Assoc Prof Dr Sirintornthep Towprayoon - JGSEE

Challenges of waste management in
Thailand
Sirintornthep Towprayoon
Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment,
Center for Energy Technology and Environment
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Paper presented in the workshop on 11 October 2010 Bangkok Thailand

Global situation
•Approx. o 2.5‐4 Billion tonnes esof waste
generated per year ( data in 2006)
•MSW is accounted more than half
•Trend of MSW generation is
increasing
•Rate of increasing is high in Asia
Source: Arunprasad, Swati. (2009) “Waste Management as a Sector of Green Economy,” Presentation at International Forum on Green
Economy, Beijing, China, November 2009

Global waste composition
Shift from high organics to
higher plastic and paper
corresponding to increase
in relative standard of
living
organics
plastics
Shift of waste composition in Bangkok from 1991 to 2000

Global waste and GDP

Population and waste generation
Tokyo
Seoul
Decouple of population and waste generation

Status of MW in Thailand
Waste generation and treated waste
20000
15000
10000
5000
waste generation
treated waste
PCD 2008
0
Bangkok
Municipal
area including
Pattaya
Nonmunicipal
area

Waste generation in Thailand
45000
to onnes of MSW
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2005 2008
Bangkok Municipality and Pattaya Non municipality
Trend is still increasing
1993‐2002
Total MSW increase
Rate of change decrease
Percent of change per
year 1993-2002 2003-2008
Total MSW 3.1 0.8
Bangkok 4.0 -1.5
Municipality and Pattaya 6.5 3.9
Non municipality 1.1 -0.1
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Waste generation by per cent
0%
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2005 2008
Bangkok Municipality and Pattaya Non municipality
Source : PCD

Statistics of MSW in Thailand (2008)
TtlMSW Total generation
41,023 td tpd
- Bangkok 8,780 tpd
- Municipalities & Pattaya
14,766 tpd
- Sub-district Administrative Organization 17,477 tpd
Waste recycling (22.7%)
9,329 tpd
Waste disposal
- Sanitary landfill (35.5%) 10,832 tpd
- Open dumping (64.5%) 20,862 tpd

Flow of waste management in 2008
Waste
generated 15.03
M tons
Collected 12.62
M tons
Waste utilization
3.45 Mtons
Sanitary LF 5.71
M tons(38%)
Open dumping
Compost and Heat and
Recycle 3.30 M
9.32 M
biogas 0.249 M electricity 0.126
tons (89%)
tons(62%) tons (7%) M tons (4%)

Existing MSW Disposal Facilities
Incineration
Sanitary Landfill
Integrated WM
Incineration
Sanitary Landfill
Integrated Waste
Management
System
Phuket municipality (250 tpd)
Samui Island (75 tpd)
Lampoon Province (10 tpd)
In operation 96 sites
Under construction/renovation 10
sites
Wieng Fang Municipality (150 tpd)
Rayong Municipality(80 tpd)
Chonburi Provincial Administrative
Organization (300-400 tpd)
Total number of site = 927
Source: Pollution Control Department

Existing MSW Disposal Facilities:
Waste Quantity & Disposal Area
70
3000
60
2500
Nu umber of site
50
40
30
20
Disposal area (rai)
2000
1500
1000
10 500
0
0-25 26-60 61-125 126-235 236-425
Range of amount of waste (ton/day)
Sanitary landfill Landfill Open dump
Slide from Dr. Chart Chiamchaisri
0
0-25 26-60 61-125 126-235 236-425
Range of amount of waste (ton/day)
Used Disposal area(rai)
All Disposal area(rai)
Note: 1 rai = 1,600 sq.m

Which Direction we will go from now
Transition of WM in Europe, Korea and Japan
Status of WM in Asia
Derived from M. Yamada NIES Japan
12

Impact of waste management: Greater than we thought

Waste Management and Co‐benefit
Sustainability
Environment
Economics
Social
Environmental standard
Cleaner environment
Business initiative
Income
Green economy
Quality of life
Employment
Poverty reduction
• Challenges of SWM
– Recycle
– Resources recovery
– Carbon mechanisms
– Low carbon city approach

Waste Management and co-benefit

Waste management : Bioplastics
กรมควบคุมมลพิษ
สํานักงานนวัตกรรมแหงชาติ

Waste Management and Global warming : C mechanisms
Improper
waste
management
ne pr roduc ction
Methane reduction
NAMAS
Improper Investment Carbon credit
waste
treatment
Anaerobic
treatment
e.g. LF and AD
etha
M
CDM
Methane utilization
Heat and electricity
CDM : clean development mechanisms
NAMAs : National Appropriate Mitigation Action

Waste Management and Global warming : CDM
• Up to present, there are 8 landfill projects
have been approved by TGO to launch LOI
from host country,
• 2 of which have been approve by the CDM EB
• Non has certified the credit yet
• Total C credit from 8 LFs are 983986 tonnes
per year
• The range of C credit is 32661‐280871 tonnes
per project

Jaroensompong Corporation Rachathewa
Landfill Gas to Energy Project in Thailand
ที่มา TGO Thailand
19

Waste Management and Low Carbon City
• Solid waste is one of GHG emission source in
the city
• Proper management of MSW can reduce GHG
• Opportunity for long term planning
• Projection and targeting for the future
j g g
perspective

Waste Management and Low Carbon City
• Keep average global temperature not higher than 2 degree
Celsius need the frog leap reduction
• Technology vs Behavoral change
Why low carbon society 21

What is Low carbon city
• A society that takes actions that are compatible with the Principles of
Sustainable Development, ensuring that development needs of all group
within society met
• A society that make an equitable contribution towards the global leffort to
stabilize atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other GHG at the level
that will avoid dangerous climate change through deep cuts in global
emissions
• A society that demonstrates levels of energy efficiency and uses low‐
carbon energy sources and production technologies
• A society that adopts patterns of consumption and behavior that are
consistent with low levels of GHG emission
การฝกอบรมเชิงปฏิบัติการ เพื่อเสริมสรางศักยภาพในการจัดทําบัญชีกาซเรือนกระจกจังหวัดขอนแกน ครั้งที่ 1 วันที่ 6 – 7 กันยายน 2553 หองประชุมมงกุฏเพชร โรงแรมโฆษะ อ. เมือง จังหวัดขอนแกน
Ref:LCS rNET

Example from Muang Klang Municipality
Small scale AD from food waste used in slaughter house

From grease to energy
Solid fuel from grease and oil trap : Muang Klang municipality

8
20,500
7
20,000000
ปริมาณข ขยะ (พันตัน น)
6
5
4
3
2
19,500
19,000
18,500
18,000
ะชากร (ค คน)
จํานวนปร
1
17,500
0
17,000
2552 2554 2556 2558 2560 2562 2564
เมื่อไมมีมาตรการ ลดปริมาณขยะตอคน
ลดขยะ + ทําปุย ลดขยะ + ปุย + ถังหมัก
ประชากร
25

Scenario to reduce GHG from waste sector
• Business as usual (BAU)
• Mitigation measure
– Option 1 -Reduce waste generation
rate
– Option 2-Reduce waste generation
rate + composting
– Option 3-Reduce waste generation
rate + composting + Increasing biogas
from AD
26

BAU
31.2 Option 1 29.4
การปลดป ปลอย CO2 (ตัน น)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
2552 2558 2563
Option 2
การปลดป ปลอย CO2 (ตัน น)
35
25
15
5
-5
-15
2552 2558 2563
27.1 Option 3 26.9
50
50
การปลดปลอ อย CO2 (ตัน)
40
30
20
10
0
-10
2552 2558 2563
ย CO2 (ตัน)
การปลดปลอ
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
2552 2558 2563
หลุมฝงกลบ x100
ถังหมักชีวภาพ
27
Soydao et.al 2010
ปุยหมัก บอเกรอะ-บอซึมx100
2552 2563
แทงไขมัน รวม x 100

Activity at community level : Sam Chung , Suphanburi

Activity at community level :Food waste at school
• 40 schools in BMA have been implemented
small biogas digestors
• 40 tonnes food waste with 2.5 m3 biogas per
day
• Substitute in house used of LPG 46 kg per day

Conclusion
• Solid waste is still increasing i at least tfor the next 20 years
• Challenge of waste management is to make the most cobenefit
out of theirs activities
• WM activity with co‐benefit can answer to the
sustainability development and at the same time help
abating the climate change problem
• Global trend open the opportunity to plan for the long
term waste management particularly in the community
level
• It is challenge to design the community based waste
management and overcome the concept of zero/low
waste management

Acknowledgement
• Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management
Organization
• Researcher team of the low carbon city
development in Thailand
• Dr. Chart Chiamchaisri Kasetsart University