A comparative structural analysis of direct and indirect shoot ...

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fluorometric analyses of Al sorption to derived cell walls does not necessarily need to reflect the situation in intact roots of Arabidopsis exposed to morin. Impact of aluminium on NO production and polar transport processes The data reveal that internalization of aluminium into plant endosomes alters their behaviour as they fail to form the BFA-induced compartments. Moreover, this endosomal aluminium might also influence nitric oxide (NO) production, which showed its maximum in the cells of DTZ in control root apices but was suppressed after aluminium treatment. In animal cells, NO is active in endosomes involved in the processing of internalized heparan sulphate (Cheng et al., 2002). In addition, NO regulates endocytosis and vesicle recycling especially at neuronal synapses (Meffert et al., 1996; Huang et al., 2005; Kakegawa and Yuzaki, 2005; Wang et al., 2006). In this respect it is most interesting that plant synapses (Baluškaet al., 2005b), which are very active in both endocytosis and vesicle recycling (Baluška et al., 2003, 2005b), are located exactly in the aluminium-sensitive distal portion of the transition zone (Sivaguru and Horst, 1998; Sivaguru et al., 1999). Finally, there are obvious links between the aluminium toxicity and the inhibition of the basipetal polar transport of auxin in the epidermis and outer cortex cells. Hasenstein and Evans (1988) were the first to discover that aluminium inhibits the basipetal flow of auxin. Later, this result was fully confirmed by Kollmeier et al. (2000) who also showed that the distal portion of the transition zone is the most relevant in the aluminium-based inhibition of basipetal auxin transport. Interestingly, the cells in this zone are unique with respect to auxin and its role in cell growth regulation (Ishikawa and Evans, 1993; Baluška et al., 1994, 1996, 2004). Doncheva et al. (2005) documented that, in an aluminium-sensitive maize line, aluminium treatment mimics auxin transport inhibitors in their morphogenic effects on cell division planes in the PTZ (see also Dhonukshe et al., 2005). Polar auxin transport is insensitive to aluminium in aluminium-tolerant mutant AlRes4 of tobacco (Ahad and Nick, 2006). The DTZ cells are not only the most sensitive towards aluminium toxicity (Sivaguru and Horst, 1998; Sivaguru et al., 1999), but are also the most active ones in the cell-to-cell transport of auxin (Mancuso et al., 2005; Santelia et al., 2005). Recently published data revealed that polar auxin transport is linked to active vesicle trafficking and that auxin is secreted out of cells via vesicle recycling (Schlicht et al., 2006). It is shown here that internalized aluminium affects the behaviour of endosomes as well as the production of NO. This indicates that the extraordinary sensitivity of the DTZ cells towards aluminium could be a consequence of an extremely active vesicle recycling driving extensive polar auxin transport in this particular root apex zone. Aluminium sensitivity of root cells related to aluminium internalization 4211 Acknowledgements The authors thank Milada Čiamporova for critical comments on the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the Grant Agency VEGA (Grants nos 2/5085/25, 2/5086/25, and 2/3051/23). MO was supported by a Marie Curie European Reintegration Grant No. MERG-CT-2005–031168 within the 6th European Community Framework Programme. Financial support by grants from the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, Cologne, Germany; project 50WB 0434), from the European Space Agency (ESA-ESTEC Noordwijk, The Netherlands; MAP project AO- 99–098), and from the Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze (Italy) is gratefully acknowledged too. References Ahad A, Nick P. 2006. 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