EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS - Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS
XXII
2012

ROMANIAN ACADEMY
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART CLUJ-NAPOCA
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor: Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu
Members: Sorin Cociş, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu, Ioan Stanciu
ADVISORY BOARD
Alexandru Avram (Le Mans, France); Mihai Bărbulescu (Rome, Italy); Alexander Bursche (Warsaw,
Poland); Falko Daim (Mainz, Germany); Andreas Lippert (Vienna, Austria); Bernd Päffgen (Munich,
Germany); Marius Porumb (Cluj-Napoca, Romania); Alexander Rubel (Iași, Romania); Peter Scherrer
(Graz, Austria); Alexandru Vulpe (Bucharest, Romania).
Responsible of the volume: Ioan Stanciu
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EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS
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ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ
INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE ŞI ISTORIA ARTEI
EPHEMERIS
NAPOCENSIS
XXII
2012
EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

SOMMAIRE – CONTENTS – INHALT
STUDIES
FLORIN GOGÂLTAN
Ritual Aspects of the Bronze Age Tell-Settlements in the Carpathian Basin.
A Methodological Approach .............................................7
ALEXANDRA GĂVAN
Metallurgy and Bronze Age Tell-Settlements from Western Romania (I) ............57
DÁVID PETRUŢ
Everyday Life in the Research Concerning the Roman Army in the Western European
Part of the Empire and the Province of Dacia .................................91
CORIOLAN HORAŢIU OPREANU
From “στρατόπεδον” to Colonia Dacica Sarmizegetusa. A File of the Problem ........113
CĂLIN COSMA
Ethnische und politische Gegebenheiten im Westen und Nordwesten Rumäniens
im 8.–10. Jh. n.Chr. ...................................................137
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EPIGRAPHICAL NOTES
AUREL RUSTOIU
Commentaria Archaeologica et Historica (I) .................................159
VITALIE BÂRCĂ
Some Remarks on Metal Cups with Zoomorphic Handles
in the Sarmatian Environment ............................................185
FLORIN FODOREAN
“Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas: thermal Water Resources
in Roman Dacia .......................................................211
DAN AUGUSTIN DEAC
Note on Apis Bull Representations in Roman Dacia ...........................223
SILVIA MUSTAŢĂ, SORIN COCIŞ, VALENTIN VOIŞIAN
Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca. Two Iron Vessels Discovered on the Site
from Victor Deleu Street ................................................235
IOAN STANCIU
About the Use of the So-Called Clay “Breadcakes” in the Milieu of the Early Slav
Settlements (6 th –7 th Centuries) ............................................253

DAN BĂCUEŢ-CRIŞAN
Contributions to the Study of Elites and Power Centers in Transylvania during the second
Half of the 9 th – first Half of the 10 th Centuries. Proposal of Identification Criteria Based
on archaeological Discoveries .............................................279
ADRIANA ISAC, ERWIN GÁLL, SZILÁRD GÁL
A 12 th Century Cemetery Fragment from Gilău (Cluj County) (Germ.: Julmarkt;
Hung.: Gyalu) ........................................................301
ADRIAN ANDREI RUSU
Stove Tiles with the Royal Coat of Arms of King Matthias I Corvinus ..............313
REVIEWS
IULIAN MOGA, Culte solare şi lunare în Asia Mică în timpul Principatului/Solar and Lunar Cults in
Asia Minor in the Age of the Principate, Editura Universităţii “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iaşi (Iaşi
2011), 752 p. (Szabó Csaba) .............................................327
DAN GH. TEODOR, Un centru meşteşugăresc din evul mediu timpuriu. Cercetările arheologice de la
Lozna-Botoşani/An Artisan centre from the Early Middle Ages. The archaeological research from
Lozna-Botoşani, Bibliotheca Archaeologica Moldaviae XV, Academia Română – Filiala Iaşi,
Institutul de Arheologie, Editura Istros (Brăila 2011), 200 p. (including 118 figures), abstract
and list of figures in French (Ioan Stanciu) ...................................331
CĂLIN COSMA, Funerary Pottery in Transylvania of the 7 th –10 th Centuries, Series Ethnic and
Cultural Interferences in the 1 st Millenium B.C. to the 1 st Millenium AD. 18, Romanian
Academy – Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj‐Napoca, Mega Publishing House
(Cluj-Napoca 2011), 183 p., 49 plates (Aurel Dragotă) .........................339
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Crossing the Boundaries. Remodeling Cultural Identities at the End of Antiquity in Central and Eastern
Europe. A Case Study (Coriolan H. Oprean, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu) ...............343
Warriors and military retainers in Transylvania of the 7 th –9 th centuries (Călin Cosma) .........349
Seeing the Unseen. Landscape Archaeology on the Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire at Porolissvm
(Romania) (Coriolan H. Oprean, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu) .......................352
Abbreviations that can not be found in Bericht der Römisch-Germanische Kommission .....363
Guidelines for “Ephemeris Napocensis” .........................................366

Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
INSTRUMENTUM BALNEI FROM ROMAN NAPOCA.
TWO IRON VESSELS DISCOVERED ON THE SITE
FROM VICTOR DELEU STREET *
Silvia Mustaţă 1 , Sorin Cociş 2 , Valentin Voişian 3
Abstract: The two iron toilette vessels analysed in this article were discovered in Cluj‐Napoca during
the rescue excavations carried out on Victor Deleu Street between 1992 and 2001. Both of them correspond
from a stratigraphic viewpoint to the second stone phase of the two buildings researched on the site
which belonged to the residential area of the Roman town. Taking into account the context of discovery,
they were definitely in use in Napoca during the first three quarters of the 3 rd century AD. Due to
the rarity of such objects at the scale of the Roman Empire, the analysis focuses on the technical aspects
that the manufacturing process of such items implies (employing X-ray photography), on the parallels
from the rest of the Roman world and on the possible prototypes which might have influenced the development
of such shapes in iron.
Keywords: Napoca, iron vessels, instrumentum balnei, technology, prototypes
During archaeological research carried out in Cluj‐Napoca, Victor Deleu Street, two
iron vessels were discovered which will be the subject of the present article. The vessels are
unique in Roman Dacia and represent remarkable finds at the level of the Roman Empire.
The analysis will focus on the technical aspects that the objects imply as well as on parallels and
possible prototypes.
The site
The archaeological rescue excavations undertaken more or less continuously in Cluj‐Napoca,
Victor Deleu Street (Pl. I/1) between the years 1992 and 2001 revealed important information
about the evolution of the ancient town of Napoca 4 . Besides the medieval and modern habitation
*
A preliminary version of this paper was published in Instrumentum. Bulletin du Groupe de travail européen sur
l’artisanat et les productions manufacturées dans l’Antiquité (see: MUSTAȚĂ ET ALII 2012). The authors would like
to express their gratitude towards dr. Cosmin Onofrei and resident Dan Duma for their help in X-raying the objects
and towards dr. Mariana Egri and Szilamér Péter Pánczél for the useful discussions referring to the prototypes.
1
“Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj‐Napoca, RO; e-mail: silvia_mustata@yahoo.com.
2
Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj‐Napoca, Romanian Academy Cluj Branch, M. Kogălniceanu
str. 12–14, 400084, Cluj‐Napoca, Cluj county, RO; e-mail: scocis@yahoo.com.
3
National Museum of Transylvanian History, Constantin Daicoviciu str. 2, 400020, Cluj‐Napoca, RO;
e-mail: vvoisian@yahoo.com.
4
For the preliminary excavation reports see: COCIŞ ET AL. 1995; COCIŞ ET AL. 1996; COCIŞ ET AL.
1997; COCIŞ ET AL. 1998; COCIŞ ET AL. 1999; COCIŞ ET AL. 2002. See also: RUSU-BOLINDEŢ 2007,
97–98; GĂZDAC ET AL. 2010, 7–8.
Ephemeris Napocensis, XXII, 2012, p. 235–251

236 Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
(11 th –12 th , 14 th –15 th and 17 th –18 th centuries), parts of a residential area of the Roman town were
unearthed. The stratigraphy of the Roman period shows a continuous inhabitation of the site
from the time of Trajan till the abandonment of the province. Three timber and two stone phases
were identified, corresponding to the following activities: the establishment of the first colonist
groups coming, based on the archaeological material, from Noricum and Pannonia (1 st timber
phase: Trajan), timber structures – the vicus phase (2 nd timber phase: Trajan–Hadrian), two aligned
timber buildings proving the existence of a street pattern – the municipal phase (3 rd timber phase:
Hadrian–Antoninus Pius), the construction of two stone houses, named conventionally C1 and
C2 (1 st stone phase: middle of the 2 nd century–Septimius Severus) and the partial renewal of the
buildings (2 nd stone phase: Septimius Severus–the abandonment of the province) 5 . Each stone
phase was once repaired during its existence and for the 2 nd phase of building C2 6 this moment
can be very well placed in time: in room b two floors were identified, divided by a destruction
layer containing a lot of burning traces. The first floor was broken and a monetary hoard, namely
a pottery vessel with lid, filled with 1268 silver denarii ending at Severus Alexander, was hidden
under it 7 . On the new floor, built on top of the destruction layer, two coins from Philippus Arabs
were discovered 8 . It has been suggested that the hiding of the monetary hoard and the destructions
suffered by this part of the Roman town could be framed in a general phenomenon which affected
Roman Napoca in the 3 rd century AD, namely the conflicts between emperor Maximinus Thrax
and barbarians from the north 9 , theory which will have to be confirmed in the future by new field
research inside the ancient town 10 .
Even if most of the information regarding the site is still forthcoming, important
categories of archaeological material have already been analysed in separate studies: the
brooches 11 , the coins 12 , a votive altar 13 , the pottery 14 , the above mentioned monetary hoard
as well as the finds belonging to the early medieval period 15 .
The vessels
The first vessel (Pl. III/1, V/1, 2a–c) (National History Museum of Transylvania,
Cluj‐Napoca, without inventory no. ) was identified in house C1, in the western profile, in a
layer related to the last occupation sub phase belonging to the 2 nd stone phase of the building
(Pl. II), dated roughly from the middle of the 3 rd century to the time of the abandonment of
the province 16 . The object, flask-shaped with a narrow neck and a strongly arched spherical
body, is partially preserved: part of the fastening system of the lid is missing as well as part
of the base and the two small handles which should have been, theoretically, attached under
the rim. It has the following dimensions: H: 92.7 mm; maximum body D: 89.2 mm; rim
D: 30.3: base D; 56.9 mm and it weighs 249 g. The manufacture material is iron with the
5
COCIŞ ET AL. 1995; RUSU-BOLINDEŢ 2007, 98; OPREANU 2009, 393.
6
The construction works from Deleu Street began in 1991 without a proper archaeological survey and an
important part of the upper Roman layers, especially in the area of building C1, were destroyed. For this reason only
in the case of building C2 it was possible to collect more detailed stratigraphic data (See: COCIŞ ET AL. 1995, 637).
7
For the monographic publication of the hoard see: GĂZDAC ET AL. 2010.
8
COCIŞ ET AL. 1995, 638.
9
OPREANU 2009, 134.
10
See GĂZDAC ET AL. 2010, 15.
11
COCIŞ ET AL. 2001.
12
GĂZDAC ET AL. 2003.
13
COCIŞ ET AL. 2004.
14
RUSU-BOLINDEŢ 2007.
15
ŢIPLIC ET AL. 2004.
16
COCIŞ ET AL. 1995, 637–639.

Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca
237
exception of a bronze plate which was set into the rim (Pl. V/1). The bronze plate, representing
the fixed part of the closing system, displays two holes: an oval one positioned near
the rim (D: 9.4–10.7 mm) which allowed the liquid to exit and a small, circular central one
(D: 2.6 mm) which was used for fastening another mobile metal plate (lost today). This in
turn, provided with two small knobs, displayed a similar opening as the above mentioned oval
one and sealed its counterpart from the set plate by rotation. The vessel was recovered from
the excavation in a bad state of preservation (strongly oxidized, deformed body, base broken
from the body and fragmented in three parts) (Pl. 1/2). For this reason during the restoration
process, in order to ensure its stability, it was covered in some parts with a thick layer of
resin, process which determined important changes from the original shape, especially in the
area of the rim and of the base. In this situation, in order to reconstruct the original shape
of the vessel as accurately as possible, the technique of X-ray photography was employed
(Pl. IV/1–2). It can be observed very well that the exterior part of the rim was not straight,
but slightly reverted and that the original base had a smaller diameter than the one obtained
after restoration and it was less flared (Pl. IV/2). The X-ray offers also important details about
the technology employed in the manufacturing process of the vessel: the body was made from
two hemispherical parts joined in the point of the maximum diameter. The two joining lines
visible in the area of the rim show that this part was worked separately and subsequently
attached to the body; the rim, at its turn, was made out of two pieces of metal separated by
the bronze plate. It is not certain whether the base was also separately made or it was part of
the lower hemisphere. Taking into account that it was found broken and reattached during
restoration, this remains for the moment an open question.
The second vessel (Pl. VI/1, VIII/1a–d, IX/1a–d, 2, 3) (National History Museum
of Transylvania, Cluj‐Napoca, without inventory no.) was identified in room b, considered
to be an annex 17 belonging to the 2 nd phase of house C2 (Pl. II). The vessel was found on
the first floor near the place where the monetary hoard was hidden, together with a group of
metal objects: two bronze vessels (a jug of Millingen type and a handle from a Blechkanne),
two bronze candlesticks, a bronze statuette depicting a ram and several pieces of bronze sheet
with figural decoration 18 . It is not clear whether the objects were intentionally collected and
hidden or they were kept in a wooden chest or cupboard which was abandoned in a time of
danger. Thus, relying on the stratigraphic data, it can be asserted that the vessel was certainly
in use in the first half of the 3 rd century AD. The object made entirely of iron, was discovered
in a fragmentary state (Pl. IX/2–3), one of the handles was missing and it was reconstructed
during restoration. It presents a vertical rim, a narrow neck and a spherical body. It does not
have a base and the lower part of the body is slightly elongated, ending in a small protuberance.
The original handle, attached below the rim and ending with a leaf shaped appliqué,
still preserves half of a loop which was part of the hanging chain. It displays the following
dimensions: H: 100 mm; maximum body D: 82.8 mm; rim D: 38.9–41.6 mm and it weighs
259 g. The lid seems to present a similar system to the one described above: an upper mobile
plate presenting two knobs and a lower, fixed one. Since the vessel was restored it is not
possible anymore to observe the two oval openings that the plates should have had. Still,
based on the information offered by the X-ray (Pl. VII/1–2) it looks like the whole lid system
was worked separately and afterwards fitted inside the rim. Even if not very clear, the X-ray
seems to show a shallow line which could mark the limit between the plates. Concerning the
manufacturing process, besides the handles and the lid, the body of the vessel was made from
two different parts, an upper one together with the rim and a lower one, which are joined
above the line of the maximum diameter.
17
OPREANU 2008, 393.
18
COCIŞ ET AL. 1995, 637–638.

238 Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
Discussion
Despite the common character of the raw material, iron vessels represent exceptional
finds on Roman period sites. This situation was explained in the literature through the nature
of iron, much more exposed to oxidation in comparison with other metals, fact which determined
the preservation of a smaller number of objects, but also through the lack of interest
shown by the specialists for this kind of finds 19 . To this, one may add the technical difficulties
that the craftsman might have encountered when trying to forge iron in order to manufacture
objects of such small dimensions, since it was not possible to cast it.
There can be distinguished three main categories of Roman iron vessels, made totally
of iron or combining iron with parts made of cooper alloys, dated generally between the 2 nd and 4 th
centuries AD. The most numerous group, from the viewpoint of the number of finds, is composed
of iron water jugs 20 . Such vessels were discovered mainly in the Western provinces of the Empire 21
and on the territory of Roman Pannonia 22 . Another category is represented by the iron flasks or
so-called “pilgrim flasks” 23 . The finds belonging to this group are rare. One can mention here
a vessel, made from two iron halves covered in the superior part with bronze straps, found in
a well, dated to the Antonine period, from the Roman fort at Newstead, Roman Britain 24 and
the iron flask from the deposit found in the well from the Roman fort at Rainau Buch (Rainau,
Baden-Württemberg, Germany) 25 . Another such object was discovered in a 2 nd century grave
from the southern necropolis at Abritvs (Hisarlâk, near Razgrad, Bulgaria). The vessel presents
two appliqués attached on the shoulder which allowed the fastening of the preserved handle 26 .
The Archaeological Museum from Vienne (Rhône-Alpes, France) preserves in its collections a
flask made of iron, as part of the Gréan Collection, presenting a bronze neck and rim and having
the body partially wrapped by a bronze “belt” 27 . Probably the most interesting example from this
category is represented by a flask discovered in the 19 th century in the river Saône: the vessel, made
also from two iron halves covered by a bronze strap, was inlayed on each side with brass and pure
cooper, forming a delicate decoration depicting a wine leaf with a bunch of grapes 28 .
The third category of Roman iron vessels, in which the two objects from Napoca can
also be included, consists of toilette vessels. Typologically, this kind of vessels can be divided into
two main types: globular and flask-shaped vessels. Among the globular ones, probably the most
representative is a vessel found also in the river Saône, displaying a globular iron body, two bronze
19
BARATTE 1993, 224.
20
Taking into account the morphology, the Roman iron water jugs represent, up to a certain extent, a version
of the provincial type of bronze Belchkannen, very popular during the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries AD and used for boiling
the water. This functionality is confirmed by the traces of scale discovered inside both iron and bronze objects
(BARATTE 1993, 227; KOSTER 1997, 30 with further bibliography; for the typology of the bronze Blechkannen
see: BOLLA 1979 and BOLLA 1989 with further bibliography).
21
BARATTE 1993, 224–227; KOSTER 1997, 30–41.
22
SZIRMAI 1993: the author analyzes only the funerary finds coming from the Late Roman cemeteries dated
between the second half of the 3 rd century and the second half of the 4 th century AD.
23
For an overview of the main discoveries see: FEUGÈRE 1991, 125–126; KAUFMANN-HEINIMANN
1994, 172–174.
24
CLOSE-BROOKS 1980.
25
PLANCK 1983, 330–331, Abb. 131.
26
IVANOV/STOJANOV 1985, 70, fig. 96: from the published photograph it is not clear the way the handle
was attached to the two appliqués. One can presume that it was either discovered separately in the grave and,
subsequently, attributed to the vessel or the vessel was repaired in Antiquity and a handle, belonging originally to a
different type of vessel, was added.
27
BOUCHER 1971, 138, no. 254.
28
BARATTE ET AL. 1984, 110 no. 174, Pl.: LIV/174; LXXIV/174 (see also no. 200: a similar iron flask
having only the inferior part of the body preserved); BONNAMOUR 2000, 41, 127–128, no. 136.

Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca
239
handle appliqués decorated with Bacchic masks and a bronze handle 29 . The Royal-Athena Galleries
from New York preserve in their collection an exquisite piece belonging to this category: an iron
globular vessel with bronze base, provided with two loop shaped appliqués which allowed the
attachment of a massive bronze chain, completely preserved. The most interesting part of the vessel
is represented by the bronze lid: a representation of Venus Anadyomene as a child riding a dolphin 30 .
From the category of iron flask-shaped vessels, the one which resembles the most with the
vessel with base from Napoca (Pl. III/1, V/1, 2a–c) comes from Rottenburg am Neckar (Baden-
Württemberg, Germany), being generally dated between the 2 nd and the 3 rd century AD. The object
presents the same strongly arched body and in the area of the maximum diameter the joining line
of the two hemispheric parts is still visible. It has two small handles made of iron attached under
the rim, each of them preserving the first loop of the bronze hanging chain. The rim is vertical and
it was made out of bronze or brass 31 . Two other examples were identified in funerary contexts from
Pannonia Inferior. The first one was discovered in 1935 at Vajta (Fejér county, Hungary) associated
with a strigilis, in a wagon-grave disturbed by modern activities. This vessel shows a very strong
resemblance with the second iron vessel from Napoca (Pl. VI/1, VIII/1a–d, IX/1a–d, 2, 3). It has
a vertical rim covered with a plate of bronze, two small handles attached under the rim which both
preserve the first loop of a bronze chain, a narrow neck and a spherical body ended in the lower
part with the same small protuberance 32 . The only difference from the vessel discovered at Napoca
is represented by the presence of a ring-shaped base, but if one takes into consideration the fact
that the lowest point of the body is arched and marked with a knob, it can not be excluded that
initially the vessel did not have a base and that it was added subsequently, during its usage period,
in order to allow it to remain in a vertical position. The other iron vessel known from Pannonian
contexts comes from the necropolis at Intercisa (Dunaújváros, Fejér county, Hungary), without the
possibility of a closer dating. The object is flask-shaped, with a narrow neck and a reverted rim.
The maximum diameter is located in this case in the lower part of the body 33 .
Taking into account the rarity of such objects and the raw material they were made of, the
question that arises related to the shape, is whether they represent original items or they imitate
shapes which are common in other categories of material. The morphology presented by the first
vessel from Napoca (Pl. III/1, V/1, 2a–c) can be easily traced, since it has the same characteristics
as a certain type of copper alloy flask-shaped toilette vessel, made, usually, from two pieces of metal
which are joined above the shoulder, with globular body and narrow neck, typical for the Roman
provinces during the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries AD 34 . An important characteristic of the type is the
closing system of the lid, consisting of, as above mentioned, two plates of metal: a lower one set
into the rim and a mobile upper one. Such system can be observed on some better preserved pieces
like the one from Rainau-Buch 35 or the one from Calvatone (Lombardy, Italy) 36 .
Concerning the second vessel (Pl. VI/1, VIII/1a–d, IX/1a–d, 2, 3), even if it displays
the same lid mechanism, its shape does not show resemblance with other type of vessels made
of metal. At a first glance it can be noticed a similarity with glass toilette vessels belonging to
the type Isings 61 37 , but there are some differences: in our case the rim is not flattened and
29
BARATTE ET AL. 1984, 128–129, no. 199, Pl.: LX/199; LXXVI/199; BONNAMOUR 2000, 41, 131 no. 204.
30
The vessel is offered for sale and can be accessed at the following internet address: http://www.royalathena.
com/pages/RomanCatalog/Bronze/Vessels/GMZ15.html (10.03.2012).
31
SEITZ 2005, 362 Abb. 483.
32
FÜLEP 1949, 41–42, 28. tábla/1–3.
33
RADNÓTI 1957, 191, 218 no. 22, Pl. XXXIX/11; SZIRMAI 1993, 422, 427, Fig. 7/6.
34
SEDLMAYER 1999, 42, Taf. 16/11–14 with an overview of the finds and the bibliography; CASTOLDI
2002, 300–303; BIENERT 2007, 232–233, 237–239, nos.: 271–273.
35
PLANCK 1983, 332 Abb. 134/1.
36
CASTOLDI 2002, 301, fig. 12, 303, fig. 16.
37
ISINGS 1957, 78–80.

240 Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
the vessel cannot stay in a vertical position. On the other hand, one cannot help noticing
the similarities, without any other functional implications, between the shape of this iron vessel
and the one displayed by one of the most common olive oil amphorae, namely those belonging
to the type Dressel 20 38 . The similarity is surprising since both the Dressel 20 amphorae and
the iron vessel from Napoca were used for transporting oil, but in totally different contexts.
In conclusion the two iron vessels from Napoca were definitely in use during the first
three quarters of the 3 rd century AD, as suggested by the contexts of discovery. As the parallels
from the rest of the Roman Empire and the prototypes show, they were part of the instrumentum
balnei and were employed for carrying the oil to the baths. There is no reason to presume a
different functionality considering the existence of the hanging chains and the fastening system
of the lid which allowed a perfect sealing of the content.
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Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca
243
Gh. Barițiu Street
I. L. Caragiale Park
N
Octavian Petrovici Street
Victor Deleu Street
Roosvelt Street
National History
Museum
of Transylvania
Constantin Daicoviciu Street
Museum Square
1
0 1 20 m
2
Pl. I. 1 – Plan of the central part of Cluj-Napoca with the location of the excavations from Victor Deleu Street
(redrawn after GĂZDAC ET AL. 2010). 2 – Image with the first vessel in situ (photo: S. Cociş).

244 Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
group of metal objects
including an iron vessels
monetary hoard
N
b
c
e
a
d
C2
iron vessel
C1
0 1 2m
Pl. II. General plan of the excavations from Victor Deleu Street: the 2nd stone phase with the indication of
the areas where the iron vessels were discovered (redrawn after COCIŞ ET AL. 1995, with modifications
by the authors).

Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca
245
5 cm
0
1
Pl. III. 1 – Roman iron vessel from Napoca (drawn by N. Şugar).

246 Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
part added during restoration
joining line
part added during restoration
joining line
joining line
part added
during restoration
part added during restoration
original base
part added during restoration
1
5 cm
0
2
Pl. IV. Roman iron vessel from Napoca. 1 – X-ray showing the original shape (made by D. Duma).
2 – Drawing made after the X-ray.

Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca
247
5 cm
0
1
2a 2b 2c
Pl. V. Roman iron vessel from Napoca. 1 – Detail. 2a-2c – General views (photos: M. Urák, S. Mustaţă).

248 Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
0 5 cm
1
Pl. VI. 1 – Roman iron vessel from Napoca (drawn by N. Şugar).

Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca
249
lid
line between
the two plates?
part added
during restoration
joining line
1
lid
line between
the two plates?
5 cm
joining line
0
2
Pl. VII. Roman iron vessel from Napoca. 1–2 – X-rays (made by D. Duma).

250 Silvia Mustaţă, Sorin Cociş, Valentin Voişian
1a
1b
0 5 cm
1c
1d
Pl. VIII. Roman iron vessel from Napoca. 1a–1d. General views (photos: M. Urák, S. Mustaţă).

Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca
251
1a
1b
1c
1d
5 cm
0
2 3
Pl. IX. Roman iron vessel from Napoca. 1a–1d – Details (photos: M. Urák, S. Mustaţă). 2 – Image before restoration
(photo: S. Cociş). 3 – Image after restoration before reconstructing the missing handle (photo: S. Cociş).