Pride Campaign Site Summary Country Philippines ... - RarePlanet

Pride Campaign Site Summary
Country
Province
Municipality
Barangays
Site
Description
Climate
Biodiversity
Area
Biodiversity
Background
Philippines
Zamboanga Sibugay
Ipil
Buluan, Makilas, Caparan, Tiayon, Magdaup, Bangkerohan, Sanito, Pangi,
Upper Pangi and Tenan
The Municipality is composed of twenty eight (28) barangays. It is bounded on
the north by the municipality of Titay, on the south by the Sibuguey
Bay; on the west by the municipalities of R. T. Lim and Tungawan; and
on the east by the municipality of Naga which is defined by the Bacalan
River.
The Municipality of Ipil is located in the northwestern section of the
Province of Zamboanga Sibugay (2nd congressional district). The
Municipality’s strategic location is what makes it advantageous in its pursuit to
become a self-sufficient locality, besides being the capital town of the newly
created province of Zamboanga Sibugay. It lies at the crossroad between the
Pagadian City-Zamboanga City and Dipolog City route, which is the national
highway. It is approximately situated at 135 kilometers west of Pagadian
City (the capital city of the Province of Zamboanga del Sur); 139 kilometer east
of Zamboanga City (the regional center) and 177 kilometers south of
Dipolog City (the capital city of Zamboanga del Norte). The Municipality
is at the geographical coordinates of 122 35’ longitudes and 7 47’ latitude.
It has an elongated regular shape about 21x7 km. (2010, Municipal Profile)
Ipil’s climatic condition is of the fourth type with distinct wet and dry seasons.
This character is common to all Zamboanga Sibugay areas. Usually, the period
between the months of December to April is considered dry season for Ipil while
rainy season starts from the months of May to November.
The twenty one (21) years of daily rainfall record from year 1980 to 2001 kept at
WESMIARC shows that the total annual rainfall averages to 1,933.53 millimeters
with 1,211.25 mm being the lowest in 1990 and 2,812.12 mm as the highest on
the same year. The wettest months are June to September with an average
monthly rainfall ranging from 313.15 to 270.48 mm. The driest months are
January to March with an average monthly rainfall ranging from 39.93 to 50.19
mm. (2010, Ipil Municipal Profile)
Municipal land: 36,690 has.
Municipal waters: 16,800 has. (est.)
Coral Reef Area: (No Data Yet)
Seagrass area: (No Data Yet )
Fisheries Area: (No Data Yet)
Mangrove Area: 2185.92 has
Wetlands Area: no wetland
Data generated from previous bio-physical assessments conducted by the
Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences and Technology and Department of
Agrarian Reform-Western Mindanao Community Initiatives Project (DAR-
WMCIP) in 2003 and EcoGov 2 in 2007 respectively are as follows:

Coral reef: biophysical status, unique species, coral species count.
Corals 2003 2007
Dead Corals: 55.5% 16.58%
Hard Corals: 28.5% 61.58%
Sand/rubbles: 12.5% 21.51%
Soft Corals: 0.16% 3.50%
Fig. 1. Coral cover of Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary.
NoNote: Presence of near threatened species of coral Cynarina lacrymalis
1. Seagrass: biophysical status, unique species, count of species.
Species D F C
H. pinifolia 10.6 4 0.422
H. ovalis 19.2 6.6 0.74
H. uninervis 306 27 15.948
E. acoroides 7.2 18 11.54
T. hemprichii 15.6 11.6 3.4
C. serrulata 57 23.2 9.102
TOTAL 415.6 90.4 41.152
Fig. 2 Sea-grass present in the sanctuary.
2. Mangrove ecosystem: biophysical status, unique species, count.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Pagatpat
Sonneratia alba
Pedada
Sonneratia caseolaris
Bakauan babae
Rhizopora mucronata
Bakauan lalaki
Rhizopora apiculata
Busain
Bruguiera gymnorhiza
Langarai
Bruguiera parviflora
Bungalon puti
Avicennia alba
Nipa
Nypa pruticans
Tabigi
Xylocarpus granatum
Saging-saging
Aegiceras corniculatum
Fern
Acrostichum speciosum
Tigbau
Acanthus ebracteatus
Pototan-
Bruguiera cylindricax
Buta-buta
Excoecaria agallocha
Dungon
Heritiera littoralis
Api-api
Avicennia officinalis
Fig. 3. Mangrove species in Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay (2007, PCRA)

Other species of fish, reptiles and bivalves found in the site
includes the following; sword fish and jacks, green sea turtle and giant clams.
Provide
information on
the unique
species you
listed above and
their importance
to ecology,
people, tourism,
and fishing.
The corals found in the Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary (Fig.1) are the only
remaining good coral cover in the site (municipality). Other corals outside of the
sanctuary are mostly turned into rubbles due to dynamite fishing or dragged by
nets. The health of these corals relates to myriad of benefits to the fishers ranging
from supply of fish, protection from storm surges, climate change resiliency, ecotourism
potential and many other benefits.
corals
Reef fishes
Seagrasses on the otherhand, provides benefits to coastal communities and fishers
by stabilizing sea bed and preventing coastal erosion. It also slow down watercurrent
and provides food and shelter to fishes.
Mangroves in the site as shown in the picture below. It offer various benefits to
the fishers and coastal communities especialy in terms of providing protection
from storm surges, source of food and as shelter and breeding ground of fish,
crustaceans and reptiles among others.
Other endangered or threatened species found in the site and the sanctuary like
green turtle, giant clams and other corals are other marine species the LGU
of Ipil is determined to protect.

Tridacna gigas
Green Sea Turtle
Cynarina lacrymalis
Moray eel
MPA overview
Technical
Description of
MPAs
Fig. 4. The technical description of the Buluan Island Marine
Sanctuary,Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines

7.8
7.78
FZ
FZ
MZ
FZ
MZ
7.76
7.74
FZ
FZ
MZ
FZ
FZ
MPZ
MZ
MPZ
MPZ
MZ
MZ
MZ
MZ
7.72
MZ
FZ
MZ
MPZ
MPZ
7.7
7.68
MPZ
7.66
122.5 122.52 122.54 122.56 122.58 122.6 122.62 122.64 122.66 122.68
Fig. 5. The zonified municipal waters of Ipil including the navigitional
Lanes represented by arrows. The biggest red square is where the
location of the Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary and the smaller red
squares are the proposed MPAs.(2010-2018, Coastal Resource
Management Plan of Ipil)
Site Map
Reference
Fig. 6. Aerial view of the Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary, Ipil,
Zamboanga Sibugay Province, Philippines .
Google Map Link:
http://maps.google.com.ph/maps?hl=fil&newwindow=1&biw=1366&bih=664&n
oj=1&q=ipil+zamboanga+sibugay&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&hq&hnear=0x3253d88b598cdea3%3A0x8e3409df72f1213c%2CBayan+ng+Ip
il&gl=ph&sa=X&ei=R4xVUNXPGaLNmAXSzYCgAQ&ved=0CDgQ8gEwAw

Fig. 7 Shows the location of the municipality of Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
Province. Philippines
Fig. 8. Administrative map of the municipality of Ipil.
Protected Area
Categories
The Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary (BIMS), is a coral reef marine sanctuary
established thru Municipal Fishery Ordinance # 09-214-2006.

Red- List
Species
Primary
Threats
Secondary
Threats
History of the
MPA
IUCN Red Data list can be accessed here: http://www.iucnredlist.org/
1. Cynarina lacrymalis (near threatened)
2. Tridacna gigas (vulnerable A2 cd. Ver.2.3)
3. Acropora spp. (near threatened/vulnerable)
IUCN Threat Classification can be accessed here, or in Appendix A:
http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/threatsclassification-scheme-ver3
o 5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
• 5.4.1 Intentional mortality (human use - subsistence/small scale)
IUCN Threat Classification can be accessed here, or in Appendix A:
http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/threatsclassification-scheme-ver3
o
o
o
o
o
o
3.2 Mining & quarrying
8.2 Problematic native species
9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation
9.4 Garbage & solid waste
11.3 Temperature extremes
The idea for establishment of the Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary started when
fishers of barangay Buluan and Makilas of the municipality of Ipil, Zamboanga
Sibugay Province suggested it during several resource assessment and
development planning activities sponsored by the Department of Agrarian
Reform (DAR) thru the Western Mindanao Community Initiatives Project
(WMCIP), an International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) funded
project in year 2001. During several focused group discussion sessions, the
decreasing trend in fish catch among fishers of the said barangays prompted
them to request to establish a sanctuary for fish to repopulate and breed.
With the support of the barangay council of Buluan, a barangay resolution was
passed to the municipal government requesting for the establishment of a 10 has.
“fish sanctuary”
The municipal local government unit of Ipil thru the Municipal Agriculture
Office together with DAR-WMCIP acted on it by providing budget for the
establishment of artificial reefs within the island in 2003.
The Zamboanga State College of Marine Science and Technology thru the
funding of DAR-WMCIP conducted a survey in the island last August 2003
together with the participating agencies like the Xavier Agriculture Extension
Service (XAES), fisherfolks and barangay officials of Barangay Makilas and
Buluan..
In 2004, a Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the DAR-WMCIP,
Local Government Unit of Ipil and other stakeholders agreeing to provide
technical and logistic support for the establishment of a sanctuary
Launching of Buluan Island as a marine sanctuary was on March 10, 2004 were
markers and buoys were deployed,
In September 2006, thru Municipal Fishery Ordinance # 09-214-2006, the
Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary was officially declared.

2007-2010, USAID-EcoGov2 of also assisted the municipality in improving the
governance systems of the sanctuary.
2012-up to the present, the marine sanctuary continues to function.
Previous and
Existing
Management
Strategies
The assisting non-government organization (NGO) that helped in the
establishment of the marine sanctuary is the Xavier Agriculture Extension
Service (XAES) based in Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay, an extension unit of Xavier
Science Foundation (XSF) of Xavier University, Cagayan De Oro, Philippines
thru the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) assisted, International Fund for
Agricultural Development funded Western Mindanao Community Initiatives
Project (WMCIP).
The project started in 2001 and ended in 2005. The objectives of the project was
to capacitate communities to formulate plans and programs using participatory
approach and establish conservation sites as part of the natural resource
management component. XAES took care of the organizing component while
DAR-WMCIP Project Site Operations Unit on the other hand provided funds for
the participatory coastal resource assessment (PCRA),the provision of patrol boat
with engine, diving gears, buoys and markers, ropes, anchor and others. The area
declared as sanctuary is 63.16 hectares.
In 2007-2010, the USAID funded Ecological Governance 2 Project (EcoGov2)
also assisted the local government of Ipil in strengthening of the MPA
management structure (TWG), formulation of a long-term coastal resource
management plan including the formulation of a separate MPA Plan and conduct
of regular bio-physical assessment activities.
From 2010 up to the present, the local government of Ipil took full responsibility
on the management of the sanctuary by assigning regular “Bantay Dagat” and
“Sanctuary Guards” personnel for a 24/7 monitoring. Apprehensions were also
recorded. Funds allocated ranges from PhP 600,000-800,000 annually (Source:
Ipil Budget Office).

Previous and
Existing
Environmental
Education
Work
The local government of Ipil thru the Office of the Municipal Agriculturists
and the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer are conducting the
following environmental and educational works in relation to sanctuary and
coastal resource management :
A. Environmental Works
• Re-installation of lost marker buoys
• Installation of fish aggregating devices
• Repair/Construction of guard houses and sign boards
• Purchase of additional patrol boats and equipment such as two (2)-way
handheld radio, binocular, flash lights, masks and snorkels, life jackets
• Regular patrolling (24/7)
• Apprehension and prosecution of sanctuary intruders or commercial fisher
intruding the municipal waters
• Regular reef assessment (every 3 months)
• Conduct of island and underwater clean-ups
B. Educational Works
• Advocacy to different coastal communities thru power point presentations
during 4P’s Family Development Sessions (FDS)
• Presentation of CRM activities thru transparency boards, tarpaulins, LGU
website and LGU Facebook account
• Regular radio plugging on DXIR 94.3 FM and DXLR 98.1 FM Radio
Stations on the existence of the marine sanctuary and its benefits
• Inclusion of the Buluan Island Marine Sanctuary information to provincial
and local tourism flyers
• Hosting island visits for church workers, students, government workers and
other stakeholders
Human Stakeholders
Human
Stakeholder
Population
Size
Historical
Description
Based on latest population census of the National Statistics Office (NSO, 2010),
the municipality of Ipil has a total population of 64,939.
Of the total 28 barangays comprising Ipil, there are 10 are considered as coastal
barangays whose population may directly benefitted of the Pride Campaign
considering that many of the fishers in these areas fish near the MPA. The
combined population of these coastal barangays is 26,312 out of 6397
households.
Background
Ipil was formerly known as “Nito”, a sitio in barrio Bacalan of the municipality
of Kabasalan. The name “Nito” came from the famous hats and baskets woven
out of the nito vines that grew in abundance along the Bacalan River. From
“Nito”, the name evolved to “Sanito”. Presumably because when the locals
where asked where they were heading, they often replied “Sa Nito”, meaning,
“To Nito”. In the early days the inhabitants of Sanito were from the Subanon
tribe. A Balian or Priest named Balian Dagatan headed them. They were pagans
then, and worshiped the sun, the moon, stars, rivers and even the big trees found

in their village. The Subanons engaged in barter trade with the Chinese Traders
who usually exchange jars, plates, trinkets, brassware, coins and others, with
spices and other agricultural products found in their village. Later on, the
Subanon intermarried with people from different faiths, making its inhabitants
today a rich mix of people with diverse beliefs but living in harmony with each
other.
Campaign's
Social Context
Executive Order No. 249 was signed by then President Elpidio Quirino on July
26, 1949. This presidential act made the place now known as Ipil a full-fledged
municipality. (2010, Ipil Municipal Profile)
Socio-economic Profile
The municipality of Ipil is the economic, industrial and institutional center of the
newly created province of Zamboanga Sibugay. A First class municipality, it
thrives on agriculture, fishery, commerce and trade as the major sources of
income.
Year 2009 Total Income - P 108,870,119.00
(IRA – P82,663,364.00; Local Sourced Revenues – P24,252,306.14;
Other Sources P 1,954,448.56)
Year 2010 Total Income – P122,850,413.17
(IRA – P83,172,894.00; Local Sourced Revenues – P35,462,715.61;
Other Sources – P4,214,803.56)
Major Products - Rubber
Major Industries - Rubber Processing
Major Tribe - Visayan
Cultural Tribe - Muslim and Subanen
Dialect Spoken - Cebuano
Major Religion - Roman Catholic
Topographical Description
The municipality lies along the south coast of the Zamboanga Peninsula and is
mostly flat to rolling, though high metamorphic and volcanic hills in the
Municipality’s west and northwest comprise the foothills and sideslopes of the
adjoining Quipit Peak and Mount Silingan whose twin crests are a major physical
feature in this region.
Resource Profile:
Land Resource:
a. Major Land forms:
- hilly to rolling landscapes
- alluvial lands and marsh and tidal flat
b. Soil Classification:
There are three major types of soil in the municipality, such as:
castilla clay loam, hydrosol and antipolo type, each associated with a
different parent material and corresponding terrain.

The great majority of soils in the municipality are derived from
sediments, particularly underlying limestone, and occur as weakly
structured brown to yellowish brown clays or clay loam top soils
overlying yellow-brown decomposing limestone in the subsoil
Soils on steeper elevated hills to northwest, such as barangays Timalang,
Maasin, Labi and Doña Josefa, are acid, mostly shallow to very shallow and
stony yellow brown clay loam with low organic matter, very low P and K.
They are limited by inadequate depth, stone and low fertility, and on steep
slopes are prone to erosion.
c. Land Classification:
Built –up area - 449 has. -
Agricultural/cropland - 18,622 has.
Forest lands - 3,354 has.
Mangroves/Marshes - 2,185 has.
- Timber land and Watershed - 12,132 has.
Natural Resources:
a. Water Resources:
Water District : Caparan, Taway, Bacalan Spring;
Ipil Heights Spring, Buluan Spring
Legislative
Context
b. Fishery Resources : Sibuguey Bay
(2010, Municipal Economic Profile)
• RA 7160- section 3 (i) Local Government Units shall share with the
national government in the management and maintenance of ecological
balance within their territorial jurisdiction.
• RA 7160-section 17- Basic Services and Facilities
• RA 8550-section 16 municipal/city government have jurisdiction over
municipal waters. This jurisdiction includes responsibilities over the
protection, management and conservation of municipal waters, coastal
and riparian areas, and enforcement of all fishery laws, rules and
regulations and valid fishery ordinances.
• Resolution No. 09-054-2010, A Resolution Adapting the Marine
Sanctuary Management Plan of Buluan Island, This Municipality for
Implementation
• Municipal Ordinance No. 09-214-2006, Municipal Fishery Ordinance
• SB Resolution No. 06-916-2010, A Resolution Approving the Ten (10)
Year Coastal Resource Management Plan of the Municipality of Ipil
*Be sure to include references for any information you received from existing literature/web
sources.

Campaign Project Team
Name Role in
Campaign
Eldwin M.
Alibutdan
Felix T
Badon.
Arnie
Decosto
Ian Tagotilla
Edna
Hingosa
Organization
Title/Position
in
Organization
Responsibility
or function
this person
might have in
the Pride
campaign
Supervisor LGU-Ipil Municipal
Mayor
Overall Chair 100%
Conservation LGU-Ipil MENRO Campaign 100%
Fellow
Manager
Alternate CF LGU-Ipil JO/MENRO Assist the CF 80%
Staff
Computer LGU-Ipil MPDC Staff Computer and 80%
Analyst
Design Artist
MPA In LGU-Ipil Agricultural Community 80%
Charge
Technician- Mobilization
Fisheries
Edgar Apao CRM Support LGU-Ipil MAO Technical and
Logistical
Support
Nimfa C.
Diputado
Blandina
Carpio
Aida A.
Francisco
Alfredo
Lumbo
Felipe
Salinas
Key Partner Support
Name of
Partner/Group
Name of agency or
group that may be
involved or integral to
the success of the
Pride campaign.
Planning LGU-Ipil MPDC Planning and
Budgeting
% of time
allocated to
Pride
campaign
50%
50%
Budget LGU-Ipil MBO Budget 50%
Accounting LGU-Ipil Municipal
Accountant
Barangay BLGU Punong
Support
Barangay
Buluan
Accounting 50%
Community
mobilization
80%
Legislation LGU-Ipil SB Legislation 50%
Role(s) Contact Name Phone/email
contact
Role that this organization might Primary contact's
play in the Pride campaign. name
Provincial ENRO Technical and Logistics For. Medarlene 09215726764
Perez
BFAR Technical Estrella
09182514272
Macapobre
MAFC
Community
Mobilization/Legislation
Vicente Matugas 09204066764

MFARMC
Community
Mobilization/Legislation
Vicente
Batubalunos
DENR-CENRO Technical Serena Cabrera
PNP Security/Enforcement PCI Ariel Huesca
09067610502
NGO-XAES
Community
Nestor Carbonera 09189168797
Mobilization/Technical
DILG-MLGOO Legislative/Tchnical Benonie Galambao
Fisherfolk
Organization
Community Mobilization Juan Mulat 09468855291

APPENDIX A: IUCN Threat Classification
1 Residential & commercial development
o 1.1 Housing & urban areas
o 1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
o 1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
2 Agriculture & aquaculture
o 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
• 2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
• 2.1.2 Small-holder farming
• 2.1.3 Agro-industry farming
• 2.1.4 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
o 2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
• 2.2.1 Small-holder plantations
• 2.2.2 Agro-industry plantations
• 2.2.3 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
o 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
• 2.3.1 Nomadic grazing
• 2.3.2 Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming
• 2.3.3 Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming
• 2.3.4 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
o 2.4 Marine & freshwater aquaculture
• 2.4.1 Subsistence/artisinal aquaculture
• 2.4.2 Industrial aquaculture
• 2.4.3 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
3 Energy production & mining
o 3.1 Oil & gas drilling
o 3.2 Mining & quarrying
o 3.3 Renewable energy
4 Transportation & service corridors
o 4.1 Roads & railroads
o 4.2 Utility & service lines
o 4.3 Shipping lanes
o 4.4 Flight paths
5 Biological resource use
o 5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
• 5.1.1 Intentional mortality (human use)
• 5.1.2 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch)
• 5.1.3 Persecution/control
• 5.1.4 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
o 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
• 5.2.1 Intentional mortality (human use)
• 5.2.2 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch)
• 5.2.3 Persecution/control
• 5.2.4 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
o 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
• 5.3.1 Intentional mortality (human use - subsistence/small scale)
• 5.3.2 Intentional mortality (human use - large scale)
• 5.3.3 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - subsistence/small scale)

• 5.3.4 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - large scale)
• 5.3.5 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
o 5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
• 5.4.1 Intentional mortality (human use - subsistence/small scale)
• 5.4.2 Intentional mortality (human use - large scale)
• 5.4.3 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - subsistence/small scale)
• 5.4.4 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - large scale)
• 5.4.5 Persecution/control
• 5.4.6 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
6 Human intrusions & disturbance
o 6.1 Recreational activities
o 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
o 6.3 Work & other activities
7 Natural system modifications
o 7.1 Fire & fire suppression
• 7.1.1 Increase in fire frequency/intensity
• 7.1.2 Suppression in fire frequency/intensity
• 7.1.3 Trend Unknown/Unrecorded
o 7.2 Dams & water management/use
• 7.2.1 Abstraction of surface water (domestic use)
• 7.2.2 Abstraction of surface water (commercial use)
• 7.2.3 Abstraction of surface water (agricultural use)
• 7.2.4 Abstraction of surface water (unknown use)
• 7.2.5 Abstraction of ground water (domestic use)
• 7.2.6 Abstraction of ground water (commercial use)
• 7.2.7 Abstraction of ground water (agricultural use)
• 7.2.8 Abstraction of ground water (unknown use)
• 7.2.9 Small dams
• 7.2.10 Large dams
• 7.2.11 Dams (size unknown)
o 7.3 Other ecosystem modifications
8 Invasive & other problematic species & genes
o 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
• 8.1.1 Unspecified species
• 8.1.2 Named species
o 8.2 Problematic native species
o 8.3 Introduced genetic material
9 Pollution
o 9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
• 9.1.1 Sewage
• 9.1.2 Run-off
• 9.1.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
o 9.2 Industrial & military effluents
• 9.2.1 Oil spills
• 9.2.2 Seepage from mining
• 9.2.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
o 9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
• 9.3.1 Nutrient loads
• 9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation

• 9.3.3 Herbicides and pesticides
• 9.3.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
o 9.4 Garbage & solid waste
o 9.5 Air-borne pollutants
• 9.5.1 Acid rain
• 9.5.2 Smog
• 9.5.3 Ozone
• 9.5.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
o 9.6 Excess energy
• 9.6.1 Light pollution
• 9.6.2 Thermal pollution
• 9.6.3 Noise pollution
• 9.6.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
10 Geological events
o 10.1 Volcanoes
o 10.2 Earthquakes/tsunamis
o 10.3 Avalanches/landslides
11 Climate change & severe weather
o 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
o 11.2 Droughts
o 11.3 Temperature extremes
o 11.4 Storms & flooding
o 11.5 Other impacts