NASA SP-413 Space Settlements - Saint Ann's School

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22 NASA SP-413 — SPACE SETTLEMENTS — A Design Study X rays Gamma rays TABLE 2-2 — IONIZING RADIATIONS IN SPACE Name Charge (Z) RBE Location 0 1 0 1 Electrons 1.0 MeV 0.1 MeV Protons 100 MeV 1.5 MeV 0.1 MeV Neutrons 0.05 eV (thermal) .0001 MeV .005 MeV .02 MeV .5 MeV 1.0 MeV 10.0 MeV Alpha particle 5.0 MeV 1.0 MeV Heavy primaries 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 *3 1 1.08 1-2 8.5 10 2.8 2.2 2.4 5 10.2 10.5 6.4 15 20 (see text) Radiation belts, solar radiation and in the secondaries made by nuclear reactions, and by stopping electrons Radiation belts Cosmic rays, inner radiation belts, solar cosmic rays Produced by nuclear interactions; found near the planets and the Sun and other matter Cosmic rays Cosmic rays Figure 2-8 plots the ionizing power of protons in silicon dioxide as a function of proton energy. Since the units of ionizing power are in units of mass traversed, the same values are reasonably accurate for all matter with a low charge number (Z), for example, human tissue. This basic curve holds for any ion species when the vertical axis is multiplied by the ion’s charge number squared (Z 2 ). Essentially the result is that the ionizing power increases as the particle energy decreases, so as to cause the more slowly moving particles to be the most damaging. In the extreme relativistic energy region the damage effects are basically constant — at a level which is termed the ionization minimum. At the lowest velocities the charged particles are finally neutralized by picking up electrons. Figure 2-8 — Ionizing power of protons in Si0 2 vs. energy. represent the same amount of biological danger. (For X-rays 1 rem results from the exposure of 1 roentgen.) The RBEs of most of the common kinds of radiation are given in the table. The damaging power of heavy charged particles with charge numbers equal to or greater than 3 is most conveniently described in terms of their ionizing power. This measures how many chemical bonds per unit of body mass are broken and thereby gives a rough measure of the tissue damage sustained. REFERENCES 1. La Grange, J. L.: Oeuvres, vol. 6, pp. 262-292, Sewer and Darbaux, Paris, 1873, “Essai Sur Le Probleme bese Trois Corps” (L’Academie Royale de Sciences de Paris, vol. 9, 1772). 2. Szebehely, V. G.: Theory of Orbits, the Restricted Problems of Three Bodies, Academic Press, New York, 1967, and Analytical and Numerical Methods of Celestial Mechanics, American Elsevier Publ. Co., N.Y., 1967, pp. 227, 229. 3. Katz, J. L: Numerical Orbits Near the Triangular Lunar Libration Points, Icarus, vol. 25, June 1975, pp. 336-359. 4. Kamel, A. A.: Perturbation Theory Based on Lie Transforms and Its Application to the Stability of Motion near Sun-Perturbed Earth-Moon Triangular Libration Points, NASA CR-1622, 1970. Chapter 2 — Physical Properties Of Space
NASA SP-413 — SPACE SETTLEMENTS — A Design Study 23 5. Farquhar, R. W.: The Utilization of Halo Orbits in Advanced Lunar Operations, NASA TN D-6365,1975. 6. Ross, H. J., Jr., et al.: Compositional Data for Twenty-Two Apollo 16 Samples, Proceedings of the Fourth Lunar Science Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1149-1158. 7. Chapman, C. R.: The Nature of Asteroids, Scientific American, vol. 232, Jan. 1975, pp. 24-33. 8. Wood, J. A.: Meteorites and the Origin of Planets, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1968. 9. Gehrels, T., ed.: Physical Studies of Minor Planets, Washington, D.C., 1971, NASA SP-267. 10.Dohnanyi, J. S.: Interplanetary Objects in Review: Statistics of their Masses and Dynamics, Icarus, vol. 17, no. 1, Aug. 1972, pp. 1-48. 11.Wetherill, G. W.: Solar System Sources of Meteorites and Large Meteoroids, Ann. Rev. of Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 2, 1974. 12.McCord, T. B., Chapman, C. R.: Asteroids: Spectral Reflectance and Color Characteristics, Astrophysical Journal, vol. 197, 1975, pp. 781-790. 13.Middlehurst, B. M., Kuiper, G. P., ed.: The Solar System: Vol. 4, The Moon, Meteorites, and Comets. Univ. Chicago Press, 1963, Physics and Chemistry of Meteorites, Wood, J. A., pp. 337-401, Chapter 12. Chemical Evolution of Carbonaceous Chondrites, DuFresne, E. R., and Aners, E., Chapter 14. (Especially the tables on pp. 348 and 514) pp. 496-526. 14.Ehricke, K. A.: Space Industrial Productivity, New Options for the Future, presentation before Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 94th Congress, Serial M, vol. 2, Sept. 1975. 15. Sonett, C. P., Wilcox, J. M., Coleman, P. J., ed.: Solar Wind, a conference held at Pacific Grove, Calif., Mar. 21-26, 1971. NASA SP-308. 16. Beischer, D. E., Reno, V. R.: Magnetic Fields and Man: Where do we Stand Today? North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) Conference Proceedings, pt. 3, Special Biophysical Problems in Aerospace Medicine, no. 95, Luchon (France), 1971, pp. C12-1 to C12-9. 17. Nakhil N’Itskaya, Z. N.: Biological Effect of Permanent Magnetic Fields, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviako Smicheskaya Meditsina, vol. 8, no. 6, 1974, pp. 3-15. 18. Comstock, G. M., et al.: Cosmic-Ray Tracks in Plastics: The Apollo Helmet Dosimetry Experiment, Science, vol. 172, Apr. 9, 1971, pp. 154-157. 19.Basic Radiation Criteria, National Council Radiation Protection and Measurement, NCRR Report 39, 15 Jan., 1971, pp. 88-107. 20.Martin, A., Harbison, S. A.: An Introduction to Radiation Protection, Chapman and Hall, London (England), 1972. 21.Easley, C. W.: Basic Radiation Protection; Principles and Organization, Gordon and Breach, 1969. 22. McKinley, D. W. R.: Meteor Science and Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961, p. 274. Chapter 2 — Physical Properties Of Space
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