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Bergenstal RM, Wysham C, Macconell L, et al; DURATION-2 Study Group. Efficacy <strong>and</strong> safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a r<strong>and</strong>omised trial [published online ahead of print June 28, 2010]. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):431- 439. 34. Sitagliptin [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co Inc; 2006. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2009/021995s013lbl.pdf. Accessed June 26, 2012. 35. Exenatide [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc; January 2012. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2012/022200s000lbl.pdf. Accessed June 26, 2012. 36. Exenatide extended-release [package insert]. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc; January 2012. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2012/022200s000lbl.pdf. Accessed June 26, 2012. 37. Dore DD, Seeger JD, Arnold Chan K. 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Impaired regulation of the incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes [published online ahead of print January 20, 2011]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):737- 745. 50. Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T, et al; 1860- LIRA-DPP-4 Study Group. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, r<strong>and</strong>omised, parallelgroup, open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9724):1447-1456. 51. Wysham C, Bergenstal R, Malloy J, et al. DURATION-2: efficacy <strong>and</strong> safety of switching from maximum daily sitagliptin or pioglitazone to once-weekly exenatide. Diabet Med. 2011;28(6):705-714. doi: 10.1111/j.1464- 5491.2011.03301.x. 52. Holst JJ, Vilsboll T, Deacon CF. The incretin system <strong>and</strong> its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus [published online ahead of print August 20 2008]. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;297(1-2):127- 136. 53. DeFronzo RA, Okerson T, Viswanathan P, Guan X, Holcombe JH, MacConell L. Effects of exenatide versus sitagliptin on postpr<strong>and</strong>ial glucose, insulin <strong>and</strong> glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, <strong>and</strong> caloric intake: a r<strong>and</strong>omized, cross-over study [published online ahead of print September 10, 2008]. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(10):2943-2952. 54. Knop FK, Aaboe K, Vilsboll T, et al. Impaired incretin effect <strong>and</strong> fasting hyperglucagonaemia characterizing type 2 diabetic subjects are early signs of dysmetabolism in obesity [published online ahead of print January 17, 2012]. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(6):500-510. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01549.x. Jeffrey S. Freeman, DO, is chair of the Division of Endocrinology <strong>and</strong> Metabolism in the Department of Internal Medicine at the Philadelphia College of <strong>Osteopathic</strong> Medicine in Pennsylvania. He is a member of the speakers’ bureaus for Novo Nordisk Inc, Merck & Co Inc, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly <strong>and</strong> Company, Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc, <strong>and</strong> AstraZeneca. Address correspondence to Jeffrey S. Freeman, DO, 4190 City Ave, Suite 324, Division of Endocrinology <strong>and</strong> Metabolism, Philadelphia College of <strong>Osteopathic</strong> Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131- 1633, or send e-mail to him at jeffreyfreem<strong>and</strong>o@aol.com. 22 <strong>Dialogue</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Diagnosis</strong> // September 2012
Adding glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists to insulin therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: why <strong>and</strong> how? James R. LaSalle, DO L ong st<strong>and</strong>ing diabetes creates special challenges for the physician <strong>and</strong> patient. The progressive pathophysiologic nature of diabetes mellitus results in the need for numerous medications to address multiple metabolic defects, 1 with an increasing likelihood of the need for insulin as -cell function declines. 2 The necessary polypharmacy creates adherence <strong>and</strong> tolerability challenges for patients. 3 <strong>Dialogue</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Diagnosis</strong> // September 2012 23