Researching-the-Urban-Dilemma-Baseline-study

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Copyright © IDRC, May 2012 Cover artwork designed by Scott Sigurdson, www.scottsigurdson.com
Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................................... iii About the Author..................................................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Report Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Section 1: Research and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 7 Section 2: Concepts and Theories ......................................................................................................................... 13 i. Defining the “urban” ................................................................................................................................. 15 ii. Defining urban violence ............................................................................................................................. 18 iii. Defining the urban poor ............................................................................................................................ 23 Section 3: Measuring the Impacts ......................................................................................................................... 27 i. Death and victimization in the city ............................................................................................................ 29 ii. Displacement to and from the city ............................................................................................................ 31 iii. Social capital and cohesion in the city ....................................................................................................... 33 iv. Socio-economic welfare in the city ........................................................................................................... 35 v. Erosion of urban governance in the city .................................................................................................... 37 Section 4: Risks and Drivers ................................................................................................................................... 38 i. Urbanization and population growth ........................................................................................................ 39 ii. Urban population density .......................................................................................................................... 43 iii. Urban poverty and inequality .................................................................................................................... 45 iv. Urban youth and unemployment .............................................................................................................. 46 v. Failures in urban governance .................................................................................................................... 49 Section 5: Resilience and Resistance ..................................................................................................................... 51 Section 6: What Works and Why ........................................................................................................................... 53 i. Pacification and community policing......................................................................................................... 55 ii. Enhancing protection and reducing risks facing youth ............................................................................. 56 iii. Promoting social capital and urban cohesion ........................................................................................... 58 iv. Urban renewal for security ........................................................................................................................ 60 v. Slum upgrading and urban safety .............................................................................................................. 61 vi. Urban governance for security .................................................................................................................. 65 Concluding Reflections .......................................................................................................................................... 67 Annex 1: Evidence Gaps and Emerging Questions ................................................................................................ 70 Annex 2: Moving From Theory to Practice: A Review of Selected Examples ........................................................ 73 Annex 3: List of Key Informants ............................................................................................................................. 75 Annex 4: Selected Networks and Internet Resources ........................................................................................... 76 Annex 5: Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 81 i
Page 1: Researching the Urban Dilemma: Urba
Page 5 and 6: Preface In 2007, the world became a
Page 7 and 8: About the Author Dr. Robert Muggah
Page 9 and 10: national over municipal statistical
Page 11 and 12: adaptation - what is referred to he
Page 13 and 14: Introduction The world´s populatio
Page 15 and 16: differentiated impacts of urban vio
Page 17 and 18: ToR were subsequently refined by th
Page 19 and 20: Section 1 Research and Methods The
Page 21 and 22: Social scientists preoccupied with
Page 23 and 24: includes the Armed Conflict Locatio
Page 25 and 26: Section 2 Concepts and Theories The
Page 27 and 28: urban dilemma, it is hardly surpris
Page 29 and 30: Far from the dystopian wastelands o
Page 31 and 32: technologies and the regulation of
Page 33 and 34: (2011: 11) describe (urban) violenc
Page 35 and 36: iii. Defining the urban poor Develo
Page 37 and 38: nutrition, the proportion of househ
Page 39 and 40: Section 3 Measuring the Impacts The
Page 41 and 42: stigmatization, fear and evasion -
Page 43 and 44: lifetime. 163 The extent to which w
Page 45 and 46: cities to escape various forms of i
Page 47 and 48: groups. Third, these outcomes are i
Page 49 and 50: likelihood of crime and violence. A
Page 51 and 52: As noted in earlier sections, a num
Page 53 and 54:
The causes of this unprecedented ur
Page 55 and 56:
Urdal (2010) and Urdal (2011) find
Page 57 and 58:
iii. Urban poverty and inequality A
Page 59 and 60:
y intimate partners if their own mo
Page 61 and 62:
society was, is, and how it should
Page 63 and 64:
Section 5 Resilience and Resistance
Page 65 and 66:
Section 6 What Works and Why As thi
Page 67 and 68:
initiatives across the Americas and
Page 69 and 70:
planning, parent-child relations, y
Page 71 and 72:
consolidate social belonging, and c
Page 73 and 74:
anticipation of major global events
Page 75 and 76:
power and control are addressed, is
Page 77 and 78:
vi. Urban governance for security A
Page 79 and 80:
Concluding Reflections The world is
Page 81 and 82:
Cities are political, social and ec
Page 83 and 84:
Much greater attention should be de
Page 85 and 86:
Annex 2 Moving From Theory to Pract
Page 87 and 88:
Annex 3 List of Key Informants Urba
Page 89 and 90:
Urban Age The Urban Age research ne
Page 91 and 92:
South African City Development Stra
Page 93 and 94:
Annex 5 Bibliography Abello Colak,
Page 95 and 96:
Beall, J. and Fox, S. (2009). Citie
Page 97 and 98:
Chesnais, J. (1982). Histoires de l
Page 99 and 100:
Doll, L., Bonzo, S., Sleet, D., Mer
Page 101 and 102:
Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in Evolut
Page 103 and 104:
Hume, M. (2009). “Researching the
Page 105 and 106:
Krug E., Dahlberg L., Mercy J., Zwi
Page 107 and 108:
McCall, P. and Nieuwbeerta, P. (200
Page 109 and 110:
Muggah, R. and Samanayake, M. (2004
Page 111 and 112:
Rapley, J. (2006). “The New Middl
Page 113 and 114:
Simmel, G. (1950 [1903]). “The Me
Page 115 and 116:
UN-Habitat (2011b). Building Urban
Page 117 and 118:
Winton, A. (2004). “Urban Violenc
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