismith, J. H.<br />
L14<br />
Piscitelli, A.<br />
L17, P15<br />
Ngo, E.<br />
L24<br />
Poellinger-Zierler, B.<br />
L25<br />
Nouaimeh, N.<br />
P17<br />
Pogni, R.<br />
L19, L18, P25<br />
Novotný, C.<br />
P53<br />
Polak, J.<br />
P7, P50, P52<br />
Nussaume, L.<br />
L3<br />
Polvillo, O.<br />
P61<br />
Nyanhongo, G.<br />
L25<br />
Pontes, A. S. N.<br />
L20, P55<br />
Olsson C.<br />
P2<br />
Prigione, V.<br />
P53<br />
151 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Psurtseva, N. V.<br />
L7, P4, P6<br />
Scozzafava, A.<br />
L7, L23, P36<br />
Puranen, T.<br />
P16<br />
Seifert, J.<br />
P27<br />
Queiroz, J.<br />
P56<br />
Selinheimo, E.<br />
L9<br />
Rao, M. A.<br />
P70<br />
Sergi, F.<br />
L20<br />
Rehorek, A.<br />
P39<br />
Sheldon, R. A.<br />
P68<br />
Rencoret, J.<br />
L33<br />
Sharma, N. D.<br />
L10<br />
Reymond, M.<br />
L3<br />
Sigoillot-Clau<strong>de</strong>, C.<br />
L3<br />
Ricaud, L.<br />
L3<br />
Silvestri, F.<br />
P47<br />
Riva, S.<br />
P57<br />
Simeonov, P.<br />
P27<br />
Rodakiewicz-Nowack, J.<br />
P54<br />
Simões, R.<br />
P56, P64<br />
Rodríguez, J.<br />
P61<br />
Sinicropi, A.<br />
L19<br />
Rodríguez-Rincon, F.<br />
P12<br />
Smith, Andrew T.<br />
L24<br />
Rodríguez-Solar, D.<br />
P49<br />
Snajdr, J.<br />
L6<br />
Rouvinen, J.<br />
L21, P32<br />
Soares, C. M.<br />
P38<br />
Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J.<br />
L18<br />
Solano, F.<br />
L1, P23<br />
Rumpf, J.<br />
L14<br />
Solé, M.<br />
L28<br />
Russo, F.<br />
P70<br />
Srebotnik, E.<br />
L12<br />
Ruzzi, M.<br />
P47<br />
Stancarone, V.<br />
P9<br />
Sagui, F.<br />
P57<br />
Suarez, A.<br />
P12<br />
Saloheimo, M.<br />
L9<br />
Suurnäkki, A.<br />
L36<br />
Sampaio, S.<br />
P63<br />
Svistoonoff, S.<br />
L3<br />
Sanchez-Amat, A.<br />
L1, P23<br />
Svobodová, K.<br />
P53<br />
Sánchez-Sutil, M. C.<br />
L5, P8<br />
Tad<strong>de</strong>i, P.<br />
P63<br />
Sannia, G.<br />
L17, L19, P15, P24<br />
Ta<strong>de</strong>sse, M. A.<br />
L20<br />
Sanromán, M. A.<br />
P48, P49, P60<br />
Tamerler, C.<br />
P10, P11, P14<br />
Scelza, R.<br />
P70<br />
Ters, T.<br />
L12<br />
Scheibner, K.<br />
L16<br />
Tilli, S.<br />
L23<br />
Schlömann, M.<br />
P27<br />
Todorovic, S.<br />
P37<br />
Schlosser, D.<br />
L28, P69<br />
Tranchimand, S.<br />
P30<br />
Schmid, C.<br />
L14<br />
Tron, T.<br />
P30<br />
Schnerr, H.<br />
L14<br />
Trovaslet, M.<br />
L27, P17, P41<br />
Schollmeyer, E.<br />
L32<br />
Tsiklauri, N.<br />
L4<br />
Schroe<strong>de</strong>r, M.<br />
L25, P21, P58<br />
Tutino, M. L.<br />
P24<br />
152 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal
Oxizymes in Oeiras, 3 rd European Meeting in Oxizymes<br />
Tzanov, T.<br />
P66<br />
Vehmaanperä, J.<br />
P16<br />
Ullrich, R.<br />
L16<br />
Viikari, L.<br />
L36<br />
Valásková, V.<br />
L6<br />
De Vries, S.<br />
P68<br />
Val<strong>de</strong>rrama, B.<br />
L15<br />
Wage, T.<br />
L14, P43<br />
Valtakari, L.<br />
P16<br />
Westerholm-Parvinen, A.<br />
L9<br />
van Berkel, W. J.H.<br />
L13, L11, P26<br />
Winquist, E.<br />
P18<br />
van <strong>de</strong>n Berg, W. A. M.<br />
L11, P26<br />
Xavier, Ana M.R.B.<br />
P59, P55<br />
van Hellemond, E.<br />
L8<br />
Xu, F.<br />
L29<br />
van Pée, K. H.<br />
L14, P22, P43<br />
Yakovleva, N.<br />
P4, P6<br />
Vanhulle, S.<br />
L27, P17, P41<br />
Yesiladali, S. K.<br />
P10, P42<br />
Varese, G. C.<br />
P53<br />
Zámocky, M.<br />
P28<br />
Vazquez-Duhalt, R.<br />
L15<br />
Zille, A.<br />
L26, P39, P20<br />
153 September 7-9, 2006<br />
Oeiras, Portugal