Researching-the-Urban-Dilemma-Baseline-study

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Towards this end, the study set out to achieve four objectives: 1. Document what is known about the connections between violence, inequalities and poverty in urban centres and assess the strength of the knowledge base. Particular focus was given to assessing evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia; 2. Describe the state of theory on violence, urbanization and poverty reduction, and assess the extent to which they interact, and whether emerging evidence actually informs theoretical debates and assumptions guiding work in these fields; 3. Identify key evidence gaps that require further investigation; and 4. Map out key actors (researchers and research organizations) that are producing knowledge on these issues. The outcome is a study that promotes an integrated and comprehensive approach to tackling the challenges posed by rapid urbanization, escalating violence, and increased poverty and inequalities. This study represents a starting point for further investigation and action, and has helped to shape a research agenda that IDRC and DFID are committed to advancing so that together, and with other stakeholders, solutions to the central development challenges of today can tomorrow be realized. I would like to thank Robert Muggah for undertaking this challenging endeavour. I am also grateful to Markus Gottsbacher, Navsharan Singh, Ramata Thioune, Njeri Karuru, Véronique McKinnon and Charlotte Heath for their constructive input and feedback, as well as to the numerous experts who provided valuable input through key informant interviews. John de Boer Program Leader Governance, Security and Justice International Development Research Centre Ottawa, Canada iv
About the Author Dr. Robert Muggah is a Professor at the Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, the Research Director of the Igarape Institute, and a Principal of the SecDev Group - a Canadian company with a mission to engage issues of insecurity and development. He is also a Research Associate at the Center for Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP) (Switzerland) and a senior advisor to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations (UN). Between 2000 and 2010 he was the Research Director of the Small Arms Survey and lectured at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. For almost two decades Dr. Muggah has lead or conducted applied research on themes of security promotion, governance and development. He has worked with multilateral and bilateral agencies in over twenty countries including in Congo, Ethiopia, Haiti, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Sri Lanka, Togo, Uganda, Sudan, and Timor-Leste. He currently oversees several projects on urban violence, stabilization and humanitarian action. Specifically, he coordinates the "Humanitarian Action in Situations Other than War," "States of Fragility" and "Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence" projects which feature research in Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the South Pacific. Dr. Muggah received his DPhil from Oxford University and his MPhil at the Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex. His work is published in peer-reviewed and policy-relevant journals, academic volumes and the international media. Most recently, he edited Security and Development (London: Routledge, forthcoming), Global Burden of Armed Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 2008), Security and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Dealing with Fighters in the Aftermath of War (New York: Routledge, 2009), Relocation Failures in Sri Lanka: A Short History of Internal Displacement (London: Zed Books, 2008), and No Refuge: The Crisis of Refugee Militarization in Africa (London: Zed Books 2006). He has also contributed more than twelve chapters to the Small Arms Survey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) since 2001 and dozens of edited volumes. v
Page 1 and 2: Researching the Urban Dilemma: Urba
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Preface .........
Page 5: Preface In 2007, the world became a
Page 9 and 10: national over municipal statistical
Page 11 and 12: adaptation - what is referred to he
Page 13 and 14: Introduction The world´s populatio
Page 15 and 16: differentiated impacts of urban vio
Page 17 and 18: ToR were subsequently refined by th
Page 19 and 20: Section 1 Research and Methods The
Page 21 and 22: Social scientists preoccupied with
Page 23 and 24: includes the Armed Conflict Locatio
Page 25 and 26: Section 2 Concepts and Theories The
Page 27 and 28: urban dilemma, it is hardly surpris
Page 29 and 30: Far from the dystopian wastelands o
Page 31 and 32: technologies and the regulation of
Page 33 and 34: (2011: 11) describe (urban) violenc
Page 35 and 36: iii. Defining the urban poor Develo
Page 37 and 38: nutrition, the proportion of househ
Page 39 and 40: Section 3 Measuring the Impacts The
Page 41 and 42: stigmatization, fear and evasion -
Page 43 and 44: lifetime. 163 The extent to which w
Page 45 and 46: cities to escape various forms of i
Page 47 and 48: groups. Third, these outcomes are i
Page 49 and 50: likelihood of crime and violence. A
Page 51 and 52: As noted in earlier sections, a num
Page 53 and 54: The causes of this unprecedented ur
Page 55 and 56: Urdal (2010) and Urdal (2011) find
Page 57 and 58:
iii. Urban poverty and inequality A
Page 59 and 60:
y intimate partners if their own mo
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society was, is, and how it should
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Section 5 Resilience and Resistance
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Section 6 What Works and Why As thi
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initiatives across the Americas and
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planning, parent-child relations, y
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consolidate social belonging, and c
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anticipation of major global events
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power and control are addressed, is
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vi. Urban governance for security A
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Concluding Reflections The world is
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Cities are political, social and ec
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Much greater attention should be de
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Annex 2 Moving From Theory to Pract
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Annex 3 List of Key Informants Urba
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Urban Age The Urban Age research ne
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South African City Development Stra
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Annex 5 Bibliography Abello Colak,
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Beall, J. and Fox, S. (2009). Citie
Page 97 and 98:
Chesnais, J. (1982). Histoires de l
Page 99 and 100:
Doll, L., Bonzo, S., Sleet, D., Mer
Page 101 and 102:
Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in Evolut
Page 103 and 104:
Hume, M. (2009). “Researching the
Page 105 and 106:
Krug E., Dahlberg L., Mercy J., Zwi
Page 107 and 108:
McCall, P. and Nieuwbeerta, P. (200
Page 109 and 110:
Muggah, R. and Samanayake, M. (2004
Page 111 and 112:
Rapley, J. (2006). “The New Middl
Page 113 and 114:
Simmel, G. (1950 [1903]). “The Me
Page 115 and 116:
UN-Habitat (2011b). Building Urban
Page 117 and 118:
Winton, A. (2004). “Urban Violenc
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