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Historical Milestones<br />
Nuclear Power<br />
1896 Becquerel Fogging <strong>of</strong> photographic plates near U salts<br />
1905 Einstein Special theory <strong>of</strong> relativity- E = mc 2<br />
1911 Rutherford Discovery <strong>of</strong> nucleus - α-particle scattering<br />
1913 Bohr Quantum model <strong>of</strong> H atom<br />
1932 Chadwick Discovery <strong>of</strong> neutron<br />
1936 Bohr, Frenkel Liquid drop model <strong>of</strong> nucleus<br />
1938 Hahn, Strassmann Discovery <strong>of</strong> fission<br />
1939 Joliot, von Halban Discovery <strong>of</strong> neutrons produced in fission<br />
Kowarski reactions possibility <strong>of</strong> ‘chain reaction’<br />
1939 Szilard, Wigner Advised Roosevelt <strong>of</strong> feasibility <strong>of</strong> uranium<br />
bomb<br />
1939 Booth, Dunning, Start <strong>of</strong> projects to separate isotopes <strong>of</strong><br />
Urey<br />
235<br />
U and 238 U<br />
1940 Anderson, Fermi Showed that 12 C would be a good moderator<br />
1940 Joliot, Dautry Transferred D 2 O from Norway to UK<br />
1940 Seaborg Discovered Plutonium<br />
1942 Groves Manhattan Project started<br />
1942 Fermi First nuclear reactor- demonstrated that<br />
chain reaction controllable<br />
1943 Bethe, Weisskopf Defined specification <strong>of</strong> atomic bomb<br />
Teller, Feynman (sub-critical sphere surrounded by<br />
explosives compression criticality)<br />
May 1945<br />
July 1945<br />
Aug 1945<br />
Experimental uranium bomb exploded<br />
Experimental plutonium bomb exploded<br />
Hiroshima destroyed by U-bomb<br />
Nagasaki destroyed by Pu-bomb<br />
First self-sustaining chain reaction<br />
Fermi December 1942 Chicago University Stadium<br />
1945 UKAEA established in UK, CEA established in France<br />
1954 Fast reactor programme started<br />
1956 First prototype power station (Calder Hall) – gas cooled<br />
1956 Suez crisis oil shortage nuclear power stations<br />
first commercial reactors 1962 (Berkeley, Bradwell)<br />
1957 Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) developed for<br />
nuclear submarines by the USA<br />
1957 Windscale fire (Wigner energy underestimated)<br />
1957 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) established<br />
1959 Dounreay fast reactor critical<br />
1964 UK decide to build Advanced Gas cooled Reactors (AGR)<br />
1976 First AGRs commissioned (Hinckley B, Hunterston B)<br />
1979 Three Mile Island accident (operator errors)<br />
1986 Chernobyl accident (design faults, operator errors,<br />
no regulation<br />
1991/2 Collapse <strong>of</strong> communism in E.Europe nuclear<br />
cooperation (civil and military)<br />
1995 First PWR in UK (Sizewell B)